[applause] >> thank you very much for the lovely introduction. i suspect all of you know, this ladies and gentlemen, tonight you will be in the presence of a literary giant. among latin american giants marquez is known for mesmerizing and for wwoing wwoing, educating, a captivating and then derek is eduardo galeano true stellar, galvanize there, a firebrand, a writer who

tells us about history of those who inhabit power don't want us to know were truly understand eduardo galeano was born a commentator in seems. by the time he was 14 he was publishing cartoons in newspapers by 20 you was the editor of the famous left-wing weekly paper issued thereafter became the top executive of the paper of record in 1971 at the tender age of 31 he published a hair raising indictment of north american influence on the hemisphere the open veins of latin america. four years ago with the summit of the americas hugo chavez was handed a copy of that book by barack obama.

[applause] rodis that he has slipped into journalism as a teenager the rest of his life was not very easy. after the 73 military coup he was arrested for his radical views and imprisoned and he broke free and fled to argentina were three years later he had to flee again. contrarious brigadier installed a machine that became known for the secret camps, kidnappings and torture. when eduardo galeano name appeared on the death squads last he escapes from one is there is and settled in spain where he wrote his works and erasing the original narrative of the 500 years of history. surviving long cancer a few years ago it freed him he said to him play a larger canvas in years he reflects

on 5,000 years of human experience and to do with the big heart and dick keene and incisive sense of perspective the theme throughout the wrong mankind has injured the abiding human spirit that refuses to die in by now his work has been translated into 30 languages and a moral force around the world and the recipient of many international prices but one of the most impressive is a writer as he said he cannot help but it is a muscle the fed does not tire even as the body does. this year we're all beneficiaries of a new work

"children of the days" like his earlier work "children of the days" is a mosaic string together that goes from january through december each page in each day has and eliminating story that attaches somehow to the corresponding date. we latins are known for jabbering on nine have striven to right it sharper and shorter these short and sharp cameos are sometimes disturbing and sometimes enormously reassuring for all of them are i opening and memorable. in some eduardo galeano is a living treasure a clear headed writer unafraid to

expose what is hidden in golfing says he sees them with a sense of justice. eduardo galeano was very much on my mind as i wrote my a biography which was once a tale of revolutionary triumph in the project narrative of unimaginable violence of what each of the ongoing ears in latin america. i thought of eduardo galeano because he has always been conscious of the ways that history defines us. living in the past, i enter stand by a he looks at the present through history. in history we see ourselves more clearly. leander stand we are the inheritor of the brutality that came before us but as he also knows history can show a glimmer of humanity and courage as well.

it can be heroic or the ordinary to be humble in our fortitude of spirit. digging my way to understand who he was as a man in what he came to represent as a quintessential latin american hero, i thought i had that shining spirit on the one hand and the all too dark proclivity of the other. looking at the world this way as eduardo galeano does with a keen eye to human failings, courage and the misuse of power, i believe i could get a clearer picture of his time and how his story has schaede to latin america. i have eduardo galeano to st. as so many of us do for his brave example he is

after all as an artist has said as a moral begin to keep me morally awake while lifting my spirits with deep humanity which rebalance even after the crew list moment of history. for all the history that he has recreated for us in his works he is a writer who has much to teach us about the present and a writer who lives in the right now. please welcome a superb writer and thinker ladies and gentlemen, eduardo galeano. [applause]

>> the first time i came to the united states for a reading was seven years ago. and so i began by saying

good night. [laughter] and everybody rose up and i thought with denies public so lovely and so nice. now i will not say good night i will just say hello. welcome. i will read some stories from the book "children of the days" with some saying i wrote it in the words of the mayan indians and other

latino americans. >> in the days begin to work and they made us and thus we were born, and the children of the day's. [speaking spanish] and if we are the children of the day is it is no surprise that every day gives rise to a story. and how we are made the victims but a little bird told me we are made of the stories and now i will tell a few of those stories born of the day's. january 11, and in 1887 for

the man was born when the founder of tennessee of musicians she has spent the first and in those parts of argentina and to go down the road and then it came after

