awareness about problems that migrant laborers were facing, very, very bad work conditions and dangerous conditions, unhealthy conditions. and to get americans to be concerned about something that most people you go into the grocery store, your grace or your lettuce looked beautiful, you don't necessarily think about the connection between you and the person who grew those, and the pesticides that might be harming them and their children, and the whole idea of that boycott was to really get america concerned about that. that was an example of a boycott that succeeded. the internet has made it much easier for people to get together across big distances and organize boycotts. so if you look online you discover hundreds of boycotts that are going on as we speak. about every year or two there's a boycott that kind of captures the american imagination,

sometimes for a brief period, others for a longer period, and it is a way i think americans continue to express their political views. >> with the occupy movement -- >> there are some police headlines surrounding the publishing industry this past week.

>> stay up-to-date on breaking news about authors, books and publishing's by liking us on facebook and facebook.com booktv. follow was on twitter app booktv. you can also visit our website, booktv.org and click on news about books. >> george michael argues that independent terrorists like anders behring, timothy mcveigh, and eric robert rudolph represent a new kind of warfare that will become far

more prominent in the 21st century. he also speaks about the recent boston marathon bombings. this 45 minute program starts now on booktv. >> good afternoon. before i begin i want to thank the staff for hosting my lecture this afternoon and i would like to thank all of you for coming out here today. today, i'm going to talk about my most recent book, "lone wolf terror and the rise of leaderless resistance." the face of terrorism has undergone significant change today. there's a notable trend indicating the province of lone wolf attacks by individuals and small cells with little or no connection to large groups. so over the past several years several lone wolf incidents have gained headlines.

for instance, in 2009 an antiabortion activist by the name of scott, murdered in physician who performed late-term abortions. then in november, major nidal hasan, a psychiatrist and his army went on a shooting rampage at fort hood, texas. that attacked killed 12 people and left 31 wounded. more incidents followed the 2010. in february a protester by the name of joseph stagg slammed his playing in a building in austin, texas, which contain offices of the internal revenue service.

global terrorism is not confined to the united states. in july 2011, anders behring carry out a bombing and subsequent shooting spree in norway. more recently in august of last year a neo-nazi skinhead by the name of wade michael page fatally shot six persons at the sikh temple in wisconsin. so the frequency of these lone wolf attacks indicate a shift in the nature of terrorism from organized groups to unaffiliated individuals. so today i'm going to talk about this lone wolf trained. but what is leaderless resistance? in essence leaderless resistance involves a kind of lone wolf operation for which an individual or small group engages in terrorism, independently of any official movement, leader, or support hundred. and to be effective as a strategic approach, leaderless resistance a sense that multiple persons and groups share a time

and -- common ideology and they're willing to act on the shared views in a violent manner. let me give you a brief outline of my presentation. first, i'll explain some of the factors that i believe give rise to this lone wolf trend. several technological and political factors are leaving to a kind of miniaturization of terrorist and insurgent groups around the world today. so i will talk about geopolitical factors, specifically this notion of a new world order sometimes referred to as the unipolar era in which one superpower to dominate. this is really drastically change the security environment within which terrorists operate. after that i'll talk about new technology and how it can be effectively utilized by small terrorist groups and lone wolves. then i look at some case studies, including the american extreme right, the radical environmentalist movement, the anti-globalization movement and radical islam.

next, i'll talk about the implications of this leaderless resistance trend and weapons of mass destruction. after that i'll discuss the characteristics of the new face of terrorism and why it's moving in the direction of leaderless resistance. then i'll talk about some recent examples. first i'll discuss the case of anders behring in norway and at the local bit about chris dorner. final recap my main points in the conclusion. so first let's look at geopolitics. the collapse of the soviet union drastically change the security environment within which terrorists operate. during the cold war the soviet union and several comments block states were covert supporters of terrorism. and initially after the cold war, at the end of the cold war, terrorism when into steep decline. in large part because several leading terrorist groups lost

material support from communist states. so this development works against the viability of large terrorist organizations. they are more vulnerable to destruction because governments increasingly are coordinating the counterterrorism efforts with the united states. and for obvious reasons this trend accelerated after 9/11. as to be expected in the aftermath of 9/11, the federal government with support from the american public implemented more vigilant measures to root out terrorists at home and abroad. for instance, the u.s.a. patriot act was signed into law in october of 2001. 2003, the department of homeland security was created. furthermore, after 9/11 there has been great intelligence sharing, not only between federal agencies but also the state and local law enforcement agencies as well. despite differences over iraq, after 9/11, foreign governments

