because it's gotten worse. >> things have gothen worse and will continue in terms of due process. we just over the last tour five years, and there's spending, in terms of new regulatory, and there's new massive regulatory agencies, you know, protection and regulation of financial markets and dodd-frank and other things. we didn't have that previously, and so more's at stake, and, you know, look at history, if anything is in the last 50

years, it's from time to time, it's temporary toned down, but if that's continuing, your concern, i think, is valid. now, there's two possibilities. just because law is complicated, doesn't mean judges say i'm not going to take a guess on what it should be; right? it may be more random in terms of the system, and my guess is it's the most likely outcome. i don't think i've seen over the last four or five add enringses where the new judges have fallen. look at citations to judge's opinions by oir judges now by those nominated four or five administrations ago how much has fallen over time. other judges don't think the new guys are as smart as previous judges were. [laughter] so i don't see that as being related in any way to evidence

that these judges are saying too complicated, i can't figure it out, and i'm just going to go throw the case out. i don't see evidence of that, and i don't see why that's the case in the future. maybe smarter judges realize better than the dumber ones how much more complicated it is. anyway, thank you very much for your time. i appreciate it. [applause] >> why does it matter? and they preserve democracy, and world world war i, which i'll mention in a moment, made the world safe

for democracy, but it didn't work out that way, but it made the world ready for another war. in this case, if the axis gain momentum, they may have been snuffed out in the democratic society in the world. that's one element of it. it also had the depression. the new deal fail to do that despite attempts, but the start of largely spending those in the 40s, and from that point on, the economy grew by leaps and bounds because the war, and in doing that, it put a whole generation of unemployed americans back to work and then some. a lot of people would never work. when we talk about sacrifice, which we will in a couple minutes, it's an ironic thing

that the war made a lot of americans much better than they had been in the past. they went through this, a lot of very hard times, and it created all kinds of modern institutions, everything from the tax system to social security, on this, but which was on during the war, created what we now call the industrial military complex, and it created the american military. if that is the way that this war turn out, nobody knew at the beginning, and that's where the story starts. i want to make two or three basic points that really govern

in a big way. it begins when hitler invaded poe land, 1939, and goes to pearl harbor. that 27 months is the most difficult time because we are not in the war, we don'tment to be in the war, and we want to pretend we had nothing to do with the war, and i'll explain why in a moment, and as a result, it was very difficult to get americans to start mobilizing the defenses. this is full of conflict, excuse, denials, and the second point is that one of the reasons why you have this kind of

difference is the legacy of world war i. the end of world war i left a very bad taste in americans' mouth. it didn't come out the way it was supposed to and idealism was crushed and ended up with the treaty of versailles, and it did not -- there's a little comment there about beating them in 1917 and hardly bothered since. they bothered us very much in the years to come, but more important for americans was how the war ended at home. number one it's in the worst form, and number two, the

american economy rmped up to produce armorment for the war, and they never got in anymore. we went in war in 1917 using mostly real weapons, for example, had tanks, hand grenades and so forth were bought from the british, but we had, at that point, what, by 1918, the largest arian norment in the world. largely after the end of the war, the government started producing contracts. and it's just like -- without warning. thousands of workers were -- a

state like connecticut felt it because they had so many of these. at the very least, we need a tax credit so we can carry these in case they were ever needed again. in almost every case, remmington arms to you name it, tore down the fake tries, gutted them because they didn't want to carry the expense of them. the result was by the time you get to 1939 we have no industry so when the world breaks down in

europe, we're in pitiful shape. the u.s. army is something like 28th in the world. it appearses they could have a battle to a group of boy scouts and nots much more. all of this coupled with the scandal that emerged after the 20s and 30s over ammunition contracts, bankers, they developed this whole idea which became popular that the war had been brought on by the bankers and ammunition manufacturers simply for profits, and that weighed very helve so that -- heavily so when it came time in the 40 period to talk mobilizing, preparedness, one of

the themes was always, no, we're not making another generation of instant millionaires. roosevelt wascepstive to this because he had his conflicts with the business community, and he was not about to let that happen, but, at the same time, he had to get this process moving. that was one of the many dilemmas after the invasion of poland. >> watch this and other programs online at booktv.org. >> welcome to live coverage of texas book festival in austin bringing coverage from the state capitol by several authors talking about their books. first, to kick off the coverage, we begin with george packer, author of "the