limitations in most every state across the u.s. that the roman catholic bishops have lobbied against reform, and it is that statute of limitation, that public policy that prevents many, if not most of the survivors, access to the courts, access to the truth, access to the documents, and access to the chance to reveal the history of the past so it doesn't repeat the future. and you can, by writing your representative and your senator, and calling your representative and your senator in your district and tell them that child victims act and the statute of limitations must be removed for the sake of those that have been wounded, and as importantly, for the sake of

those yet to be. because until it is, our children are not safe in america. and that is what america must do to protect our kids. [applause] >> thanks everyone for coming out tonight. i'd like to thank the lady and the gentlemen, they have supported me and supported this book and they have given us a civil rights movement for our time. so thank you. and please, there's an announcement to be made after we're done here. it's related to the statute of limitations issue. again, thanks, everyone, for coming. [applause] >> for more information visit the author's website, michaeldantonio.net. >> now from fest, robert lombardo talksrom the 20o tribune" printer's row lit fest,

robert lombardo talks with his book, "organized crime in chicago: beyond the mafia." this is about 45 minutes. >> i'm just going. so just for background purposes, i'm a criminal justice lawyer to at least the most was for the turbine for the past 10 years or so. i worked at both criminal courthouse in a few years ago wrote a book about the family secrets case comes up i think robert and i are paired up today. robert has written a book that i really enjoyed books like this, "organized crime in chicago," that really is an over arching history. the title gives it away but it really is sort of soup to nuts organized crime in chicago, part narrative part i think academics study. robert is a former chicago police officer. then into second life is now an

associate professor of criminal justice at loyola here in town. so he's one of the key experts in the city in terms of what organized crime is and was here and it's passed on its present and where it may be going. the book really begins sort of in the lead the air in chicago, sort of the crime-ridden city board of the 1800 carries through prohibition. robert, i most want to maybe take a minute to introduce the book yourself and explain how it came to be and what your goals were in putting it together. >> well, good afternoon. i want to thank the tribune and the lit fest for inviting me here. i grew up in a neighborhood where even as a grammar school child i was met with organized crime. we had a neighborhood hotdog stand where my mother worked. she had a job, came from a broken home and so i did -- i

would get a quarter every day to go out for lunch. at noon, the hotdog stand, we had all the neighborhood gangsters. so even at a young age, even in seventh and eighth grade in my neighborhood we have an understanding of what an organized crime was. as a teenager in high school i went to work and my uncles grocery store, and we had a regular the rate of gangsters that would come in there because we made italian sausage. and they would come for the sausage. and there was one christmas i even delivered it to many different homes. it's a funny story. i had 100 pounds of italian sausage, the christmas special we made with tomatoes and provolone cheese, and the trunk of the car and 10-pound packages. so my uncle gave me as chrysler imperial, and the head gangster for the north side gave us a list and i went from door to

door and all the zones in river forest many the doorbell saying, ross sent me. [laughter] and ahead of them 10 pounds of sausage. i mean, when you grow up that way, it's something that kind of stays with you. so once again a police officer -- >> you didn't tell us how many thousands of pounds of sausages sold. >> quantity. it was only natural for me to gravitate towards that type of work, and it worked and what we call the organized crime division for about 12 years, worked narcotics, gambling, and then did work on the actual intelligence. and later on forfeiture investigations community, take the property of drug dealers and syndicated gamblers come things like that. so it's always been a part of my life. so when it came time, i was in graduate school. i thought would come if i got a ph.d in would make the superintendent of police but it didn't work out that way.

so is only natural for me to write about organized crime but actually this book was an outgrowth of my ph.d dissertation. i taught part-time, i taught at depaul for a just part-time. in the opportunity came to go to loyola full-time in criminal justice. and not just like in the police department where i had to produce every or every month, i have to produce at loyola. so it's publish or perish. so this is my second book, 10 years that i've been at loyola comment is only natural to pursue organized crime. as a trained sociologist, criminology is my area of interest. it's only natural for me, i looked at all the literature on organized crime i haven't found any books since 1927, organized crime in chicago, the has been a book that is plain organized crime sociologically. there has not been a book that