increased their coordination of the counterterrorism efforts with the united states. moreover, new technology has enhanced the governments ability to monitor potential terrorists and their supporters. so as a consequence, large terrorist groups are increasingly vulnerable to destruction. but that said, small groups and lone wolves are still able to mount terrorist operations. so some aspect of new technology actually favor the terrorists. the internet is at the center of an ongoing revolution in communications and networking. the median -- greater dissemination of information. dark side of the internet though is that it can be used by terrorists and extremist movements to disseminate their propaganda. terrorist groups and communicate with one another, raise money and plan and coordinate

operations. so the internet enables geographically dispersed people to colate on projects, including insurgency and terrorism. so through the internet like-minded people can find information about a particular ideology. and what's crucial and holding these together, these networks together, is a shared ideology. shared narrative and doctrine enables the networks to maintain their sense of cohesion and purpose. furthermore, the rise of the so-called new media has really led to a diffusion of soft power around the world today. the democratization of the media has empowered many people who previously would not have had much voice in the marketplace of ideas. for instance, websites such as youtube, people can bypass the mainstream media and and post videos that are made directly to the public. and terrorist groups can take

advantage of these platforms like posting videos that exhort their fellow travelers to commit violent acts on their own initiative. so the internet facilitates leaderless resistance in a number of ways. for one thing the internet enables covert communications and great anonymity. the cost of the internet is low, and that allows for greater access to the medium. the internet enables dissident groups to circumvent restrictions on speech, such as censorship. and internet can also serve as a recruiting mechanism, and it's worth mentioning that some groups avoid membership altogether. for websites a person can become a true believer of an ideology without any formal connection to the organization. furthermore, websites can should instigate terrorism without any specific connection to the

perpetrators. for example, in the late 1990s, there was a website called the number of files and was offered by an antiabortion activist in oregon. the site listed the names and addresses of physicians who perform abortions. andesite contained these unsubtle suggestions that there should be some kind of retribution against them. so when a doctor was killed his name was crossed out on the list. suffers transit in technology and networking are contributing to the miniaturization of terrorist and insurgent groups around the world today. i am not going to some of the case studies. first, the american extreme right. at the present time the american extreme right is a small movement, does not really a broad-based support. and the extreme right faces repression from both the government and private

monitoring organizations such as the cell phone property lawson and the anti-defamation league. i have a picture on screen of the raid against the branch davidian compound in waco, texas, back in 1993. and although it really wasn't a right wing group, those people on the extreme right subculture and triggered the raid against the branch davidians as a message from the federal government that it would have no compunction about repressing dissident groups. so the leaderless resistance concept really crystallized in the extreme right subculture back in 1992 that year, a long-standing activist republished this summer as they called leaderless resistance. and in it he argued that the traditional hierarchical organizational structure was

un reasoned in a technologically advanced society such as contemporary america, the government could use electronic surveillance and other methods to penetrate dissident groups and then reveal their chain of command. from there, the organization could be effectively neutralized from within by infiltrators. so as a strategic alternative, he invoked the small cell model of organization, applying this model he argued that it was the responsibility of the individual to acquire the necessary skills and information to carry out what needed to be done. so members would take action when and where they saw fit. as he pointed out, they're leaderless resistance approach was an intelligence nightmare for authority because it would really be too difficult to infiltrate all these numerous cells. so that essay was disseminated through computer networks and the 1990s, and his

revolutionary approach quickly caught on in the extreme right subculture and other people of elaborate on it. for example, richard kelly hoskins, a christian identity minister, he popularized a lone wolf approach in the book he wrote called vigilantes of christian dumb. in the book he wrote about so-called phineas preece and how they we did a justice of history. i'm not long after the publication of his book, suffer right wing terrorists identifying itself as priests, carried out numerous criminal acts including robbery. howeverrobbery. however, the name app used to denote more of a kind of state of the mine fellowship rather than a formal organization. another person contribute to global approach was a late dr. william l. pierce. he was the leader of a new notch or position called the national alliance located in hillsboro west virginia. but years ago he wrote a book called the turner diaries, and

