of immigration. but, he said, when people come to this country they should learn the native language. and i didn't think is speaking about the comanche. i said yes, i quite agree. everybody should learn spanish. ..

tell me a little bit about that. >> guest: they colonized when it started i introduce you might start the idea of when the human colonized arrived. so they were first permanent european call me somewhat is that u.s. territory with three people in puerto rico in 1585 commotions for the first parliament. it was established on this country. i didn't want to take anything away from the tremendous creativity achievement as the anglo has jury of the united states because the wonderful

stories of pioneering and fortitude infusion, which are very impressive. but we need to show they're just as good for which constitutes that his backside. i feel possibilities have it get an exhausted beard i just wanted to get people to see a little bit more of that history and displays the image of america is going to multiply to see aspects. feedback is quite timely the fact that it's been great in here about latinos in the united states on a daily basis. uni before the show were talking about how businesses are trying to attract a market place in the

growing market in the market, bilingual market. it's an interesting title for the book to reappear. >> host: untried >> guest: i came across a jpeg to photograph the web, which said now hiring bilingual speakers. that is an icon of that time. present day gave me a tremendous favor. it was true hispanics had. the impression is true. because he's the bit about america's to the united states today, which is the very start perception you speak of that the country is being transformed by the hispanic demographic. >> host: very much so. obama, i want to drill down

because obama did that more than 70% of the hispanic votes. you don't think you want? >> guest: there are places like new mexico and colorado and florida, which are buried for sweepstakes publisher is going to be critical in general election in this country where you could have a situation. but i think really if you break down the statistics in the last election, he won a such a margin that he would've won even if the spanish split 50/50. klesko to much of florida. florida is in the first chapter of your book and that is where you say it the first time anglo-americans can the spanish-american scenes. what did you mean by that? >> guest: in stores and places

which were very far removed from one another. that's really because the spanish empire preempted parts of the hemisphere that were accessible from the outside and are economically exploitable and colonizing. but partly because of the way of the winds and currents of the atlantic condition and shipping routes between europe and the americas. the spanish empire kept having to consult northwood of its natural ports and harbors. it is why they colonized florida, which the spanish never made any money out of florida. the cheapest machines imports going. postworkout more to keep english

and at the same time the english were seeping. the floridians were first reaching the exchange between the two empires and occurs in the 17th centuries. florida was a very general name for a very large part of what is now the united states, including what is now georgia and in some respects from that florida, stretches right at the to the chesapeake, which is in northern area of this being is trying to control one of these to find a present. this is sort of extended frontier in which the south with colonization of the english.

the english use a lot of surrogates, especially germans. >> host: the detail in this book was quite amazing. i'm a little bit about the research he did for this book. i wanted to take you to pull this together? what documents and services we looking at? >> guest: i don't know how long it took. i just described the air force academy. i may put things down on paper and kindness maturities until it's got to be corrupt. esparza services or can turn, i

wanted to make the book a human scale. i wanted to tell stories about individuals. i didn't think it was necessary to cope with the u.s. history because everybody in the united states, year after year the american history over and over to the school system. i didn't think it was worth taking a high level analysis of this book. it's probably a terrible price, which historians which again is anti-semitic. i would always work serendipitously. the surgeon looks that accumulate a lot of dust on them that is obviously not a bad.

that's how i found some of the more fitted stories in the book and new mexico were cleveland with a very sympathetic attitude within hispanic heritage who read wonderful memoirs. that's the kind of thing i was looking for, this human interest. i was telling the story in the late 19th and early 20th centuries of the personal encounters and puts peoples experience of what it was like to cross the border and

immigrant or to try to seek those things i thought would make me come and look interesting and then flush the statistics in real sorrows of heroism comes up for income achievement, triumph and tragedy, which is the issue of the story of everybody in the united states. there's no easy place to claim topography of the land to rate the hugeness of the economy imposes such works. everybody stored in the united states compounds try and tragedy and sometimes these hispanic immigrants also had to in your