him and greeted him and commented that this pace you will never get there. and she responded, i don't travel to a rise if, i travel to go. [laughter] this is a romantic piece but it is also sad but i am obliged to read it because tragedy is a part of reality. october 15 the defeat for civilization. the year 2002 mcdonald's

restaurants close the doors in bolivia. [laughter] [applause] i know it is terrible. [laughter] but that is the way it is. [laughter] they had these missions no one forced mcdonald's out, the libyans simply turned their backs or their stomachs, perhaps people did not open there mouth. the most successful company on the of planet grace to the country with its presence. [laughter] and then refuse to notice

the noble gesture. [laughter] the taste for progress kept bolivia from embracing either junk food for the dizzying pace of contemporary food bolivians attached to the ancient flavors of the family continue eating without haste in long slow, very slow, a ceremonious. [laughter] they go on forever, forever gone is the company that ever were house makes children happy. [laughter] with the workers who tried to unionize.

[applause] april 12, manufacturing guilty party. on a day like today in the year of 33 a year or a day later jesus of nazareth died on the cross. the judges found him guilty of inciting idolatry idolatry, blasphemy and in superstition. not many centuries later later, the indians of the americas and the heretics of europe were found guilty of those same crimes, exactly the same ones and in the name of jesus of nazareth nazareth, they were punished

by lasch or gallows or fire. october 12th of course, this is the discovery of them remember the real reason. [laughter] 4092 the natives discovered they were indians. [laughter] you are not serious i cannot go on. [laughter] in to the natives discovered they lived in america and they discovered they were indians. they discovered there were natives they discovered the obedience to a king and queen from the netherworld and i got from some other have been and this guy had

invented guild and clothing and perhaps he will was burned alive all who worship the sun and the moon and the rain. you're supposed to encounter the history of the discovery. it says, it might have been. christopher columbus could not discover america because he did not have the visa or even a passport. [laughter] [applause] he could have got off the boat in brazil he may have had books and measles or the

flu. and he never even in began the conquest of mexico because they did not have working papers and he was turned away from guatemala and even in do to lay -- chile because he did not have the records. the mayflower was sent back to see from the coast of massachusetts because immigration quotas were fall full. [laughter] [applause] >> this is for friends of mine.

he died to three months ago and this is the of their face of the moon. carlos was born in raised in germany. in the year 1973 these two professors arrived in mexico they enter their world in a community and introduced themselves by saying we have come to learn. the indians remained silent and after a while one of them explained this is the first time anyone has told us that. and there they remain

learning year after year from the mayan language to learn that no hierarchies separates from subject because i drink the water that drinks me and i am not all by what they watch and they learn to do reid people in the body in a way to say i and another you. you are another me. immigration is a subject that is very popular here. [laughter] december 18 to date is

international migrants day and it is not about to the moments recalled of human history to emigrate were adam and eve. according to the official version. [speaking spanish] [laughter] yves tempted adam to give the forbidden fruit and it was her fault that both of them were banished from paradise. but is that how it happened really? or did adam do what he did of his own accord? [speaking spanish]

[laughter] maybe he offered nothing of him maybe he chose to buy a to the forbidden fruit when he learned that even if it -- have already done so maybe she already had lost the privilege of immortality and adam opted to share her condemnation so he became moral. but not alone. march 9, i am sorry but it is about the day mexico invaded the united states. [laughter] i am really sorry. i know the international

situation. [laughter] from the early morning in 1916 crossing the border with his horse he gets a few horses in the following day back in mexico is the only the invasion of the united states has suffered and in contrast united states has invaded practically every country in the entire world since 1947 the department of war has been called and is still called the department of defense and the war budget is called the defense

budget. the names are the enigma compare apple with the mystery of the holy trinity. [laughter] [applause] july 1st 1 terrorist few were -- fewer. in the year 2008 the government of the united states decided to raise nelson mandela name from the list of dangerous terrorist. nelson mandela was dangerous to the united states. the most revered african in

the world during the 60 years so i did not know it when somebody told me it have been over 60 years with the terrorist i began to have some doubts about war and terrorism. [laughter] [applause] is a really serious? if it would be, i would suggest to celebrate the day against terrorism on september 11 and obviously,

each september 11 and 2 imposters all over the world everywhere about the real terrorism and wanted for kidnapping countries and when did for slashing wages and jobs and wanted for raping them and, of poisoning the water and stealing the air. and wanted for trafficking in fear. [applause] june 5, nature is not you.