it's a novel about an underground terrorist group that precipitates a race war that convulses america. the book exerted a big influence over timothy mcveigh pictured of the most lethal act of terrorism prior to 9/11. that is to say, the obama city bombing. he didn't belong to a group, but he did have at least two accomplices. but william pierce wrote a sequel to the turner diaries but it was called connor, basically the story of a lone wolf right wing assassin. it's worth mentioning that the radical and fundamentalist movement has used the leaderless resistance approach as well. leading figure in the radicalization of the environmentalist movement was edward abbey. he began sawing down billboards in new mexico in 1958, and then early '70s other groups would follow suit with similar operations. for example, there was a group called the echo raiders.

they cut down billboards and they destroyed newly constructed homes in the area of tucson, arizona. and their exploits became the model for a gang of activist depicted in a book called the monkey wrench gang. that book was written by edward abbey, and that novel is believed to have inspired some environmentalists to seek a more radical vehicle for the activism. and fiscal me with the creation of earth first in 1980. so over the years the movement became more prone to vandalism. this led to the creation of even more radical spinoff organizations. for example, earth liberation front, or else, was founded in england in 1992. not long thereafter health took hold in the united states. members of elf pursue a so called the direction action approach to saving the indictment that involves things like sabotage and vandalism. elf is essentially a leaderless

resistance, rather than a formal membership, elf guidelines, elf produces these guidelines that exhort activists to cause economic damage to those firms that they believe to spoil the environment. now today, agri-terrorism has not been very lethal -- to go terrorism. there'there is much overlap in membership between echo extremist and the radical animal liberation movement. in 1976 the animal liberation front was found, was found in england. the league made its way to united states and the organization stated goal is to stop animal suffering through direct action. and that includes rescuing animals from laboratories and inflicting damage on those facilities that use animals. there's no formal membership. rather activists are bound together by an ideology. finally, it's worth mentioning the unabomber, ted kaczynski.

later years he espoused an anti-technology ideology. the final years of his campaign he reached out to the environmentalist movement and he really example five a lone wolf terrorist. from 1978-1995, he carried out a series of attacks by sunni of packages containing moms which ultimately killed three persons and injured 23 others. -- containing bombs. scattered others of the anti-globalization movement have taken up the leaderless resistance theme as well. in the fall of 1999, diverse elements of the anti-globalization movement converged on the city of seattle to disrupt an important meeting of the world trade organization, or the wto. and through the internet to various groups and activists were able to coordinate their efforts and swarm or come together. so the so-called battle of seattle was seen as a model for

subsequent leaderless protests. previously left wing revolutionary movements were supposed to be led by vanguard parties with a centralized leadership structure. but today there are loose networks of movements that seek to effect change. for example, self-styled anarchists oppose the current capitalist version of globalization and they seek to replace it with an alternative globalization based on socialism. the anonymous group is an example of left wing internet activism. members maintain online anonymity and to conduct civil disobedience online with the primary goal of promoting internet freedom. for example, in 2011 anonymous hackers attacked paypal, mastercard and visa after they froze the accounts of wikileaks. wikileaks is a controversial

website. it publishes newsweek's and secret classified information that was created by the embattled australian assange. the global -- islamic resistance movement after 9/11. since the war in afghanistan commenced in october 2001, al qaeda's been moving towards a more decentralized approach to terrorism. and this new movement is sometimes referred to as al qaeda 2.0 him as differentiated from al qaeda central. basically it involves loosely affiliated groups that have little or no formal connections to the central organization, but they commit acts of terrorism on their own initiative. in the final years of his life, osama bin laden served mainly as an inspirational figure rather than an actual commander.