discrimination and impoverishment and the menace of deportation. it has many of their people. >> host: going back to the mythologies and myths you are working through this book, you mentioned mariko from mississippi to the rockies and then you mentioned that the spaniards legitimize their conquest of their writing. tell us how that was part of creating this mythology. the empires that people sometimes call it in the modern. the strong conscience which was

dated and unlike the british, french and you find people early 18, what right have we got to buy season issue around. it's almost everything that everybody writes him a ride in a theme. the conquistadors produce justifications and theology and why they had to write -- >> host: was a quite supportive or protect this? >> guest: it is interesting. it does more than contrast with the indifference of the other

european communities who came to the spot in the modern church. they wanted to protect the nation, wanted to keep them alive. not really ultimately because spaniards more than anglos. that's obviously not the case. but because only the ecology of the kinds of areas that the spaniards took into the market in the americas joined the spanish conquest. he got a very peculiar environment in which the nation's neighbor is absolutely critical. you have to keep them alive. you would perform the label you need otherwise you couldn't

exploit. in the part of the united states the english crowd colonize. they could either rely on imported neighbor in the form of farmers from europe or they could bring in black slaves. so they really didn't need them. we asked why broadly speaking they expelled the issues whereas america's try to conserve them and keep them alive. it's not to do with different realities. it's the different environments. >> host: as the spaniards are making their way, particularly across texas and new mexico and they are engaging for and sometimes combative with the apache and comanche indians, how did these interactions differ from what they had experienced in the caribbean and in florida, for example? as the native tribes they were

encountering? >> area, the question kind of compels me to respond to the level of generalization i'm not entirely happy with. very crudely speaking in the caribbean florida and new mexico, which were the heartland and the economic parts of the spanish made parts of mutually agreeable accommodations with the nations. the natives in spaniards could make use of each other. the comanche in the apache didn't see the spinners and now day. they didn't see them as useful. they saw them as potential conquerors create different

dynamic in the new world. they are very different role. comanche were kind of different people what they are very large numbers that matter to create a sort of them pirate their own and which they were controlling and exploiting other native american peoples. the apache were much more a group of loosely related roles who could never collaborate in creating an environment state the way the comanche day. of course because these three worlds met in what is now the southern united states, there are opportunities a fruitful interaction. tremendously respectful of the comanche in particular who recognized the anna people and

all kinds of the times alliances against the apache more commonly online is for spaniards against the comanche and not the southwest. >> host: you mentioned the word empire in this last answer. in your book you say u.s. citizens and even some historians are reluctant to call the united states an empire. why is that? >> guest: i share this or that ends. they say why should unindicted states, potentially readers of my book author. in some ways it helps to be a active. sometimes you can see things

different and therefore helpful for them immersed in the country and the education system. so i do see the united states as an empire. if it looks like an empire, walks like an umpire and cracks like an empire, it is an empire. this is a country which was created in the 19th century by conquering land at other people's expense. mainly native americans and indians, canadians. but it expanded to cover their conquest by taking over other people's territory. that was the way the united states continue to be saved

until 1917, which is the last overseas territory in the country took over in 1917. so there is this long history of the making of this country. i don't think it detracts to admit that. you can genuinely love someone someone -- you can generative of america if you knowledge the imperfections, which are deeply attached across the united states. you've got a lot of america increases they pretend it didn't happen. >> host: and chat or three described english and cultural legacy that they left across the world. how would you compare that to

the spanish clinics >> guest: in a way there's a very big analogy between english and spanish. i am half-and-half. my mother is english. i don't know whether this gives the object to the row qualifies me. but if you go to england or spain, people will tell you they are very different. they're very conscious of their different is. when you look from the insight come you can always see the difference. if you ask a producer who is watching the sun screen, i think she's in washing 10 d.c. or new york, if you ask her to describe, she will say -- [inaudible] there's a lot of differences.

if you want some visitors from the planet mars, he was say there's weird creatures and they only have two ideas. it's really all a question of perspective. when i look at the english and spanish, i see similarities because i am trying to see them objectively. they are both peoples that these frightening imperial profile, always conquering and losing empires. and also peep hole who has resulted that experience. a closer to very distant parts of the world. more successful than the spaniards and sheep in the world, exporting their language by the united states mainly.

it's incredible how it's a very important part in how many of these games were invented anything and spread even beyond the british empire two cultures that were in no way part of the imperial breach for which adopted these forms of english culture export, parliamentary, democracy. they talk to these things because i like them. >> host: one of the other myths in the third chapter is the pilgrim fathers. tell us about that. when you talk about how american students are in their american has three, one of the images that we all have as young americans is seen that image, particularly around thanksgiving. >> guest: to history starts at the pilgrim fathers.