these are called natural where the executioner and not the victim but meanwhile the climate goes crazy and we go crazy. today is world environment day. a good day to celebrate the institution of ecuador which in the year 2008 for the first time in the history of the world recognized nature with rights. is seems strange notion that nature has rights as if it were a person but in the united states it seems perfectly normal that big

companies have human rights and they do is everything a supreme court decision in 1886 so if nature were a bank they would have already rescued it. [laughter] [applause] in june 26, the kingdom of fear. today is international day against torture. by tragic irony the dictatorship was born the following day in 1973 and soon mike entry into a huge torture chamber to obtain

information torture was useless are practically useless. but it was very useful for freer to lead by silence and i did receive some signed letters that but getting used to lying sucks the worst is teaching to lie and i have three children. with the thousands of stories of both military

dictatorships there was almost impossible to choose and finally it tried to resume everything in a short short story which is quite original. i have heard a lot of the stories but this is special. one of the thousands of young men that appeared in the argentina and was a student engages crime was to

disturb the university in military being go he was transferred he was transferred. he disappeared. he heard his last words. i have something to tell you. you know, something? i have never made love. know they will kill me and i never will. the day he disappeared

nameless graves and also all of those natural forest and in the city nights with the fragrance of the flowers it is written by hand that there was to waste time with the right to walk and breathe and with your jobs and retirement doors without box and a sense of community and common sense. also disappeared. november with danger in animals and in 1986 disease

struck the british isles and were than 2 million cows suspected of contagious dementia face capital punishment. in 1997 in the ince flew from hong kong to condemn the million and a half kurds to death. and in 2009 mexico in the united states suffered the outbreak of. [speaking spanish] [laughter] the swine flu. sorry for my pronunciation and the entire world sealed itself and nobody knows how

many were sacrificed who is guilty of causing human disease? animals. i see this with suspicion those apprentice who come into a highway chemical. i wrote a couple of things april 11 of this day in the year 2002 of coup d'etat turns into the president of venezuela. the glory did not last long

venezuela feeling it with the president they have elected. the biggest tv and radio networks to celebrate the coup but somehow failed to cover the demonstrations to cover the demonstrations to restore hugo chavez to his rightful place in the news is not worth reporting. [applause] this has happened sometimes before and a lesson in realism but it is also about the media what they called

in the spanish. [speaking spanish] [laughter] in 1815 napoleon came from his prison and it set off to regain the french of the they steadily grow with the former official organ. [speaking french] store the people of france would die protecting louis the 18th. that he would rape the soul of the fellow man and as a

traitor and enemy of france who dares to defiled of the and from which he is expelled and announce this would be his final act of insanity. in the end of the king fled. and twos speak on the throne without firing a shot and then went on to report that the the police and a rival in the capital has the spontaneous outpouring of joy there is the outpouring of cheers and tears of plus or rejoice that the return of the hero and swear the deepest obedience to his

majesty. [speaking spanish] [laughter] this is the international community. also with an explanation of this summit meetings, they celebrate one per week and the result is i have an explanation for the cook commented year, the chicken and the rabbit the turkey the pheasant for the cake and the sardine and the tuna the squid and even the crab and the turtle who were

obviously the last to arrive [laughter] but when all were present and accounted for the cook explained, i have brought you here to ask what sauce would you like to be eaten with? [laughter] one of them said at want to be eaten at all and then the cook adjourned the meeting. [laughter] that is why so many meetings fail. [laughter] [applause] this is connected with the other one about the international experts. it is called the visitor. one day beginning of

september in the year 2000, 189 countries have a declaration by which they committed themselves to solving the world's problems only one goal has been reached. they managed to multiplied the number of experts required to take on such a challenging agenda. but according to what i fear in santa demesne go, one of those stopped by a chicken farm it belong to to a woman in diaster exactly if i tell you how many chickens you have, will you give me one?

she was on heard tablet computer with the gps with the camera through the 3g cellphone in started the function and you have 132 chickens and he got one. but she did not believe that that. he said if i tell you what your work is she said we give me back my chicken? okay. you are an international expert. i know it because you came without anyone calling you. you enter my a chicken farm without asking permission, you told me something i already knew. [laughter] and then you charge me for it to.

