>> my book is about educational activism. i was interested in telling her story because she was a very important person in the civil rights movement. she was also important before that. she was nearly six years old the citizenship education program, it seemed like i'd gone into researching this and the further i got along, i talked about what she had done.

what did she do that have prepared her to do this. and what does this tell us about the deeper roots of the movement and the women's roles in it. then there was her schools which had primary site of women's activism. looking at this figure was a way to tell a longer story about the civil rights movement. it also about black women's activism across the 20th century. she was born in charleston in 1898. her father was a slave. her mother was a woman who had been raised in haiti part of the time and also born in charleston. she started her teaching career in 1960 in a rural school. it is a sea island off the coast of charleston. she continued her career in urban schools in south carolina.

in 1956, the state of south carolina passed a law for state employees to belonging to subversive organizations and the naacp. she lost her job and her retirement and she does sell developed a citizen education program to be used during the civil rights movement. this addition was to enable african-americans to learn to read and write so that they could pass a literacy test to register to vote. so beyond that they had a practical literacy component. beyond that curriculum, it taught people about political literacy and economic literacy. for her the focus and first hurdle was registering to vote.

so this includes using the vote to bring improvement to the community. the first goal of the schools was to pass a literacy test and registered to vote. each southern state has a literacy test that we can interpret a section of the state constitution went to the satisfaction of the registrar. the registrar was always a white person who could see anything, like that wasn't good enough. but you also have to sign your name. that was the first step, and it was a concrete goal. once people were able to do that, they could imagine doing other things as well. it is like this practical literacy, it gave people the self-confidence that they needed, that they had otherwise

lack upon because they had been dependent upon other people because they just couldn't have it for themselves. they were overseen from 1957 until 1961. this includes the southern christian leadership conference, which is a leadership conference spread throughout the south. these they have never had a chance to get an education. it was very grassroots they could bring on the ability to teach the classes and how to recruit students, how to gauge people's educational levels. and how to identify what you are

doing in the community. you can start work on that problem. another part of the genius of the citizenship is that few moderate white southerners could ever argue against teaching semi literate african americans how to read and write. segregation at times provides a camouflage. some people do not know what is going on in the classroom. it is only ones people who pass through the schools, they put what they learn into practice. that is when white people start to figure out that this is a source of the problem. so the genius of it is that segregation provides cover. but the schools are funded by private foundations. teachers receive a small stipend for teaching. they meet two nights a week.

and they are learning how to pay their taxes. they are learning how to read a tax bill. including how they can own property so they won't lose it for not paying their taxes. they are learning all of the other skills that can be applied beyond going to vote. that is the significance. it is also part of her network of black women activists in the south. so people that she knew this includes the student nonviolent coordinating committee and she met rosa parks in the summer of 19551 parks talked about developing the citizenship schools for four months after she lacked.

she refused to move from her seat on the bus. okay? so there is a lot of behind-the-scenes organizing and educational efforts going on in the movement before things are merging into the public view. she is a big behind-the-scenes person, preparing people to take action through education. as far as things that people don't know, i don't think that many people know it hurt all. including her role. they took political action in the year 1919 after world war i. she joined the charleston naacp to force charleston to higher black teachers in their black schools, their public schools, because they only had white teachers at this point. so she joined early.

she kept not a broken chain, but through that experience she set the pattern that she would follow throughout her life. which is to advocate on behalf of the black women and also on behalf of black children. so she was concerned throughout her life and activism with things like health care and employment and political participation. of course, this ebbs and flows over the course of her life. but it is always there. one thing that is always important and one time she said and i think that that was a lifelong approach for her.

>> i first started as an archivist. the boxes were basically arranged loosely and alphabetically. they were basically some things and i thought, this is great. there are records that are arranged these include confederate veterans in the record started in about 1866. the federal government had already been doing this. so it wasn't we came up with this on our own.