>> host: is one of the iconic images that american children always take away. at the way, i lived in spain for a few years. i'm a little familiar with the culture as well. the pilgrim fathers are something that we as americans are sort of -- >> guest: absolutely, i just thought maybe schools are getting away from the pilgrim father pulled nowadays in adopting a more pluralistic alternative. >> host: it's been a while -- second-grade. >> guest: the pilgrim's -- it didn't get me wrong. i am not against myths. i think the truth as unique virtues. they also protect you sometimes

from troops. they make coexistence and compromise possible sometimes between people if they were totally candid about each other. [inaudible] one should value for what they are. it's commonly sold in american history books. just isn't true. they were refugees seeking liberty. they were looking for a paradise of their own making, which they could pose their culture and in teeth coming in now, did expel. form of the ideologies.

for example, people who didn't conform, were persecuted evenhandedly three generations of the pilgrim fathers in massachusetts. witchcraft in order to persecute minorities who didn't conform. and you know, they didn't contain a contact in order to establish a democratic tradition of it. it was a bunch of the migrant to them pose the best. only they didn't leave england because of religious persecution. they didn't persecute people enough, the so-called pilgrims.

i'm amazed they even realize it didn't go directly. they were already exiled and their brother graham utopia and the tradition started in stop and threw them away to pick up a few more migraines. >> host: we've got about a minute before we take a break. i want to ask you the big question. hispanic or latino. he said hispanics throughout the book tipitina has come up house recently. >> guest: it's interesting you should call that a question. i like people to call themselves when they want to call themselves. somebody tells me she wants to be called a latina, i will call

her that. i call myself hispanic. i can't see any good reason for abandoning that label. it includes me as someone of spanish origin as well as people of spanish american origin. to me it is more inclusive than latino. you've got to remember all of these labels are imposed. but if people are happy to use them themselves, but i'm happy to reflect that back in my work. >> host: we will take a break and we will be right back.

>> host: during the break we were talking a little bit about our histories and hispanic ursus latino. one of the things that concept is the fact that i lived in them for a few years. i lived in barcelona as a puerto rican woman who's also american. the issue of biculturalism would come up occasionally in conversation and it was some pain at their less than a lot of understanding, like how you could identify as an american and as a puerto rican. that is something that still seems to be an issue. in your book, you begin or end chapter three talking about realism in california and the bicultural identities that began to take shape. i've got to pick it apart with you and talk about these identities people have been

biculturalism. >> host: when you're in barcelona did you learn catalan? >> guest: i can speak a little bit of catalan. i understand it a lot better than i can speak it. >> guest: that's a very good example. people in barcelona typically switch between the two languages. i say in the book i think it is like. you take a slice. you can feel the different layers and making people tell you they don't understand that, you just need to slice the layer cake. even if you are a family who's lived in barcelona for centuries, you're probably going to feel cattleman and you may

also -- [inaudible] guys in barcelona were approaching you for being open to a variety from your were a. probably the same equivocations in their own instances of identity, purchased the thinking about. >> host: many want to distance themselves from conquistadors and say those are people from the south of spain. >> guest: strictly speaking until 1778, catalans weren't allowed to take part in the overseas and higher. and then the team century, to

keep in empire was my cattleman empire and the large sense of the word. it reminds me of the old joke about the spanish professor who came to some american campus and give a lecture about the conquest and the latino hispanic person in the audience got a unsaid how dare you come and tell us this story when your ancestors brutalized. [inaudible] honestly, industry. post those who start chapter four, returned to california, which is a very interest teen state today. that and in particular you paint a fascinating picture franciscan missions and a bright tab group

