the same time and started the same time and formed a lifelong friendship ,-com,-com ma something i never knew so that is a great book and a big book for baseball fans this summer. that is my list and looking forward to reading them all. ..

>> thank you so much for joining us. i'm thrilled to be here. i was telling jennifer that this kind of hits my sweet spot. this is when people kind of ask about the questions and people were accountable instantly for what they did and couldn't do for the people who elected them. that is something that doesn't seem to happen as much. that is a leaping off point for the conversation. and we are going to turn the

questions over and we are going to start thinking what we are looking for really smart ones we will keep rocking and rolling this out. i'm joined by the fabulous panel of people that i have known for a long time. bruce katz is the vice president of the brookings institution and he is co-author of the book we're talking about tonight. he regularly advises federal and state and local leaders on policy reforms that advance the competitiveness of metropolitan areas. after the 2000 election, he talked about housing issues under president obama and served as an advisor to the new secretary of housing and urban development, shaun donovan, for the first 100 days.

so his wife is a jennifer bradley she has worked so hard and co-authored turner and strategies for ohio and michigan. she worked hard to affirm the constitutional powers of local government. and former mayor of washington dc, anthony williams. he is now the federal city council head, which focuses on creative and administrative talents of washington's business and getting them to focus on the major problems and opportunities facing the district. he restored the city's finances as mayor, improved governance, lowered taxes, invested in infrastructure. but we will get back to that.

he served as the independent chief financial officer for the district. so this is an important channel, a lot of people thinking about the things that we will talk about. the book, as you will see as he walked in, it touches on a lot of interesting points. and i want to read one paragraph that caught my eye and ask bruce to address it. the metropolitan revolution is not only about the local and traditional, but it is also about a nice account of metropolitan life spawned by technology and globalization. we are living in this moment that worshiped speed and extols collaboration and rewards customization and demands differentiation. i love all of that. and champions integrative thinking to master the complexities of modern economies and societies. and the revolution is like our

era, entrepreneurial rather than bureaucratic and networked rather than hierarchical. if there is a revolution that we have gone through that implies implies an uprising, whom we uprising against? >> that is my jerry maguire moment, by the way. you know, we chose this. we went to miriam webster looked up the word revolution. one of the definitions definitions is a radical change in the way you think about it. from an early age we have been talking in this country that we have the president and the vice president. we have a sitting on top of our system and they rained down resources and they work with their cosummoners and state

governors and heads of state set the framework for our country. i think that the main thesis is not how we function or operate as a society anymore and we face major challenges today. we all know that. but the places that are powering us and stepping up and doing the hard work to grow jobs and make this economy more prosperous and the communities in the prosperous is the engine of our economy. we look at this policy program. two thirds of the population there are 75 or 85 or 90% of the nation for all intensive

purposes. what we have is a network of metropolitan economies of winter be in business and environmental. they are all powerful on their own, when they come together, they can be talked about what their places for the country and that is the revolution. change happens where you live in this decade. frankly in the urban age in the metropolitan country in the united states and abroad. that is the way this country is going to power itself. >> it seems that the challenge here is that one clause, which is when they come together. that seems like it is harder than it sounds. >> it is. but we have found that functional metropolitan areas understand that it's worth it. in the book we tell the story about northeast ohio.

rather than sending cleveland or akron or youngstown. those areas understand make an impact on world stage the world stage not when competing with shanghai and other metropolitan areas of rising nations their interleague and they cannot force of all the places around him are thinking. so a group of foundations in these communities got together and they said, what can we do to change our economy with the decline of manufacturing throughout the 70s and 80s that hit them hard. they say that we have been funding arts and culture and social issues and none of that is going to matter most people have jobs. they invested this to you

suppliers and industries and they figured out how to harness the benefits but not the institutions like the cleveland clinic. like the health systems in akron to manufacturers and the noise and make them into these products. it is a hard thing to do, but the benefits are profound. we have seen this and most recently the obama administration chose to put one of its new manufacturing innovation institutions around the 3-d printing, which has the potential to completely revolutionize manufacturing in this country. so whose investments are talking about? government or private clinic. >> has been a mix of both. they're about $330 million and several thousand in jobs and some of it is the private sector. some of it is the federal government saying, you guys really have your act together.