this includes how it works with veterans. what happened after that is the stipulations of the resolution were that the shirts were to go out and talk about the veterans in our county. but they also decided that at the time, these arms were not that useful and they were really going to focus on it. because the importance of the government was to put people back to work. they thought that giving people legs to walk on. so the focus was initially just legs. the state choose choosing this

was part of this citizen who purchase this from the company write to the government. and they said there is this individual who works for that company and he wants to come home. he would be really willing to come and set up an office in manufacture that here. duncan hannah wrote in a letter if you cannot come to the archives to do your research, you can write our correspondent archivist and say that i would like this for my grandfather, robert alexander hannah. saying, mr. hannah did not have any access to this. and i needed to tell him that i

cared. and i did not really know if he would be able to take pictures and e-mail it to me or anything like that. a few weeks passed and i got an e-mail that just said that the title was duncan hannah. there was no message at all. it was a series of photographs putting this big wooden leg on it to get around was often not desirable. you know, they would come up

with something at home and walk around with a couple of crutches. the state paid for them. they had two options going into it. they could have purchased this patent and then purchased the kit. the woodblocks and and everything for a little bit less. obviously the most cost of effect of thing. so if you lost your leg from too far down, and what we had commercially available when work for you, you could just take the money some of them are very high-tech. i think everyone has seen somebody walking down the street with a 6 million-dollar looking contraption that is very high-tech. if you didn't know differently, you would notice that they are walking comfortably it offers

him a very natural comfort. it's like not everyone has comfort like that. they are able to do these flaps of skin and are sewn together carefully and really, the surgeons didn't have a lot of time for reconstructive surgery so it is still fairly close to the surface and it made it very hard for them to utilize artificial limbs. the phantom pain is the name of the book and it has to do with a it is part of the amputee support group that describes

this. it is excruciating and it makes the recovery really difficult. again, the state sort of had its own phantom pain and it's trying to fix these people and at the time, people thought that if you could get these injured veterans back to work, that would ease this pain. the genesis of the book is this list of every person who contacted the state, and it is a county that they came from and everywhere you can find a document related to this. this is a brief history of amputations and a state history, what type of surgery they might have encountered, a little bit

of the former confederate states and what they were doing. people would understand what their ancestor experienced. >> from booktv's recent trip to north carolina with the help of our local partner, time warner, it a look at books of friedrich kicked in. >> we are going to be talking about this collection. frederick kidman was trained as an engineer. a chemical engineer and an electrical engineer. he lived a lot of his life in australia. he was very self-taught as a serious individual.

by 1957, the smithsonian, there was an individual who talked about the same david young and this includes thousands of items that were being transferred and purchased. he did come and teacher and he was very interested in us. we realized that he had a liability as well. this took about two years in this fashion. it was purchased with a large amount of money. but it was certainly worth it and actually we paid to have the shipping. there is a difference between titles and volumes. that is because it is a scientific collection.

so although there are 1200 titles, it includes those right up until the 1950s. sort like to show you some of the highlights of the collection. it was very hard for me to select them. this is one of the oldest pieces in the collection. as you can see, we have the chipman bookplate. this is an illustration this is one of the most prolific german writers of the 14th century. he was also a german catholic scholar. it was originally what was printed in 1975.

so it returns them as fantastic. this is very different, which is so much more precise, which we will look at later on. this is something that no one actually knows anything about. which is so surprising. this was translated into french. it was published in 1781 and you can see it was a very different process and this is an engraving. then the illustrations are painted here. this is an interesting text as the author. this is rather unusual for this

and it mentions many animals, which is in this. therefore shakespeare humanely expresses that it and we have an interesting path. and this is designed for children and published in 1799. they went right through to the 1870 timeframe. each of them had an engraving. we were to teach children about science. this depicts an aristocratic

figure. so this is what we call a curiosity cabinet which is full of specimens showing exotic places and fascinations with new worlds and explorations. it certainly was very havilland in the 19th century. as you can see, these are not like the same colors which we saw earlier, the color makes it such a vibrant piece. all in all, these would not have been like this. they were bound in austria, but they were sold on an annual basis. this is an illustration and in his publication, this was 1788. you can see the detail and

needs. in the 16th century it would've been mandatory for this type of detail. the other thing we should mention is the insides. they were collected in large numbers and the artist would paint them from the specimen and it would be made in the painting process and it would be printed and you could see this pain and where it actually is. this actually is printed at the time and is one of our pieces. it is a two volume set. >> so this is self-taught and that he is considered the father

of this in the united states. he also helped find this. he made many expeditions and there are many specimens along the way. he is also interested with most of the specimen collections and many people who are trying to classify it, the collections went through this. this is one of the first volumes published and it was published and there is actually 1824 to 1828. you can see it is very beautiful and we plan to give it a little bit more variety. so this is interesting. so i think this was actually