is used the accepted criminology theories to explain organized crime. and that's what i tried to do with this book. the only book review that i can find is going out there on the web is from a library, it and is a great book, skip the first chapter and the last chapter, it's all about theory. but everything in the middle is a fun read. so my idea was to actually use real-life facts, that's what i delved into history, to interpret or to explain the different theories. so by applying what really happened to the various explanations for organized crime, i make an argument for what i feel is the appropriate explanation. >> and i was a those are my two favorite chapters i think actually. i've read a lot about organized crime, obviously, and i really thought that's what made this book unique was an attempt to really explain what was going on in terms of human behavior and

the political system and economic system in chicago. especially the beginning of the book, robert takes great painters were chop away at the old theory that organized crime here was really just an import of the old country through new york and the bloc can't and all that. that really is not something that came over on the boat so to speak but it was something that was much more homegrown and came out of the disorder that was very evident in early chicago, especially if the beginning of the 1900s, and really could've been many dominant ethnic groups. obviously, there were times it was, there were irish mobsters and jewish mobsters. it is an american problem. if you want to talk about that a little bit, but i was interested in the fact that you make a good solid attempt to cut down on that, that idea that this is just an imported problem and came over from sicily. >> which brings us to really do

two theories to explain traditional organized crime as we call this. because there's all kinds of organized crime. we had a dixie mafia didn't have any italians. you have the blackstone rangers, the gangster disciples to you at all these berries street gangs but, in fact, they are organized crime. but none of them of the reached the pinnacle of power that we call traditional organized crime we have in american society. and again, the two competing explanations are, first this idea that it came from sicily, which we called the alien conspiracy theory, that southern italian and sicilian immigrants brought the mafia with them to america at the turn of the last century. what the sociologist call the ethnic secession period is simply that various ethnic groups have used crime in order to advance in society. we look around today we see their often immigrants that come to our country. people who come in with no money

are regulated so sometimes the worst neighborhoods, the poorest sections of the city, lack of opportunity, no jobs available to the and it ended even applies to african-americans who've immigrated from the rural areas of the south. and so they turn to crime. people are discriminated against, people who are excluded from social advancement, historically have turned to crime in order to better themselves, so to speak. not as an excuse but as a reality. so this is what's been known as the ethnic succession theory. the irish, jewish people, the italians, blacks and hispanics in that order have all used organized criminal activities as a means of social advancement within american society. so if you like a traditional organized crime, if we look at those italians, and i'm one of them, you look a chicago outfit, the capone syndicate, if we look at that criminal organization we

see an interpretation than the one that was imported from the south of italy. we can get into what the mafia really was in the south of italy at the turn of the last century. it was vastly different than what the media tells us it was, what's portrayed in movies. in the movies. people forget that the godfather was fiction. it wasn't a real story. it was, in fact, just that, a story. as a matter of fact, i mean, there's evidence that gangsters imitated the movie. it wasn't art imitating life, but it would've been life imitating art. i can go on and on but i don't know if jeff has another question. >> that's my job. again, i thought the book was good because it really did build in all the known facts i think and really show the sweeping arc of how things came together.

so it goes through probation, he goes to al capone, parts of history that everybody knows in terms of chicago's sad passe pan this category, but then it brings in other parts of the tale that you might not expect and really does good job of showing how things like the 42 gain, which we'll talk about all of it, how that really brought the reach of organized crime, reproduced what i think we have think of the modern our semi-modern outfit at the peak through the '80s but you want to talk about that although? >> we have to remember that people of al capone's generation are long gone. as a matter of fact, they started to disappear in 1950. even if it was true that gangsters originally came from another country, by the second generation of gangsters, that when longer apply. however, i would like to mention

the that my research and looking at the chicago crime commission files and the "chicago tribune," their publications back in the '30s proved that most of al capone's gangsters were not italian. this runs contrary to popular belief, but only 41% of the component -- of the capone syndicate had italian surname. the rest were irish, jewish, a lot of eastern european people. and they weren't even from, they were street gang people like today that it worked their way up into a told crime. they were like robbers and burglars had it gone the way to prison, did their time, came out and was looking for a job, and they went to work in prohibition. but again, back to the original thought, by 1950 we have to try and figure out whether second generation of gangsters come

from. and they came from the slums of chicago. they didn't come from a foreign country. they were born and raised and bred in the worst neighborhoods in the city of chicago. jeff mentioned the 42 gang. they rose to prominence. they were the most dangerous, ruthless, juvenile delinquents that period of time in chicago, and they were from the new west side. and most intact were italian, not all, some were irish, some were jewish but most of them were italian, but not completely. from the slums of the city of chicago. that's where they were socialized, that's what they were born and raised. and they rose to prominence within the chicago outfit. for some reason the capone syndicate became the outfit in the 1950s and also there was this name change. so jeff said the glory days so to speak, i would say that the glory days were really the '40s, the '50s. no question about the '40s spain probably the glory days of