you know, we can check a lot of boxes if we give you guys something. because it is spread out over congressional districts coming together. it puts that work together and it attracts good things. it is hard. a lot of the things that they need to do to get their act together as part of this. set your mind to it, you can have a great return on investment. and that is what you want to show people. but there is a light at the end of the tunnel. that there is a reward for the work. >> mayor, is this something in your experience that is underway or is this a brand-new thing? smack in my experience it has already been underway. because you have more businesses. we were kind of sound adonis with the businesses, it had a

big impact with the business community that they were patterned on, which is kind of what they are talking about. so they are kind of moving along, the 80s hit, steel collapses and they have to resuscitate the economy in pittsburgh and lead this effort. lead that effort and it could have been a nongovernmental player in terms of nonprofit or religious and it was driven more with those who really brought together carnegie mellon and the university, university of pittsburgh and pittsburgh philanthropies, on a recovery strategy and it has begun to work. we are going to reorganize the business community with keeping so we talked about in the book. it has helped and elsewhere.

it hasn't helped happened the because we are kind of peculiar with what it actually is, which is our corporate presence in the way. i would argue about this with president bill clinton who was an example of the business leadership and working with the federal government with the city. >> what would you identify for them trying to erase this? artist we washington has unique set of challenges. but in general, what are these about? the mayor listened to this and says that's a great idea, i want to look at that. what is the biggest issue? >> a lot of times they distinguish between the advocate mayor and the campaigning mayor and fighting for the people. you know, you can talk about

this and then, you know, whatever this is about, but for purposes of argument, it turns out that these mayors who are advocating and running things well, it turns out that you really need to watch this. i mean that 70% of the time he really have to do the blocking and tackling and run your city. you have to do more than that. you have to leave this network that they are talking about. i think there are many players in the network and i would argue that it is a mayor's job and it depends on the situation. but in order to leave this you have to think of two things. first you have to make sure you're paying attention to this. because if you're not asking this, no one will take it seriously. if you want to leave this

network, you have a limited bandwidth. you can only really read on one or two or three things. you cannot say, okay, i have an priority program. you have to do one or two or three things. you can't have 80 things. so we look at mayor bloomberg in new york, device sizes and so forth. the key priority, enunciating, it was one thing to harness all of this together. >> assuming that someone hasn't read the book yet. so tell us about los angeles. >> okay, los angeles was at the beginning of the recession, and a mayor has been part of the civic leaders and they go to the voters to pass the raise $40 million to improve the

network nla. we all know what this is. congested to the max. it passes. okay. at the beginning of the recession. antonio vera. >> mayor antonio villaraigosa talks about to be creating 160,000 jobs now. well, this was a construction job in the recession. so it's like, okay, so i have to find some innovative analysis. or perhaps we can change some federal innovative laws that were quite working quite well. we can change it so they can be hitting the purpose here. as well as other parts of the united states. so that is sort of a mass of humor.

okay. so what he did, mayor antonio villaraigosa, he put together a network of other cities and leaders and it has all come together. at some point in time. as the bill was going through, the reformed this finance program and now they are off to the races. this is the new part of it. citizen of a. cities lead. and the federal government comes in the service of the priorities and it is not a one-size-fits-all coming down. it is part of the economy and society during smart and strategic things. and here is a way that we can leverage what we are doing in the slot. >> okay, let's talk about this and tell us about denver.