he counseled muslims that jihad was an individual duty for every muslim that was capable of going to war. so taking that idea a step further, a syrian member of al qaeda by the name of abdullah sought missouri, decentralization to the contemporary conditions. shortly before he was apprehended and 2005, he released an online book called a global islam is resistance call. and in his book he proposed a strategy of individual terrorism in which self contained cells implemented jihad on their own initiative, without direction from al qaeda central. he argued that it was folly for jihadists to fight from fixed locations because their units could be trapped and destroyed by western military forces. furthermore, he saw the traditional hierarchical model as outdated because of

authorities could capture one member then it will put the whole organization at risk. instead he advises islamists to focus on jihad and the unconscious of residence rather than trying to make the long journey to afghanistan. he says just focus on the country in which it currently resides. a few years ago marc sageman wrote a book called "leaderless jihad," and in it he explained that al qaeda is new modus operandi is to advertise demands for terrorist operations on the internet in the hope that local networks will carry out attacks without guidance from the central organization. each cell may pursue its own terrorist activities for the own local reasons, but by doing so they promote al qaeda's grand strategy. a few examples illustrate this approach. for example, in march 2010, al qaeda's american spokesman

praised major nidal hasan, supported. in june 2011, he appeared in another video in which he urged muslims in america to purchase guns and carry out attacks on their own initiative. he told them to take advantage of america's liberal firearm laws to purchase guns. another important jihadists who quickly appeared in the new media was i'm awlaki pic his sermons are broadcasted on sites such as youtube. one time he was called the bin laden of the internet. he was killed in a drone strike in august 2011 in yemen, but he exerted a strong influence on a lot of jihadists, including major nidal hasan with whom he exchanged e-mails several times before the attacks at fort hood. now, some people, they dismissed

this notion of global terrorism as nuisance. basic can be handled effectively by law enforcement. that it's worth mentioning that it is theoretically possible for small cells and even individuals to cause a lot of damage today due to the greater availability of weapons of mass destruction. so what makes leaderless resistance to potentially dangerous is the prospect of an individual or small cell obtaining a weapon of mass destruction, or employing innovative tactics in a legal manner. study also turned, the harvard professor, jessica stern. she argued the likelihood of terrorists using wmd today is greater than it was in the past for several reasons. for one thing, such weapons are more readily available today than they were in the past. there's been a steady dissemination of dual use

equipment, and that enables the production of chemical and biological weapons. moreover, the motivations of terrorists are changing. modern terrorists are more likely to be inspired by these apocalyptic and extremist ideologies rather than the secular ideologies that informed earlier terrorists. and it's believed that this will increase their proclivity to use weapons of mass destruction. now, for his part, osama bin laden explicitly stated his ambition to acquire weapons of mass destruction on more than one occasion. but be that as it may, despite efforts that's been over a decade, there is no credible evidence that his organization ever succeeded in acquiring nuclear weapons. but with the technological hurdles to obtaining nuclear weapons, so high, terrorists could settle for less sophisticated alternatives. or small groups and lone wolves intent on inflicting nuclear

terrorism, they could employ a dirty bomb. that would be a feasible option. a dirty bomb basically consists of radioactive material, conjoined with conventional explosives, and when it is detonated it disburses harmful radiation. josé padilla, an american affiliated with al qaeda was implicated in a dirty plot some years ago. bioterrorism is well within reach of small terrorist groups. now today, the most worrisome case of violent terrorism involved anthrax. alone will could potentially use anthrax lethal effects as evidenced by the case of dr. bruce ivins. shortly after 9/11, two waves of letters laced with anthrax were sent to two u.s. senators and some media outlets in florida. and by early november 2001, 5 persons had died from the contaminated letters him and

another 17 were sickened. moreover, it cost the government a few billion dollars for the subsequent cleanup. so if the government's case against him is to be believed, it illustrates the destructive potential of global terrorism and bioweapons. chemical weapons, the less lethal, are probably the most likely choice for terrorists because the hurdles for their employment are much lower than for nuclear or biological attacks. the first terrorist group to mount a major attack using chemical weapons was the japanese. in march 1995 members of the cult released send gas in the tokyo subway. that attack killed five and injured over 5000 more. one ominous proposition is that vital parts of the infrastructure could be targeted. by attacking this critical systems, terrorists could wreak economic and political havoc.

the power industry in particular is multiple to system disruption. pipelines are also portable to sabotage because they are largely unprotected. so lone wolves and small groups could attack these various soft targets. throughout history, various political social, and technological factors have influenced the development of conflict warfare and strategy. and over the past few decades the occurrence of state to state conflicts has been steadily declining. however, a great conflict still persist within states. recent trends suggest that we could be on the cusp of a new type of terrorism and insurgency, which is being driven mainly by technology. unique innovation we see today is the emergence of human networks, and how they influence contemporary conflicts.