those from africa, those in 1805. this includes a per target be the people can actually find out what they were like. he actually lost three collections in his life. the british were invading he lost another collection in haiti in a house fire. he was a french aristocrat who returned after the french revolution. he could not return to france and he ended up traveling as far as the in philadelphia and he

was able to return to france and unfortunately, he was on his third specimen. so these are actually quite interesting. so these are actually down from his drawings. that was all that really remained. odyssey could probably use more in europe. so this was how he created his works. this includes accuracy of the engraving. you can see this in incredible detail and it is a true tribute

to the master of the artist. >> bob christiansen is next on booktv. he joined us during our recent trip to raleigh, north carolina, to talk about the history of north carolina. >> i wanted to have a book that explained it to me in terms of how the democrats and republicans, who was connected to who, what dominated the state. i wanted to connect things. there was no such book. so i decided that i would have this interesting history and so forth and i decided to write that book.

this also has to do with the individual in north carolina, not only with the new people coming in the state, but those coming in north carolina in their country and people who have lived in north carolina and a might know a little bit about political history. a lot of people have asked why he named this book the paradox of politics. the reason is a lot of people don't really understand north carolina politics and how it works. how is this ken father so many conservatives. at the same time this is a

governor in the united states senator how can this work? this is a paradox that the state has both liberal tendencies and it has the aggressive areas and it has a very conservative tendency as well. those that are very conservative. it has people that live outside of north carolina. a red state, a blue state, it tends to go republican in presidential races. and we have just had 20 years of democratic governments. so the state is really, we look at ideologically how it is pretty much middle america.

one of the interesting things that the gallup poll organization does is that it and north carolina falls right in the middle. it is part of the democrat or republican column. it goes back and forth very easily. this will push it in the republican column. in 2008, for example, it went slightly where barack obama won. and what happened was republicans won control of this. that was a critical advantage

because they could draw new lines with the state legislature and congress. that was given a string giving the republicans a leg up in the next election of 2012. so republicans had reconstruction and had the entire state government. and that is very unusual. because we just went through a time of 20 years of democratic control which is not only the only southern state, but it is the only state east of the rockies that have occurred and the state goes back and forth because it is so evenly balanced. then there is someone like terry sanford and then he was later president and elected to the united states senate.

he was governor of north carolina and it was obviously a critical time. so he had guided the state on a moderate course and said that that course was standing at the court house. at that time he was pushing this in a way towards modern immigration. things like this, and he was a very critical professional. he was a moderate progressive state and on the other hand he was very important. not only in terms of helping build things in the republican party in north carolina, helping

to build this and he was also a national figure and how to get elected president. this includes how this organization is affected in a political career from 19 76 in north carolina. and then it does not just have to be the role model. what was a critical figure. those are two things i think are very important for different reasons to the state's political history. robert reynolds was it populist senator who was part of the great depression. he was a democrat and he was a buffoon and eight interesting character who betrayed himself as a poor man.

he was a great traveler. we have all seen travel can be broad, but that is not always true. he actually got, he traveled a lot and he became very anti-immigrant. one of the things that he did is useless in the united states senate and he visited nazi germany and must win easily. he saw that germany and italy, the economies were booming and it was during the depression. of course one of the reasons we were doing that is because they were back to the war. and he became very impressed with hitler and mao sweeney and he began going back home and talking up hitler and rossellini and eventually, that led to his

downfall. among the southern states and southern democrats, there was very little isolation. it was mainly among midwestern republicans. but in some other areas, there was very strong support for it. eventually they forced the democratic party to have him retire. they could not put up with his pro-not see views. people can say what they want. he was a world war i hero. he was a very bright guy. he sort of had to be in this period. he is remembered today mainly through watergate and being a

conservative democrat, to lead the investigation, it was part of this. and he also stood up to the individual that was leading the witchhunt. he spent most of his life as a judge. everyone was afraid of him. saying that if he defended this, you you said that he was working to the economist or he was tied into tools of the economy. no one wanted to stand up to him and hardly anybody did. and they said that was going to stand on the committee and he said that he would stand up to them. he did stand up to them as a