[laughter] [applause] october 17 the international day for poverty that does not explode like a bomb or gunfire, the we know everything about war but what they don't work data with they don't eat your homage the adult pohai way to what they don't grow or what they don't think and what they don't believe then. the only thing left to learn his life for people or pour. could be because we are closed by their vagueness and nursed by their own

beer? it is against people but not poverty. the other part of the world preaching to go on to finance wars and military expenses which also could be called criminal expenses, and to others also quite absurd of the resources, for instance just to give you an example on the world science day, november 10, a brilliant physician studied

some statistics about this subject investments of different purposes and he calculated there were five times as much stimulants and female silicone implants as in finding a cure for alzheimer's. five times more than alzheimer's, a cure for alzheimer's. so with that translation it would be the equivalent to say of prophecy in a few years more you will have more women with huge cocks

and the men with huge cocks but none of them will remember what they are for. [laughter] [applause] [laughter] a lesson is theater. on this day 1938 december 6 with american activities the question of she ran the

project. the congressman from alabama had referring to an article the war'' teeing is he a communist? she said i am very sorry but i was again for christopher marlowe period he was a the greatest of course. of course, we have some people called communist back in the day of the greek

theatre and she said quite through and i believe euripides was guilty to teach a class consciousness consciousness, wasn't he? i believe it was against almost all of the greek dramatist and the congressman said we cannot say when he began. [laughter] december 5, longing for beauty. the president of the spanish

society of natural history ruled in 1886, december 5, that the caves were not thousands of years old. not at all it was said disciple of school of modern marriage to insist confirm the suspicions of paul experts that 20 years later those experts admit they were wrong. thus it was proven that the lining for beauty like thunder, and desire has always accompany the human adventure in the world. many years before this thing we call civilization we were returning birds and bones into flutes and seashells

into necklaces and making tellers by mixing purves and plants to beautify the caves and to turn our bodies into walking paintings. when the spanish conquistadores arrived they found the indians walking around naked. with their bodies painted painted, painted to please each other and themselves. the conquistadores concluded these are the worst. this is the homage to poetry and specifically to the poet

who was my friend, my brother, and they tend to come to the unforgivable. the boy never learned to shut up or take orders and he loved to love fearlessly. [speaking spanish] on the eve of this day in the year 1975 he was shot dead while he slept. criminals. revolutionaries to kill to punish disagreement are no less criminals than the generals who kill to perpetrate injustice. [applause]

off to the minivan -- looney bin i have something here. [laughter] sari. now negative absent minded. also a little mentally retarded. [laughter]okay. let's go. [laughter] for windows, albatross, the

penguins, buffalo, fosterage penguins, buffalo, fosterage , koala bears, and orangutans and other monkeys, butterflies and other insects, and other relatives in the animal kingdom had homosexual relations the male to female or male to male for an encounter or for a lifetime. lucky for them they're not people or they should be sent to the looney bin and to this day may 16 in the year 1990 a few minutes ago in historical terms homosexuality featured on the who of mental illnesses. mental.

this is the experts that are ruling the world. it is evident it is the experiment. [speaking spanish] [applause] february 8 coming in 1980 the resiliency of the power power, under the military

dictatorship led judge has outlawed kisses that undermined public morals. the ruling by the judge to punish such cases with jail terms described them this way. some kisses are obscene like a kiss on the neck, a private parts or like this in demographic kids and the expansion is in to remedy. the citizens responded by becoming one huge kislev:-- kissathon and it sparked a desire in this part curiosity.

august 17. the right to bravery. 1816 the government in buenos aires bestowed the rank and virtue of her manley efforts comment she led the spanish in the war of independence, what is it? the war was a man's business and women were not allowed but egypt male officers could not help but admire the ideal courage of this woman.