denver is a great example of what we are talking about earlier. about how a place can come together and tax itself for the things that it needs. denver in the 1970s was a typical metropolitan area. you had county leaders, suburban leaders, those in the city of denver, nobody got along, there were a lot of racial challenges, a lot of integration, city and suburbs had this kind of feeling about each other. the economy and the energy economy nosedives. denver was not an isolated economy. it's not that they were going to do poorly like some others were going to do really well. they got together in the business leaders said, what if we worked on this strategy that brought companies to the denver

region. and we will be agnostic about whether they locate this in denver were in one of the counties. that is a bit like lindsey graham and barney frank having a taxation agenda that they can get all get behind. this kind of thing doesn't happen. but it does happen in denver. and the politicians always going on in the the business community and they said to the politicians, are you going to get on this train, or are you not. and that was the next big initiative, which was to build a first-class transit system in denver. give people the impression that denver was a world-class city. that was successful. the example that they give for the new federalism is that political collaboration and cooperation is possible. it is not particularly heroic.

it involves one mayor goes out for dinner with a neighboring mayor. saying i will go to you, you don't have to come to me. by celebrating each other's inaugurations. we don't have that happening in washington. one of the reasons the subtitle of her book is how we can fix this, it is providing examples of people who want to get things done. it is a system that is supposed to take assist getting things done. we think people can look at what is happening out there and say, okay, they can do it and we can do it. >> is a recovering politician, let's talk about that. because that seems to be the political elephant in the room, the big hurdle to get past.

federal government, we all know is 10% approval rating at this point. local governments could be more. so how do you get past that? >> or something more profound that is going on here about public attitudes towards government. >> my attitude is you can't get everyone to love each other at all times. but we have people to respect and i would say it is what it is happening in the initiative. we started and we got the focus of the country also the mall and this includes diversifying our economy. the real reason was we going to do to try to bring the city together. i couldn't see giving great

speeches because i don't do that. but what we are going to do is have a project that is real to everyone, it is meaningful to everyone. we are going to work on this and feel a sense of ownership about this. i think that is what it is about. when you are at a local level, you're more likely to have products like that and not the federal level it is very hard to find a project that is tangible and concrete that everyone can see. and city level you can see it and touch it and get involved and that gives us something very important to work on. it is implicit with what we are saying. there is a sense of urgency. because this is a neighborhood meeting. and i come to this neighborhood meeting and you're holding it responsible for everything except maybe the war and social

security. the other night i must off of everything. so you have to deliver. at the same. >> i don't think it's relevant at all. but in our view, it really talks about those places that are the engines of the economy and frankly on the front lines, a whole range of other things. so the question is what kind of the federal government do we need. our sense is that they need to be in the service of these agents. >> is really two things. the first thing is due at cities can't do making sure that we are securing our borders. we are setting a common immigration policy. and you know, we need a national

government with common market and common rules and that is one of the strength of the united states compared to others in the world. so cities are closer to their problems. they are closer to the specific attributes. what phoenix makes is different from pittsburgh. therefore the kinds of investments that they make is the industry structure is different. and what they have to make is different. therefore we need is a federal government that can really be looking at the visions and priorities. it is not about a one-size-fits-all in washington dc. it doesn't work. this is an incredibly large

barricaded diverse psyd. it allows them all to flourish and have different places realize the potential. >> let me give you an example where i can see this. so they find that we are having a really hard time with this. so talking about immigration and what the federal laws are covered direct effect on the locality where the metro board city and the ability to track workers. the ability to fund the schools and support the schools and they made it hard for them. >> that is true. what we are seeing over and over again into the metro is it waiting for a federal solution to it like to sail the time that the federal government has an

immigration policy. the metropolitan areas have been immigrant policy. whatever it the federal payments, their immigrants living in these metropolitan areas and about 85% of those live in the top 100 atropos and areas. see takeaways like houston, which is most of her city in the united states, more diverse than new york and los angeles. >> you know, there is this amazing place in houston called neighborhood centers. >> just. >> and what they do is help these immigrants were coming here, some of a lot of skills and others with a lot of scars. and they get them into education for their kids. they get them into the banking system. they get them into the health care system.