freshman. and mccarthy went after him on national tv. and he made his reputation known by someone who knew no fear. the major takeaways that north carolina is a little bit different from the rest of us the sock. it has both progressive impulses and i don't think you can stereotype that it is different from much of the rest of the south. think you understand it, you are going to be surprised. >> next, we take a tour of quail ridge books and music with nancy olson, the owner. she talks about the difficulties of owning this in north carolina and the current economic climate. >> we are surrounded today by nonfiction of all kinds. that is one of our best-selling

sections we have lots of nonfiction writers come and meet our customers and have them have a nice exchange of ideas. our customers -- i just love them, of course. they have supported us all these years. they appreciate what we are doing. they are smart, of course. they are not big into commercial books. although i carry them. i'm happy to do that. but they are really interested in the esoteric books and specific books of different subjects. lots of them just come on in. they don't need to ask about it. they know exactly where they want to go and they -- we do our best to help them find what they

want. including signing the books that we would never hear about. hundreds of journalists and reviews, we have hand-picked books, every book that we put in here. that is a difference in philosophy from some of the other bookstores. that is why we have succeeded and are still here because we have high quality selections of books. so far, it has worked. i don't think that all independent bookstores are as concerned about service also their customers -- we are absolutely devoted to being not only a store providing good

quality customer service, the hospitality as well. that is a big thing. we want people to feel comfortable here. we have many activities that cover a range of people and peoples interests. i'm not saying that we are better than other people, but we have certainly withstood the challenges of a lot of independents thrive on. half of them went out and the ones of us who have stayed the course and been successful, i think we have found that correct philosophy and formula and we have had to use business principles that i never thought that i would have to know. i'm a book and people lover and a reader. and i think that is what has

done it. when i opened the store when i was getting ready to recommend -- it was recommended that i read the book in search of that. there were a couple of other books that others recommended. and he has just been the one to keep saying hospitality. i stick with the principal, great customer service and the customer is always right. i see that attitude and other businesses as well. but it's very defensive about customers. they just can't make themselves do this, unless they make the customer happy. they do everything they need to

do. make them feel good about spending their money in an independent store like this. they want us to succeed. they are very loyal people. this has changed dramatically. a lot of these positively have worked on some lawsuits that loosened up the discounts that publishers were giving to independents. they were giving them to us and some people filed suit on our behalf. now we get wonderful discounts on us with the publishers. that makes a huge difference. we are and we are ordering back in 1994.

that turned us totally wrong because we can order more titles, fewer copies, by and large we reorder right away so that has enabled us financially to make a bigger profit and turnover books more often. if you turn over your books three times, but profit margins as well. if you go above that, you are making money. we're selling books. we got this in another day. so we don't have this sitting on the shelf for months at least you before we are really making money. we got some good advice from people. because of this we have done

well since. you are supporting the community. >> carol hewitt said that booktv while we were in north carolina with the help of our local partner. she's an activist and business owner which works for the farming economy. >> the book is growing local food and it was the brainchild of what he tapped. this includes an venture capital, instead of sending it off to wall street, investing it

in the idea of slow food includes more quality and more thoughtfulness and it is just better all around. is it doing good, is it doing harm. and what if you tried to invest it in your local community. sustainable farming. businesses that support local food. what we do.and what would it make? we think it would make a huge difference. several years ago i got interested in us. either one of the big obstacles would be small amounts of capital. thirty years ago my husband and i moved to north carolina and we were able to buy a very rundown place. and it was $10,000 at the time

and it took us years to pay it back back in those days. but without that we never would've gotten our business done. put our kids through school, make a living, now it's time that i get a chance to pay it forward. i worked with artists and now i found myself also working with farmers and local food businesses. the capital that is needed is very similar. so we are here at sweet cheeks bakery and jackie has the most marvelous story. we had just done one more so

unfortunately we had to turn away and say that we have no idea. we are getting this started as an idea. but we don't know how it's going to go. a year later she came back. then we practice a more wanted to make these small affordable loans and we had several by then. so she now was helping this 60-quart hobart mixer. that was the kind of project that we do at a very low interest rate. the people that want to make these kinds of things are talking about the mission in the concept. they support these ideas and

local farmers and food businesses. it is the social benefit as well. it is so interesting. people ask about this. who would make one of these up? they are high risk. they are risky because a farmer can have a bad summer, they can have a bad season. and on the other hand they tend to perform very well. because people have made a connection and build a friendship. it's based on three things. generosity and trust and gratitude. that is the picture and the trust in the middle is a big part of that. very few on a couple of occasions where things did not go well.