of settlers to the care of to get to the state. but with south america, what we know south america and mexico, what were the trends happening there that might have been influencing what is now california? >> guest: ivc now late 80s, the u.s. part because strictly speaking california -- [inaudible] but it didn't begin really until 1768. up until then there was exploration and matt did. they didn't attempt to colonize the country, convert the natives are incorporated into the empire until really very they had by that stage in what i referred to earlier in our conversation as the spanish monarchy and south america, in the end you had

fabulous cities and enormous while and dazzling engineering projects and it's still remarkable for anyone from the united states who goes to peru wiki via i not aspire a south america, central america, north america, mexico, cities like waveland, mexico city nec have greens they were. i mean, this is actually the spanish empires rose granger and prosperity. you saw the historical nice about the decline because it did decline relative to other umpires rising even faster by

this. fits each even in terms of the transformation of the environment and the support team for human mcgrath eight camaro extraordinary works sure unparalleled on the right that is now the 90 days. when i look at what the missionaries did california in the late 18th century, they were really, i think, animated by the standard. they had a standard of achievement, which was represented by the great populist of the rich economies in the rest of the spanish empire. they just wanted to create something in california as quickly as possible.

y2k sacrifice plan and answers in many and manpower on this remote place? y2k do so much? why did they found so many workshops for every thing to not alert. it is because they knew that you could create a great european-style world and environment and you could turn intuitionist productive agriculture and citizens of the spanish part of what were

talking about earlier. the different attitude to spaniards had was nations. they saw potential equals the citizens they had to elevate from a status which they regarded rather like that of a child you can raise. so i think the model of what you could achieve from the rest of the spanish in higher in the americas represent a rare it is for california grew up. >> host: one of the things that struck me about really in particular the word and thought which essentially means united states. this word doesn't exist in english. we call ourselves americans. and yet, and america stands north, south, united states, canada. is there any thought to why that is and white existence -- but not in english?

>> guest: is the formal president to barcelona, you know which one of the care nurse deplores the fact that he thinks it implies. the words that we use for each other's communities do sometimes the choir a pejorative resident, which they never had nice to have in the first place. so obviously, i don't think people in the united states relates how often it is further americans to uk's approved read one of the many countries that fill the hemisphere. icann, i don't want to get in trouble for being a foreigner coming over here and telling you what to think. i honestly am not sure for the

future greatness of the united states, which is a great country in a country i admire and modest and want to see it go wants exceeding. we all know it's in crisis. we all know the united states is faced with a road that is going to be increasingly passive in nature and the top superpower and my donation. i honestly think there is a continuing feature. people don't reevaluate what they mean and realize their hemispheric opportunities, which need to be embraced by collaboration amongst the different peoples of the americas and the hemisphere will fulfill its potential. if you turn your back and your fellow americans, you're just going to make your task much

harder in the future. so many resources, just as unexploited golf outside the united states in this hemisphere. you need a steak and you're not going to get a steak unless you embrace your fellow americans. >> guest: canada, always canadian art streisand's opportunity. i think this is true. what makes the united states change for being of former colonial country into the world's great powerhouse and

superpower, what made the transformation possible? the american west and the perry above all which has firmly been a desert. another is, america is a great excluding previously annexed weighted results. you exploit your relatively speaking your underground water services very seriously. you've got to look elsewhere for new resources. the trillion and argentinian

>> host: in part 2 of your book must agitate the rise of institutionalized and sanctioned racism in the united states. now we've got the rise of biculturalism comic realism, blacks, hispanics, spanish, indigenous folks here. this is now becoming a much more complex racial demographic that the united states is starting to deal with. tell us a little bit about that. what was that rise of institutionalized and sanctioned racism. give us an example of that. >> guest: well, i think it happened partly because it is a common feature of human psychology to seek people you can identify.