because people in houston know this is the future of the houston economy and people appear to work. and if they can get into these mainstream systems, their contributions will really resonate since all stories have trackbacks. the tax returns are preparing for these immigrants and other low-income people, and they are bringing in about $41 million a year into the houston economy. so why would a metropolitan area without enclosed simony can put up a out the welcome sign and see the benefit. >> here's another fine line. >> if you have an enlightened leadership and you're trying to figure out a way to bridge back, that is great. if you or detroit or washington dc, which has its challenges and governments, how you get around that? >> word is the vision come from. what is the execution come from.

>> i think detroit clearly has these problems. >> that is your opportunity i think that is the opportunity that we have, is to leapfrog a lot of the mistakes and problems that a lot of people were facing to create new solutions. i think this is your point again. the government may be correct, but the community is not the government. the government is an organ and an indispensable, but it's not the whole thing. i think the same thing applies to washington dc. the government is in ordinance,

but it is broader and more comprehensive than. >> okay. this is so interesting. because it is a very large city. it is 138 square miles. manhattan, boston from a lot of the small cities and put them in the placed. >> used to be 2 million, not 700,000. you have the old architecture and then you have midtown and you have detroit medical campus and the college for creative studies and you have a lot of civic and local activists who have been working on this for the past 15 or 20 years.

and finally we get tipping point. private investment is happening. philanthropic investment is happening. $100 million to the fullest pleased to basically support economic revival. so bikes are being made, watches are being made in the shadow of the college of creative studies. there is enormous energy and and energy facilities. so it is fuel related in clean energy into detroit. that is how they will rise, from the core. it will rise by bringing effectiveness and efficiency back to government. but it will primarily survived due to primary civic issues.

>> is every inefficiency that could be considered an inefficiency. if i'm living in detroit, came through this or that and now you're coming in with him new branch acts and how my supposed you be a part of that. >> i think it gets back to a different notion. this gets back to some individual thoughts. the pre-recession in this

country. >> it is part of the convention center. and how much beer and hot dogs can we consume. you know, i think that what we are seeing is the aftermath of this recession, particularly at the city that is a different vision of the economy that works for working families in a place like this. you think about autos and engineering and innovation and if we can renew our economy with that vision that a lot of these kids are great examples of this all the way through the country

coming to high school, third-grade reading and fourth-grade math. we have the skills and credentials to get those kinds of jobs. and the nation we were going to be part of where it was okay for us to generate ideas and have someone else to the manufacturing, that was wrong and misguided. i think post recession, the cities are going back upon us. that is what is happening. >> that you skip past this. what you see as the title of your book, how cities and metros are fixing our broken politics. how does this fix the broken politics which can stop all of this dead in its tracks when i. >> i think this is something we have alluded to, which is networks. is that you what you talked about was when government came in. not the local government, but

the federal government. imposing something on people in particular neighborhoods with a very big blindness to the stirring and the differences and what made the neighborhood's special. the reason we are so hopeful about the economy and politics and the changes that we see how this works through networks. again, it is philanthropy and small business leaders and religious leaders and civic leaders. it is people who are part of the neighborhoods. a lot of the efforts have not moved along as quickly as they wanted to. that is because people are taking the time to explain policy change. people are taking time to get this in from neighborhoods. that is not really an efficient way to work. it is not something you can sort of start in 2013. and by 2015 you are done. this is the new politics that is

going to make this adorable and a replicable revolution. it is people understanding that they are the change and change is happening in their places. they can be a part of it as the policy drops from the sky and they are waiting. either it will land and crush them or there will be a benefit. they are making policy changes. >> let's assume that that is possible. you know, this is how thehow the federal government is working. >> i am betting on people and institutions and networks, and you are betting on the federal government. i think i have a much better background. >> sir, let me ask you about the next economy.

