experiments and make suggestions and hypotheses for further experimentation. software that judges the quality of software. so software systems improves itself and it is within reach there are good attempt of you doing it right now if we of the theory of evolution and algorithms, there's a lot that we can do to improve the. end this is another thing. that is general intelligence that is 10 or 20 years away. and when that is self improving, it will be able to rapidly improve the intelligence and then we will share the planet with smarter than human

machines. so that takes us back to the question of how we get along with them >> what makes us think and assume that they will be firmly. and it was written by the watson team. it lays out what cognitive computing really is. and machines like watson and has 200 million pages of definitions of common sense and this was a

trivial challenge and it was harder than chess decision-making, statistical reasoning, hypothesis generation and so for example the question how long can this guy talk about artificial intelligence and then you can test the hypothesis. so what is watson doing today

and we are beginning to do legal research and we will get consulting positions right away and it will be a physicians aid and they want to license it and so how good are these situations. the achievements are big. and so you know that the cognitive functions are competing in the job market. humans are being replaced by machines i ai and automation my now with automated intelligence print sportswriters, travel agents, bank tellers.

soon to be replaced by medical.mr. diagnost and right now our average driver and overall we will be happier. astronauts, pilots, soldiers, software developers. a recent article in mit technology review said 45% will be a automated within the next 25 years and i think that it will happen faster than that. so how close is human intelligence in the machine being attained? well, it's so close that this is job number one for a lot of companies and governments. so why would they pour billions of dollars into creating virtual

brain's? and answers because the price of a computer will be the most lucrative product in the world. and who wouldn't want to be first to create that technology. this is a short list of the people who are going and pouring billions of dollars into it. companies like ibm and google, organizations like the department of defense, the nsa and darpa. china and israel, the european union this gave this to them and

they are reminded. very interesting things that happened and they think about this a little bit of the affirmation and it was just bought by google for $400 million and the founders of this who has been writing about this for a long time before he became a millionaire said that a condition of the sale will be that google we will set up a board for ethics and save the governing their technology and the for the giant milestone and they are acknowledging that it's risky and they're also setting a very high bar for fear future purchases so that once these guidelines did out, there will be something like permanent dna and i will get to that in a

minute. but the industry needs guidelines and it just happened about two weeks ago and all of us who are thinking about these issues were just gob smacked and pleased. it's so that is a great acknowledgment that these are issues that can hold up a $400 million sale. though google doesn't appoint as ford, the old shareholders have a lawsuit. but google is not a trait of lawsuits as far as we know. and they will have to prove themselves is why they are not taking the risk seriously. so what's the one thing that these groups have in common? they know that the way we are, the ai will dominate the 21st century in the is part of this situation. so you might ask yourself what could possibly go wrong. already we rely upon machines were many things and smart machines and is working out

okay. many are carried out working autonomously. and many of them use ai. computers are everywhere and we are dependent upon them. how we jump to dangerous? well, because of this man. he is creating a science for how they behave. he has worked it is really important. and so to analyze super intelligence, and brief humans or machines or to maximize their goals and preferences called utility functions. that makes some predictable and when economists oppose this, they quickly learn that it didn't work for humans and we

are not rational all the time that impulse buyers. so you couldn't really face an economic system of logical behavior of people. but we can probably anticipate that smart machines will be logical and therefore rational and that economic sense. so we argue what is self-aware and self improving and these include research acquisitions and a protection on efficiency and creativity. and how it works is like this. self improving machines will pursue the goals they are created with, whether that goal is to play chess or explore space. so to succeed they will need resources whether that's energy or money or hardware or whatever is most expedient. and they will also seek to avoid failure mode like being turned off or being unplugged and they

will be efficient and they won't honor resources enable use ways to achieve their goals and it will be in route to success and they will grow their own intelligence. so being friendly is part of one of the listed behaviors. intelligence doesn't imply benevolence and being smart does not mean being kind. super intelligent machines are dangerous because they will try to overthrow us, but useful for them to achieve that goal and virtually everything on the planet.