organized crime in the city of chicago. when organized crime was tightly integrated into the political structure under mayor kelly. >> i was going to ask you there, why don't you talk about how that happened? i think we get into some of the differences between the chicago outfit and modern street gangs. but one point you make repeatedly is that it took protection, it took collusion with legitimate government to offer the outfit the kind of protection it needed to do the things it wanted to do, and also allow it to kind of lawson, to reach, it winds up -- can you talk about that? and again the book looks like this and this is robert lombardo was kind of to be with us today. >> we have to go back to the very beginning. right after the civil war there

was a guy named michael mcdonald who started mike mcconnell's democrats in the city of chicago, and what he did was organize all the saloon and gambling interest in downtown chicago. the area around city hall today was not as hairtrigger block, cameras roll, just like we see in television, we think of marshal dillon and miss kitty on gunsmoke. she was a dance hall girl, and they had gambling. that wasn't downtown chicago after the civil war. so mike mcdonald creates this group who put their own man, their own mayor in office. and that was really essentially the start of organized crime in chicago. if we just for a moment put aside the idea of the mafia and think about what organized crime is, it's kind of has political protection. it's part and parcel so to speak with government. they really like kind of two

sides of the same thing, the upper world and the underworld. but anyway, throughout the united states, particularly in machine towns like chicago, kansas city, philadelphia, certain breed of time in new york, vice money was used to fund political activity. so to go all the way back to mike mcdonald, the money that was collected from the saloon and jamming interest in downtown chicago went to fund activities of the democratic party. and that continues on all the way into prohibition. when mcdonald passed what, to alderman became the prominent purveyors of flies in the city of chicago. there were others in other locations of the city but they ran what was called the levee district, right here where we sit was part of the original customs house levy. this very neighborhood we are physically sitting in today, and

it was four, five, six square blocks of houses of prostitution, saloons, gambling dens, freak shows, all kinds of crazy things speeded much my acer now -- much nicer now. >> and that was the center of the money that was used to fuel the democratic party here, all the way through, although up until jim thompson, not jim thompson but until big bill thompson became mayor. gives republicans we have to give them equal time as far as being corrupted but typically the democrats have control of chicago. so by the time al capone guided at the time of probation, the system was already in place of organized crushing, organized criminal activity, organized by his activity, gambling,

narcotics, prostitution but if you wanted to run, you had to pay the city in order to run. and carter harrison, senior and junior because we are two generations of mayor harrison, have both well-respected. everybody let the district run. it was known as segregated vice. phaseout is able to keep the fisa my neighborhood, the rest of the city would be pure. plus the boys need of a place have a good time. right? chicago was a port of this particular period in history. it was the gateway to the west. st. louis played a role with that, too. but the votes from new york and erie canal sailed through the great lakes down to chicago, and from your people went out to conquer the west of chicago. so city fathers thought it was only our duty to give the pioneers the last night in civilization, give them a good time at the district.

so that's really how it began. prohibition came along, again, the groups of criminals that were under the influence of the alderman became so powerful that the roles were reversed. pretty soon they started dictating to the alderman. as the story goes, the capone syndicate donated $260,000 to mayor thompson's reelection, and the money was allegedly passed out in packets from the palmer house hotel in one of the rooms where the cell bathtub full of cash. so it was a regular, corruption was a regular part of that. probably all the way up until, throughout part of my even police career we still found political protection for gambling activities. i mean, stop and think about in the '90s when joe was forced out as the superintendent of police by alderman fred, a gangster, a major criminal in chicago outfit for fear that joe would do something against organized crime.

and he was trying. he was one of the few superintendents that led any effort against, modern superintendents that led an effort against organized hundred and it cost him his job or to me. i was in the '90s. this was in 1890, 1990 but it shows you the extent of political corruption occurred in the city of chicago. >> can you talk a little bit about -- which i think would've covered your time in the department, correct? >> sure. >> and maybe since i think my% of organized crime is really a product of journalism and my time at the newspaper, and your family secrets case, i wanted to talk abou of sort of where you e that the case getting and in terms of history in the air and maybe where we are now? >> he was an unusual person. he rose to prominence, he was a bodyguard for al capone. became the boss in the '50s.