so they do it because they care. i have to say that we do this because we can. it is important to pay it forward because a small loan is what happened 30 years ago. because we can. there's a deep belief that i have that people wake up in the morning and they don't only need food, they actually want to make something happen. they want to go make this known that they did some good. here we are three years later and i have facilitated about 80 loans to about almost 40 different small food businesses and the goal here is to build resilience in the local food

shed. money many of them were raised from the working-class and middle-class upbringing. but they just felt -- for different reasons -- everyone has her own reasons. they thought this was very important, something they wanted to do, either they were fed up with wall street and had taken their money out. that was the case of one person who did a 5000-dollar loan one young couple. she was part of a large project that they did with this investment. many people have talked about this. the big one that i will tell you about is 16 people that put together this. we refinance us, which is our local food co-op.

they have been in business about for years. the loan was with the bank of virginia. we were able to find 16 people and they were all willing to take several points less interest in the bank. it cut the payment by a third. it leads me to why i wrote the book. one after another. they were heartwarming, compelling stories. i just felt that if i could share them and they might take a look and say that i want to do this. and they can. and they could. kansas or arkansas or maine or wherever. that's exactly what is

happening. coming up next, mr. glass describes his time in auschwitz and birkenau. only he and his one relatives arrived out of 42 people. >> we are talking about a holocaust survivor. the reason i wrote this is first of all, there must have been 600 people in the room and they were moved. so there were other factors involved as well and i teach a course in the holocaust. his story encompassed much of

the various aspects he was on a death train. he went to auschwitz. he went to the selection or and he was imprisoned there for about six weeks. then he was taken to the dock out cancer. about 150 were associated with it. he experienced much of this holocaust. including a number of experiences. he was also involved in this from the beginning. within a week that they invaded poland and they were liberated

right before the armistice in may of 1945. so he was involved the entire time. the other reason i was interested in his stories because he was from poland. much of the literature is about western and european jews. he is from the the netherlands. it is a special place they say that hungarian jews were not involved and the students really are not aware that the center of it wasn't polling. they don't know much about the polish experience. i was really anxious that would

put something on this experience. of course, he was in poland most of the time. it was those three things that led me to want to write the book. >> the population of about 12,000 jewish people. i was the youngest in our family. i was very active in many different sports. i had a very loving and caring family. i had a very happy childhood. and this came to an end when the second world war broke out. i was 11 years old. in other words, anything

happened systematically so when i left the german army occupied, we have confiscated it and we were ordered to turn all the books in. then the ghetto was formed. and we were forced to live to share our apartments with all the jewish people who live outside of those few square blocks. we have many valuable items and food was very scarce.

there was one where somebody got sick. and there was no hope because we had the doctor who had to come from the ghetto and the gestapo did not allow it to happen. i have kept this alive and i have kept us going. we were with our families and our faith. this came to an end when the others came to evacuate. the children and the elderly were taken away never to be seen again. the rest of us had a great part of this in the ghetto. so we have a population of

750,000 in almost 250,000 jewish people. so when we came to the ghetto there were only 90,000. many people die every day from hunger and disease. it is almost impossible. it is a terrible thing to live through it. when somebody passes down, maybe a family of a neighbor, they kept the body so they could benefit from that. they could no longer keep this in an unmarked white. they produced an incredible

amount of valuable items. starting with two huge metal factories producing all kinds of parts. whatever the special occasions were. ..

horror hall these were valuable items. and again what kept this going is with our families, an incredible fight and this came to an end and summing up in 1944, when the orders came to liquidate the ghetto at which point, it turned to cost anywhere from 80 to 100 people, on will not attempt to describe the inhumane conditions of the cattle costs and we were on our way to deane keller. in five or six as we arrived at and that there jeannette which point the men were separated from the women. my mom and sisters went to the left, to the height. and i waved back. nine others, we continued and

continued to walking back to the -- years of mental a better known as the angel of death was in charge of these elections. when it came my turn, was nothing but a skinny little kid. what saved me, the cloning distribution center, bought me this black coat with huge pants, made me look like the man but i was a skinny kid, the hesitation he let me go through. he continued marching to the showers which where totally impressed,s were shaven, underarms, to take the showers. fifth were given a pair of shrike the desperate pens and assured and they had. when i came outside, i tried to find my father, kept looking