after horseback when the war had already killed her husband and five out of six children she also lost her life. she died in poverty, the pork among the pork and was buried in a common grave new two centuries later the government now led by the woman promoted her to the rank of general. an homage to her womb and the bravery. [applause] another woman that i admire and love her generate 15 in 1919 the revolutionary was murdered.

her killers gave her blows and tossed into the waters of the canal and along the way she lost her shoe. someone picked up the issue that dropped in the mud. she longed for a world where justice would not be sacrificed in the name of freedom and freedom would not be sacrificed in the name of justice. every day some hand picks up the banner dropped in the mud like the shoe. in rome in the year 208

coming it was written a book that he reveals his discoveries of the art of healing among other remedies it is the two members one of the best rivalries of all time proposed the way to keep debt that day by day saying a word across your chest day and night. the word was abracadabra with jin he improvement and it still means. [speaking spanish] but now i want to read a text about the last day of

the year is from another book 30 or 40 years before. reading it in spanish. [speaking spanish] if you want -- if you want first i will read it first in english and then in spanish. is that okay? both? first in english then in spanish. six centuries after the founding rum decided they year would begin on the first day of junior. before then they years began on march 15. it had to be changed for reasons of war the rebellion would challenge the empire to devour thousands upon

thousands of legionaries to change the cycles of this date. many long years until at last the capital of the hispanic rebels was be seized on the vanquished and burned to the ground for its remains lie on a hill surrounded by fields of wheat at the edge of the river with the city that changed the world calendar forever practically. nothing is left. but when we raise our glasses at midnight every december 31, we drink a toast to her, this city whether or not we realized it made there always be

another year that people are free. [speaking spanish] . . [speaking spanish]

[speaking spanish] thank you. [applause] [applause] speech truly wonderful cameo. a story the story was something important to say but you didn't tell my favorite one, which is

the one bad as you know during holy week and latin america we have recessions. we have processions and the whole community goes out and the people watch jesus perform the stations of the cross and he drags the cross through town with everybody watching. shall i tell it or will you tell it? >> do i have to do it? >> i will tell it then because i know it by memory. i know the story. >> the story is the story told about the little child and i would like to say it myself because it was my friend. speak and we have the book? >> yes, please. the miracle. see here we go. >> him in, come in.

[applause] >> a wonderful story, my favorite. [laughter] just a moment. now i've got it. >> is worth waiting for. [speaking spanish] it's called -- it happened in spain in a town on the evening of tuesday, april

april 21 and 2011 during an easter procession. a huge crowd watched in silence as jesus christ being whipped viral roman soldiers passed by. i've broke the silence. seated on his fellow shoulders marcos shouted at them and being whipped. fight back, fight back. marcos was two years, 20 man months old. [applause] >> thank you for reading that. it was my favorite.

i have read somewhere that your great fear is that we are all suffering from amnesia. is that so? >> i don't know if it's my great fear but i am sure that it's something that is a huge problem to try to solve because we are are -- our rainbow, the human rainbow is being mutilated by the official amnesia. some of our best colors and the most shining in beauty. in this rainbow, our rainbow, and this mutilation has been and

is still each day by the machismo coming from women's histories and the -- also. [inaudible] [laughter] are mutilating us and this is some sort of amnesia who prohibit us to see in the platitudes of our possible, our possible cutie or our possible greatness. so in this sense i think i right or i try to write to help with the discovery of the human

rainbow. and recovering the memory of a lot of women and of black people and indians and so many excluded from this world. and some of them so valuable and so important. in my reading today, i told two stories, one having to do it very good examples of this but there are also a lot of stories. there is a poem about black people included in the book. excluded people, yes. it is a poem by sangari, a great

poet from senegal. i'm not sure, i think from senegal. >> senegal. >> let me see. where is it? it's not mine but it is so beautiful that i thought it was a crime not to include it. >> webpage? >> 263. speak to 53? 53. page 253. 63.