you exclude. i not suppose we'll ever her get away for answer communal tensions, which are function at that tension in human psychology. if we want to sympathize to some people, we can't do it except by differentiating from others. that's always going to be around. the racism you are talking about, the historic. in the night team and 20th centuries because science endorsed it. people have kind of ethos of racism, which is supported by pseudoscientific analysis of how human populations differ and they differ in terms of the

relatively all -- relatively more involved. without breaking some of that people. the same language and transferred to hispanic to mexicans and across native american in places like texas. i see it as an iranian minute 500 scientifically because people believed it came to

intimate and characterize social attitudes, cultural attitudes and law. >> host: speaking about race, the rate hispanics are counted today by the fence is, we are counted as an ethnicity and we are counted as a raise. so you would check however many boxes apply to you, both racially and ethnically. one of the things that is being can it hurt now by the third phase is to eliminate that are essentially change that said hispanics will be considered a raise. what are your thoughts on that? >> guest: i've never understood why people want a statistic. if we genuinely abandon racism, it's completely meaningless category. we all know that the people are good or bad whether they're useful citizens for a track on

community. these things are rise for personal care mistakes. there are no genes that are powerful enough to make people -- we know that. i know what they are. they are very useful to universities because statistics mean that get a lot of credit with institutions. this is all part of a kind of thing myself grown right now. post to which you suggest were growing into a post-racial society? >> guest: no, that in some ways we've domesticated at the race instead of eliminating it.

we've made ourselves comfortable with talking about it because we no longer have jewel hostilities, which are based on race and therefore we talk about it with a lot of freedom. since it doesn't really mean anything very useful virtue, i prefer not to talk about it at all. i @ prefer not to talk about it at all. i do use the word race at paramount and the boat. it's always either implied that objective reality is in the way people thought of each other in the past. >> host: as we make our way through the final chapters in the vote, one of the things that you begin to talk about this to the rise of political activism and the example is a cease-fire shop as thomas for exam. we talked earlier how president obama won more than 70% of the hispanic vote in the last

election analyst at political analysts and strategists are looking to figure out how to continue to capture the latino vote. what do these figures represent entered democrats assumed today that they have a latino voting block if you will quite >> guest: i don't think so. i say this very tentatively and i'd be very happy to be wrong about this. if you profile what is classified as hispanic longside, they actually look like republicans than they do democrats. typically to reach of view, they have very high longevity.

on the whole, the very mature pieces tend to be republicans tend to be much better represented than democrats. they hispanic state is also a lot of conservative social values in the american election and it's not always the economy. often in the united states against their economic interests and the profile. the hispanics typically a size i can talk about hispanics tend to be much more committed and to have relatively low rates of instability and that's a value which you find much more

strongly wasted republican political rhetoric and the democrats. hispanics tend come even if they're not kept excrement they tend to be much more sense to about the rights of the unborn and the population outliers, which identifies them with the policy, which is my typically republican democrat. the hispanics sympathize the democrat partly because liberal, social policies favor the poor and makes the deprived in this country. and the long run, that is going to even a set.

the immigration issue. if the republicans can bring themselves to adopt sensible attitude to immigrants and the nicene so-called of the goals. we actually talk about immigration. he will remain free, which is embracing the attitude. and the enthusiastic republicans as they are for the democrats. >> host: you mentioned the language in your book.

i give you a data point from the census bureau hit the number of hispanics who speaking much at home is expected to double nearly from the levin put one elion and 29 to 20.5 million with protections by the census bureau. what impact do you see this as having in his language one of the unifying element? you say no. >> guest: to send in when i first came here, and people have convinced that this attitude to its english countries. it has more than one language. it's completely contrary to all historical precedent. there's more than one language. you may need to have one

language in order to share a common allegiance or to collaborate in a common endeavor. i too predict in the book the hispanics won't maintain their language in the future and i greatly regret that. i think that's a terrible, terrible shame. if this were a genuinely bilingual country, it would be twice as good. if you hear languages, not u.n. u.n. -- [inaudible] so this enriches your life. different possible thought and gives you access with

literatures and it's just life enhancing. the united states understands bilingualism is teaching spanish children, spanish and english speaking children. they usually have less and spanish and english. then you could have a really bilingual country i knew it the culture they so much more exciting. i suggest he regenerates how much our achievement and look at every other great society in his jury. it had more than one language. >> host: if the protection is true, one of the things we are looking not at one of the things we talk about when we talk about the 53 million hispanics living in the united states is how john they are. and how bicultural they are and