it will solve the problems of nanotechnology and without extremely careful programming it will be super intelligent sociopaths. and as it turns out, programming aspects of the machine is really hard. if we can't agree on when life begins, how do we tell she's protect life some parts of the world they have a hard time defining humans including women and children.

so it's not just the easy is what we consider. if we declare we want to be safe, they would look for ways to put us in the spirit of happiness is our goal, it would stimulate our brains pleasure centers. and you and i can argue what constitutes right and wrong all day. so how can we program that into a moral machine. in addition, it differs from culture to culture and the good life in roman times, it is different from the good life today and what will the good life be a century from now? for machines not put with your goals, you have to build one into its intuits what's best for you and changes over time. but we have only the hideous concept of how to program it with friendliness. but these are the kind of concept that will keep us alive

when it gets worse. and it does get worse. before we can figure out how to make only machines, many of the most powerful developers are trying to create machines to perform assassinations and kill humans on the battlefield. these machines turn out to be firmly common shareholders will be very disappointed. but we have to think about what this really is about. fifty-six nations are developing battlefield robots and five or six years they will be able to kill humans without human in the loop. u.s. general some month ago by 2030 that 30% of our combat forces should be robot. now, this isn't just a fill robots and autonomous human like machines. this is jones, pat botz, things

that carry equipment. a lot of those will be economists killing robots. so what i hope that you will get is that the human intelligence is really just around the corner and this time it actually is. and a chilling parallel illustrates how advanced technologies and innovation runs ahead of stewardship in the nation runs far ahead. if you look at nuclear fusion, the science of nuclear reactors, when it was talked about in the 1920s and 30s, there was a

way to get free energy. but the world learned about it at hiroshima. and so in the same way ai, visit physicist start out with this meant quickly turns into a weapon and they spend the next 50 years with a gun pointed at his own head with a nuclear arms race. because there was no plan for maintenance of this dangerous technology. and that was a disaster and people said we didn't kill ourselves. well, we didn't, but we held a gun to its for 50 years and that is not a winning species adaptation. and it will sometimes fail with more than seven dangers technology and that is ai. so is there a solution?

yes. but certainly not a foolproof one. there's a lot of things on the drawing board. 1970s research suspending work and having a meeting in california and they came out with some basic guidelines like don't track the dna on issues you might contaminate the environment. the guidelines are still in place to modify and improve. this includes bad reactions from happening and we will have to benefit. this also means that we may need to monitor research with the international atomic agency to cost a lot of money and i'm not particularly hopeful that we create such a world to exist. i am hopeful that people will see this. it's my my sincere thanks for

you being here tonight. and i'm happy to answer your questions. [applause] >> equate self-awareness to the equivalent of consciousness inducing there's a difference between the two? >> i think there is a difference between the two. for a computer to be self-aware doesn't need to have consciousness the way we understand that. but it has to have a model of itself in a model of the environment but not a lot more. it also has to know it's a deep level of improvement to be self-aware.

all the nuances are beyond us in the short-term and we don't know about consciousness always but i think everything that we do, the parts of our cognitive toolkit within reach. >> have you factored in the possibility of the programmers are smart but fallible and they will come up with a technology, just as if you turn your computer on antiterrorist software, it's going to be infected by the internet. have you thought about that? be met know, not much. it's an interesting thought. there will always be really strong noller. and this is the nexus of noller is a pretty good example.

we will see more creating bad programs that is really powerful and i worry about the that the other guys to outsmart the programs created by the guys with a lot of money and, i don't know. i think it is possible. >> you are looking for two texas safeguards for this development. >> well, the community is getting the sense in this is about the interviews with it. they want safeguards.

