really quite different. things were so stark in that city in that region in terms of poverty and segregation, that things have to change that may have changed with regards to that. >> we could spend the whole night talking about katrina and that would be bad for all of you because we would never get back to the questions. ..

>> is you have the bird municipalities everyone on the board we cannot tolerate the way you are acting right now is a powerful force because that means nobody as political cover. some of this was starting before the recession to start the climate change initiative but the recession hit and i think people seriously began to believe that environmental things were a luxury we could not afford but now with

superstores happening you will find more city and metropolitan governments. >> but carbon is number one and habitat destruction that go to the city's. they start to move to make impact. by a political defensive way to bring private equity in two cities because they have relied on the municipal-bond market. if the fed is not what we know it to be. this can have a huge impact.

>> i had a question about natural capital and have not carry the book and i don't know how that can help i like your comments on that. >>. >> what about the natural space flood plain and simply a one dash improve the economy of cities and urban areas? >> i think we see examples all over the country. it is a different type of gridlock and particularly in places of portland or get, it is that it the

country but one of the few metropolitan areas go to the web site is called we build green cities. we protect the resources and said we build more denis communities and transit oriented with that has done is have the environment of thugs that basically are experts in sustainable products and services. what has happened last five or seven years given urbanization and in china and india people come to portland to really cast aside the expertise that we have. this is an example to do this sustainable big -- the

issue with the world desperately needs. >> i know what you mean. [laughter] >> just two more questions. >> i of a big fan billy and the heat. >> i set you up. [laughter] >> bite the wheat understand the importance but are they absolutely necessary? kansas city grow?

>> the answer is yes but it is harder. we need to look more broadly at a research institution what is happening is so exciting in cleveland but also hospitals and medical centers. with all kinds of new technology. but to figure out a way to capture that but to seek you have to have said university to succeed economically we cannot confine them to economic development. but the issue is to figure out what is industry that comes together? with a focus on is the aerospace companies and the technology with that where

people can learn from each other. sometimes innovation goes by the university be but you have to fight it, eat it and support it. >> no pressure. you have a final question. >> one of the big challenges has to do that if the date has been cut for local government so could you talk about what metro a.m. local cities could do to fight against that? >> this book is a reality check it betty respects you do not want to we like

pollyanna. you don't have to be detroit to face hard fiscal realities particularly of northeast ohio. it almost comes down which part of this city's irresponsibility is effective and how you compensate? that is almost with the entire country different cities and metropolitan areas to say you will not invest in transit, we will. you will not expand we will. it is the same issues for a whole range of different services. this is very hard and difficult but the resources

and the expertise go back to the alternatives we will add bedtick year. >> cities and metropolitan areas don't have a choice. they cannot print the money they have to balance their budget every year so they will find a way to do this. it won't be pretty that we will reinvent the municipal bond market out of necessity >> we need the investment strategy to make that work we have to break all to the table. what is becoming about this book is to come together and working together with the right scale to make it happen. >> fate you very much.

[applause] if you have copies of the book they will sign them. of the ku. >> hq. [applause] [applause] [applause] >> date you also i am

grateful to the public library in their outstanding the program about a lost america and i particularly with the communications who raged the logistics' so well. but to mention that he was part of the jefferson foundation. >> rice spent most of my ty not talking about the british side of the american revolution but thomas

jefferson started in 1950 which would have taken another two generations to complete but it will now be finished 2026. the deprograms including the international programs of which was in china and before that cuba. i am delighted to have with me today some of my colleagues including the president of monticello. [applause] says you can imagine it is a joy to drive did each morning and i am like bucky

if only by state use by franklin roosevelt in the-- leading up to d-day and where i wrote the book and the nicest thing is to be ample sides of the atlantic but with the british during the american revolution it is the war that britain should have won. but it is often blamed on poor leadership. but what explains is why britain lost america.

and of course, it has to be georgia's third to share the belief that britain would cease to be a great power. he was not responsible for the policies that led to the revolution but he refused to negotiate with leaders but the time being of the second world war describing and valley he would never surrender. he call it the sacrifice. and run from the rest.

this response to the revolution that the british simply did not care. they care deeply this is still the third longest war in the american history. native very determined effort. this incidentally is a painting by george 1/3 at the height of the revolutions of the 279. on dash 1779. and with the conversations of george the third but he did his powless he has lots of music playing every evening he

would simply say that he essentially kept the government together during this period. the prime minister is spending much of the war responsible for the current policies leading to the american revolution he spent much of the years during the war tried to negotiate a compromise. to argue he was not right for the leader and he thought the resignation would lead to a constitutional crisis.

