next earnest released the drone. to him is armando rafael murrieta and the lower-level you have the second one right here is pedro cabrera. so you had for almost every club. out of four, three of them would appear in the major leagues. cabrera, raffaella may not nren are some nice. most interestingly, perhaps the best of the poor are the ones who never got to play in the major leagues. in the 1908 season, he was the club's second-leading hitter. he won 19 games as a pitcher, c. was both an outfielder and a picture and he played up positions at the club and was one of the leading players. however, there was a royal among the owners executive said the team after the season because some suspected there were players on this new britain club. they didn't name them, but it

might not have been otherwise allowed to play in organized baseball. to the owners voted that nomar contract be extended to nonwhite players. be that there were no african-american players, they specifically retired the cuban players that played on a new britain club. so the manager of the new britain team had to travel down to havana to verify the ancestry of his four cuban players in order for them to play in the 1909 season. his results were a verified date in like african ancestry and the elders. they said that the drug did have a mother who appeared to have african ancestry and therefore went down from update. then the cuban stars performed quite well in 1909. so while the black baseball

circuit in the cuban link to charles senate seat got word of this talented cuban. he invites him to spring training. predrawn performs well for the white sox. what we saw then was struck comiskey said i'm not going to make that risk assessment or management or whatever to assign this ballplayer because he's a bit off color in terms of the color line. on the whole was i try to do in the book is talk about the point of exclusion along the color line is never fixed. here we see a player like to draw who could play for a while because the talent was so good in the organized baseball. it was a bit too dark to get the shot to play in the major leagues. however, raffaella armada in 1911 would make it their view in

july 4. in order to justify the minds of those who are watching on. might've been unsettled ids ballplayers are olive toned ballplayers. the cincinnati inquirer used to present them as the purest bars. there's not a lot to a spot on my sketching. so they wanted to make crystal clear that these gentlemen were not of african descent. and it did so by referring to something that in the minds of readers with signify purest bars. some of you have traveled through spain are cracking yourself a bar, but no, that's actually black. here we have a very statement that tries to infer whiteness.

but because that is the home of procter & gamble, 99 of four, 100% pure. that is something that really caught the minds to try to describe today's leadership that these men were not black. again, when it came to latinos, ultimately what we kept seeing was a way to present them not as white, that really is not lack because in the end the color line was about excluding black layers. whether they were from the united states or from the caribbean. that statement you can find throughout the black newspapers and even the mainstream newspapers about the treatment that the players who actually did get into the major leagues received. share code which was one of the sportswriters who commented quite a bit in his columns about the treatment of bobby if the layout and other players received from their own teammates and opposing players

in the white major leagues. the chicago defender describes the bit about the traumatic experience of being a latino in the segregated major league before the dismantling of the color line. and again, you see as much in the african-american. they were always referring to the washington senator importation of these cuban players and how some of them were a bit questionable. indeed, one of the interesting stories i came across a doing interviews with old negro league players, and the 50th anniversary of jackie robbins' first training. speaking on a negro league convention there. one of the old i'll players came up and said most people don't know it de la cruz pitcher played with me on the stars. so here you have a case for

tommy de la cruz started in the negro league was signed and by joe cambria for the baseball club and never disappear in the regular season. but he does eventually show up in 1942 itching for the cincinnati reds. what i found in the book was about a dozen cases of ballplayers who started in the negro league's and moved into the major leagues. the purpose of this is not to say that these men preceded jackie robinson. the color line was still there. what they showed us how the color line is being manipulated throughout this time and how notions of racial difference are plagued upon by executives and major league teams to broker access into major league this fall. >> we and our look at baseball with columnist george will.

mr. weld appeared at the very first book festival in 2001 to discuss his book, bonds. camden yards, pete rose and other reflections on baseball. here's a portion of that event. [applause] >> my marching orders are to talk about and referring to books. one comic collection of political columns in the other a collection of baseball items, which is suitable. first of all because i am a red about politics to support my baseball habit. last night and also because baseball was a formidable experience of my philosophy. i grew up potential and annoyed champagne coming midway between chicago and st. louis at an h2 tenor to make life shaping the vision come i had to choose between being a cubs fan in cardinals fan. all of my friends became cardinal fans and growth liberal and happy. [laughter] and i became a dispatch that