>> it seems like by definition this rapidly expanding intelligence develops and the cat is out of the bag. >> super intelligence that will be ungovernable. so there is a group that i would like everyone to look at. they are coming up with ways to try to program this. and that means creating it in a way that is a part of the dna and safe from the get-go. trying to learn from the industrial processes that are built in from the inception and right now you can't take advanced cognitive architecture and talk about this dangerous

situation that we are going to deal with. safety is our first priority and not even intelligence. there's a book called normal accidents by charles perot. about industrial development and we are seeking a development from that about how to start from the ground up. and the nsa has a black budget of $5011. >> when you think it would be >> when you think it would be apparent, and there's machines start getting the upper hand and people suddenly seem very happy and they are delighted and you

think the machine is wonderful and they have an emotional relationship and somehow they feel that it protects them. >> yes, there is this bias when we equate the moment to inanimate objects all the time. we think that thunder is a god, computers relayed to us. and it's taking that to an extreme but it's a reasonable expectation. i saw them about once at mit kismet and it has the affect of a child. swinger with a pen if you are

scared it shrinks back. so they are able to look at the program and figure out all the reactions on the processes of the time and its reactions it's reactions became so complex it couldn't point to this this and that's just the complexity problem. i'm sure if you are smarter we can find what was causing that. >> i'm about three quarters of the way through. and i found it fascinating on a number of levels. but if you drill down even deeper, the concern about a crisis, there are a lot of deep questions raised in this and i

wonder whether you had the opportunity to either research this and whether it is the nature of consciousness and can ultimately be reduced to serious algorithms? >> is a sort of a chapter i'm turning to now. the people that think that consciousness is the backbone of intelligence. but i said in the book but the question won't be solved here are a it's so big and it's so important and you have probably read about this. i'm fascinated by that and so would he make of this. and so i'm waiting to hear because it has been so exciting and interest and then who's to say that he is not right. i think that's what what's

interesting is what we need to be doing is just like in the '30s and the 40s, there would be weapons development with the research and we held ourselves ransom for 50 years. >> i'm just curious how quickly are we going to focus on this as

opposed to artificial intelligence? >> that is a good question. when i talked to ray criswell, he's not a hero anymore but you can't help to paint such a rosy picture of the singularity. but what he thinks is that we will augment our brains faster than we will create us and then we will be safe. because we will be super intelligent. and so we are sure they are psychopaths that we are not so sure they're psychopaths among the computers. so the people that are going to get augmented are probably going to be soldiers for and they are not dumb but they are not

pacifists. and you know what's wrong with it rather than what is right. >> i get that way with some people. [laughter] >> i think that we have experienced that. but i hope that we get to that point and i think that the standalone is not even robot assize and of course we will put it in robot bodies and use it for other things.

and i think we will experience it and i think the technology will pit so good that we will gloss right over it. we could jump right over there as well. >> that was one a lot of big things were being created within these programs and there was no pc. we were actually working on putting this to go from the computer to the printer press and i used to look at stuff coming off the printer and look at it to read it and we can pick out who wrote what.

and years later there was a book called it tomorrow anchors where he pointed out the name thing as the head of the science program and he said yes, everything of the programmer comes through into the code. so i'm wondering if everyone has just looking at the layering of this and whether we have sensibility of the personality of the program and informing the intelligence. >> i don't know about that so much, but i know about a lot of the people that are thinking about the rest and they had art excepted the fact that smarter machines would come along and replace us. so their goal was they would get

to that in still in those machines something about us and in something of our nature to carry on into the future. it's about is the kind kind of personality embedded in the code and this was the fascinating thing is they were asking what about humanity is worth preserving? .. survive in at some point it will be hard to tell who is winning and losing. so they are skipping past that the goes out and explored the galaxy so that somehow our essence will be preserved. >> i'm not sure how relevant it was to some of your interviews, but do you think that religion will be preserved through the machine at any point? you think that they will ever