so william howard and his brother llord richard howard were great pioneers those that he thought would be successful with guerrilla warfare and then with the use of labels in the culmination of the army. so they imagine to do over 16,000 troops one afternoon. the regicide by a the brother those very like used on the day like the gang

plank on a vote as the troops just charged off of it. i several characters in the book later became the asia british hero and in the early wars of the french revolution. and then we have a rising star in the british army with his successful the pet -- defensive portugal with the seven years' war the period between the french and indian war in his papers were published recently. indeed what i do think has faded most from american

history and from the most important people in london who secretary of state for america from britain achieved the administrator to send more troops to america they had requested in 1776. he blames the generals for a leading him the best opportunity for winning the war. he was more interested in the'' negotiating a truce and really waging war vigorously and most historians would say this war could have been 11776.

and then in 1778 expected to win with less naval support at a time when britain was fighting spain. the most terrible of a british journalist he was upset more than anyone else he was even apologizing to him of the british defeat. his memoirs of the most comprehensive and detailed of any general on either side of the war. cornwallis the general with the most successful career

in india and ireland. there was an assassination attempt on him and those are the most perfect of all the generals and refused to drop more than one in is a very restless man that said the army was as he might have wished with a huge memorial to him from india. and then the only person to really emerge as a hero from the american revolutionary war. and finally the earl of sandwich the most experienced a fall in the

generation and many were just children he had the need to fill up before the war even started. and inevitably came into conflict because he had to think of the global war. he had to consider the defense of britain a priority for witting and america. but so many of the men who left america wanted to say of his problems more of the nature of the war the punishment upon him. with these individuals as a constant blunder to explain british defeat in leadership

this is equally travis stress in britain as in america. films like bill gibson the patriot and out the teetwo revolution. it is pronounced in history so it was dedicated to what was a parody of the british leadership during the revolutionary war. those who use words like mediocre. this left the british war it leaves it somewhat strange and diminishes the achievement and also of the

federal grain also a caricature of british leadership which only three decades later defeated napoleon. the leadership evidently was aristocratic and those in which the oldest son inherited the majority of the wealth. the other sons had to settle for themselves and essentially pursue careers in the army in the house of commons was the most attractive of all of those careers. ministry had much in common with professionals to join in their team's it was alive service.

for those that have a military background. george iii went to great lakes to select the most senior commanders. they skipped more general's because the light infantry was the most appropriate to deal with the situation in america his brother was a great hero to even give them a memorial with the french and indian war. with the legislature of massachusetts. the men went to great lengths with the of military background with the skills

and knowledge. they went abroad to study and suggesting that they should read french because of what that military was. so they served as veterans and other wars with some of the most distinguished commanders of the 18th century. they improve their skills by leading maneuvers every summer which the british army conducted annually and demonstrate great personal courage as all have them a shot from under them. something they shared with george washington. and when it is shot from under you it means the bullets are flying around you.

with the possibility we could be killed in the war the ministry requires great sacrifice as remains true today. in the film the patriot carter-wallace is portrayed sitting back more worried about his dogs than ridding the war. the real cornwalis in north carolina is determined before he reached the river and slept just like his men without tent or without cover and his men had a huge edge rate -- aggravation for

him -- adoration for him. but the of their leaders were less impressive. the british prime minister today is admired in the united states for facing high style questions if you watch c-span as i hope that you do you can see examples of this is in parliament. but for three days a week with the house of commons began the serious debate and would often be there until the earlier of the morning sometimes two or 3:00. he regularly gave speeches and would wait until the end of the debate. because people wage year if

they would use notes. one of the great historians of all time he was too terrified to speak but he said in his education to see some of the great oracles of all time to debate but it was never so corrupt that the government could assume support of the house of commons. there was no equivalent of that system but he had to with the confidence of the house of commons and of those particular skills of public spee key and abilities successfully defending the government here in the house of commons.

he was also a brilliant chancellor. he was head of finance as well. foot and essentially made it possible for britain to continue to wage the war by raising the money necessary. the whole government was exceptionally well qualified to wage the war. many were veterans, and many are administrators previously and amazingly effective with the huge logistical problems to fight the war 3,000 miles away. no government had attempted such a feat previously. for the border this is not a war that was easily one.