around and couldn't find him. my father was right next to me. i didn't recognize my own father. this man aged 30 years in those few hours. he was only 43 years old. because he realized -- i guess i was too young to comprehend, how can one possibly describe deane keller? deane keller was a place where there were thousands of people brought in every single day from every corner of europe from as far as greece and remained in hunger and holland and france and poland and the selections were made, the elderly and the sick and children were taken away and everybody was turned into the many temporary camps in

auschwitz, and in germany and austria. deane keller was miles of concentration camps surrounded by high-voltage electric wire. when you take 60 yards, multi machine gun, deane keller had operation 24/7 and the snow and stench of burning human flesh is so distinct that it cannot be confused with anything else. it is almost impossible to describe the conditions in the environment in deane keller. in addition, the infamous dr. mandela joyfully sending thousands of people to their death, he was also in charge of

the most famous, sadistic, brutal experiments performed in modern times. castration is were two of them -- i saw them. i can even describe it. you should have seen the build on those men, and the women. i saw them. their heads shaven, their faces grimaced in excruciating pain walking on all fours, not even the slightest resemblance to a human being, not to mention the experiments on children. it is just horrible. on the eve of yom kippur, the day of atonement, the holiest

day for the jewish people, my brother was already taken away and sent to a camp in germany, they came in to our camp and our camp -- the gypsy camp because there were 35,000 romans in this camp and in order to make room for the men from the large get no favor taken to the gas chambers and kills but the names still remained and was called that. they came in that evening and were very well aware how they were from the jewish people because additional shootings or killings or hangings, they demanded teenagers. my sister's boyfriend who had some privilege on this block

realized what was going on and grabbed me and told me under his bunk and covered me with a blanket to. i said he had -- we slept a thousand in the block in auschwitz and slept on the bag, very concrete, no pillows or blankets, that is how we slept. my father was not aware what was going on and in the morning when this was over he came over to me and he said you must get out of here, this is pure hell. there were daily transports going all over germany. very quickly registered, taken to the class, on our way into a concentration camp in germany. little did we know what was awaiting us. we came in to a concentration

camp, after a couple weeks sending to another concentration camp, these where satellites of dachau. considered by the german -- it means camp of destruction. the original camps from auschwitz where 1200 men. when we came in there were only 500 left and we were a group of 350. conditions were almost impossible to describe. my father and i woke up in the morning, was night, was dark, when came back to the camp it was dark and we walked maybe three or four miles into this huge campus, i don't know what it was but we were saying, my

father and i were saying, to big foundations. hard for me to imagine how my father or myself, this is what we were told we did. to beat somebody of this, somebody got a beating. only less than a day or two, anywhere between 30 or 40 people every single day, my father could no longer go to work. he was too week. when i come back we use to bunk together in the same bunk and he would tell me he's to get beatings' every single day but there were no marks on his body. the division that he is getting beaten up every day, they wanted him to go into the sixth block

and he knew the most anybody could last there was a day. i will not attempt to describe the conditions. it is beyond description. he was hoping to feel better and go back to work. one morning they came in and dragged my father from the bunk and i followed, they took him into a shack and stood there in unbelievable horror, they were pulling the teeth from his mouth. his body was still warm. in those days in europe when a person needed -- was made from gold so that is what they killed him for. to pay final respects to my father i volunteered for the burial which nobody wanted to do. the burial commando consisted of

four men and a blanket, everybody to one end pulling five or six bodies in there and we walked outside the camp, there was the huge tent, two of them, the body wrapped into the pitch. we repeated it seven or eight times, and getting ready for the next day. back to the block, the men in charge sunny and said how come you didn't go to your regular work commando and i said i just finished burial commando. i shouldn't have done it because they're short handed and i will get 50 lashes on my behind so when everybody came back to work, everybody was ordered to gather and what. even the german commander came in and pull me over the table

and pull down my pants at which point of the german commander, very high ranking ss commander said only 25 because i am a a teenager. a fresh few, you hardly feel anything but i still have the scars to prove it. my friends dragged me into the bunker and confess to you for the very first time i just lost my will to go on. without a doubt the darkest point of my young life but my friends got ahold of some rags and soaked them in the snow and kept turned all my long to make compasses because they knew and i knew in the morning i had to

