other people around the world, not just in our country, would have a chance to know the story. i believe that as a result of this film there will be some billion people around the world will never be confused anymore when they see the phrase monuments men are wondered when they see the destruction of cultural property. that is going to allow us to get back to the standard that talked about. politicians in going to know that there are a billion dollars around the world and know the story and are going -- going to want to make sure that we honor

the great achievements of these men and women. i want to close, to reestablish a perspective on things because general eisenhower after the war in june 1945 returned to london to receive an award. his first remarks following the end of the war at the guild hall in london. you can see people standing on the facades of these buildings leaning out the windows to hear what this victorious general had to send. troops a general eisenhower -- he deferred the credit and give it where it belongs. i'm always reminded of that, these a gust moments when we run through these images in d.c. lots of recognition on the part of the work of the monuments foundation, but it resounds the work of the monuments man. general eisenhower said this high sense of distinction i feel receiving this great honor is inescapably mingled with feelings of profound sadness. humility must be the portion of

any man here received acclaim earned in blood of his followers and sacrifices of his friends. he may have given everything of his heart and mind to meet the spiritual and physical needs of his comrades. he never in a chapter that will go forever in the pages of military history. still, such a man, if he existed, would suddenly faced the fact that his honors cannot hide in his memories, crosses marking the resting place of the dead. they cannot sue the anguish of the widow or the orphan whose husband and father will not return. the only attitude with which the commander may with satisfaction received attributes of his friends is in the humble acknowledgement that no matter how unworthy may be to his position as a symbol of great human forces have labored for arduously and successfully for righteous cause. my righteous causes one i plead with you to embrace and share

with your friends in every possible way. the great achievements and legacy left to us by these monuments, men and women. thank you very much. [applause] >> take a drink of water. agreed to answer a few questions . so we will give him a minute and then we can answer a few questions from the audience. once again, our our mikes ready? avenue. i might hear in a mike there. it will watch for your hands. points out people. >> right in front. >> thank you for a beautifully

delivered presentation. i did not see a teleprompter. you have a little bit of a politician. i was wondering what it works and renowned to the american image in italy, even though things are quite a mess now again, do they still remember the americans that not only save the country but the culture? >> i believe that's a good question. yes, in fact, i think not only in italy but also in germany. i was there with the filming going on. there was a press conference there about the book. the don't really have press conferences in the that is states because most publishers know no one would come. in berlin there were 25 accredited media journalists from the most important magazines there because they did not know about monuments man. italy is pretty much in that same position.

they are dramatically interested in it because they've heard me say and i say to you, these and not just euros of the war. their heroes of civilization to be those of us to travel and go visit them, we cannot pay them a grant of attitude that they deserve for the fact that these things are still there. as i said to people in berlin and to friends and florence and rome and other cities, no beneficiary > germany, if you get to the museum islands, not only had these things that are there, works of art or works that are given all back to the end of the war. this is the policy of the western allies, to make sure that these were not considered spoils of war but rather that they would be returned to the countries from which there were stolen. an incredibly important inflection point in how wars and the consequences of the war had

been fought and really redefined how we look get these cultural objects since world war ii. yes. let me give you a microphone. we have very speedy runners. you won't have to wait long. >> what is next for you? >> well, let's see. i was in kansas city last week to watch is no. i had to retire my star of this morning in chicago because it was threatening to do so. tomorrow on what get to see my mother and she will be very happy. add to explain their that the gestation time for a buck is greatly in excess of the amount of time she spent carrying around. we have -- i will be traveling around the country for the next month talking about saving italy, sharing these stories, having a chance to see friends like bill and judy keller and other monuments. a lot of the kids.

these are important opportunities for us, for me in particular because i get information from the wall. the monuments men foundation can't find all the missing works of art. no organization can. despite all the wealth of bill gates and warren buffett and others, there are not enough detectives to go look for everything. however, we can raise public awareness. we do that through these books, saving nearly. ultimately this town where people around the world realize there are still hundreds of thousands of things missing. and if they were portable then, there probably up there now. this is a chance for people to participate in the riding. call to action number two. for all young people out there across the country, able to reach them today think flee because of having all author's favorite television station in the world, c-span here with us today.

this is it. if you want to be involved in something bigger than you get out and make the world -- put the world back the way it was. use your technology skills to help us find ways to protect these cultural treasures that are under fire around the world today. on not smart enough to necessarily know how to do it, but in speak to the opportunities for us to establish this position that we once held. it's an opportunity to use these technology skills to help us find and put us in contact with families to have veterans were displaced persons during world war ii that have things that in the years that i going to come coming this the rest of our world war ii veterans, lost my dad five years ago, the things that are hanging on walls and in basements and attics. it will all have a new owner. a great risk to these things that may be in foreign languages or old, musty documents. this is the chance to help with

the tip of the iceberg were getting ready. help these things give back to the people that they belong to. so it's a great moment. for that reason we are spending a lot of time with the work on the foundation. the film coming up. all be headed back to berlin. when i'm done with the book tour . doing whenever i'm asked to do by the people involved with that really the work the focus is now on the foundation. the writing of the book is something that i do. the foundation, the not-for-profit entity is out there to try and help people. we don't charge people anything. we can't do everything, but we can make a difference. is all under one mouth at a time. in fact, we have been involved in the return of some historical important documents to berlin,

national archives, and we will soon be announcing another important discovery and a return involving italy, as it turns out. yes, sir. >> at dougie made a very important point when you said that a lot of the monuments that exist today exist for the efforts of past generations would seem to imply that the generations today, young people are aware of that there will be doing in the future. if we look in your school curriculum, we see that with an excessive emphasis on standardized test, global history, art, global cultures, all that is being pushed. i work with a lot of teachers, university, faculty member. what can we do about this? in people and not getting historical consciousness and i don't think of the same kind of concern that any of us here do. >> it's a great question.

now have plenty of fonts. one cannot pretty good understanding of what i know and a pretty good understanding of what i don't know. wish i had an easy answer that could solve the issue. we put together an educational program that is available on the monuments men foundation website with lesson plans. and i took the approach that bigger better laundered and little did i know that part of the reaction as teachers was, there is some much material, we're overwhelmed because of the time we have to teach being so small. and so we're now going back and reevaluating how we go about packaging this material that includes archival footage, some of the interviews because i can talk about these things historically. i can certainly in to use them with the passion that i have, but it is not as get is hearing

from these guys that did it. i am not the euro. they are. i think that's an important thing in is live believe the foulness of important. i travel six, seven months a year. i love speaking to audiences, whether on television or in person one of 500 audiences of gotten bigger and bigger, but i can reach everybody in don't have the biggest bull or in the world. that's what we went in search of a story that was told like you're sitting on the shoulder of these monuments officers' experiencing what they're experiencing. it's why the discovery of their letters home and drawings are so critically important. that's what people connect with. the human stories. plenty of people to get tell you all the facts and figures. that's not unimportant. the things that move was as

people on the sacrifice and tribulations and sometimes funny things the people get involved in. it was through these letters home but they described whether there were scared or homesick or exhilarate it are drawings that conveyed what it was like for a 43 year-old guy to not see his son for three years. so i think by the time people have a chance to see this whole comprehensive effort of what these monuments officers' did in in a film coming out that is focused on north you're a factors that i like glue, sticky paper for everyone out there, they're going to go. are not trying to educate anyone directly. are not trying to be anything into an. there's also nothing wrong with the understanding heroism, sacrifice, nobility and respect

as i monuments' officer communist monuments officers' says. respect for other people that i going to respect these things ourselves. at that point in time we embark on a different world than the one in which we live right now. i believe every political leader will have to look at this in a different context because they're going to know. where going to have military leaders and state department leaders that have a different appreciation for it instead of something they have to do. they can embrace it and see this is something we have an opportunity to do that will engender goodwill around people throughout the world. the united states, sometimes we don't necessarily reflect the greatest cultural understanding. we did at a point time that if ever we deserve a free pass for forgetting, we did forget. and that is the message that i

try and convey today. then all begins and ends. we have young men and women, people of the military are so gifted that they need in one direction. the orders have to come from the top. people in our training to be officers today. i fear that without a bottom driven effort in my opinion is destined to fail. has to be top-down. the guy at the top has to say so. all of you that have business careers are been involved with the military now that the ceo of the united states is the president. i believe that's where it has to begin commanders say that because that's why it worked in world war two. president roosevelt endorsed the commission. general eisenhower received the orders and issued this incredibly important sea change directive and empower these men and women to be the instruments of the policy allowed get it

done. we have people trying to do the job. people of work above them understanding why it's important. when we have conventions and important trees from 1954, were missing in my opinion the leader of the free world standing at. we're going to protect cultural treasures a much as we are allowed. oftentimes that's an excuse of convenience. the respective cultural properties of others and will do all we can. this is our young people. technological skills, most of us want to understand. this is a chance to find a way to use them to do good, especially in these difficult situations where we don't have boots on the ground, are going to send in troops. these works of art are like little kids.