one important social trend is to change in how communities are formed. new technology including cell phones and the internet make networking across national borders a lot easier and cheaper than in the past. and so this development has resulted in a potentially larger pool of followers from which extremists and terrorist movements and recruit. so the case studies examined in this study, that is to say, the extreme right, ma the route of environmental must movements, the anti-globalization movement and radical islam, they increasingly see their struggles in global terms. so for each of these movements it is the 11th hour which demands that the act quickly or else the forces of globalization will destroy what they see as their cherished communities. so this encroaching process of globalization will undoubtedly generate some opposition from

those people who feel threatened with the loss of identity and culture. and so here's the internet has been very important because it allows the groups to spread their messages and exchange ideas. so the rise of the new media has ushered in a new era of communications, which allows for much greater and broader participation for users. not only in the spheres of social networking but terrorism and insurgency as well. so the main characteristic of this new fac phase of terrorisms the increasing power and capabilities of smaller and smaller entities. although the groups that espouse certain causes may be small and seemingly inconsequential, nevertheless they can potentially generate quite a bit of destructive power. so as the frequency of global terrorism and the news headlines suggest, leaderless resistance has become the most common

practical approach to political vi the direction of leaderless resistance. and this new technology continues to spread, along with the capabilities of developing weapons of mass destruction, just a few angry people now have the potential to cause unprecedented mayhem. some of the perpetrators, they don't -- these logos can be described as the circus competes bill which is based in one of the deep and. but as a conscript gains currency is conceivable that a new breed of more dangerous lone wolves could emerge in the future. in the case of anders behring breivik illustrates this possibility. according to his online manifesto, he spent nine years methodically planning his attacks. in detail he explained how he procured firearms and stored caches of weapons.

but all the while he evaded suspicion from authorities. for the first part of his attack, he placed a bomb that exploded at the offices of the prime minister. the second part of his attack was a shooting spree at a summer camp where labor party leaders said the children are in all total 77 were killed in the attack. presumably the attacks were intense to send a message that he disapproved of norway's liberal immigration policies. and the new media figure very prominently in his campaign have too. shortly before he began his attacks, he uploaded an electronic book on the internet called 2083, a european declaration of independence. and in addition he upload a video on youtube that was titled the knight templar 2082. and the video contained numerous references to the islamic threat to europe interspersed with these iconic images of crusaders.

years ago, the unabomber, ted kaczynski, he implored the major newspapers to publish his manifesto in order to ensure maximum exposure to his ideas. breivik of those able to take advantage of the internet and post his manifesto online, and by doing so he could bypass the major media outlets. the notoriety stemming from the attacks, he predicted, would serve as a kind of marketing and for his manifesto. more recent episode of global terror of his have been motivated by personal grievanc grievances. in february of this year, chris dorner went on a one man rampage which left four dead and four others wounded. and his campaign of violence is significant because it could crusade some worrisome developments and a lone wolf turn. on his facebook page, he posted a rambling manifesto that explain in detail the reasons for his attacks and the

grievances that spurred him on. he was a former los angeles city police officer. he lost his job after he filed a complaint against a supervisor. and although he was driven primarily by personal grievances, he could not resist framing his campaign in praise i political terms. politics is difficult to pigeonhole come on the one in his manifesto praise leading democratic politicians tricky a spouse or positions with no apparent -- apparent sense of irony. he praised senator dianne feinstein for her efforts in that area of legislation. despite his apparent liberals and, he expressed support for numerous republicans as well. even lamented that his favorite candidate, jon huntsman, failed to receive his party's nomination in the last republican primary election. now, despite episodes of sporadic violence, some

observers dismissed the lone wolf trend is primarily a new sense. some people argue that it could be more aptly consign to the field of abnormal psychology. nevertheless, even persons of psychological problems can commit acts of violence motivated in part i political ideologies. in fact, they may prove to be some of the most susceptible to extremists extradition to violence. after all, people with a stake in the system have something to lose, they may be less likely to risk death or a long prison sentence. now, for his part, chris dorgan said he was under severe depression. he even suggested that his brain should be preserved after his death in order to study the effect of severe depression on the brain. and in his own words, he exclaimed that it nothing to lose, a trade he said was that a