find it relevant? >> i don't think so. but there is a woman whose work is really fascinating. and she is a computer theologian and she was the first one at mit and she was writing about that sort of issue. and they will testament another part of the sacred text. will computers developed religion and asked her to wonder? >> that's a good question. >> we came across the descriptions of people who lacked emotion and there are certain individuals and these

are the drives and these are the intelligence to do things and evening to you can duplicate the drive as well as intelligence? >> that's a great question. i think that based upon what he has written, he's such a positive guy and he has some of the scariest prognostications that i know. and i think that he sees that they will be goal driven because one of the definitions is really about achieving the goals in a variety of environments. >> and he says that what we might have, we have basically that we need to satisfy and it's

kind of a higher level. i guess his answer would be that those machines would be driven by goal for film and not emotion. >> by goal driven you mean competitive? >> in chapter five and six there are prognostications about the future and they will be competing for the same resources and ultimately with us and they will be looking for not just present threats and self protection but future threads so what is assessing the dangers of what could be a threat in 50 years or a thousand years.

>> it's like a huge super mover advantage like chess and that is why people say why can't you just unplug the machine. well, we could, but here's what i'm thinking and talking about on behalf of the nsa time happy to do anytime. google won't unplug it because ibm won't unplug it and they say, gosh, i hope this turns out right. because they're such a great product at the and. >> there is concern raised by some scientists and i have decided to take a chance. >> yes, on all of our behalf.

>> yes, that is the nature of technology. and if they got good news that china is on the brink of it, they felt like there was a brink of things. and we have to sometimes think about getting their sooner than what we think. so i think some people want to get home and we should probably wrap up. but thank you so much for coming. thank you for buying the book and think you were taking part in this conversation. [applause] >> thank you, james barrat, that was fascinating. we are so happy that you came tonight. we do have copies of his book, "our final invention", if you would like to take it home and get it signed tonight. once again, thank you for coming tonight and hopefully we will have a lot more conversations about this in the next 15 years.

sumac thank you for having me. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations]tand, r

the mind". [applause] >> this is such a great introduction. sometimes, all of these introductions can backfire. recently new york magazine voted me as one of the 100 smartest people in new york city.

and i thought, what an honor. but in all fairness i have to admit that madonna also made that same list. let me talk about yogi berra. he once said prediction is awfully hard to do, especially if it's about the future. well, i am a physicist and so let me quote from that other great philosopher. woody allen once said that

paternity is an awful long time especially towards the end. and you may think what is a business know about the mind. what does he know about daily life? well, we are the ones who invented the transistor and we helped to assemble the first computer and the internet and we wrote the worldwide web. so along the way we reinvented television. we invented x-ray machines and we created and we physicists love to make predictions. we helped assemble the internet, one physicist predicted that that internet will become a form of high culture and high art and high society.

and then 50% of the internet will be [bleep] and many may say to yourself how does physics deal with chemistry or the other scientist? well, let me tell you a little story. during world war ii once the nocturnes captured a bunch of american scientists and they call them spies and said that they were about to be executed by firing squads, there was a geologist and a physicist and chemist is about to be shot and they lined them up and then just as they were about to do this,

the geologists say, earthquake, earthquake. and they were lined up in a firing squad and then suddenly the physicist said that in the chaos they snuck away and now the chemical camdessus says fire, fire. [laughter] and sometimes it just doesn't pay. so anyway, today i want to talk about the future of the mind. ever since i was a child i have been fascinated by two things and first i have been fascinated by outer space and the origin of

the universe and that is what i do for a living and i have also been fascinated by what lurks on your shoulders, which is the most complex object in the known universe and if we were to create a computer that can stimulate the brain, the computer will be the size of a city block and energy would require a nuclear power plant to fire it up in a river to cool it down. but your brain operate on 20 watts of power. so when someone calls you a dim bulb, that is a compliment. [laughter] and you don't need a nuclear power plant to energize your brain, just a hand to her is fine. so how is it possible? well, my latest book is now

number one on "the new york times" bestseller list. and so i am not the only one fascinated by the mind because the book is now the number one hardcover book in the united states. my previous book is also a bestseller of the future and they tell me this is the first time in world history that the word is a country "the new york times" best dollar less. and i did it twice. and i even go 500 years into the future where we have starships and teleportation and maybe even time travel and answer the question what happens if you go into a time machine and go back in time to meet a teenage mother and she falls in love with you.