indeed be taken care of. that in my opinion is our responsibility as custodians and guardians of. perhaps one more question. yes, sir. >> relating to what you just said, a powerful cultural institution. he think we're doing enough to raise the cost of the subject matter? >> i don't believe we are. how many people of ever heard about monuments men before this? thank you very much. but we have institutions all over the country in places that we aren't able to get people to come. young people and the key. this is such an opportunity. a growing area. i venture to say this bomb is going to draw an awful lot of interest for many reasons, not just the people in it, by the

feeling people around the world i going to ask themselves these same two questions that come the end of this trouble. hal in the face of the most destructive conflict in history did so many works of art in europe survive. who were the people that saved them? amelie people -- they can be any big stories left. it's been a great honor to be with you. thank you very much. [applause] >> coming up next year, a discussion on the egyptian political future and relations with the united states. then book tv and prime-time features books about world war two. first a call to arms about the creation of the u.s. war arsenal in the story of the 1943 landing of the military medical

transport plane in nazi occupied albania. later the recovery and protection of the historic artifacts in his book called the rescue in italy. on the next washington journal a look back at the 1963 march on washington and how america is change the last 50 years. professor michael eric dyson, the author of the radio talk-show host. and also be joined by managing editor of print news and usa today. washington channel is live every day at 7:00 a.m. eastern. white house press secretary jay carney told reporters tuesday that the u.s. is not seeking a regime change. there will send a warning against the use of chemical

weapons. you can see the entire briefing and other events any time at our website, c-span.org. >> the by house has decided that the must be a response. does that mean there must be a military response? other other things possible on the agenda? could it be further sanctions or economic? is this a military sponsor? >> first, we have made clear for a long time now withstanding our fee is about the fact that we don't envision u.s. boots on the ground that we retain and the president retains all options available to them in syria which includes military which is the case here in response to this transgression. but a decision about the use of military force is not been made. the president is reviewing his

options command obviously there are many and include a variety of possibilities that are not limited to the use of force. >> one-to-one to ask you about becoming sir that the reason why the united states has come to the decision that the syrian government and his possible for this attack. there's no evidence to far we sure there's no evidence that they've lost any control of stock boss? overrun by al qaeda forces the other rebels in that country. >> a high degree of confidence based on our assessment that the syrian regime is maintained full control of the chemical weapons stockpile throughout this conflict. it is our conviction that the

syrian regime has the rocket capability that was employed to devastating effect in this chemical weapons attack. it is abundantly obvious to those who have covered this conflict, were covering it last week, to international organizations present on the ground that the syrian regime was in days in an effort to clear these particular regions of opposition forces with violent force prior to the use of chemical weapons and in the immediate aftermath of the use of chemical weapons prevented the u.n. from going into established as they continued to bombard. they continued to do that yesterday after the un inspections where will to make it to one area that they needed to visit. after the left the continued to bombard the area, a clear effort to try to dispose of evidence. >> one more.

make sure our to punish the government for using chemical weapons and said this carries them from using them again, there are those who argue the best way to do that is in fact to take out a song. >> as noted earlier, the options being considered to not contain within them are regime change focus, and that is now we are contemplating. we're examining options to respond to this violation. as i tried to say yesterday, this is obviously a terrible conflict that has exacted a horrific price of the syrian people in the region, and it is ongoing.

the our support for the opposition and humanitarian support for the syrian people and the countries dealing with the refugee crisis related. the use of chemical weapons on the scale that we saw is a separate and distinct fact nenni's to be responded to. and it will be responded to in some form because the president believes, and many of our allies and partners clearly believe and as i stayed -- stated earlier and understated the chemical weapons convention, 189 nations representing about 98% of a global population all have a stake in ensuring that that international norm is maintained a respected. a clear violation, a flagrant violation that has resulted in mass death, the killing of innocent women and children has to be responded to. >> my question is what is the

response, the way to do this, as some say, to prevent it happening again is to take out the guy who's doing it. was the reason they don't want to do that? >> is not our position, a policy position to respond to this through regime change. we will take an appropriate response, and we are evaluating the options available to them. the president will make an assessment and announce it in due time. we also maintain a policy with regards to the conflict which has as providing significant support to the opposition, significant humanitarian support that is designed to help bring about a transition in syria, a political transition that will allow syria the future that is people deserve.

>> is not our policy to respond to this transgression with regime change. >> the transportation department is considering new rules requiring airlines to disclose the fees for travelers buying tickets online. the congressional caucus will hold a hearing about that when stay here on c-span. >> one of the things i looked at as i was exploring this, the county records in which these colleges, the county's read these colleges are. when you look at the colonial records, very often that while the name of the president's on the name of the professor listed with the taxable property. and enslaved person and two were three. students action about this last fiscal with them. what then happens. if you look at the name of the president, part of is taxable to

a taxable property is an enslaved person. very often have, in the case of princeton, you actually have the president's name. well, who owns the person? in this sort of common knowledge of the local area the president and the college are kind of inseparable anyway. >> the connection between elite universities and the past intertwined with slavery some benighted 9:00. part of a three day holiday weekend on book tv on c-span2. and the book club returns, two parties and a funeral. america's gilded capital. read the book and engage. what you're reading this summer? book tv must now. >> two books. the first, how winning author an

investigative journalist. it's entitled who stole america. this is a real eye opener. anyone that wants to really understand america, how we got to where we are today, why the average american is struggling the way they are, i think that this is one of the most awful and, as i said, i opening at least for me in a long time. cedric smith is someone that i've listened to, read before, and admired a great deal. i would highly recommend the book. as a policymaker, what can we learn from the policies of the last 34 years that may have

contributed to this and where do we go from here? that it would be relevant. in the second book that i have read is a rubber small one in terms. how was wonderfully inclusive and instructive. it is written by archbishop john quinn, one of the great american bishops and intellectuals. the structures of the catholic church and how best to reform them. and during the very large bureaucracy and structures, why is this the way it is? how can we do this better? i think that all institutions

can and should go through reform. this is a very, very thoughtful book. it is in addition to many other books that have been published. and someone i admire a great deal. the former archbishop. >> let us know what you're reading this summer. posted on our facebook pagers and listen in now. >> next the discussion on the egyptian political future and its relationship with the united states. middle east analysts and former state department officials took part in this event hosted by the national press club. this is an hour and ten minutes.

>> good morning. welcome to the national press club newsmaker event on crisis in egypt. before we get started, i would like to go over a few housekeeping rules. first, if you're not already silence to phone and other electronic devices, could you please do so at this time. also, this is a press conference type form. it will be approximately one hour. each speaker will talk for five to ten minutes, and then there will be a q&a. q and a is limited to members of the credentialed press a number of the paris club. when you're called upon please state your question clearly. we will be repeating it year at the microphone for our television audience. also, state your name and affiliation and keep your

answers -- your questions brief. but want to get as many questions as possible. again, the national press club news maker of and on the crisis in egypt. the world has been looking on as it seems that the egyptian democracy is unraveling oecd day is not like we saw in 2011. the current president and, what is happening now seems to be very similar with violence and bloodshed. once again under heavy protest the new president has also been ousted. and he is also a member of the muslim brotherhood. so what will happen in egypt, will they be able to recapture the democracy can action the u.s. be involved and if so how? where required to have very

special speakers with those who are well renowned in the area of egypt and the middle east. our first speaker to my right is stephen mcnamee, the executive director of the project on the list democracies, also known as paul mad. steve has a master's from stanford and he also has graduate studies in italy's politics, history, and the arabic-language from the american university in buried in the american university in cairo. his work can be found in publications including foreign policy, the new republic, foreign affairs, and the washington post. his work is also on the bbc, and as in d.c., out cesura, and cbs. and the second speaker on my right senior fellow and a

director of the middle east policies at the brookings institution. her prior work includes being deputy assistant secretary of state for near eastern affairs from november 2006 -- i'm sorry, november 2009 to january 2012. she coordinated the u.s. policies on democracy and on human rights in the middle east for the u.s. state department's. she is also overseeing the middle east partnership initiative, and was assigned as deputy special coordinator for middle east transition. she was also essential in the u.s. government response to the

arab awakening in is the author of the book freedom -- i'm sorry, freedom and steady march, the americans' response -- america's role in arab democracy. desiree. our third speaker is michele, vice president at the atlantic council and the director of the atlantic council's center for middle east. heard prior work also includes the senior associate at the carnegie endowment for international peace, a visiting assistant professor of georgetown, and the middle east specialist at the united states state department. while at the state department she assumed many roles and assignments, including director

of middle east and africa, u.s. embassy in egypt, the national security staff. she's also u.s. secretary of state policy planning staff member. the u.s. consulate general in jerusalem, and she also was with the bureau of intelligence and research. so as you can see, we have a wonderful team of experts here who are going to answer our questions and what is happening in egypt. if you could help me with a nice a plus. [applause] >> thanks, monica. in going to just start with the few brief thoughts about where we are in egypt today and a few words about what we might expect in the months ahead. to begin with in terms of where we are now in egypt, in many

respects we're witnessing what seems to be a return to authoritarian is some and a right of the old state dominated by the egyptian military, security command intelligence apparatus the rain for decades, including under their rule of hosni mubarak. for many of us to open early 2011 that the uprising and revolution in egypt of the year with lead to a transition to democracy, and accountable government respected the rights of egyptian citizens, very deeply disappointed. how will briefly describe the current scene and then leave with a few thoughts about what we might see in the time ahead. allen of the analysis of the chip of the past few years has described three main groups of political actors. a military and along with the military the old regime and the national did -- democratic party