go to work and i did. i don't know how but i did. ten days or so later the others came to liquidate the camp. of 1550 men we were 118 survived, taken to the infamous dachau. when we marched into dachau we were greeted by the welcoming committee which consisted of four gallows with two men hang in there. as we walked through the infamous gate which says we continue walking towards the showers and the crematorium. at that point we already heard about the infamous cycle of gas that the german used, $0.39,

killed almost a thousand people so we didn't know what to expect because these men were in pretty bad shape. when it came out and wheat were a few days sent to another camp, and i worked and the quarry and came down with dysentery which is a terrible disease. you can't keep anything down, all you really do is die. taking it to the sink campers and regular camp and after a few days i was okay. realizing nothing good captain if i stayed, i walked over to the storm trooper and asked can i go back to the labor camp, i want to go back to work, he said he can't let me do it because

they found typhoid and the camp was under quarantine. ten days later we were told we were going to be taken into a central typhoid camp and one of the three camps. in the cattle car, looked around, there are people around me almost dead. this is the final hour for me so i said, the final prayer in jewish faith, when i woke up in the morning i looked through the cracks in the cattle car, i said good god, why would they keep these people alive when they kill hundreds of thousands of healthy people, i don't have an answer to that. that is the way it happened and

we were taken into this typhoid camp. by that time, the beginning of spring of 1945, the orders came for the infamous death marchs. there was a plan, called the final solution of the jewish question. the plan was giving orders to all the concentration camps in germany to march down south, the far this point south to the german austrian border outside -- that is where we would be given pull is in and after a couple days the american army would come in there would be nothing left but a mountain of ashes. they got the plan didn't quite

work. we were in the typhoid canned and these people couldn't stand up little low walk. they ran out of cattle cars and we were on our way south into germany, in germany. the train stopped, there was a village -- it stopped because of the next part of joining it, the next traffic was a german joke, military training with huge anti-aircraft guns the likes of which i never saw in my life so obviously they were shielding themselves with us hoping the americans would not come to disable which they were trying to do if they see us but the americans came and rightfully so because they were shooting at

them and as hard as they tried to there were a lot of casualties. this was a huge train pulled and pushed by eight locomotives so they were trying to disable this train. to describe, it is almost impossible. there were hundreds of people without arms or legs just bleeding to death and in the afternoon for whatever reason, the germans noticed, allowed us to go to the village for water. these people, a lot of them, had typhoid and they were with high temperatures so in need of the water so they allowed us to go to the village for water.

it was in the afternoon the skies turned black and the heavy rains came down and the storm troopers took shelter, we kept walking and walking, there were five of us together in the camp until we walked into a german who took us in, gave us food and they had a sudden a loft. next morning, woke us up and thought there might -- the war might be over because munich was hung out the white flags of surrender but it wasn't over. and one of our friends got a temperature and said he is not going to last long if we don't get him some help. is there a hospital, convent, church converted into a hospital

less than a mile away. if we go there they will help us. it was converted into a hospital for high-ranking ss officers. we made our way following the road, got in the back of this huge building, must have been very late at night and wheat were on the floor, being i was the youngest i've volunteered to knock on the door. i knocked on the door, the door opened a band there was a nun. i didn't have to say anything, she said coming, my child. i said there were four more friends and we all came in and took our clothes off which were saturated with lice, burned in oil, they gave us food and they took us right ahead. it was on april 28th, 1945, in

the morning that they said children, the american army is very close, there might be some shootings the whig would be safer, take us to the basement, i got a holds of an apple cart and look through the window and i saw the first american tank come up the hill. how can i describe the jubilation of my heart, of knowing finally to be free, how can i describe the jubilation? feeling that this nightmare was finally over? and now, 68 years later, generations strong, and i stand before you a very proud and grateful man, grateful for the opportunity the greatest country on earth gave me to start a new life, raise a family and live in freedom and the birdie. >> for more information on booktv's recent visit to