so if you are a teenage mother who falls in love with you before you're born, you are in big trouble if that happens. and so the origin of the universe and what is seen on his shoulders. last year the politicians got wind of the excitement and we have learned more in the last five to 10 years about the mind than in all of human history combined. president barack obama last year got wind of this and announced the brain initiative just like the human genome project and change the course of medicine

and obama announced this initiative with the europeans. ..

recording memories, uploading memories, photographic imagery. believe it and not, we can do all of the above. and you will see that in today's slide show. when i was a kid i used to read people's minds. i would try real hard to move objects with the mind. i finally came to the conclusion that maybe there are to tell paths that walk the surface of the earth, but i was not one of them. and then in science fiction is, of course, it is full of tell paths. these are things that we cannot do and a lot. things we can only dream of we now do. and even recorded memories and uploading that note, hollywood is always ahead of us.

this is the movie the matrix where even reality the reality itself as a memory couple loaded into the mind. so let me ask you a question. just before you go to sleep have you ever had that we've sensation that maybe, maybe life is an allusion, maybe it is just a memory uploaded into your mind like the matrix and u.s. the only one it's real. and since some sense someone is testing you to see whether you are smart enough to figure out the you are the only real one. ever had that weird feeling? raise your hand if you ever had that feeling. while. you're crazy. [laughter] you think your the only one in the universe? give me a break. you see, i am the only one in the universe. [laughter] i'm sitting in my bed right now.

this is just a memory uploaded in the mind. i'm just all by myself. well, hollywood, of course, as always ahead of us. when it comes up loading memories no one can do it better than the former governor of california. [laughter] the former governor of california has the memory of being married to a sharon stone uploaded in his mind. look what happened a.m. this is still recall. and in total recall arnold schwarzenegger's the good guy for 99 percent of the movie. you identify with them. he's a hero. and the last minutes of the film you find out he's actually the bad guy with good guy memories uploaded. it's the only movie and no where he is both a hero and villain simultaneously. and then we have iron man comics and the movies, exoskeletons.

we can now do this in a laboratory. in fact, the pentagon realize that there are thousands of wounded warriors who are not connecting directly to mechanical arms and exoskeletons bypassing the spinal cord totally. we cannot do this and laboratory. and then why not live on life through an avatar, a surrogate. surrogates have perfect bodies. they are superhuman in strength. they are perfect, gorgeous. one out live on life through a surrogate or in avatar. this could be the future of the space program. aerospace is dangerous. ever seen the movie with sandra bullock? space is dangerous. so why not send a robot in the aerospace gutted by you and you

are in your hearts of many living room. you mentally control robot master not. nasa is looking into this possibility. and then i used to dream about telekinesis, moving objects with the mind. this is the movie carry where a telekinetic is bullied all her life. finally she can't take it anymore, so at the senior prom she destroys the entire high-school. what is a lesson here? the lesson here is never take a telekinetic to the senior prom. and then superman, the iconic figure of the comic book. hollywood is right there again. every kid knows this superman's father died when krypton blew up. but the latest movie has a twist you see, in the latest movie superman's father is reduced to

a computer program. his connect town, his mind, his pathways of the brain are encoded in a computer program, and because back to life as russell crowe. [laughter] russell crowe is a hologram, a hologram that has all the memories, personality quirks, all of the expressions of superman's father costs. is this possible? this could be the end product of president barack obama's brain initiative. we will have a disk called brain two. zero. a brain two. zero that lives on even after we die. and then the question is, can the mind exist without the body? 200, 300 years ago people thought that the spirit, the soul was different from flesh and blood. then we have modern science