. the third group being the liberal and/or more secular political forces. this group has included political parties as well as ngos in civil society organizations and perhaps most importantly in the liberal and secular block more informal grass-roots movements such as the april 6th youth movement, the campaign which would play a leading role in organizing the street protests in 2011 and the mayors this spring in a position to president mohammed morsi and his movement. actually forced him from power. will we have often seen in a lot of the analysis of agent, when two of these three blocks of the military and the old regimes, the islamists and the liberals

and secular is, we've seen several occasions where two of these three joined forces and effectively force there will on the third block. we can cite three or four instances of this. you can describe a revolution in 2011 has the liberal forces joining with the islamists and the brother had and were able to force the barred from power. soon thereafter use of the military establishment and the armed forces aligned itself and were able to ignore a lot of the demands of the liberals. you can to some degree describe the presidential election has the liberals perhaps not unified, but joining forces and supporting during the second round of presidential elections, choosing many liberals or skeptical of the brotherhood and nonetheless chose to support him

over the choice from the old regime. and most recently now we have seen the latest configuration has been the military joining forces to analyst mohammed morsi. i think a lot of overseeing right now, the military is seeing an opportunity to regain power and it now seems to be taking steps to insure the other two groups that can no longer your ally themselves against the military again and forced from power or force its hand as was done in 2011, first and most obviously the military is ben cracking down viciously against the muslim brotherhood. immediately following the coup on july 3rd bear arrested many of the leading participants and brought charges against them. it viciously attacked the supporters of mohammed morsi and the brothers in the streets

leading to violence in which more than a thousand people were killed including more than 61 on august 14th alone. about 4,001 did that same day. we have also seen a vicious campaign of propaganda including using the state media against the brotherhood and its supporters, naming them as traitors. we have also seen more recently the defamation campaign and the targeting of by the military moving beyond just the brothers and their supporters and to start to also attacked some of the liberal and secular forces that the military macy is a threat. we have seen several examples of this, and i think what we're seeing is the military targeting actors that the military intelligence apparatus have seen as troublesome either currently or in the past.

the most prominent liberal politician the back to military coup. he then resigned following the massacre. he was immediately attacked viciously in the media and by the military. charges of been brought against him for breaching the natural -- national trust. he is now in austria's staying outside of being tips to avoid prosecution. the movement which i mentioned as long been seen as a threat by the military, there were seen as instrumental in the 2011 revolution. also some of the leaders of this movement in recent weeks have been critical of the military conniving the violence with seen and just a few days ago we saw the public prosecutor in egypt announced that two high profile activists were under

investigation of charges of espionage for receiving foreign funding. this is of no, not only because it is showing the military attacking its critics, but actually both of these gym women have been supportive of the military actions of the past couple of months. but nonetheless i think we're seeing preemptive actions by the military and the old regime apparatus, not only to take on its current critics but many had feared may be willing to stand up against it moving forward. in addition, there is the community including human rights organizations in egypt and just the last three or four days we've seen egyptian police visit the offices of several international ngos in egypt including human rights organizations to apparently intended to organizations and

their staff. these included organizations that a been willing to write and speak critically of the military in recent weeks. ian also seen several newspapers -- i'm sorry, articles in the egyptian press including today in the state newspaper describing conspiracies in which the united states government, including ambassador patterson was working with the brotherhood in order to smuggle terrorists and extremists into egypt from gaza in working with ngos in order to make this happen. this is sort of representative of the widespread disinformation campaign. i think is troubling because the implication of the egyptian ngos in this way is feeding on the soda of heightened sense of the xenophobia and anti-americanism that we see now in egypt. i think this is feared by many

to be a precursor to a widespread crackdown including any that the military establishment feels may be critical of them in the months ahead. one final piece i would mention is that the labor movement as well, the labor movement's and social protest movements were seen as instrumental in the 2011 revolution. the social protest movements of continued in recent weeks. eocene quite recently some aristocrat down and a fan is the the as tools of the muslim brotherhood when in reality there's very little richer influence. we've seen several instances of protest in the labor movement's coming under attack. articles in the press and statements by the minister of labor and the deputy minister of labor attacking his movements is being tools of the brotherhood

colleague my remarks there. also just briefly mention when messier process under way for amending the constitution and was ratified in december and passed by referendum written by them wisely predominantly constituent assembly. readjusts in the release of the recommendations of the ten person community selected to make proposed amendments. they're not encouraging for those that wish to see democracy emerge in agent rather than addressing some of the faa's that you could point to in the constitution from the perspective of democracy and human rights. it reinforces some of these and has some troubling steps such as

we writing -- their hands that moving back toward the old regime, including removing the clause in the constitution that prevents senior members of the ruling party from participating in politics for ten years. they're recommending that be removed. there is also some rewriting of language in the constitution about the heroic martyrs of the january 205th revolution. january 25th does not been amended and it just as cars the revolution. as a question of whether they're trying to rewrite and looked at as the revolution, their record revolution of egypt. in income and i think a major question moving forward will be how long the general and the military her able to retain their current popularity. it does seem as though they have been extremely effective in easing the state media and information to become extremely

popular at the moment. and how long it will be able to hold together the broad coalition of support to the currently enjoy. i would say that there already survived two events that someone predicted could fracture support , first being the use of large-scale violence against protesters. many predicted that if they used serious violence that a lot of the sort of liberal forces that have been supporting them with split away from them. that hasn't really happened. very few other figures have so far left the government's. the second event that many predicted would erode support was the release of former president mubarak from prison. released last week. i think as of now that has had less of an effect than many expected. we will see in the weeks and

months ahead if it's possible they may be clear it charges, including for killing protesters on 2011. i think one major challenge for the military will be their response to economic pressures, the rising discontent came in large part from his government's inability to address the egyptian economic woes. the thing we see no signs that they're ready to undertake serious economic reform. instead they seem to be counting on the largess of saudi arabia and the united arab emirates to sort of help them hold the egyptian economy get back. i'll leave it there. >> good morning, and thank you for coming. i will take just a few minutes to talk about the regional

politics and the regional dynamics surrounding events in egypt and have the positioning of different regional actors may affect the trajectory. let me start by giving you a little context. for decades egypt played and has played a critical will in regional security and stability. of course it has a very geostrategic location sitting on top of the suez canal which carries every year of 7 percent of the world's oil and 13 percent of the world's natural gas. the camp david tree, of course, with the historic event and an anchor of the arab-israeli peacemaking and has prevented it ever since any major interstate arab-israeli war. because of all of this, because of this egyptian, perot, and regional stability is no surprise that the government of the middle east feel a stake in agent just as the united states

does. mubarak also had a close, personal ties to the number of leaders in the states of the arabian peninsula, especially king abdullah of saudi arabia. a key diplomatic partner for the arab states and for the united states who in the years prior to the arab awakening presented a sort of coalition on behalf of the current balance of power in the middle east. and mubarak was a linchpin of the diplomatic effort. it is fair to say that the monarchies of the gulf war never fully reconcile. and generally they are not comfortable with the prospect of democracy in their neighborhood. but they have good ties with the egyptian military command have sustained those since j. henry 2011. the rise of the muslim brotherhood however troubled the

states deeply for a few key reasons. mainly the muslim brotherhood was seen as a threat to this regional order that these arab governments to build because of its ideology. but the brother was also seen as a threat because of the years the brother had itself which has some of you may know is an organization that has national branches but a shared ideology, if you will come across these various groups, and has produced offshoots, some of which have been quite violent, including her moss and over the years in egypt and number of splinter groups that have become significantly troublesome terrorist organizations. and the brotherhood is ideologically and politically also has the effect of challenging the gulf monarchies

in their claims to islamic legitimacy. that's one of the reasons why these countries find the brother and so threatening. just to give you an example, since 2011 u.s. seen in the united arab emirates the arrest and trial of a number of people who were named as members of the brotherhood on charges of incitement, undermining national security and someone. the behavior of mohammed morsi as president of egypt made these build arab states even more anxious. his visit to a run, his first visit abroad as president, the talk of normalizing relationships, his support especially relative to support for the palestinian authority, economic mismanagement of egypt, has noted, was a rlroem.

but economic mismanagement in egypt because of so large and because it is been a commercial center and a banking center for a long time, manufacturing hub, a distribution hub for a lot of businesses that sell around the region, the economic situation has significant applications for the rest of the region. michele is telling me his first visit was decided arabia. thank you. and then, of course, his tense relationship with the egyptian military which has a sign of the reporting that is come out since july 3rd grew more and more tense. so the gulf monarchies cheered on the military ouster of mubarak on july 3rd and rewarded it with a good deal of financial assistance. think it is important to recognize that that financial assistance is not all cash thatn

spend. a lot of it represents temporary deposits in the egyptian central bank which are important in helping egypt defend the value of its currency and find the importation of important kids like food, flour, and energy. this is not all money that the egyptian government can then spend for national development. let me spend a few minutes on as terrell, and and i want to leave you with too broad points. i think many of the attitudes that i described the gulf arab governments as holding might be shared by a number of israelis, but think the primary characteristic that you can see in the israeli government and its approach toward egypt since the two dozen 11 revolution is ambivalence. they have been very ambivalent about change in egypt. but they have very close and cooperative relationships with

the egyptian military and intelligence services. and mubarak was an interlocutor that they knew. there was a degree of predictability and reliability in the relationship. the ties between the egyptian security apparatus and the israeli security apparatus had been sustained since the revolution and in many ways are stronger today than ever been. there were quite strong. the israeli government sought closer diplomatic and political ties, but they were rebuffed. despite that, i think there were at least a little bit reassured by his behavior in november of 2012 when he made himself and his government the guarantor of the cease-fire between israel and tomas that ended the crack crisis in gaza. i think today however israel

looks at the change of government and says this is a group of people we can work with. two more broad points. the first is that i think the sentiments that i am describing among governments around the region with respect to what happened in egypt suggests a real divergence with perspectives here in washington and the policy of the u.s. administration, and it is a divergence that goes beyond egypt itself. it's a divergence in analysis of the region, of what has happened in the region over the last two years, of what has been the source of instability. the united states, as president obama's said, sees that there have been an underlying so seal and economic changes in the arab world and have led to demands for more responsive, accountable, transparent government. the president and many senior officials of said they don't believe stability will return to

the middle east until governments are more transparent , responsive, accountable, in other words more democratic. i think that many of the governments have just been talking about see things differently. they see the demand for democratization coming from below as a sell source of instability. wary about taking even limited steps toward domestic reform themselves for fear that if you give people an inch they will demand a mile. and at think that this is presenting an increasing challenge the united states and its diplomacy in the region. last one to leave you with, i really think this is the space to watch. when you look at the potential regional threat that could emerge from the events today in egypt, the sinai is where you will see a manifest. as i said coming egyptian and israeli security cooperation is strong, but the security

situation in the sinai has deteriorated markedly since 200011. as deteriorated because at first egyptian police were simply absent from this scene in the wake of the january revolution. and then because frankly the egyptian military during direct rule and again since july 3rd has become -- has been required to focus so many of its resources and some much of its attention on domestic order that it does not have the same level of resources and attention devoted to maintaining security. ..