successful world of moves that have bedeviled the us military over years, including al qaeda and the vietcong. so the growing popularity of the new media and their expanding set of platforms, things such as blogs, web forms, a spoken you do, they really democratized the creation and just to be sure of information. and to be sure, this development has enriched our lives in many ways, now any person with a grievance can use these platforms in conjunction with violence as a method that brings dramatic attention to his cause. so in one sense, dorner succeeded in that the chief of the l.a. police, charlie back, announced that the department would reopen the case which dorner reference in his manifesto. dorner's online sympathizers created facebook pages in his honor, and collectively they received over 30,000 lakes in just a very short period of

time. in a bizarre tribute, somebody from the online gaming community created a video game to have crystallized last stand. so judging by the level of online encouragement he received, dorner's rampage could be a harbinger of more mayhem to come, as more and more disaffected lone wolves resort to violence to get their messages out to a large audience. so to recapitulate my main point, several trends, including more intrusive surveillance increase intelligence sharing, and greater international cooperation all work against the large terrorist groups. but new technology, namely the internet, enables greater networking of people dispersed around the world, including extremists and terrorists. and several extremists subcultures feel accidentally threatened by this is a process of globalization.

and they're willing to fight against governments and parties believed to be its agents. and, finally, the greater availability of weapons of mass destruction and an increasing number of soft targets could make a lone wolf terrorism highly destructive in the future. so at this time to give any questions i would be glad to try to answer them as best i can to i would just ask that you wait until this gentleman could bring the microphone over. >> given the recent events in boston and the fact that one of the suspects had connections in russia, i was wondering if you thought that the rise of lone wolf they are might be the greater cooperation between governments in order to monitor the activities of individuals and as much as groups of people speak with this gentleman brought up the most recent case in boston, the two brothers, the

tsarnaev brothers. yes, they were, although, the older brother made a trip and russia back in 2012. they were arrested from chechnya ugly. i believe this will lead to greater cooperation as a mission for after 9/11, with respect to iraq, love governments of the chinese government was overreaching in its authority by prosecuting against the war against saddam hussein but nevertheless it still has been tremendous cooperation between these governments. not only between traditional allies like great britain, germany and france, but also russia, despite some differences they have on foreign policy that has been quite a bit of cooperation. in fact, this case in boston at the request of the russian government, the united states, the fbi commenced an investigation into the older brother, and the information was given back to the russians, at least that's what i've read over the past couple of days. so yes, i think this will definitely increase walk ration in the rome of intelligence

sharing and counterterrorism policy. >> why, in your opinion, do you american citizens such as -- choose to act in this way and trade over to the side? and become terrorists because the young man had a question about adam gadahn, why do some young people pronounce their country and make common cause for terrorists? adam gadahn is an interesting figure. he's from california. he converted to islam back in 1994 and he made his way to pakistan in 1990. is a very interesting figure because although he's an american, over the past few days really emerged as al qaeda's chief spokesman on the internet. he seems to exhibit quite a bit of alienation. his parents were kind of like flower children if i may use

them as an example. he was homeschooled. he did not have many friends despite the fact is often described as a very bright young man. and so, i think there are a lot of trains today that lead people to feel alienated. this process of globalization i think has undermined certain cultures and our identity for some people. that can be a very fearful proposition for some people, and they seek solace in a movement come and extremist movement that has answers that give them a sense of identity. so i think for that reason and others that's why some young people connect with dissident movements like al qaeda and radical islam. >> so my question is, due to the fact there is lone wolf terrorism do you think there is a specific method that could be used to decrease the possibly of these threats, or do you think is just a threat that is going to rise and that we just have to

expect for it to happen? >> yesterday young man ha had a question about lone wolf terrorism but essentially what can be done to mitigate this problem. well, there's a few things that could be done. it's worth mentioning that lone wolves, although they may act alone, and maybe self radicalized hi them they do not live in a vacuum. there are people with whom they consort, friends, students, so on and so forth. some people i think could be aware of these red flags, possible danger signs. does the research that could be done to try to understand the radicalization process, why some people are susceptible to these movements. but with respect to, say, these red flags if somebody will espouse radical positions, where do we draw the line? because we favor a strong first amendment tradition in the united states, tradition of free speech. and there's nothing illegal about holding unpopular opinions, even extremist opinions. but that said, there can be so