as later 1780. they pretty much destroyed the economy in the south. but to come close with the fleet that is a game changer in 1780. but with the general site to. and what of the most complement told general's. and what to make it possible. possible for the british side it is never a linear series of defeats by the british continued to the very end. if this was between success and failure that is very thin.

to deal with the british saratoga was not defeated by cornwalis and of course, he was later defeated by washington. the admiral who defeated the we are admiral at the battle of chesapeake which was essential of yorktown but only a few months later and in fact, was captured with a british naval victories of the entire 18th-century. of one of britain's greatest hero. but many opportunities were lost so with the troops of

the leadership. these leaders face major problems settle most precluded it america and if i have to give a postage stamp of my argument that is a tough sell it would be that britain had a conquest not an army of occupation. but they could never occupied. every time they would stand out there would be the insurgency led by people who today midlife thomas sumter or maryann. british authority collapsed in new jersey in the winter

of 1776 and 1777. and also from the carolinas 17831781. this may not tell the startling insight to this audience but a brilliant form of the new scholarship with the neutrality in the disaffection with modern day newspeak it was motivated before even one shot was fired, britain had

effectively left political authority in america. to successfully wrestle control of the assemblies and of the courts they gained control of the militia of the local population as is argued service in the militia with the revolutionary spirit and in 1776 all of the mainland states of america they had left before they had even begun. so there is the process of conquest and reconstruction.

coming from canada was with horatio gates he expected to have the population relatively of the british so he was outnumbered by four / one. this is the figure which grew new heads every time one was cut off and argue this is just the smallest of the uprising somewhere in new york or connecticut. but cornwalis march north to

defeat the army of 1780. that life was more more difficult even with basic intelligence it was complete the outnumbered. the british had never anticipated having to occupy america. it was the belief the majority of americans supported britain with the revolutionary leadership was in the minority this seemed to be basted was crucial on seemingly good information available to them. and supported by americans living in london. people like joseph galloway

who said write-up to yorktown that the americans support the british and was confirmed of the dissension of the patriot committees. a chili's been emphasized that like most revolutions revolutions, this is also a civil war. after 1776 he would retreat in the same number he had done earlier. thomas paine complained of the sunshine patriots and that from the continental army with their ranks of pennsylvania and new jersey in 1778 the most trusted of

all advisers told the government they would have to double the number of soldiers in america. the very presence of the british army alienated americans support. the two sides increasingly regarded one another as orders. what of my favorite quotes said the every day discoveries of the diabolical country. [laughter] also the ideological component the british regarded them as criminals and they question if they should even be treated as a

regular prisoner of war. the british commanders understood they needed to win popular support. but to be in conflict with the difficulties of fighting the war so who would use the phrase we need to subdue the wines of america? those various declarations of independence complained the british and germans using against them against their fellow subjects they would try to compensate their small size to use glaves and native americans but this 80 dated the population. with stories of plunder and rape caused the backlash against the british.

also to be more systematically isolated during this period than in any of the time other than 1940. they had no allies. what you call the french and indian war they wine to tie down the french troops of europe of the british succeeded to sweep can get you defeats the french but after 1773 britain had no allies in europe.

with this has huge implications even before the french join the war in 1778, britain did awfully mobilize -- fully mobilize that for fear it would bring the french into the war after that they were able to be in the africa and india and the british isles. so that was bought in india and it became a major priority throughout 1778 to the '80s with a combined french and spanish invasion the bigger threat from 1558.

the aim was always to have the baby that could defeat with passing the war but to grow up in new york and if there was a superior force and navy the army could be cut off. with chesapeake bay the only time in the 80th century the only time the british navy was defeated. and the british have to give up the occupation of philadelphia.

after words the british would try to win the war than previously. british success was the most undermined by the political system. but today is called a fragmented system. behind the government policy. this was a weak system that was overwhelmed by the logistics' of 3,000 miles away even at the smallest consumes 33 tons of food per day that was carried did wagons that would be pulled

by a three-year four hosts -- courses because there is much territory essentially with provision also a the cost of the war. the spending if not 43% of every pound of fun being the debt. it was much worse than did the things we have seen in the united states today. this is one of the major reasons why a the government originally sought in america. they did not want to

increase taxes. finally the domestic opposition prevented the possibility to continue the war in america so in essence the british were not ever totally defeated they still held the york and agusta and inoffensive f -- give it that in the fortresses in the northwest and could have continued to fight. dorsal third report -- regarded the setback miter but public opinion changed in the summer of 1774 but