the more we will see those kinds of jihadi groups taking advantage and the more they will produce instability in the region. thank you very much. >> good morning. i'm michelle dunn. i have four points i would like to make that are about u.s. policy toward egypt at this juneture. the first disappoint the need to look at this in the proper context.

the united was really way too passive during the morsi presidency. morsi was a very unsuccessful president, a bad president, he was refused to build consensus. he took several undemocratic actions. notably passing the last institution, the 2012 institution over the objection of many egyptians. and the united states said and ask very little. throughout years of u.s. policy, what the united states has done is simply to stay very close to whoever was in power in egypt at the time. mubarak when he was there. the supreme counsel, the armed forces when they were there. morsi and his advisers when he was there. once again, the military-backed government. this is lead the united states in to a real problem regarding exerting influence in egypt. as we know, in early july at the

time of the military coup against morsi. the united states urged, correctly in my view, urged the egyptian government and the egyptian military to solve what had become a serious political problem. a problem of political paralysis and inability to address the serious economic issues in the country. the united states urged egypt to address this in a democratic manner, and to, you know, play out the political game toward election perhaps early elections and so forth. that was not advise that the egyptian military took. right, they brought things to a conclusion very quickly with the military coup. the united states, i think, believed that the kind of zero aresome politics that we have seen in jipt are very destabilizing and will weaken the country.

the idea during morsi's area he would not work with other political forces, he would try to, you know, run the country with the brotherhood alone which we see as a failure and the idea alone that the brotherhood will be crushed and excluded and so forth. i think that the claim that we hear in egypt that the united states is trying to weaken egypt, i mean, steve made reference in a way to some of these conspiracies and so forth that are circulating are actually the opposite of what is true. the united states fears what is happening in egypt now and the diser zerosome politics and the use of -- is going to weaken egypt. that's sort of the context. but we did in the united states i think in a difficult position. because it failed to exert what influence it could during earlier eras, and now, you know, unfortunately now, you know, trying to step forward this is

causing a lot of confusion in egypt and leaves the united states open to charges of hypocrisy and so forth. my second point is that i think if we look at the question of u.s. influence, we need to understand it in the right way. we need right size it. what is it; right? i think it's not the case we can expect threats of cutting off assistance, whether relatively small amount of economic tan or the larger military assistance to really cause the egyptian government now to reverse course and to change all the calculations regarding check politics. that's probably not going happen. that's especially true because the united states may what i believe is at stake not to observe u.s. law and suspend

assistance right at the time of the coup. i think if the united states had done that right at that time in a simple way, we would have -- the united states would be in a stronger position. we would be discussing what would be the conditions for resuming aid. i think, you know, we're in a situation the united states didn't respect its own law. ting diminishes respect for the united states. i don't think cutting off a little bit of aid here and there is fundamentally going to change the calculations in these discussions of cutting off aid are not very credible because the united states didn't suspend aid at the moment be it should have. my third point, i think, as we try to u.s. influence correctly within a lot of people are going to be the opposite conclusion which is that the united has no

influence at all. which i also think is incorrect. the she mentioned for example gulf assistance and lot of people have said well what difference does it make? you know, what the united states would us pend military assistance to egypt when gulf countries are coming in with billions in assistance and so forth. this is a very super official understanding, i think of the whole assistance question. egypt has been a country over the last decades that has had very deep and enduring security relationship with the united states. this is not just about dollars and cents. this is about scoopings. it's about shared technology, it's about shared military exercises. egypt made profound shift in the

1970 from eastern block to western block in primarily american doctrine weapons, et. cetera. so the security relationship with the united states means it's bigger than just the dollars and cents of the aid; right? what the gold countries can give, yes, they can easily give more than $1.3 million in aid. they cannot replace what the military relationship with the united states offers to egypt militarily and strategic. it's true economically. egypt has been a -- country that has a great deal of trade primarily with europe and the united states and also a great deal of tourism from the west. from europe, primarily. for egypt to shift from a country that has had the security relationship and economic relationship with the west to a country that no longer has any of that, but merely living on the already --

lairing ease of gulf countries. it would be a huge shift for egypt. it's not the dollars and cents from the gulf can simply replace these things that egypt has had. if we're looking at influence, western influence, american, european influence in egypt, it has to do with as much larger relationship and not with how many dollars are going, you know, being appropriate bid the u.s. congress and going egypt. okay. we need to understand my fourth point is how do we think about now? i think it's become clear that the egyptian government, the egyptian military launched on this course the zerosome politics, repression of the brotherhood, exclusion and so forth. a very unfortunate course and a course i think that will promise much instability in egypt, which will then in turn name im--

make it impossible to address the economic problems. you cannot bring tourism and investment back to the country in an atmosphere of instability nap will lead to more instaby.ave seen several turn oe wheel with the egyptian public opinion. right. against the mubarak regime in favor of the scarf. against the schav. giving the brotherhood a chance. against the brotherhood. in favor of the military. who would bet it's the last turn of the wheel. where public opinion is going stay where it is now. i wouldn't bet on it. it's been a very unstable situation in egypt in term of public sentiment and will continue to be so; right? there's going to be more change in egypt. how do we think about u.s. policy now? i actually think that president obama and his remarks to cnn on august 23rd has started to take

this in the right direction. first of all, there's finally a review inside the egyptian government. it's long overdue. programs are being aware -- looked app. many of the programs are in effect suspended. although there is no announcement of a suspension to aid. i think the united states now is, as it should be, pausing, and a couple of things that president obama said on august 23rd, he said there's no dpowt we can't return to business as usual given what happened. he's referring to the august 14th massacre and the use of a great deal of force to clear the demonstrations in cairo. he said with egypt, the aid itself may not reverse what the interim government does. i think what most americans will say we have to be careful as

seen as aiding and abetting actions run contrary to the value and ideal inspect is how we need to think about u.s. policy toward egypt now. it's not simply a question of can we buy a little bit more and less influence by doing this thing or that thing? we have to really start thinking about a longer term picture a broader picture, with a is the best interest of the egyptian people. and also what is in the best interest of the united states? and we have to expect further

changes in egypt. we can't exactly now how and when things will continue to change. but it's -- it would be unrealistic and foolish after the last few years to assume that the change is now done and we can focus on sort of our relationship with the actors now in charge which is essentially the united states has made repeatedly. also, i would just, you know, add that the united states policy in egypt must really

fundamentally shift. i would, you know, michelle was just coat -- quoting from president obama's remarks last week, and i would agree with her that his remarks reflect a positive shift, if they are implemented. but i would also add that we have seen remarks from the president and from other high-ranking u.s. officials in the past that would suggested a shift in u.s. policy that i think would have been the right shifts. tomorrow referenced the president's speech in may of 2007. in that speech the presidents boldly declare that support for democratic principles in the middle east and north africa would no longer be a secondary priority to the united. it would be a top priority.

but being unwilling to back it up. and if so i think the u.s. policy toward egypt will continue to fail and has up until now. it's about demographics, it's about economics, it's about technology. these are trends that have been building up over years. they are not going away, and there is something that all

governments in the region and beyond the region have to take accounted of and adapt to. now some of that adaptation process may be very disorderly, but i think it's important that those looking at the situation not miss diagnose the root of that disorder. it's not the demand for democracy that is creating disorder. it's the need for institutions especially government institutions to adapt to this new social reality. and the quicker that they recognize that, the quicker they make those adjustments, in other words open up and give people a voice i think sooner the region will stabilize. the fundamental recognition is what president obama articulated in may of 2011. i think steve is right, the administration has not done a great job of holding fast to the recognition and putting out policy instruments to help

derive -- drive the u.s. in the right dribbing. i think the same could be true -- could be said to be true of government in the region. many times over. in that broader context, let me turn it over. >> thank you. i wanted to add one point to what steve was saying about the in his initial remarks about the scene inside of egypt today and after the fall of mubarak the

police, security services, state security, the intelligence services were partially criticized by the public, and they sort of in retreat. they were in -- they were sort of cowed. they were taking low profile, in some cases with regular police not showing up to their job and so fort. they were coming under harsh public criticism for past human rights abuses, and intrusions in to public freedom and civic freedom and so forth. they are now back, and the interior minister came out and announced it a few weeks ago. we are back and we are back in to political affairs, religious affairs, et. cetera. unfortunately there was no security sector before during the first couple of years following the egyptian initial egyptian revolution in january of 2011 when there was an

opportunity do so. there was some very few the entire your minister, yes, was tried and so forth. there was very little, there was no reform of the security services, there was just about no accountability for abuses they carried out either during the revolution or before that, and so because of that, in this situation we now see the military and the internal security services, which had been kind of rivels during the mubarak era, cooperating very, very closely. and trying to reconstruct something very much like the mubarak regime now.