measures taken to try to understand those people who might be susceptible to those extremist expectations to violence. law enforcement can investigate people like that, that they're really quite limited what they can do until there's really strong evidence that a person who has the intention of carrying out terrorism. but since 9/11, the fbi, the fbi operates under something called the attorney general's guidelines. they were actually put in place in 1976, and in that sense the fbi cannot really commenced an investigation into a so-called extremist or terrorist group until there's evidence of a so-called criminal predicate. a criminal predicate, the threshold for that is below probable cause, but authorities have have some kind of articulable reason why they decide to investigate a crew. but since 9/11 those guidelines have been recalibrated them and it's now easier for the fbi and law enforcement agencies to get

that kind of information. i was reading an article the other day, the fbi actually set up a bogus extremist site, radical extremist site, and one young man, he was a victim of a sting operation. he basically was corresponding with the operators of the website, unbeknownst to him they were actually fbi agents and he was arrested for allegedly getting involved in some kind of terroristic plot. yes? >> [inaudible] >> the young lady had a question about the changing structure of terrorist organizations but as i mentioned earlier terrorist groups are moving away from hierarchical model to more of a

amorphous structure bridges asking with increasing number of lone wolves, would be possible for them to kind of coalesce and what's can create new organizations with hierarchical structures? that's probably unlikely. the only time something like that can really happen is when terrorist groups operate in places where the states are not very strong, like afghanistan or in the so-called areas that straddle afghanistan and pakistan where there's a presence of a long arm of the law but in situations like that then yes, you could have insurgent groups that can really flourish and they can take on the structure of your traditional hierarchical organizations. because of the tremendous surveillance, increased surveillance, interested like that, it will be very difficult for the traditional hierarchical organizational models to emerge in the west.

>> okay, thank you, folks. thank you for coming out to a lecture to give him a question, if you want to talk to me afterwards, i will be glad to do that. thank you very much. [applause] >> visit booktv.org to watch any of the programs you see here online. i the author or book title in the search bar on the upper left side of the page and click search. you can also shoot anything you see on booktv.org easily by clicking share on the upper left side of the page and selecting the format. booktv streams live online for 48 hours every weekend with top nonfiction books and authors. booktv.org. >> columbia, south carolina, is the home of the riverbank zoological park where more than 2000 animals live with no bars or cages. on the psychological barriers. booktv visited colombia to bring a case of the ares rich

history. >> he was the 20th president of the united states, born in virginia, live then during the civil war in georgia, augusta, georgia, and then moved with his family here in 1870. he was a novelist. get been a college professor. no one thought he would do much. he went from nowhere politically and then within a couple of years became governor come and hit new jersey just at the same kind of time where there was a national movement for reform. and wilson pushed through a number of reforms in new jersey. people been expecting to be able to do that. so it was very effective and it gave him national prominence that he would have had otherwise. in the late 1800s the president had become essentially an agent of the congress. congress drafted legislation,

voted, and the president simply was to carry out the legislation. most presidents in the late 1800s sent resolve their role as, didn't take leadership role themselves the 20th century came along, the president in the early 20th century theodore roosevelt most of the and and woodrow wilson were thinking in terms of challenges that they thought were much more urgent than that. they don't think the president would set back simply and do nothing more than an executor of congress as well. so they began to push to much more forceful presidency. that's really what happened in the early 20th century. we begin to see the presidency as we know, that is, people look to the government, i think the president as being the leader, the president opposes policy and leads and pushes congress to do things. so it's a really reversal of roles. so woodrow wilson was especially effective. feeder road to of course was very effective in doing this

kind of thing but wilson really get content to appear in wilson pushed through an extraordinarily, extraordinary list of things. what they were doing, but what roosevelt and wilson were to were responding to internationalization in estate and organization. the country was getting more and faster, and people were unhappy with the domination of the country by big business. so what they were doing, what roosevelt was proposing and what wilson was very effective in doing was pushing for a program that got things under control but so this is what was known as the progressive period and progressive legislation, exerts the role of the federal government in controlling and directing the economy in various directions. and then both of them also of course, the need for a major new role for the united states and the world. and roosevelt pushed very hard for that, and woodrow wilson of course had a very important role

in designing america's place in the world and is responsible for maintaining peace around the world. and that is the thing off the government think about the league of nations in world war i. so this is a real transformation that took place in the early 20th century at which theodore roosevelt and woodrow wilson were really partners in which although they were rivals. they were also partners in working in a similar kind of direction. entrance of domestic, probably the most important single thing that wilson did was to create the federal reserve system, which was to create a banking system that would allow money to be moved around the country and finances to be controlled by the government in ways that they've not been before. and that was a way of modernizing the economy so that when the crisis took place in san francisco, for example, it didn't necessarily bring down the rest of the country. resources to be mobilized and brought to where they needed across the country.