with that you have the first major a anti-war petition movement it was brilliantly aspired by some of the great parliamentarians of all times. william pitt both hundred younker and edmund burke. it is also subject to great public scrutiny thanks to the growth of the newspapers and for newspapers to report to debates in the house of commons. after defeating yorktown but ever suggesting that anything is inevitable we are very aware of the role

of contingencies. the conditions did not favor the british but yet they may prevail but i want to end up before i conclude to just read from the book that british officers even by the end of the middle of the war for the opponents the british reluctantly was that the bay general james would regret the most quoted speech when he said they were too cowardly to fight. four years later admitted to the house of commons he was wrong.

handed his memoir the most hated of all british occupiers to take some of the highest compliments in praised general nathanael greene and his troops of the executed march. with those operations the lieutenant-general respected the skills of his opponents in warfare eddie had excellent marksmen of indian warfare. added to we praised not only perform the same manner but

as good as the english themselves. he would ask who could afford 100 years ago? would be the rise of people with the distance of the turned heads. and that enthusiasm is what they can do. it is all more powerful that he later became a military tactic and commanding general. "the men who lost america" preserve the rest of the british empire and to the caribbean and north of the

border here we should call it the many one canada. [laughter] by the end of george says third rain the largest empire in world history was of the global population even than the empire was the sun never sets. thank you. [applause] >> we have time for your questions if you come up to the microphones pleased to be heard of c-span. [laughter] >> how many germans were

here? >> i can give you the number exactly but one-third of the british army that was about 50,000. >> did you are probably aware of the quite a high proportion stayed on to live in america. looking at all those names said charlottesville but to be in the place where it occurred in the british army that was captured at saratoga was kept in prison for over one year including many germans but many are still there. of.

>> with the revolutionary war with vietnam would you comment the problem of the populace to get behind the war in england? america was never behind the war in vietnam like world war ii. in the the factor of the enemy from each other from north carolina to be a bomb or the south vietnamese looks the same and all the american soldiers.

>> in fact, one of the authors that wiedmaier the most from american experience is in vietnam says sari that is one of the reasons why the british never restore the government in the areas they conquered like charleston because they would never certain who was on their side. said there were some similarities. essentially to look at how united the citizenry could defeat a major power there are other examples in history with they did not succeed like in the 1950's. the key it seems is the heart of the people. >> how did the low opinion that the british officers

had of american loyalist soldiers and officers and the initial reluctance to recruit american loyalist into the british aren't all -- rb how did that affect the war effort? >> but it is based again on firsthand knowledge during the french and indian war were most dismissive of the of alicia i think one of the major effects is to mobilize fully from the start of the war to realize how many troops were involved. to talk about in this book is general gage commander in chief of the beginning and

who was in america 20 years he initially underestimated but suddenly woke up and said britain will be at least 20,000 troops after they were saying they only needed 5,000 andrew sending the money to the cabins. and then he was removed and he reaped and of course, it shows that 20,000 was the under estimate but a lot of that is not entirely social a lot of it was the modern day professional hubris that believe that ordinary lay man cannot just pick up the skills needed in the short time to do something effectively.

>> we were promised at least one story what was going on in the caribbean during the revolution. could you deliver on that promise please? [laughter] >> and why of the commoners did not rebel but the most important story in this book was the first to salute the thought that this is the first base -- first-place united states was recognized philip the scope -- they look at the scope and that tiny little island was responsible which was a

necessary component and many of the supplies of the continental -- continental army but then bush jay had a fictitious company that would bring lessons and money to washington army much like the modern day drug trade when they put down more monday it would open up another area just like the american coast guard today they have fought this throughout the british naval ships. >> i read bulker hill was such a trauma for much of

the staff that this headed impact on their behavior with missed opportunities. is that true? >> i never found any reference to the documents were a general actually says he is dramatically influenced by both her hill but i do believe he did have a real effect that may well explained how the caution is in the york in 1776 when he starts to engage washington he realizes it was a much tougher challenge than he expected. also did not a sincerely believe it was necessary to win the war. what is the point to just defeat the americans in

battle to have their unwilling support? he felt very necessary platitudes seek a bunker hill came as the enormous shock with the proportions with any battle of anti-war. because they were leading from the front. >> before the revolutionary war mckee at the british how can the leaders of britain not take that to give americans voting rights or whatever? . .