how much the muslim brotherhood overreached, and how much public opposition there was to to morsi and the brotherhood. all that have is true. what i'm saying is i think the military and the internal security services are taking advantage of all that to try to come back to the role they had and the intrusive role they had in egyptian life including political life and so forth. and kind of human rights abuses they carried out during the mubarak era. the question is, will egyptians accept this; right? at the mom we see a lot of promilitary sentiment and people glad to be rid of the brotherhood and so forth; however, i want do you keep in mind the mega trends mentioned. those are still there. the youth bulk, the unemployment, and also i think this sense of greater individual empowerment, less fear of the

state. more demands for human rights and democracy and so forth. will only last a certain period. i don't know how long it will be. also, i agree with steve that the reorientation of u.s. policy that we saw in president obama's remarks might not be lasting. it is, you know, unfortunately true that we often see the u.s. administration take sort of a half-step in the right direction, and then back away from that when the going gets rough. so i would agree with you that even though president obama said some of the right things, and i think in terms of the reviews that are going on, these are the right things. i'm not sure that this will we'll see a more principles u.s. policy toward diswript on an

ongoing basis. >> thank you. we will open up the questions to the floor. i will remind you that it is limited to members of the national press club and credentialed press. please make your questions concise, and to the point and say them loudly along with your name and afghanistan. as the moderator i have the privilege of asking the first question and the first followup. i'll do it now. michelle, you mentioned that a lot of the u.s. foreign aid importance is the joint military efforts we have. can you address president obama's decision recently to cancel a joint military exercise? not only on the message we are sending to egypt, but also to the further arab nations, middle east where we don't have a stable relationship. and then my followup question, steve, you talked about how there are a tax on ngo and labor

market. we're at the national press club then i would be remiss if i didn't ask you to address the problem the press is experiencing. is there something that the u.s. can do to help solve that problem? it carnal -- companied a very large joint exercise that would have taken place at the end of september. and there may be other military purchases and so forth under review, i mean, and the apache helicopter and so forth. particularly anything that i think could be used in internal repression will be underreview. look, the signal here is simple. i think there are we can't

associate ourself with some of the action of the egyptian government, and that we don't want to be seen as complies -- and maybe commercial purchases and so forth things like tear gas canisters and so forth. i think it's, you know, it's very embarrassing to the united states when equipment like that is used these are attempts by

the administration to then to signal without going as far as to coddle off military -- cut off military systems. as we see toward syria as well, it's the style of this administration to do try to do things step-by-step. >> thank you for your question, the press and -- through a -- [inaudible] freedom of expression in addition to some of the other violation of human rights. certainly we have seen that. we seemed, you know, immediately followed coup on july 3rd, we saw many -- [inaudible] who were supportive of morsi and theerod immediately shut down and the violence that erupted the last several weeks that has included violence against journalists, including the death of some egyptian journalists and at least one

foreign journalist killed in egypt. we have seen lots of journalists have the camera and equipment and seized and not returned. we have seen a general intimidation of the press, and we have seen pretty quickly most of the domestic media that is now operating inside egypt to sort of fall in line and generally largely supportive of the military's action and the interim government that is now in place. the level we have seen in the

past like -- foreign journalists are completely -- [inaudible] but it's a very troubling scene particularly for the domestic media. we'll open it to the floor. please state your affiliation loudly and state your question. [inaudible] large stockpile of arms in libya, so there's a likely likelihood of civil war in egypt. so how do you think about that? thanks. >> what is the likelihood of civil war in egypt, and how do you address that? >> thank you. you know, i have to start by noting that the security challenges that so you just

pointed to. the desire jihady groups to infiltrate to the country. those predated the military coup they have been problems for quite awhile. i think they presented challenges to the egyptian government both before and after the event of the summer. i think what we have now; however, that is exacerbated the situation. let me say, i don't believe that egypt is heading toward civil war. i don't believe it will become a failed state. i think the military and internal security services have significant capacity as described. sometimes they deploy that capacity in inappropriate ways. they had plenty of capacity to deal with security threat and we're seeing that. i think that the political con front station -- confrontation is having a few effects. number one, there is a number

-- there's a segment of the egyptian population who are members of the muslim brotherhood, who now feel surrender seeing and under threat. some supporters and members of the brotherhood have clearly employed violence both against government buildings and government security forces but also against regular egyptian citizens. this is reprehensible and unacceptable. but it does not amound at this point to anything like an insurgency. these are small-scale incidents and they need a response that is rooted in the rule of law and the fact that the government needs to have a monopoly on the use of force. it needs to use the force responsibly; however, what you have, you know, president kennedy once said if you make peaceful change impossible you

make violent change inevitable. to at least a certain extent you have to see it's taking place in egypt today. not all of those brotherhood supporters are going turn to violence. some of them will. not all the jihadi groups in the region will flock egypt. some of them will. i think there's no question that the political crisis and confrontation in cairo between the military, the old state, the liberal and secular politicians and the infamous politicians that steve was describing that conversation is having ripple effects that are generating more violence and more security threats to average egyptians. and average egyptians will pay the price the longer the confrontation goes on. unfortunately the most vulnerable will pay the biggest price, and i think we see that particularly among egypt's christian community.

[inaudible] is there a change for democracy? [inaudible] we knew when egyptian carried out the first revolution in january of 2011 if egypt was going make this transition from authoritarianism, which is what egyptians said they wanted to do. it would be long and hard and

not something that e early morning in a year or two or three. and that there would probably be many setbacks and so forth on the way. if they torp eventually get there. i say it's still possible for egypt to become a democracy. i see what has happened as having been a setback, you know, on the other hand, if mohammed morsi as a very unsuccessful president had lost an election,ic that would have been a step forward for egypt's democracy. for him to be unsuccessful and exclusionary in office and be voted out in a regular election or even if they held an early election, that swrowltd been a message there's a accountability to the citizens and so forth through the ballot box. unfortunately a military coup didn't send that message. it doesn't mean that it's all over. we can't give up on egypt. egypt is a very important country. a very large country.

the most populace country in the middle east. i believe the mega trends that was mentioned. the youth bulge the citizens demand for a government that is accountable and provides services and so forth are not going away. so i think there will be more phases in egypt and it's possible that, you know, in the course of the coming years that egypt can become a democracy. >> we have time for two more questions. [inaudible] regarding the review, i mean, i'm not trying to -- [inaudible] the evaluation what is going on in egypt, --

[inaudible] the outcome of the u.s. policy tour in egypt especially in regarding democracy [inaudible] second, in one moment you have any regret in your understanding or apiecing or appealing the slammist u of democratickization? >> what do you expect from the u.s. in helping them move the democracy along, and do you have any expectations for the muslim brotherhood? on the review, i think the fundamental underlying premise

of american policy since the revolution in the spring of 2011 has been that stability requires democracy. they are not i did cot mouse alternative. i would argue stability in sinai has suffered from the rookiness and the misteeing from the egyptian political transition. if the jichtion government and particularly the military and security services continue down a path that involves the accepted use of force, clample down on individual liberty on

basic april freedom no prospect therefore of a political process that stabilize the country. then the united states is going see egypt as a messy place is getting messier. and setting aside the policy considerations from a political perspective in america today the american public does not want to touch that kind of mess in the middle east. so i think that is just the political context in the reality of the white house is dealing with. you asked whether any of us have regret regarding our support for democracy and the muslim brotherhood. let me be very clear. i know, you know this, thomas. the three people sitting up here today have each of us been clear eyed and critical of what we saw as action by the muslim brotherhood and morsi that are

undermining of democratic product in issue. they issued a korea that set he rammed through a constitution that was exclusionary and did not contain core right protection for sustainable democracy. he and his party were burning -- pushing a through a would have clamped down public protest, a law that would have essentially nationalized civil society organization in the country. i don't think in i of us have any illusion about the trajectory he was on. we voiced those concerns. that is in no way, i think to say that i'm easy or relaxed about the outcome in egypt. i think what happened on july third has sent the country further down the path toward instability taking it farther away from democracy. thank you.

>> i agree with that. i'll expand a little bit. i think it's certainly the case over the past year myself and our organization consistently urged the u.s. government including patterson to be more forceful and apply more pressure on the muslim brotherhood in response to antidemocratic actions they were taking. having said that, we have been and continue to be supportive of what we see in democracyization in egypt. and i think in no way we or sort of really any in washington supportive of the brotherhood. -- we were very concerned about antidemocratic measures were

that taken during the, you know, 17 -- 18 months when the armed forces were in charge. we were equally -- i don't believe the exclusion from the brotherhood from the process at an earlier stage would put egypt at the on the right trajectory. i don't believe the exclusion now that will allow genuine democracy to emerge in egypt. >> unfortunately that was a long question, and we're out of time. but i'm sure you would like to join me in thanking our guests for joining us today. and sharing this most important information about the crisis in egypt. thank you. [applause]

[inaudible conversations]

washington journal is live on c-span every day at 7:00 a.m. eastern. president obama former president clinton and carter among

speakers wednesday at the 50th anniversary on the march on washington. we'll bring you live coverage of the march and dr. martin luther king's "i have a dream" speech starting at 11:00 a.m. eastern on c-span. glrvelgt the favorite is racial bullying. they love it. it's their favorite thing. the reason for that the left philosophy is based almost solely and completely at this point on the idea they stand up for victimized groups. everything they do is stand up on behalf of some victimized minority. blacks, jews, gay, women it doesn't matter if they're a minority they're standing up for you. if we oppose their policy, the necessity the -- that is sort of the philosophy they tried out.

join us on booktv is michael who is the founder of a group called publishers lunch. start by telling us what that is. >> it's a lot of things. it's an e-mail news letter that tells everyone in the book publishing business what is going every day. we have a wshes that has data bases and tools that all the the people here juice to find out the information they need. report their deal, find each other. get business done. >> why that name? what is your background?