and without reading this book i have been on this for 20 years, this topic. [laughter] you know, we are talking about local government types along with academics and business people. because that is how people think. that is how they do things. if you are running to pittsburgh or youngstown or cleveland or wherever, los angeles, when you think about how does my region compete in the global a global economy, you could think how do i compete about building a better stadium or this or that. you could get that point. but you have to understand

intuitively that the region is competing on this global economy. think about it when you go to beijing and people ask you whether you are from fairfax or washington dc. you're going to say that i am from washington dc because it is how you can think about the region in the world. >> i would like to ask you a few minutes before we turn the microphones over. i am a taskmaster when it comes to this. what role does leadership lay and his, and who are the leaders that we are looking for to organize this idea and this revolution. we kind of need to talk about this. >> leadership is absolutely critical. when we have an elected official or you have mayor bloomberg or rahm emanuel, mayor antonio villaraigosa, it is wonderful to have an elected official that uses they are informal power.

we believe that it convenes constituencies, networks, jurisdictions, parties and others. frankly there are many parts to this country that do not have that in their elected officials and their other readers. it could be the head of a university or a business association for philanthropy. it could be people who are in middle management or community associations. my sense is that leadership is the united states is rich and leadership. particularly in our to put this over party. we have to really think about this as networks, as jennifer said. many of them are about the absence of elected leadership with others.

>> one of it is called the post hero economy. we were going to place after place and they would say that we are doing all of this so we can get the next steve jobs or michael dell, and it's like, all right, we'll come back when he's here. we wanted to get people to understand that you just cannot wait for one charismatic leader when you are losing jobs in the schools are not in good shape. it is up to people to use the resources at hand and. >> but it is also, is it also something where you have to transcend politics in whatever form the leadership takes? >> i think that it goes back to what mayor williams was saying earlier about organizing. i think it takes setting and vision. if you have different community

leaders that emerge and the project itself becomes kind of an organizing mechanism, it is not just sort of these -- you know, swarms of people looking for something to do if you have an issue that can crystallize things. and that is what you need to get moving. and there are politics, electoral politics as well. there is also politics as a way to get things done, interactions between people, you want them to understand the power of that as well as the power of elected officials soon add one more question for the mayor. line up to the microphones for your questions. if you are here on a wednesday night to talk about this, you are interested in change and governance and transformation on a grand scale. but you could easily be disappointed by the ability to affect that change. what do you say to people who say, i don't think it's possible to make this work.

>> okay. so if you think is impossible to make it work or is it possible to move the levers of traditional command and control government. as broken as it is and just credited as it is, i would say yes, you are probably right. but if you think of it is getting the government to do a little, along with this and all these other players, we will get more people involved and you will sense the government is motivated in a certain way. >> we are asking to you to keep your questions as tight as possible. if not, i will rephrase them for you. otherwise i will rephrase them and they may not be what you intended. [laughter] >> hello, i am rebecca and a health fellow at the epa. within baltimore city there is a

20 year difference in life ask that density at birth within baltimore city. one county. how are the concepts introduced in the book began to address this, and it's due to any number of issues. how are the concepts that you introduce that address that issue? >> urso making changes that are really trying to get at this. you know, when we go to san antonio, the mayor puts forward this network and we will make pre-k education available to everyone in our community. because we all know that the federal head start program does not cover it. even though we think about it. it really is not. so it passes.