semi-retired by safety. and was more or less the senior statesman, the man behind the scenes although up until the day he died in the '90s. he was in the background. he was always, are probably had -- and that he was a quote unquote operating director, he was still viewed as a senior statesman and the person that people went to for advice and settle disputes, so to speak. just a very interesting person so to speak. as far as the family secrets trial, let me back up for one minute. law enforcement efforts against organized crime have been spotted ever look at the history of the city of chicago, there were valiant efforts from time to time and by very -- there's different one of the police department and they were ultimately politically repressed. in the '50s, mayor during his four years of the city of

chicago, he was 100% on his person. e*trade what was called the scotland yard detail and they were turned loose on the mob in chicago. that lasted for four years. has anybody seen gangster squat, the story of loss and just lived it out there? it was pretty much the same thing occurred here in chicago. we don't hear a lot about that. they used a lot of force, brutality, they fought fire with fire for four years and they were very effective. i have a newspaper article that says tony was hiding in california for fear of joe morrison and the scotland yard detail. first thing richard daley did when he was elected mayor was disbanded the unit. the very next day. little happened as far as organized crime enforcing in chicago until wilson came after the scandal. he resurrected joe morris and his right hand, bill duffy, and that is very effective

intelligence division, a very effective effort against organized crime that lasted through the tenure, seven or eight years of wilson being the superintendent of police. and then it kind of fizzled out. and up until this period of time weird little from the federal government. '60s, bill roemer and intelligence squad from the fbi began activity as a result of mcclellan and the committee hearings here in chicago. the outfit was involved in a lot of heroin distribution. so slowly but surely the federal government started to get in, but not the fbi. well, to some extent, to a limited extent. and i believe it's because j. edgar hoover was afraid to attack the mobs in the major cities because they were all integrated into the political structure. so if he was to attack the outfit in chicago, it would've

been attacking -- anti-work for democratic presidents will wouldn't have worked. so the federal government under ronald reagan passed the rico laws. we so much about the racketeering laws. racketeering laws were passed in 1970 but it wasn't until 1990, 20 years later, that the fbi in chicago at the first rico investigation. why? i don't know. it's a difficult law. people have to learn how to use it. when william webster became the director of the fbi, their mission change. webster more or less realigned them instead of working on crime per se, now their mission was organized crime. in the leadership is the other mission again has been changed to fight terrorism. once the fbi got involved with both hands and a u.s. attorney's office not involved, in no time to dismantle the organized crime in chicago. in a ten-year period, 10, 15 year period they totally

destroyed, and was because of the rico laws, wiretapping, electronic surveillance, and i will to do it. and, of course, chicago police played some part. chicago police were part of what's called the organized crime task force here in chicago, so once the federal government made up its mind to use these tools and aggressively go after organized crime, it's been destroyed. >> in family secrets i can just really wanting but it was the first in the government had really charged the outfit as an identity itself, as imagined itself into point that out in your book. and by doing it that way and identifying it as a criminal enterprise you can plug in a lot of different acts, even murders as being ask of this conspiracy and that helped them lived in a bunch of different people who did know each other in family secrets. something to get a nice job of with it. i want to read just one paragraph if i can run one of

the chapters that your viewer sent to skip which is again my favorites. but i get to do what i want. the decline of traditional organized crime can relate to a number of important changes in the structure of american society. the demise of big city political machines can increasing middle-class character of american life and state-sponsored gamble to increase its of history on the part of law enforcement, suburbanization and the breakup of the old patterns of slowing entitlements, tenement settlements have all contributed to the end of traditional organized crime as we've come to know it today. i read that section because i really think that in all my studies this booklet provides one of the very best summaries of the decline of organized crime in chicago. people typically asked what's going on with the mob and why is it kind of seem like it's run aground? i think all of the reasons that robert did such a good job

putting together really explain that sort of from start to finish when all factors are come including a lot that i don't think people really think about anything but what organized crime is in decline. i don't know if you want to elaborate on that? >> yes, i think suburbanization has had much to do with it as increase law enforcement. the inner city, we don't have the machine words that we once had. i mean, interestingly with the games today, the phenomena somewhat similar but is the absence of official corruption. today, a young person, a young black boy growing up in englewood, his examples of success within his neighborhood are the drug dealers. it's the same thing that young italians saw in the 1920s on taylor street. the young kids growing up, they saw the gangster, the bootlegger as the more or less the champions of the neighborhood. they saw them as having power even over the politicians within