>> the or begin is where lunchtime is where the publishing business exchange information when the internet came along we invented the business and try to find the metaphor for the digital i came up with publishers launch. they knew what they were getting in the business before they saw what was in the news letter. i have been in the book business professionally my whole life. i ran a small publishing company of my own for fifteen years. i worked for -- it's a great industry. i'm happy to have found a way to be part of it even as time change and media change and people change. >> the year 2012, early 2013 how has it been for the book industry. >> overall it's been surprisingly positive. in 2012 there were a couple of

hits. one was "hunger games" for younger readers as well as cross over readers which carried to young adult literature. "50 shades of grey" who brought all kind of leaders who don't read very much. digital books have become popular for a segment of people and given them access to books they might not had previously. statistically speaking the industry grew last year. by most adowntown it's at least holding steady this year. long form reading appears to be alive and well. >> we're here at book expo america which is the publishers annual trade show. i'm holding a book that certainly doesn't exist. in is put together by publishers lunch. what is this? >> a big fat sample. it's prepublication excerpt 40 very interesting highly touted books that are coming out this

fall and winter. it's meant to be something for readers everywhere that replicates the experience of what is going on for trade insiders which is people are coming and hearing pitch about new book and getting sample. they are picking up free copy because the books aren't really out yet. we have surveyed the publishers and collected excerpts from a lot of books we think are some of the most interesting and now everyone can kind of get the convention experience and see the books people might be talking about and when they come out. >> where is it available right now for people watching this? >> it's available in e-book form for everyone watching the show. it's on every major platform. whatever e bookstore you like that read on. they a copy of it you can download it for free. >> i want to ask you about a couple of books 2013. alan's count down. >> sure. i read that this morning. i liked it so much. he was originally the best

selling author of "the world without us" it's sort of the world with us. whroops in a world in which we have so many people competing for pressure resources. how is it going to work intrapersonally how can the planet hold us? the excerpt is et set in israel and looks at the issue through the lens of the palestinian families who like to have big families and different reasons for having big families and competing for water because israel is the desert. he's traveled around the world. i think he went to twenty different countries and talked to people and found out how the issues play out in different places. >> and valerie has a fiction book coming out. >> yes. she turned to a thriller writer. he has a coauthor. it's the first of a series. needless to say he brings to bear her life experience but as

free from being surveyed by the people she used to work for. it's in a fixal con technical. >> one book is james swanson. under the young adult category. "president has been shot." it's a lot of fun. people may remember him for "manhunt "what is happening this time he written the book about the assassination of jfk and publishing an adult version. highway has done an young adult version. we have the sample of the young adult version. out of buzz books 2013, fall, winter, what did you excited about? >> i keep dipping in and finding thins with e like. we have authors people know and love. a new novel from elizabeth. and wally who has a huge sign here. we have great fiction last

year. we are one of the first people tell people about the "yellow bird "which went on to be one of the best recognize award book of the year. this year we have another six or so debut fiction. the best thing is it has a lot of everything. regular fiction, debut fiction, young adult works and the non-fiction we discovered. one thing that might be fun for television viewers. there's a man named henry who was johnny carson's long-time lawyer who was in the shadows for literally decades but carson called him his best friend. he challenges in his book, yet he has stories and insight to a man everybody knew so well but didn't know at all. michael and the group is called publishers' lunch. it's publishersmarketplace. this is booktv on c-span2. next a look at the creation of the american arsenal during world war ii.

author maury talks about his book. this is about an hour. [applause] thank you, john. it's a pleasure to be here and to talk about this subject, which has kind of been on my mind for the last few years. this is strange top knick the sense that nobody has really done a book of this type. i always wondered why. i would like to claim credit for the subject, but the sphact that the real credit belonged to my editor, a really fine editor named peter. who asked me almost ten years ago if i would be interested in doing a book like this because he always thought there was a story in here that needed to be told. he had never seen it told. and i looked in to it at the time and i said, let me think

about it. i thought about it. i didn't see what i could do with it. and i said no, i don't think i'm the person for this. and we went on and did another book. then i had to do yet another book i committed to. at the end of the second book peter came back and said might you still now be interested in this book? and i said let me look tat again. and for whatever reason, i did this time see a story and the reason for seeing the story is that every book particularly in history has what i like to call scafting which is a structure that hold everything together and makes sen of it. this story has so many almost -- elements there's no on scarfing beyond the fact of the criminology. going from 1939 to 1954. within that, what do you do?

the second time around i saw scostledding. not all of it. it sort of evolved awent along. i'm grater -- i ended up with a become i had no idea i was going to write. and that's the one i would like to tell you a little bit about. why does it matter? it matters because world war xii literally shaped the world we live in today. it preserved and easy to forget this because it sounds like a cliche. it preserved the world for democracy. world war i, we're going to mention in a moment, had the logan making the world safe for democracy. didn't work out that. it made the world ready for yet another war. but in this case, if the access had gained more momentum, they might very well have snuffed out the largest democratic society

in the world. that is one element of it. it also ended the depression. the new deal had failed to do that, despite very strenuous attempts, but the start of large expendture in may of 1940 is what finally started putting the depression to bed. from that point on, the economy grew by leaps and bounds because of the war effort. in doing that, it put a whole generation of unemployed americans back to boric and then some. and a lot of people who had never worked. when we talk about sacrifice, which we will in a couple of minutes, it's ab ironic thing that the war made a lot of americans much better off than they had been in the past, if at all because they had gone through some very -- a lot had gone through some very hard time. it created all kinds of modern

institutions, everything from the tax system to social security which was on the books then. but which was in effect nailed town during the war. it created what we now call the industrial military complex, and it created literally the american military. if that is the way that this war turned out, nobody saw this pretty much at the beginning. and that's where the story starts. i want to make two or three basic points that really governor where the book went. the first -- excuse me, the first of these is that there really two era that we're talking about here. they are very, very different. the first one, which we call preparedness begin when hitler invaded poland september, 1939,

and goes to pearl harbor. that 27-months is the most difficult time of all because we are not in the war we don't want to be in the war. we want to, in many cases, pretended we have nothing do to scare do with the war. denial and so forth. the second disappoint that one of the reasons so you this kind of difference is the legacy of world war i. the end of world war i left a very bad taste in american's mouths. it didn't out the way it was supposed to. the idealism got crushed. it ended up with a cynical

treaty of versailles that set stage for world war ii. it did not -- there's the old tom leer joke about we beat the germans in 1917 and they hardly bothered sense. they bothered us very much in the years to come. for more important for the americanss is how the war ended at home. number one, we sometimes forget this. on the tail end of the war came the worst epidemic in modern history. the great flu deep -- epidemic which killed over 20 million people worldwide and quite a number of american. that was just sort of a side car. number two, the american economy had ramped up to produce armament for the war. ironically most of the anment never got in the war when we wept to the war in april of 1917, we used mostly european weapons.

for example, we started building airplane not an single -- what we had is a largest armament industry in the world. almost immediately after that and the end of the war the government started canceling contract. when i say canceling, i mean, just like this. without warning, they pulled them factories are left but production lines still half full. thousand of workers are let go without washing. the state like connecticut felt it because they had so many of these kind of plants. and companies were left with buildings, factories, plants they had built to fry's.

wl, they said, you have to doing? for us. what are we going do for the buildings and the machinery and so forth. the company everything from remington's arms to you name it simplier to down the factories. gutted them because they want to carry the expense of them. the result was at the time you get to 1939. we had no armament industry. so when the war breaks out in europe, we're in very pitiful shape. the u.s. army is something like 28th in the world we're not

going make another generation of instant millionaires. roosevelt was very sensitive to this. he obviously had the conflict with the business community. and he wasn't about to let it happen.

but at the same time he had to get this process moving. that was one of his many dill lem ma after the in-- innovation to political capital -- poll poland. there's no such thing as a great generation. there's no way to measure what is great about a generation. what you measure is human

behavior. hi repeats i.t. -- history never repeats i.t. but historical patterns do. the historical patterns are based on human behavior. if you go down through the generations you will see human behavior runs the whole gamete from the ultimate givers to the ultimate takers. that's no different from this generation than from any other. for every patriot who wept throughout and try to enlist to serve his country, there was more than one of him that was doing anything they could get out of getting in the military. for everybody who cheerfully accepted rationing and did their clengting shortages, there were people who thumbed their noses and visited mr. black. the black market. mr. black was one of the busiest businessmen throughout the years. there was no way to contain it.

if you want to call this generation anything, i call them the unlucky generation. because they found themselves having to deal with the worst economic crisis in the history that literally threatened the american dream only then to deal with the clough loss sal war on an unprecedented scale that threatened the democracy itself. it's possibility to -- first of all, as john pointed out no war had even remotely approached the scale of the one tps. truly a world war. it's fought on three continents.

it's fought on virtually every ocean. and the fact we are split between a war in europe and a war in the pacific vastly the delivery of good. getting them there. the problem in the atlantic is getting them through the taber man submarine that were taking an incredible toll of ship first with the british then when we got in the war they were literally up-and-down the american coast. in that coast, from some places you could literally see ships being torpedoed and spunk. if you went to the beach you might often find everything from body parts to piece of a ship washed ashore. it was a very ugly scene. the same problem didn't exist or accept on a -- except on a tiny scale in the pacific.

the problem was sheer distant. how do you get stuff all the way to where it was going? in trying to mobilize the country, roosevelt, who had not as far as we know, and it seems to be the case. had not planned to run again in 1940. he thought that if we could mobilize industry to at least start preparing war goods then we would be in a position help the ally once the start started. the problem is they didn't want to -- [inaudible] you had some of the extreme.