raleigh, north carolina and many of its cities visited by local content vehicles go to c-span.org/localcontent. >> a you interested in being a part of booktv's online book club? our selection is cheryl sandburg ethylene in:women, work and the world to be. miss sandberg who is the ceo of facebook discusses why it is difficult for women to achieve leadership roles in the united states. she also talks about her own career choices and experiences. you can watch her talk about been in@booktv.org and as you read the book this month post your thoughts on twitter with the hash tag be tv book clubs and on our facebook page, facebook.com/booktv and on june 25th at 9:00 p.m. eastern join our live discussion on both social media sites. if you have an idea for next month since your suggestion on which books you think we should include in our online book club

on twitter, facebook or e-mail at booktv@c-span.org. >> i was worried people in business, very few people in government have ever been in business because it is hard. it is easy for an academic to go into business, they can leave the come back, easy for lawyer to go into government and come out, very hard for a business person. if they are small business person it is their business, they have to be there. it is a larger corporations they get knocked off the ladder and they are out and it is very hard to reenter and as a result you have people in business, i will admit it, confession is good for the soul my wife tells me, if you are in government looking at business you understand it intellectually but it is one dimensionally.

you don't have any idea what delay does. if you're in government, what government delay does to business. you don't have any idea what uncertainty does to business. you don't really feel the impact of the regulations. i spend my taxes every year and always add a letter to whom it may concern, i want you to know i haven't the air idiot vaguest idea if they are accurate. i went to college, i have average intelligence and my wife went to college and she won't even read them because she knows she doesn't understand them. i just want you to know that is the case and i pay money to lead accountant and he helps me and i hope they are right and if you have a question just give us a call.

can you imagine this country, with a lousy tax system like that? it is inexcusable. how many people here understand their taxes? i don't see many hands going up. i wrote the chapter because i felt i was in business and i know a businessman has in a large company has shareholders, customers and employees and shareholders, customers and employees are all across the spectrum, in political views and ideas and parties and therefore business people are very reluctant to challenge the government, to criticize the government. they don't want to divide their stockholders for their employees or their shareholders. they also worry about the irs, they worry. if you don't understand your taxes you ought to worry.

i worry. i know i don't know. there also in the pharmaceutical business, you have the food and drug administration and they all have securities and exchange commission and all the alphabet regulatory organizations and to the extent someone criticizes the government or challenges and approach they are taking they worry the government could be turned on them. that is in my view what the current irs thing is so critical because the american people don't want to feel their government is -- could be turned on them in a way that targets people. if you target one person you can target someone else, doesn't matter you're liberal or conservative or republican or democrat and i think that is why that is so central. what i would like to do is have sandy or somebody -- where are

these people -- do you have microphones? i think you do. there you are. i would be happy to respond to questions and even answer some. i will do my best. what you need to do is raise your hand and sandy will bring a mike. i always hate the first question. anyone who pops up like a jack in the box with the first question scares me to death. those lights are bright. make it a good one. i will embarrass you if you don't. >> here's what we will do, mr. secretary. >> someone has to turn the mike on. you had the floor of here before. >> who has the first question? okay. you have got it. okay, is the mic on?

there you go. >> mr. secretary, i have two questions. >> i am 81 in july. i do not need multi part questions. it is 7:15 here, 10:15 in washington where i flew in yesterday. single part question. >> okay. >> feel free to go ahead. >> first question -- >> no, no, you only get one. turn off the mic. >> will you write a book for republicans called rumsfeld a's republicans, don't tax without doing a tax decrease? or not raise expenses without some sort of cuts in the middle? i remember when i watched your

interview on the david letterman show you suggested there was a time at which the death reached $100 billion or something like that and the world went crazy. >> i was there. the presidency of lyndon baines johnson. i was a congressman. it was the first federal budget in our history that it $100 billion and everyone just asked at the thought. >> now doesn't seem -- >> billion dollar deficit. >> doesn't look like the republicans are helping us any. will you write a book for that? >> let me say something about that. i think the republicans -- there are people all across the spectrum in both parties. i was asked, i was speaking about my other book, at fort leavenworth, the military base,

not the prison. there were 1490 majors mostly from our country but from around the world too. it is a big school. someone asked me what is the biggest problem that i worry about, and the answer was american weakness. why do i say that? the signal that is being sent out from this country is that basically we are modeling the american economy on europe and it is a failed model. doesn't work. there is no way you can have the deficits we have had and have the debt we are incurring without sending out a signal to the world that this country is not going to be what it was in the past. there is no way you can do that. if you are not going to act responsibly people take that message