the neighborhood. and they saw the politicians i did as he in person, i saw him i repeatedly sought our neighborhood gangsters hanging out with the alderman of our award. so how do you teach young people to be good, to obey the law? in an environment like that? how do you keep these kids today from shooting each other and from not selling drugs? when the only examples of success they have within their environment are criminals. when they pick up the newspaper, and even today they see half of our politicians are criminals also, are being investigated for something. so it's an example that is provided to young people. the fact today that we don't have politicians integrated with criminals, at least visibly that we see at the community level, i think was one of the major reasons that organized crime doesn't exist anymore, that

integration, there's a term in the sociology literature called the racket subculture. there's some communities, historically, that ties between organized criminals and the official elected, elected officials were present, young people saw that, was part of a reality of everyday life. ..association organization down there today and i said how come people in the neighborhood kept voting and you're finally free of the group that ran the website 10 years ago. he said people were afraid not to vote for them. they thought when you into a polling place that machines new who is voting at if he would've voted republican, the city inspectors would be at your house the next day in your property taxes would go up.

people were not that sophisticated yet the poor people, immigrant people were afraid not to reelect these people. so that's part of >> now we have to reelect these people into office. so i think that yes, are the people going to keep growing these gangsters? that is why we do not have organized crime. >> what do you think of that north areas and places that were former hotbeds for organized crime still physically don't exist. we live in a different city than we did then. >> no question about it. the old northside was torn. little sicily in 1950s to make way for cabrini green. was my grandfather's neighborhood was a young boy, we would go back to visit people and church relatives and what have you and it was totally

destroyed. if you look at my site taylor street, part that was destroyed for public housing. there is an effort to build public housing and other italian neighborhood and italian scholars will tell you it was done purposefully to break the italian boat at the reigning democratic party was afraid at least early on they would organize and start electing their own people into city office. part of the reason -- one of the chapters in the book is called the black mafia, a story of the southside of chicago. african american organized crime. we had all the way up until the 50s, very extensive gambling, particularly gambling, some prostitution, some drug dealing in the african-american community controlled by blacks, no italians involved all the way back to the 1910, 1920s.

they had their own organized crime in the area known as the black metropolis. 1950 comes along. she had, and the outfit attack policy gambling and bring it under traditional organized crime and i could never understand that because the money from the southside went to support by politicians and of course the southside was like they had their own congressman. they had their own people in washington d.c. in the statehouse here. dawson was a black mayor so to speak they delivered thousands and thousands of votes for the democratic party and after talking to people, the way it was explained to me was the city allowed was happy the outfit or encourage the outfit to attack black policy gambling in

particular, the black form of the lottery and black gambling because they were afraid the money would be used to elect a black mayor, but they could've had had a harold washington 30 years before harold washington. so stop and think about how having gangsters was purposefully useful to the reigning political machine, groups that could do their bidding if they couldn't solve a problem politically, they can solve it violently so to speak. >> will get to questions in a minute. inevitably asked about the state of things today. from reading your book come you and i agree interviewing various people the number of hard-core active members today is probably around maybe 100. >> if there are 100 i don't what they do. where is that?

first few old-timers still around. there's still a few bookies around. macs are now at this poker machines, they'll been indicted a couple years ago. >> and i imagine i thought that was telling because they had to use a motorcycle gang for muscle, which i thought was sort of pathetic. >> you know, sure there could be stuff going on, but it's not what it was. if it's out there, i'm sure the fbi knows. they know everything. >> are there any questions? stepped to the mic, please >> you personally haven't grown up in that environment, how are you able to choose organized crime is your life work?