they wanted to buy stuff from us. and we were cheerfully ready to sell them this. one of the thing they needed were aircraft engine for the plane. and henry's son was called to washington and said if we desperately need engines for the raf. can you make them? he said sure we can turn out quite a few of those. he went back and told his father what he said, then with the embarrassed face had to tell washington that we're can't do it. you will make --

the open significance to the war and getting not only getting in to that. that was wide spread. even helping the ally was incredibly strong. and roosevelt had to literally walk a tight rope. the first thing he ended up doing, of course, running for president for an unprecedented third term because he didn't want to leave the country's leadership. and he did not announce, by the way, that he was going run for the third term until the democratic convention met in july of 1940. everything was playing the will he or won't he? it was the great washington lottery of the spring of 1940. when he finally did inform the convention that he would be a

candidate, they breathed a sigh of relief because they didn't have a strong candidate. he couldn't campaign because he lost so much else to do. the campaign existed of seven major speeches. and his traditional tour of his neighborhood on election eve. roosevelt had a difficult time campaigning anyway. he had to go by train. he could not -- he hated to fly. he only flown once in his life that was to accept the nomination in 1932. never did it again. and he had a large ententh annual radiology. to the extent they could give speeches they had to be within 12 hours of washington.

he happened to be at the edge of the revolution in the republican party. it was pretty much bankrupt of id. an outsider who was a democracy but they managed to get willkie the nomination in 1940. willkie, like roosevelt, was an internationalist. willkie believed that the allies should be helped. and by taking that position, he took the issue basically out of the campaign. which was a great help. in fact, he took some other issues out of the campaign then had a hard time finding

something to run on. that's why the campaign got kind of personal and nasty by the end. once roosevelt of the elected he could move forward a little more boldly. what he proceeded to do was step by step increase american aid to the allies, increase the buildup of american armaments, and in every way possible find outlooks that would increase the finance available for all of this. it's going to be a precedented set of expenditure. that's why the tax system was revolutionized during the war. it might surprise you. it was not a case of soak the the rich. it was more of a case of moving

the exception down farther and farther until millions of people who never had to pay taxes now had to pay taxes. in other words this a never went away. that's where you can think that part of the tax code. it was a strange time and a strange way of doing things. americans said yes they should be taxed. they didn't really kick about it. the hard part was finding two things. finding the way of getting goods to the allies, and creating an organization that would ramp up production. the key to getting goods to the allyies turned out to be one of the most powerful bills ever

passed by congress. at the time it was said that this bill gave the president more power than any act passed by congress. roosevelt never -- and he had -- i think the difficult yis even then. the russians were in deed need of weapons. roosevelt of happy to furnish them. there was a lot of opposition in this country to giving weapons to the communists. remember this is on the heel of the stalin of the 1930s. there was a lot of tap dancing around that issue. the argument of roosevelt and others is simple.

it they can do it, let them go. it the only question is how long can they hold out. remember what hitler had done. he had taken poland very quickly in september of 1939, then nothing happened. this was one called the phony war. when he in-- invaded poll land. american businesses sensed there was going to be a way of war orders. they were encouraged to build up the inventory. and they built up their inventory. nothing happened. business went flat again for the next several months. and everybody thought there's not going to be any further war. not until may of 1940 when

hitler launched the real blitz degree and took over the low land, france, and eventually other countries as well he not only planted the german flag over most of the european continent. he collected all the resource of those countries. and the resource were considered. germany is very short of a lot of resources. this was one way he could get them. if the in the sense germany owned europe where would they go next? a lot of people warned it would be south america or even north america. we actually at one point roosevelt sent troops to greenland to make sure that they didn't go there. that would have been a nice steppingstone to this country. the real men nice when hitler

began pounding great britain was if great britain fell not only would hitler get the resources maybe even the navy, but that is the navy that we counted on to control the atlantic. the american fleet is all in the pacific. as parole hair bonn demonstrated. as a result what happened in effect if hitler controlled the atlantic. we would have no trade roots. we would have no capacity for getting out of our own port. at that time we didn't have a two-ocean navy. that was one of the things that had to be built up. this is a very serious situation. how then did we meet it? >> we met it largely by yiewt lidsing the -- utilizing the one thing americans did best which was mass production.

we invented it. we invented it in the auto industry. this is the first wholesale war in the history. you're talking about a country the united states that is basically on wheels. as a result we had not only the scale of our productive capacity, but we have the technical know-how all we had do was organize it. all we had to do. and that's basically what the book is about. if in fact we could do that, the goal was literally to bury the access in weapons. the germans had better weapons. i'll give you one exception in a

moment. they didn't have nearly as many. and the result of that was once we got production moving it didn't occur until 1943, the tide of the war could change. and it did change. and we made the decision that we would basically focus on europe, and even though the first attack had come in the pacific, we would fight a holding action there. ..

you'll rarely end up with thousands of blueprints when you're done with this type of thing. but there are so many more

of them. the way mass production works and most people did not understand this because they would come to price their fort if you have 1,000 cars for a week but number one the tank is not like a car it is different. number two they're not set up to make things. you don't just say stop making ford's and run the tank down the line. you need a whole new set of machinery. either to carry things out or build a new plant then in smoke -- those cat cases that is what happened but you have to go through the process that i just described and first break down what it is making

deform dealt in -- and engineers can understand and fine tools that can manufacture those parts of large numbers. then design how those machine tools will fit on the factory floor to flow from one to the other. and only then bringing in their raw materials but only then can we start to function. so it is a very slow start up but once there, because it was so slow there was a lot of criticism particularly in 1942 and everybody said where are the planes or the ships or the tanks? nobody ever tried to build a plane on the assembly line.

one that tried to figure that out was charles sorenson because they knew how to do mass production. but then to build a plane one at a time piece by piece. henry kaiser did the same thing for the ships were lease the liberty ship and the gibson would do that for naval vessels. because there is a merchant marines and the navy because everything has to go every -- overseas see better have a lot of ships to cover this.

to solve these complex problems and have some new weapons that changed the world in every sense. to the other truly unique to us are the be 29 bomber, and the atomic bomb which of course, it carried. it may surprise you to know the single most expensive weapons project during the war was not the atomic bomb bomb, it was the be 29. it was so radical of a concept with so many problems particularly particularly, engine problems there was a quota set i had more in june time on that plane and you could ever know.

[laughter] by contrast, the b-17, they would call on the queen of the sky and by the time the board started those already in phase number four. one more example before we go to questions, winning the battle of britain how could so few pilots and few planes ward off so many german planes? one hundred octane gasoline. we had it and could produce it in quantity the germans and did not have it because they did not have an oil industry so their planes did

not have 100 octane gasoline. why did that matter? because then the plane takes off with a shorter distance distance, fly faster, higher , carry higher armaments, it is a far more efficient fighting machine that is what made them formidable weapons in the sky. and that came from the united states. 100 octane gasoline was the one commodity that we never succeeded to making enough during the war. even well into the war we had the enough there was never a problem to have a shortage with there is always a shortage of 100

octane gas because it was taking so many parts is the farther away the war moves a more gasoline me needed and over the pacific, that is a long long way. so that as a preview of a complex story. one of the things that i did in the book to tell the individual stories of a lot of ordinary people. the source was one of the things that allowed me to find the scaffolding for the book they had incredibly good writers are like to a knowledge of the very often they don't have the bylines you don't know who wrote them. if you shouldhaa copy and look t notes you will see how many of these citations go back

to the city will meet all lot of the collections people i enjoyed spending my time with them one of the curses of doing what i do that your knowledge stops where the book stops if you take it beyond you have to do something else like another book. [laughter] let me see if you have it questions. >> could you expand a little bit, and henry kaiser? >> kaiser, i'm not sure if you know, how he got his start. he got his start building the hoover dam and got him into the concrete business.

he moved from one business to another and you are right. is the shasta he did not built he did not build boats and did not know much but his partners had in there is a consortium. together they did the contracts for the merchant ships. how that got kaiser interested. now this is where his home base was developed in west he gave them the first segment plan, a magnesium plant, the first steel mill a year and a host of shipyards up and down the pacific coast. once he went into this business he had very talented and young engineers.

i am not exaggerating. one was in his mid-20s and one was his son. both of his sons. one had built roads in cuba in knew how kaiser worked in said we are going to build a shipyard they did not know that from a banana boat and he said wear? richmond california there is nothing there. before long there were three shipyards there so you and up the coast to vancouver then there were two more there. huge. a kaiser did was if you look dip the existing shipyard's they were cramped for space a when you build a ship you build it piece by piece as a

boutique operation so they have all these people falling all over each other trying to do whatever job they are doing and it is jerry eddie fisher and it would drive up production manager crazy. he changed all that. build the form -- from the bottom up break it into as large a part as you can make it. they literally do this like a puzzle, the number the part and what determines how large of a part you could make? one, how much can the kreme with? to, if the parts are being made here and assembled here, how much clarence does the railroad have? in the california that wasn't a big problem there's a lot of land to spread it

out and literally fabricate the parts here and build the ships here. there literally built them. first he took them out of the water and put them on dry land they would build them on dry land and i think i have a picture of this in the book, just a row. they go down period each person is doing their job like an assembly line. it is a very different assembly line but if you look it any shipyard, you will see the parts and the labeling. grab one of those employed on the crane and taken over. that is how you go from building one ship at a time for turning it on a ship and at 1.there is a contest to see who could build one the fastest by setting everything up and it really

did help the people who came to see it and gave them ideas. klay built one in 10 days. a whole liberty ship. edgar turnaround and did one in five. after that they went back to normal production you have all the crew set up with everything in place but that is basically what kaiser did. what was his role? not doing all that. that is his foyers. he became the ultimate washington insider. he knew where to go, who to talk to, he had an idea that one of the weapons for submarine warfare would be flat carriers because one way to fight the submarine

but what about the baby carriers? or submarines? what finally ended this submarine menace, which is not a convoy is although leadership of the navy was sporadic at the least and they insisted the only way to fight submarines is with a convoy. but a finally beat them was a combination of a new type of a destroyer and airplanes especially the modified be 24 which sought out the submarines and would not about then. but kaiser went to roosevelt

won the navy said they wanted them and he said yes. build some. that is the kind of thing he would do. about was his ultimate talent and he got so much publicity chief became the celebrity of the production process for gulf. anyone else? >> would use speak very briefly about the rationing that was necessary and tight control? >> one of the biggest problem us during wartime is inflation. there is a couple of ways to fight that. the best way is taxing. remember americans are making more than they have made in ages so you have to tax them.