which tells us, no, no, no. you see, the brain is what we're like hardware. the brain is computer well aware, and the mind the software . the mind is software running on where. you see. if we can put the mind on a desk, the connect on, this billion dollar project of president barack obama that in some sense the mind can be separate from the body just as the ancients once thought. but let's talk about science. that was hollywood. now let's talk about science. because the physics weekend now appear right into the thinking process of the mind. with mri scans we can actually see potts ricochet across the mind like a ping-pong ball. we can actually see mental illness in action. this is a brain scan. on the left is the brain when

you tell the truth. the right areas berbers and blood flow which is easy to measure of the mri scan. when you tell the truth and nothing happens. when you tell a lie first you have to know the truth. then you have to create dalai. then you have to calculate the consistency of the line with all the other lies you been telling all these years. that's a lot of brainpower. your brain lights up like a christmas tree. and now if you take a look at the brain and we get it from the point of view of evolution. our brain is like a museum. look at the back. the back part of the brain is the most ancient part of the brain called the reptilian brain. when you're in a car accident and you get whiplash sometimes lose your sense of balance. this is the most ancient part of

the brain, the reptilian brain. in the middle is the monkey brain, the brain of emotions, the brain of social hierarchy, hunting in a packed, forming coalitions, understanding the intentions of the people. that's the center. the front of the brain is the thinking brain, that is the brain of humans. now that we have brain scans weekend test old wives' tales to see whether these old wives' tales about the mind of turnout. for example, many people, many parents when they look at their teenage children are thoroughly convinced that teenagers are brain damaged. yes. teen-agers are brain damaged. you can actually see it on brain scans. it's amazing. a freak -- prefrontal lobe is not fully formed and teenagers. so the next time you argue with a teenager's you know, his brain

damaged. another old wives' tale is that when a man talks to a pretty girl. now is true, you look at a brain scan of a man talking go pretty girl and blood drains from the prefrontal cortex. wind at retarded, stupid, it's absolutely true. you can see that with brains scans. so old wives' tales can now be tested against science. and then if you were to cut the brain horizontal you have to hemispheres. on the left and right. different parts of the mind are connected in different parts of the body. if you electrify this part of the brain it does not heard of all. the brain has no pain centers. the brain can not feel pain. here it is part of the brain with the lecture done your opposite hand moves.

you hit this with electricity and this part of your hand moves. now, it turns out that in epileptics we have to cut the connection between the left and right hemispheres. and then something bizarre, something mysterious begins to happen. when you cut the connection between the left and right hemisphere gradually to personalities began to emerge, to different minds in the same brain began to emerge. we see this. all of a sudden you want to do one thing with their hand and then your other and goes like this. in one documented case one half of the brain was an atheist. the other half of the brain was a believer. in the future i'm sure there were going to find a brain, one-half as republican. [laughter] and the other half is democrat.

can you imagine going to the polling booth and you have to hit the switch. of a sudden there's a of struggle between the left and the right over pulling down the switch. yes. this could actually happen because we now have a brain scans, not just superstitions, about the mind. now, and the old days back in the 1950's he had to put on this awkward helmet. he looked like a refugee from star trek. all these electrodes. we don't do that anymore because we have computers. computers allow us to decipher all of this mishmash of radio that comes out of the mind. in fact, and the future these brands cans will be sexy. on the upper left children can now play video games mentally. they put on a headband. the headband picks up radio from the mind and they control and

avatar inside a video game. on the right is what is happening in japan. in japan you put a headband on your head at a party and it as two years on a. when you talk to someone his interest the years go like this. when you talk to a debt, our real loser, then your years go like that. and so with this said said you can know ahead of time for going to go mullen nine. and i think i'm going to give these to my students in college. i will see all my students. and if there's an a here. another ray. so we can do this now. this has gotten the attention of apple computers and microsoft. they're looking into this. on the lower left. maybe one day you will simply