it is not kind of bet on the future that is probably not talked about in the same sort of theoretical construct. but it is very much a community saying that our children are going to succeed. it is within our power and within our community to make that happen. that is what we are trying to unleash. we can talk about transformative initiatives about infrastructure or innovation. i think that frankly when we really think about what we need in this country, it is unleashing of transformation around these people who have been left behind. if any country can do it, it is ours. we are wealthy. we are wealthy across many sectors and disciplines. >> i love it. thank you. i'm from baltimore. i would like to hear about what

you have to say about putting this idea to work. i would like to know about the cities like baltimore and other surrounding communities. can you talk about that? >> something that can connect the different communities is transit. >> [inaudible question] >> you need to use the microphone, please. >> well, one of the things we are working on is union station. it's not just union station as you understand it. a beautiful building that it is, it is really thinking of union station is a kind of jurisdictional metro, if you will, it involves virginia in different places in the district, including union station and everyone getting on a regional basis to focus on a major set of transportation improvements that everyone can see making those cities and

communities for the government. that is a spectacular example. >> hello, i am with the american public transportation association. >> i appreciate the great dialogue that we have talked about today. it is such a good discussion in the book. especially in thinking of political terms. it had not yet been stated, but fair to assume that the concept of the metro revolution and economies are going to bring benefits to their non-urban areas as well because of the markets that it will create for manufactured goods products and agriculture. i am thinking that this could be a winner for everyone beyond the "the metrolpolitan revolution." >> i could not have said it better myself. you know, if you take the example of washington state, about a billion dollars they are

putting into this. have a lot invested. >> they work in metropolitan areas in fact, the economy is driven in that way. rule residents need strong metros for opportunities. >> yes. >> hello, my name is nick and i am from los angeles.

as you alluded to, we need more participation it allows citizens to involve themselves and we are making an interesting point. which is what happens if people want to change and they have these great ideas. but they don't have that. >> i we go in to count as for lack of better creation? >> i think that is a great question. the mayor would help us in washington dc and i think that what we would find is democracy works at multiple levels.

this is a crisis or urgency. this is something that sparks a group of community people to say that we will have to do something. this is american problem-solving. when we have structures like that, we have them in many places. the key is to try to. you can do it in a way that is tangible and complete. then i can begin to expand into other issues and i think that if the power of the revolution. so they got hooked on power solve intricate and trim because

they started with culture than they went to the airport, then they went to light rail. then they went to the space cluster because they see space as an advanced industry that they can compete with. government being part of this. and also problem-solving allows you to confront this in a non-patronizing way, which helps to promote education of your people. you tend to think of this as engaging citizens and they tell you about the specials on the and the wine list. it's not really substantive. there are some choices. you need to tell people the brutal reality and give them concrete ways to fix it. and i think that people are part

of that. >> thank you. [applause] >> hello, i would like to thank you for your work. i appreciate your time so much. you know, i appreciate it, the reference to her teen sandy and other parts of the world that show no signs of abating. we lack in this country a national flood policy or even a federal flood policy for that matter. yet major catastrophic disasters are viewed as being a federal problem. >> so two questions, what is the role of the federal government setting aside climate impacts. we know that those things are coming and things are going to get worse. so what is the role of the federal government in dealing with that and what is the role

and the big leaders, the metro regions that we see that are not bleeding for federal leadership on this issue. so who is in charge, if they are not in charge, who should be? >> i think that we are seeing this workout right now in new york and new jersey. so 100 year storm happening every two years. they basically invest substantial amounts of money to repair and restore. what is happening is really remarkable. the city and the suburban innocent puppies. they are beginning to change the rules. right around zoning and building codes and how we build resilient infrastructure. how do you anticipate will we all know is happening. the federal government is beginning to change how they function.

agencies are actually beginning to integrate and operate together. i think irking family is a lesson like hurricane katrina was a lesson. it takes a while to absorb the notion that this will keep happening. they are coming together to build more places. this is really important. >> that is something that requires government. but the book is not antigovernment. absolutely not. one of the things that we have struggled with is when we have said that the federal government cannot do everything. people here that as the federal government cannot do anything. that is not what we are talking about. government is a very important player in these networks that we see. it is not the only player,