and they were willing to be taxed but congress was reluctant. the other way is to ration so there are not goods available in the military kept absorbing more goods so the rationing started on a modest scale and eventually extended to a large number of products. and for just one example what say that the shoes were rationed. they were. you were entitled x dollars worth of shoes that to be $5. what if you wanted a better pair? when they saw that wasn't working the issue were entitled to one pair of shoes. what they are is up to you

brouhaha ultimately what i

go into considerable detail a lot of that stuff mr. black did very well. he made out like a bandit but the black market is the way it worked during the war. anybody else? >> i would like to know how roosevelt was able to get

them through the isolationist congress? >> by a very familiar tactic , he had the votes. they made the noise but he knew going in coming in this particular case he had republican support. and that was not a close vote but let me describe another vote that is just as important one of the controversial acts of the past is the first peacetime draft how to get americans to excepted draft at a time when we're not in the war and convinced we will not be in the war? but it was passed and people were called up for one year. and that came to a close but

not extending the term of service of these people who literally gutted the army. literally in the george marshall chief of staff is beside himself that this possibility but it had become a political issue we've made a promise they could go home after one year we have to honor their promise. this went around and around. when the bill to extend came to the floor of congress in the senate it passed by a few votes in the house, one vote. a reporter was talking to a british citizen in london that was getting bombed at the time. he said the americans are a curious people then they talk about extending freedom

and democracy everywhere then the next day they decide they will have an army. [laughter] any of their questions? >> and looking at a merrick said did you looked how russia would build up their armament? were they as fully prepared as we were and how did they address it? >> no. remember the world was shocked when stalin but the reason for his plan to view. in basically buying time to build up.

said they're in good shape about was western russia what said german and were running the would have to pack up equipment and machinery inky moving inland. when roosevelt wanted to know we could do to help cover he did not know stalling yet and he sent harry hopkins who was very sick but still under went to the torturous flight to russia. he met stalling and asked him what do you need? he said basically machine guns and anti-aircraft guns, tanks, airplanes later. and hopkins got a feel for stalling and it was pretty good dan told roosevelt it is worth doing. the roosevelt had to push his own cabinet to get it

done but this was all according to that henry the only time the u.s. up grade people in the space the were schoolchildren and he wanted it done now. and not just the stuff that is lying around. [laughter] in fact, to get some of the planes to russia, he bar them from british planes in storage and replaced those. any other questions? so now you know, everything [laughter] let me leave you with one interesting fact from when you talk about sacrifices. it is true that more

americans hatter rising standard of living during the war. however, it may surprise you to know that more americans died industrial accidents during the war than died in combat. now when you consider there is 11 million in the military, and 40 some million or 30 in the workforce but if you looked at those factories and all the people working under some really tough conditions and it will not surprise you but that is a shocking statistic. i thank you very much. [applause]

>> i was thinking this

morning it could be a statement like move on the part of president obama in particular since the united states cancel the summit meeting. to request of the day is of one-on-one bilateral meeting with president putin. but i think the chances of that happening are less than 5%, a slim to none. i think there is a high degree of anger on the part of the obama is administration, relations and mr. obama in particular in his personal regard for

end to talk about the kid in the back of the room, but it is harder to imagine you can see them covet and walked back to make a decision. maybe it is syria that is extremely brave and a dangerous. to justify that.

>> i have five books on my reading list and it is my wish list so i get to three of them is a success. one of them for "the washington post" called 10 letters a look back at people who write letters to president obama and he reads eaton letters every day from everyday americans a we found 10 that had written the president of real stories in the face of the economic recession.

it is a unique look back and looking at some of the reactions. but it has been a pretty good week. i am almost done with that then i move on to accept congress, another writer from the "washington post" powell he explains why congress is so broken and. and in the '70s he said it is a big difference between then and now it is obvious to most people but he finds that in a few different ways. after that another book from "the washington post" coming it is not on purpose but collision 2012 was is a look back at the 2012 campaign also to the 2008 campaign this is the obama of verses romney race going on in august. the other is through the

perilous fight. a bedded is a unique look back at the six weeks when washington was under siege and how it changed but if i can get through those dial be proud of myself. maybe "the great gatsby" i saw the movie. i will finish that up as well.

>> good evening. is a pleasure to be here tonight in my home town. i like to start off thank you for hosting the event tonight as well as everyone that came and i want to give the nurses a special thank-you as well. i will set the stage of the 30 american is a arrived in albania just across the adriatic from italy and northern greece and then will discuss the daring rescue and read a small section of the book and we can address any questions you may have. in early november 4313 flight nurses in medics boarded a transport plane with the flight crew. they were travelling from

the headquarters from sicily to the north for they were scheduled to pick up other patients then to transport them to more fully equipped hospitals but bad weather over the past three days and patients have piled up. although it was sunny and clear that day the aircraft encountered a violent storm pushing the plane off'' -- of course, they managed to avoid dangers waterspouts but they lost communication and instant panel was not functioning after several hours in the ear not realizing they had crossed the adriatic they thought the best chance for survival was to land the plane. they found an airfield west german planes that looks like they were abandoned during the war go when they attempted the plane came down in the americans were under fire they quickly

ascended only to find them in the path to german fighter planes it had now turned into a fight every journey and the weapons themselves and ducked in and out of clouds and found a small piece of land rugged mountains surrounding with they couldn't land. the ground was still saturated with water the landing gear sold intel completely submerged jim brock the plane to violence stop the few sottish and hovered upright for a few seconds before doing a belly flop. those in the back and not buckle been were severely injured in the crash. with passengers tried to get bearings and found out they were surrounded by rugged terrain but then rough

looking at the men came and surrounded them. this began the one month journey, the months long journey to face life-threatening incidents and forced it to hide it that night with villagers that would risk their lives. during one german attack within one week three nurses were separated from others. not knowing if they were alive the rest of the party had no choice but to wander through the terrain looking desperately for a way to escape. four weeks they would go into one village to another that were members of the resistance group to find them food and shelter for part-timers the americans were not sure they could trust them they seemed to be used as propaganda but meanwhile the army was trying to find a missing plane and passengers.

they sent out search planes but no signs anywhere. the americans quickly learned albania was a small country that changed very little over several hundred years. german tried -- troops occupied after italy surrendered and thousands of italian troops, many of whom would not survive the winter would wander the countryside. loss of the entrance between the two resistance groups they had erupted into a civil war and that was as much a threat to them as the germans. after 22 days they finally located a british officer with the americans did not know it at the time the men worked for the special operations executive that was churchill's secret army. granted control in 1942 when

the office of secret services were called into zones that were weiner the other were shared by both and the majority of the officers have received the same type of training but to schools that the middle east and although the course work remained the same there were skiing in kalemie and a mule management class's were offered. one found that a lot. instead of being in the sky they could wear uniforms to was the end the harsh conditions. some added a local touch so the first men arrived to

help the two main resistance groups but with the men fenestration they seemed more interested to kill one another than anything else. but one month before the americans crash landed 24 special operations then they all faced constant danger. 16 were eventually captured or killed. the british agreed to stay in contact in cairo then relayed the information to the american officials this staff was happy there's a fund in their care then they would assist a few weeks earlier after setting up a new headquarters where the plane was originally headed. the nin allow them to

establish a communications link that is critical for the rescue mission needed and they quickly devise a plan but they would need help of an officer to get them now. that man would be all ss officers and as he was stationed in egypt almost one year and then promoted to captain when he was recruited early september 1943. the recruiter promised because his brother clayton was is servicing overseas and he later wrote a laissez to do something more exciting than ordinary i would have trouble living with him after the war. [laughter] soon after his commanding officer said we have a priority job and how would you like to give albania? smith knew little of the language but to a standard american to bring it to the

coast in case there were evacuation's. he received orders on the 30th and by september 2nd he made two attempts to cross the adriatic. won the second attempt was canceled because of the discovery of german mines committee decided to weigh in and tell the area was clear. but it would be nice for the second pearl harbor not to be heard and the 17 hour ships were destroyed. but to take a british motor fishing vessel under the cover of darkness and the cover story, the treatment

other prisoner for was far better with the commando order in place from hiller. it demanded all allied men caught behind enemy lines were to be killed immediately but the former dentist from california and with the united states navy reserve you thought i have playtime. >> and bringing in desperately needed supplies. >> ed evening -- that even there we get supplies to the nearest shore. so smith would go from 800 feet with a series of caves overlooking the adriatic and then would evacuate personnel and bring weapons and supplies and

with intelligence material. so the scorpions also saw this as a temporary home and british -- the british secret intelligence service mi as well as americans. the days were long.