>> 263. yes, 263. [laughter] not 63, 263. so i was not so inefficient. i got it with your help of course. it's so beautiful. 263. beloved white brother, when i was born i was black. when i grew up, i was black. when i am in the sun, i am black. when i fall ill, i am black. when i died, i will be black. meanwhile, when you were born you were pink.

when you grew up you were white. when you are in the sun you turn red. when you feel cold, you turn blue. when you feel fear, you turn green. when you fall you turn yellow. when you die, you will be great. so, which of us is the color of manned? [laughter] [applause] >> that is beautiful. you know this book eduardo as you well now is full of women as you say. you have rescued a lot of women from oblivion and i would say that at least half of the book is about women. was this a conscious choice on your part? >> it's also another books.

>> speak it has always been the case. >> you will recall these voices. it's so important. also because women are so gorgeous and intelligence and smart and so creative but guilty of being women. yes, guilty of being women, really. nowadays it's not so terrible as it was before but it is still. the machismo world. a we are. not me. i am the only exception. [laughter] [applause] but all the other men here.

[laughter] here in this theater, all of them. [laughter] >> i think you once said that latin america is like a woman whispering in your ear. no? latin america is able up and talking in your ear. you once said that. see in my ear, secrets, yes. telling secrets. >> that is a lovely picture. >> sandra's nest narrows -- cisneros once said that you write like a woman. >> perhaps yes, perhaps it's true. >> i don't know what that would mean. >> what's true also is i steal the dreams of my wife because

she dreams marvelous dreams. my dreams are so stupid. [laughter] i have no choice but to steal, to steal her dreams. the other day i was telling the story of a dream and we were speaking, i don't know if it was yesterday or in another place but i was speaking about this sort of collective hysteria nowadays with the subject of security and how the airports have become something like hell. [laughter] steerable. the airport is such a terrible

place for me at least. take off your belt. take off your shoes. what is this for? no, that does not matter. and so she had a dream. usually at breakfast time is the same humiliating scene. [laughter] she is asking, did you have a dream last night? [laughter] and i answering, perhaps yes but i forgot completely. and you? oh i did have a dream. really, what? >> airports. >> airports really? yes. then she told me that she was in

an airport and it was a very long line of passengers waiting. we both were in the line. each one of the passengers with a pillow under the arm, a pillow used the night before. all of the pillows were sent through a machine that was able to read inside the pillows, the dreams from the night before. it was a machine that specialized in seeking dreams dangerous for national security. [laughter] and the fact is that really

dreams are dangerous for national security. [laughter] >> speaking of dreams, we latin americans are accused of flipping in magical realism and could you explain eduardo to this audience, what is magical realism after all? >> magical what? >> magical realism. [laughter] it's just literally a way of telling that reality is real because all of this magical, we are trained to be blind and we cannot discover the magic inside apparently insignificant fact of

the life. i think the real greatness is nothing in the big famous no, no, the real greatness is inside the small things, the small facts, the small gifts that we receive from reality each day and each night. the problem is we are lined of our rainbow, beautiful rainbow. we are also blind of the greatness of the small things in the small people. usually it's an upside down world because you are supposed to admire, to applaud everything that is big and heavy and

spectacular and instead of looking at the little, little facts each day in which magic is inside contained. invisible only for those who have their eyes open and can be able to see what other people cannot see. because they are trained to be blind, blind of the beauty of life. perhaps because usually beauty comes accompanied by the horrors , by other things. we are contradictions in movement. each of us contained a hell and i have an and this is a matter

of life, a full life. there was a sentence, a use of of -- my friend. [laughter] a sentence i used pertaining to days and nights of love and war which said something like. [speaking spanish] it's a contradiction because it will be said in english in history in astoria.

>> as in life. [speaking spanish] in history as in nature -- >> right. >> it's the source of life. >> it's the source of life, right. >> i was sure that this was a sentence written by karl marx but the germans translated the book the days and nights of love and war. all the life and works of karl marx and he told me that he couldn't find this in astoria.