how acculturated they will become. there is a theory that i've heard here and there, most very to business folks who are trying to reach the market but in fact younger hispanics are interested and maybe middle-aged hispanics are interested in this retro acculturation. perhaps you're two or three generations in the united states can you realize that you want to teach my children spanish i do want to cook certain foods or listen to certain types of music. d.c. that is something that i connect two or three or a second or third or fourth generation hispanics to their original culture if you will? >> guest: yes, i have noticed that in the hispanic families i that i know personally and united states. it does impress me and i think it will have countervailing effects and therefore is the spanish united states may be

obsessives for a shorter time table. it will be the in reality. i think it's categorized the history as every non-and pushed the key minority chain in the united states and become part of it. in no case so far as to reduce the language. and general american ancestry. we are passionate about these legacies and even in this and they'll be very proud of the testing of cuisines and they'll take part in parades and put on traditional dress.

it hasn't hot so far. you can only make predictions about what's going to happen on the basis the plural country. if it happens, it will happen and as the spanish change does become generally enough national languages the united states, that will be because of this necessity to converse with and

collaborate with other americans who speak spanish and portuguese. >> host: a spanish is not the unifying factor, said the race in the book is fun as we close, i would like to close at this. is there an opportunity to have a unified hispanic lock in the united states? >> guest: that is only created by people sitting outside telling all these different people, and hispanic origins they want one society. the republicans give ironically because it's part of republican visions. they have given a distinct curmudgeon on this boost by being cruel and unkind about immigration. and i guess the hispanic something in common and has resulted in some pretty remarkable bubbles of any

community for a particular political party. in the long run, i don't think a single issue is going to be sufficient to sustain mutual identification between all these different spanish rose hispanic origins, who are all very aware of their peculiar heritage and mournful and that mexican americans be mexican and spanish or colombian or colombian. i would suspect therefore is going to become another leader in the layer cake, but a fairly deep level. you know, when you go to the

surface, near the top of the cake, the predominate hastiness going to be feeling more american. >> host: on that note, i want to thank you so much for being with us today, fully paid. it was a pleasure hearing about the trends and i hope you enjoyed much success of the book. >> guest: you are very kind. thank you so much for having me on. ..

author bonnie morris, in your book revenge of revenge of the women's study, revenge for what? >> guest: the final tight is not meant to be provocative or rude. it's about having the opportunity to talk back to many people who steer type my field, or ask really unfair students.

i have a bunch of terrific students intimidated by taking a basic class in women's history. they come to me and express doubt or concern. they're afraid what people will say. what will it look like on their transcript. so those experiences lead me to a really keen awareness of how many people feel there is something wrong with looking at half the world's history. i've negotiated many of these rude conversations throughout my teaching career. the idea of revenge was i wanted to talk back but in a cheerful way. a cheerful/playful way. i wanted to be the smiling face of women's studies and women history. show that as a diplomat from academic feminism, i'm not scary, i'm approachable, i love my students, but enough with being rude to the professor. people who come by and say i love your class. you're not at all a nazi.

thank you, rush rush limbaugh, you're not rude to the professor on the first day. the class will not hurt you. looking at women's history will only improve your life. what is it look for us on the other side of the desk that have to deal with the range of our work being impugned by people who are fearful. >> host: where do you teach? >> guest: george washington university and part time at georgetown. hello to my terrific students. i teach pretty much everything required for the miner and major, introductory women's history, specialized class on women's sport. over enrolled since 1996 i teach a survey course in women's history which has about 120 first-year students. right now i have athletes from every sport. i have a lot of people in their first year, and i have

graduating askers -- seniors who have waited all the different years with a different major just to take a women's study class before they graduate. >> host: what is women's studies? >> guest: women's studies has been a department or program at american colleges since 1969. the first women's study program was at san diego state in 1969. it's an opportunity to look at pretty much all the humanities from the perspective of how women's lives have been shaped. that's material that is often neglected. many people can go from cinder garten through law school and never learn about a women's contribution and be considered an educate person. so if you want to put women at the center, women at the focus, and look at the very different experiences women have in every society, because of law, work conditions, religion, or warfare, and education