>> from the good guy side instead of the bad guys that? >> he's no relation to joey, should advance started with that. >> what influences did you have in your family? >> my grandfathers brother in law was a gangster and we had this whole side of the family that we weren't allowed to see and i'd say how come you don't go see uncle frank and her cousins? never mind, never mind. what's wrong? uncle frank doesn't work it is not allowed in our house. that was the view of most italians. only the smallest percentage and even growing up in the neighborhood, my mother worked in a factory. my mother was a polish woman. she was just tough and of course

i went to catholic schools. if your mother didn't straight you out, the priests and nuns did. my favorite stories high school father george weber high school. if you got turned in come you what to see father george. first words out of his mouth were signed camino is a priest my answer consecrated to god and then you knew what was coming. that doesn't go on anymore today. it kept a lot of us on the straight and narrow. the nuns were todd, priests protest. a whole different thing than today. they come from good that our families, but you grow up in the inner city today it was the discipline? one of the biggest problems the inner city has today is the absence of the catholic church, all the schools that control in

existing immigrant neighborhoods just doesn't exist today. >> one of the issues about whether to have a casino in chicago is lack of protection against mob influence. the governor has made a big point of that. sounds like you are saying that's not the concern. >> the concern is the politicians. of the contracts to people that work for campaign contributions, all that insider monkey business going on and that's something the governor is trying to prevent. as far as gemini solo or pd different and so calling the shots, i doubt that. will they try to invest money? sure. will they try to gain influence through unions? sure. but again, the federal government is their chops, just

wishing they had gangsters to investigate. drug dealers aren't the font gangsters were. [laughter] >> that people were afraid to vote, could it be they were more content to vote for them because they like to? >> i don't know. i can answer that. i really don't know. >> anybody else? yes, sir. >> i graduated from loyola in play gangsters and movies. we'll be talking. my question to us what concerns me about the north shore area in buffalo grove area about the russian mafia and what is your take on that?

>> my take is it's not much of a threat. there's been a couple arrests here in their historically, but the whole russian phenomenon never materialized as day. and >> he spent time talking about the succession in the in the street gangs who do the major difference is the lack of government aleutian and more chaotic. we were talking in the back about your police experience, the factors changes in police strategy could be feeding the problem now, which i mention because it's noble or gangs will kill more people in two or three years than the history. whatever differences? >> street gangs try to model themselves after the mob. the vice lords on the westside, that's why they call themselves the vice lords. they want to control bias in the black community. it was their turn in succession.

the italians they thought were gone from their neighborhoods and they wanted to control their own criminal activities. blackstone rangers on the south side were huge, morphed into the gangster disciples, vice lords state or on prager. latin kings began in the humboldt park area and now we have three latin kings and the one puerto rican and two mexican groups. these were true organized crime except the political corruption. they were huge organizations that distributed all kinds of drugs. gd is try to extort, follow the same pattern traditional organized crime did. they wanted criminals on ssi to pay them protection. again, the government realize the mistakes they made with traditional organized crime. also they understood that her

how to deal with traditional organized crime and they wiretapped them and essentially would have been, informants infiltrated in the leaders of every major gang with life in prison. once that happened, they broke the organizational command above the major games. the games fractional eyes. there's probably a hundred different parts of the gangster disciples. every corner of the south side now operates independently and they fight with each other for drug distribution territories or overt things like you stole my bag of potato chips. same thing with the latin kings. they're little more strict, a little tighter and hispanic gangs in black jeans, but today there'll fractional eyes of the police department instead of investigating an organization

has to investigate the crew so to speak of the vice lords and it's much more labor-intensive. that is directly contributed to the spike in violence. the other two things the end of public housing. public housing should've been ended, but the unforeseen result was that we took all these guys concentrated small areas, 1000 gang members and robert taylor homes all the way up in down state street are not distributed all over the south side to englewood, the suburbs of south holland, harvey, into the southwest side of chicago, chicago lawn police district. now they are everywhere. brought to you by the government. we've given everybody their fair share of gang members today because of that.

their existing drug dealers. the other major part of this is the budget, the lack of money, the economy. this current administration the city of chicago has reduced the police department by 15 to 1700 officers in the way they were able -- they reduce the budget by a thousand and they were just 700 short on top of that. the way they were able to keep officers in neighborhoods list or read the other units, said task force special operations that 30 or 40 men and women set to your neighbors at a minute notice. they don't exist anymore. if applied changes on a graphic compare them to spikes in shootings and there's a perfect correlation between changes in manpower and shootings in the city of chicago.

they finally have recognized their error and this is interesting, have applied to the federal government under the veterans program for this money for jobs for veterans returning to server placing her rehiring police officers in the city of chicago with federal money. it's a terrible situation. >> i think were just about out of time, said that to thank everybody for coming in through the book has been trained for by roberto lombardo. i encourage you to read all the chapters in the conclusion. thanks for coming