conservatives. the cuts as you know have not won the world series since 1908. which is two years before tolstoy died. [laughter] but that means the cubs are now in the third year of debris building affair. if you go to wrigley field, any team can get a bad century. [laughter] not a spell. again, i try to connect what i write about was something somewhat larger. this is a column written when camden yards opened in baltimore and has a title called love the camden yard. recreation is bert giamatti like to say it's recreation, an attempt to renew ourselves according to some standard, to make a vision poppell bull, thus paradoxically, recreation applies both leisure and what

giamatti calls a reach to get it right. the people responsible did. it was an architect to set god is in the details, could have been a baseball person. baseball giamatti said had the keenest ideas has ever known. this term poetry. here, baseball people dissector better spring or catalog my new variations or release point or deplore the way shortstop is blaming in the pits that's coming. it is their first one to play right that oriole park at camden yards 50 new standard for detailed excellence. three related reasons for the park is receiving standing ovations from critics for its urban dining, it's asymmetry and it's addictive beat. all of these suited to the ceremony of sports and especially of baseball.

baltimore's history, baseball history while hunts for a neighbor much his areas happen. general russia most french forces camped at camden yards in yorktown in 1783. at 3:00 a.m., february 23rd committee to 61, president-elect lincoln passed through candid remote station, just beyond center field on a stealthy journey to washington. he can pass through camden yards in november 1863, traveling to gettysburg in an april 1865, going home to springfield. the centerfield bleachers are near where the first double were fatalities occurred. southern sympathizers thought it was passing through camden station en route to washington after the attack on fort sumter, whereby they fired 4000 shells and killed no one. oriole park is not the first

built on sacred soil. second base in cincinnati's riverfront tedium is on the site of the first place of where rogers. [laughter] the orioles new centerfield was once the site of a similar were george herman with senior solid nickel contains soup. the barkeep son had warehoused power. that may baseball term describes batteries that can hit the old brick vno warehouse 460 feet from camden yards home plate down the right-field line. the file lines at oriole park or different links as it out to be. because space dollars about asymmetry. giamatti who rose from the presidency to the splendor of baseball commissioner said that we associate the share with happiness and leisure at a sporting event with a shared absence of care. giamatti hinted parks without closer represents of paradise.

a ballpark can be a place in an age when religious ceremonies are decreasing as central many lives and in the republican which civic rituals are purposely fuel and spare, sport can satisfy your need for ceremony. baltimore's jewel of a ballpark is worthy of such yearning, yet already is the scene of ones mall ceremony. late one afternoon in august before the song was down at the place where home plate now is, i proposed marriage to the oriole fan who is now mrs. will. [laughter] hey, call my romantic, but i wanted her to know that she ranks right up there near baseball. [laughter] [applause] we have time for a think one more. here is an example of where these of social culture come quite together.

this is written april 13, 1987 on the 40th anniversary of the day that jackie robinson broke into baseball. second base is not for the fainthearted. on the double play, second baseman has his back to the base runner who was barely meant from first disruption on this line. jackie robinson was the second baseman. he also was a dream maker 140 years ago he took the field for the dodgers on the opening day at athens field against the boston braves. robinson's first major-league game was the most event in the emancipation of black americans the civil war. he is one of the two most important blacks in american history. he was the fuse that lit the fire. in 1944, 11 years before rosa

parks refused to move to the back of my primary bus, lieutenant robinson was court-martialed for insisting successfully the fort hood, texas heard of desegregating benefits. he was a lieutenant only because when he was excluded from officer's kennedy school scum he pretested enough to another black at fort riley, kansas, heavyweight champ in, joe louis. the athletic successes of lewis and just yelling in an 1830s, jackie robinson's brother matt from the 200-meter dash at the berlin olympics made the absence of blacks in baseball glaring. then the war in which blacks worse till in hitlerism, nurtured the idea that anyone who could cross omaha beach should also be eligible to cross major-league file lines. also, commercial considerations mingled in the ethical. until the war, three quarters of

all blacks lived in the south and all 16 major league teams were in the north. more production drew blacks north to the bleachers. as takeout makes clear in his splendid book, baseball's great experiment, jackie rabin and his legacy, robinson was a biblical and normal miracle. he probably was not even the best player in the negro leaks, but the best all-night athlete in american history. ..