money could be moved from one side of the country to the other, or even around the world. all of this was a system which had not existed before. there have been a series of independent tags, uniting him and bring them together so that work together. so that was a major breakthrough. wilson also pushed through congress a new antitrust system, a way of regulating and controlling the size of business and making sure the competition continued, very important. he pushed through the first child labor, federal child labor law. and a number of other things that were excellent important in modernizing the economy in the coming. >> the period of windows but i think that is getting the senate to ratify the treaty of versailles and have united states joined the league of nations but that was certainly a notable failure. whether that was as catastrophic as wilson thought or not is another question.

the problem with the full league of nations idea was that in order for it to work in the countryside to work together, cooperate, had to give up some of their own sovereignty. and nobody was really very eager to do that, including wilson. so how'd you make a cooperative international organization work when no one is willing to surrender any of their sovereignty is a real problem. government changed dramatically. it was new for the president to take the lead in a country the way and wilson did. it was unusual i think for presidents to be the forefront of the administration. and i think it was also, we are now much more used to it, and i would say now that what has happened is congress has really reasserted its role in the way it had not for a number of years. i think the thing that bothered the leaders of the opposition in congress, particularly about

wilson, was islam as arrogant and big dating to them. they thought that he was overbearing -- dictating to them. and flexible. and then some of them were also overbearing and inflexible, it made for a spectacular collision. it did have a think a series of depression. it didn't seem to me it was as effective. but what of course what did affect his work was his physical health, and particularly that was true in the end of his presidency, and the fight over the league of nations, just as the thing was coming to, treaty of versailles was coming to a vote in the senate, he had a massive stroke and paralyzed him, and left him early without the ability to lead in th what e had before. he had been extremely effective as president in negotiating with congress, getting what he wanted, for the gist of it.

t without having to have exactly the things he wanted them, he lost that ability, that flexibility to compromise and negotiate. as a result when this battle came down to it in the end, the fall of 1919, he got beaten because he simply couldn't do anything about it and that was in large part i think his health. i don't think it's entirely that. are issues of some importance between the senate and the president, that certainly his health did play a major role in his they to get the treaty done. i think people tend to think of wilson as a sort of moralist who thought of the policy and strictly moralistic terms, very rigid and very inflexible. and i think the thing that people don't know is how effective wilson was in terms of, as a politician. he was amazingly effective

politician. that was really a secret of success. it's difficult to find exactly how we did that, but he was very skilled in working with other people though he didn't seem to like other people very much. i think people ought to understand that wilson is probably one of the most important presidents of the 20th century, that he really helped to transform the presidency, make it the center of the government. he certainly is i think people should understand that he had a major role in the world, even though he did not succeed in getting the league of nations adopted. nevertheless, the principles that lie behind the league of nations are ones the united states have pursued ever since but it has really shaped the way american foreign policy has operated ever since. >> for more information on booktv's recent visit to columbia, south carolina, and the many other citie

our local content vehicles, go to c-span.org/localcontent. >> here are the best selling political nonfiction books according to political bookshelf. this list reflects sales as of may 16.

>> to see more on these books and other list of of bestsellers on political bookshelf, go to rd

rightico.com/bookshelf. >> there is no word the processe for decades more than addiction. i do try to use it sparingly because they can rather addiion. convincingly argued that that it are some differences between food cravings and narcotic ratings, certain technical threshold. however, when they talk aboutth. the allure of their food, and i'm sure be so revealing. they use a words like craig nob, snapple. "salt sugar fat" is our online book selection this month. was for the next week or so share your thoughts and see what others are saying on twitter at hashtag btv booklet and a facebook page and join our live discussion online about social size, tuesday may 28 at 9 p.m. eastern.

>> you have been watching booktv, 48 hours of programming beginning saturday morning at eight eastern through monday morning at eight eastern. nonfiction books all weekend every weekend right here on c-span2. ..