has been growing and it's been growing in sweden, germany, france, japan. one of the exceptions is greece, but they have other things going on over there. >> it's not the model. [laughter] >> so they may start at different levels of inequality, but there is some pervasive worldwide trend going on. and that something more fundamental than that. then you want to look at what is happening in china and that is where they are even more striking. because we were looking at the issues with manufacturing and employment. people think of globalization and technology been two great forces affecting the economy. the idea of manufacturing this from the united states to china. it turns out that manufacturing

employment in china is shrinking. 22 million people working in it than there were in the 1990s. it's shrinking in the united states in all places worldwide. so it's not a matter of jobs moving from one country to another but jobs moving from both china and the united states to automations. the phrase that we use to describe this is that off shoring is just a way station on the road to automation. as technology accelerates, it becomes more important than it was before. >> so in many ways i think that countries like china have been historically relying on low-wage labor are even more in the bull's-eye of this automations tsunami than the american factory workers. >> is a global phenomenon as

well. >> this connects to a question that just arrived. if you visit shanghai without a gas mask, you are going to have some difficulties. there's the question of whether even quick technological innovation can even keep up with the human impact on the planet is 7 million people raise this. do you expect technology to solve the problems associated with this population and can technology keep up with humans in the long run? giving it a different twist on what we are seeing. >> yes, with the big exception, the very big exception of local

warming. most of our environmental indicators are in the right direction instead of the wrong direction. that's a huge part of the reason why and i'm super optimistic that overall we will learn the technology can live more lightly on the planet. >> it's a race. it's going to be tight. countries have become more developed in the air in london is cleaner now than it was 400 years ago or 200 years ago. it hasn't reached that turning point in beijing or shanghai. i think people are starting to demand that as well. >> this is where democracy in the middle class comes in really handy because they demand these things of the countries that they live in. >> it brings us right here to san francisco. the democracy is beginning to become irritated or technology.

>> got some nice racing. >> it's been a unique story from last 20 years. i don't know if the same thing is happening back east, but it's too cold back east. [laughter] for any of that be going on. [laughter] >> this is why we talk to our utopian friends who say don't worry, technology will take care of all these things. and we say to you have to grapple with the fact that not everyone is sharing in his bouncy currently. if you ignore that, people are going to get justifiably angry and the reaction of many of them is going to be okay, we have to stop this technology and as we said earlier, we don't think that is at all the right

solution that is destroying many of the benefits that we could be having. but if you ignore the problem, that is a reaction that many people will have and you have to change the conversation to focus on realistic decisions that are more inclusive. >> and the companies themselves address this directly? and what do you think about the idea that the means of closing this is for companies to pay for the data that they are allowed to mine and monetize? should facebook and google and twitter, "the new york times", others pay their users for using and interacting with their tools? >> he has a lot of rhetoric behind the motivations for his ideas even declaring what his ideas actually are. he wants to charge my brother to upload pictures of his daughters to facebook or he wants to charge me to look at pictures of my nieces and these are terrible

ideas. i applaud his motivation and his solutions make no economic sense whatsoever to the start was working the technologists do to address the challenges that are spread and it is a wonderful question. we had a very interesting reaction. kind of as a substitute for humans. and she said to us that if you give me a different challenge and if you tell me to build robots that work with people instead of building a substitute for them, i will do that for them instead. i disliked work on top problems. and we have these wonderful online competitions and contests that motivate huge amounts of efforts. one of the favorite ideas that eric and i have come up with is what's use these motivating tools to point the technology and the direction to close the spread and put this back into

the economy and help with these challenges. >> we are getting pretty close to the end. so maybe we can try to figure out a way to go out looking forward. and a lot of people are wondering where lies dear my kids to be able to thrive in this age? a lot of things are out of our power. getting the political system to address this or that, changing taxation, things we can do individually. what can people do themselves to best position themselves for this? >> first, look at those kinds of skills with the machines are not good at. we touched on some of them. creativity, interpersonal relations, caring for other humans.

those are areas that we continue to be in demand. the second piece of advice is do not be too locked into even those, be flexible. because the nature of technology is constantly evolving and andy and i have continued to be surprised about the advances that are happening. so it's unlikely that anyone career or any skill set, that you will be able to coast for decades or 30 years or more and we have to adjust. including being coldhearted and economic. the winner take all markets. there are going to be rewards being the very best in something and there's not going to be a lot of room word for being average or above average. there are a few people that can be the best at anything unless they really love it and enjoy doing it and spend some time on it.

to those pieces of advice are probably the best kind of guidance for a child or really anyone going forward. >> like you say, this is probably the most interesting question you could ask. very often about kids heading into college. ..

>> okay then, very quick read, you are now, or we going to figure this out? >> yes. it all depends on how we react. there is no inevitable future. either positive or negative in one of the reasons we are glad you came to determine hope to change the conversation as we'll figure out we make the effort but there's a better answer. [laughter] [applause] >> thanks to erik brynjolfsson and mcafee, after a "the second machine: work, progress, and prosperity in a time brilliant technology."