[speaking spanish] so i began looking in my books and i couldn't find it, but i was absolutely sure that it was a sentence of marks. so i answered to my translator, don't worry. this sentence is a sentence of marks but he forgot to write it. [laughter] [applause] >> i like especially what eduardo said that each of us contains a little heaven and a little hell. it's a wonderful concept. >> is some people's hell is so much bigger. [laughter] >> and in the small things lies

that have been. i want to thank eduardo very very much for being with us tonight. it's been absolutely wonderful. [applause] [applause] [applause] >> intense discussions and arguments within "national review" that i have alluded to berg primarily, not totally part primarily in the 60s as they were still feeling their way in

the conservative movement was still jelling. in the 1970s, russia's focus is on, is initially on the possibility of replacing the republican party with a new conservative party. i found a letter in which he said to a friend, my problem -- code this is about 1975. my problem with the republican party isn't that it's not conservative enough. it's that it isn't big enough. again he wanted to win and the republicans after watergate in the mid-70's were just in terrible shape. i won't recite the details but a lot of them probably felt that they were back where they were in the 1930s, not only a minority party but the small

minority party. russia wants to take this opportunity to start a new conservative party, not originally conservative but consciously conservative, one in which the liberal wing of the republican party would not be present and therefore would not have the kind of veto power that they thought they had. he believed the key to this was one not necessarily the most important thing but an important thing was to moderate economic conservatism a little bit and be a little bit more populist, recognize the needs and the position of the little guy. he always had some of that in him but also to welcome social conservatism, the sort of populist issues. and not only southerners but what then were known as conservative democrats ,-com,-com ma people who later became reagan democrats.

russia was one of the first to note the size and importance of that voting bloc. he was one of the first and i'm sure one of the most effective advocates of ringing it into the republican party and he advised reagan to do this. he knew both reagan and the first president bush pretty well. and had known reagan since the mid-60's. he advised reagan and wise president wash some years later to do this. he was successful and that although i don't think reagan really needed -- i'm not sure that reagan really needed to be told that but certainly it's encouraging to hear it from someone that he respected as much as he respected russia. russia also wanted reagan to be the head of this new conservative party. to make a long story short reagan refuses probably

prudently most liberal scientists and i have had training in political science, will tell you that the third party is going to be big on a national level can start small. it's got to start it, probably with a superstar like reagan so once reagan refused in mid-75 early mid-75 to join this third-party project russia got going and wrote a book about, it was probably curtains for that particular idea. but, russia had succeeded in getting conservatives to think more about the need to expand the republican party and for the republican party to be more coherent, not so ideologically coherent that it was willing to forfeit elections. i think russia was passed that phase of his political development or perspective by then. so he recognize that if reagan

wasn't going to head it, it was probably not going to get too far but he stuck with it. the full details are in the book and chapter 13, but he came to see in the late 70's that it really was possible for a guy like reagan to win a republican nomination and once reagan did come ever since reagan won the republican nomination 11980 and rusher had a totally successful presidency rusher remained until the end of his days in absolute republican party loyalists. rightly or wrongly. that's another interesting lesson. a man who at one time had been a dirt party advocate comes back to a more conventional political -- although he's also a strong conservatives. in closing i just want to say two words about rushers symbol among conservatives.

he was a very elegant man. he was not particularly tall. he wasn't athletic, but he was wonderfully articulate. he always spoke in perfect belief formed sentences both in public and private conversation. he was always very well dressed. he loved find winan opera or he traveled all over the world anew all the great hotels in the world so this was a little unusual for a semi-populist conservative and for a guy as ideological as he was. perhaps a leading conservatives today could use a few more people like that. in other words it was hard for manhattan liberal and he knew some, to say oh russian is a conservative. they are hicks in this and that. you couldn't say that about pop late and you couldn't say it about rusher so russian reinforced that. "national review," they are

pretty smart and sophisticated people and they are fun to have around if you can stand their viewpoint down then. russian was that kind of conservative. younger conservatives tended to admire that and try to bring them along in that kind of style in vain. also as dr. edwards referred to, rusher was a major major conservative debater for quite a while. most prominently on the pbs show called the advocates. he was the conservative havoc it. it was a debate show and he did extremely well paired a lot of people would watch that and say well we can do that too mad. we can be as good as he is. >> booktv continues with nancy ruben stuart. she recounts the lives of revolutionary era women, peggy shippen the wife of ben