however. we think that is a profoundly hopeful message because when the federal government is broken or as sometimes happens, a mayor is under indictment, you know, the local government. [laughter] when the local political system has happened, that does not mean that any particular place is on hold. >> i would argue that it is not necessarily in this way. >> but years later. yes. >> any sitting in the audience there is a woman who has spent an enormous amount of time in new orleans. and it was a very good story. but some things worked remarkably well. it almost goes back to what you said about detroit. we have to integrate. you have to innovate and do things that were really quite different. it was just so start in that

city and in that region in terms of poverty and segregation that things must change and things must change. >> that's right, we could spend the whole night talking about this, but we need to get back to the questions. >> hello, i am from the national federal fish and wildlife commission. what is happening is that cities are taking it on in terms of preparing for climate change. but that is also not going to be enough, but they can be as innovative as they want and how can cities, our cities try to think about changing the gridlock in congress and can we influence that. because we do need a national solution to deal with that part of it. >> yes. i think that there is a great deal that cities and metros have done in addition to the resilience building. sometimes, as in the case of massachusetts versus epa, they

sued the federal government. and they said that you guys must set new rules about admissions. i think that cities and metropolitan areas, you know, it goes back to the example how los angeles created this coalition to press for federal change. and if you have red states, blue states, democratic mayors, if you have labor leaders and everybody on board to come to congress and say that we cannot tolerate the way that you are acting right now the mayor of seattle had started a climate change initiative and the mayors got behind it. the recession hit and i believe that people foolishly began to believe that environmental things were somehow luxuries that we could not afford. i think that now, as we see, superstars happening all of the time. we will find more city areas.

>> is briefly. a big contribution in terms of carbon and the biggest loss of species is habitat destruction and in those two cities. the city start moving and they can definitely make an impact. and one of the ways that they can move more quickly with the federal government is in the whole area with a political and an economically feasible way and great private equity that is put into the right kind of transactions in cities. for a long time, cities have relied upon a grave kind of invisible bond market. that will not be what we know to be for the next 10 or 20 years. you're going to have to find alternatives with a huge impact positively in the environment. >> thank you. next question. >> that's a great answer. thank you, i am with the center for clean air quality.

they have a question about how you think about natural capital as far as how you improve the natural fragile economy. so i have not heard much about the capital and how that can help improve the economy. >> question is about how can the natural capital or wetlands help to improve the fragile economy this is something that has happened with poster session. and you know, everyone probably watches this year. it is weird and crunchy.

and you can go to their website and it is called we build green cities.com. we protect natural resources. it is a whole network of environmentally friendly companies. given urbanization in china and india, the folks are coming to portland, oregon. this is an example of when you do the right thing. and the sustainable thing. actually gives me expertise

we all understand the importance of high research universities and their been universities but they absolute necessary and can you have a city grow without a university or research institution? >> the answer is yes but it's harder. i think what we need to do is

look more broadly at what is a research institution. a lot of what is happening that is so exciting in cleveland is yes in part its western and cleveland state but it's also hospitals and medical centers. there are scientists and doctors inventing all kinds of new technologies like the northeast ohio region has done to figure out a way to capture that. the problem with saying that it, you have to have a university to succeed economically is that there are a lot of places that don't have universities and we can't consign them to economic irrelevance. the issue is to figure out what is your generator of innovation? what is your cluster of industry that is coming together? denver, there are some universities here but what denver is focusing on this aerospace companies in the technology around that in building that cluster where companies can learn from each other and spin-off jobs.

everybody has a source of innovation. sometimes it goes by a university named but you have got to find it, feed it and supported and sele back to the world. >> thank you. no pressure, sir. you have the final question. >> my name is jesse and i'm from northeast ohio. [laughter] [applause] i was sort of wondering i know one of the big challenges has to do with the fact that state funding has been cut through local government and that is really it for their ability to provide services so i'm wondering if he could talk a little bit about what metro and local cities can do to fight against that and maybe examples. >> of each of you would address that briefly that would be great. >> look, this book is a reality check in many respects but we do not want to be pollyanna-ish about the harsh fiscal realities. we don't have to be in detroit to be facing harsh fiscal