control the laptop by thinking. the headset will pick up radio from the brain, computers will decipher the signal and move the cursor. you can already type, we can already type by the power of the mind because computers can now deciphered with your thinking about. and one day it could be sexy. all of a sudden fashion models, people that are at the forefront of high fashion will start to wear these things well. it will be fashionable to control computers as well. in fact, and the future wonder when you walk into a room you may mentally turn on lights, mentally set the thermostat, mentally turn on the tv the mentally call for the car and mentally drive the car just by thinking about it. this is my colleague, stephen hawking, the great cosmologist. he has now lost control of the spenders. he can only blank.

that's all he can do. but "we did was put a chair in his glass. next time you see steven on television look at his right frame. there's a chip in his class. that chip picks up radio from his brain, converts it to signals and operates a laptop computer. so this is how steven now communicates with the world. but not just a laptop. why not an exoskeleton. this is what is being done at brown university, duke university. it put a chip ride on top of the brain. it doesn't hurt because the brain doesn't have any pain sensors. then this chip is connected to a laptop which then controls a wheelchair. this gentleman here had a stroke. he is a vegetable. he cannot scratch his nose.

he cannot talk. he cannot do anything with blank plank is the only thing we can do. and brown they put a chip and is running, connected it to a computer. he can now surf the web, reading now, right e-mail, play video games, do crossword puzzles to operate his wheelchair, operate household appliances, anything they you can do on a computer he can also do, and he is totally paralyzed. and we have now connected also at brown university this paralyzed woman to a mechanical arm. she also is totally paralyzed. she can only blank. now, when the connector to a mechanical arm she could pick up coca-cola for the first time in years and in scratcher knows. astor, how you feel. she blinked and plant and she

spelled out the words, i want robot's legs next. well, that is coming. the pentagon got wind of this, and they realize, no, my god, think of a blended warriors. no arms, no legs. what is our country doing for veterans? well, what they are doing is creating mechanical arms. mechanical arms are so sensitive that you can pick up an egg without breaking it. you can fist pump. you can high five. you can handshake. that is how delicate these arms are, built at johns hopkins university. not only that, but complete exoskeletons our next. we are calling to bypass the spinal cord for these people. think of the people who are injured because of car accidents, strokes, football accidents on the football field, hundreds of them, thousands of people who are partially or

fully paralyzed. we're going to make sure that they walk again by bypassing the spinal cord. now, at duke university there is one scientist from brazil. he is creating this exoskeleton for somebody who is totally paralyzed so that he can start the world cup soccer games in brazil. so the next time you watch the international soccer cup game in brazil they will be initiated by somebody who is a vegetable, totally paralyzed with an exoskeleton. and in japan they are looking at surrogate's, avatars' like the movie avatar. in the movie you are in a pond and you control mentally another being. this is now japan where we have our robot connected to a man with electrodes, and he controls the robot.

this could be the future of police work, firemen, emergency, people put their lives on the line for dangerous jobs. one not have a robot do it? and it could also be the future of education. surrogates will one day be in the classroom. this is a surrogate. it shows a picture of somebody who is sitting in bed. the teacher looks at the surrogate and sees the face of the people who is sick in bed. the people, in turn, sees an image of the teacher while astuteness sick. remember when we were young, we used to play hockey. those were the good old days. they are gone. isn't the future wonderful? you will never be able to play hockey again because the teacher always knows every single day, there is the surrogate right there in that chair.

and the brain is connected to the guys, so why not use the eyes as a direct way to input information into the brain. this is the future of the internet. the future of the internet is to be in your contact lens. you blink and you go on line. and you are the first people to buy internet contact lenses? college students taking final examinations. [laughter] my students will blank can see all of the answers to my exam right there in front of them. and the second person to buy and to have contact lenses? president barack obama sorry doesn't have to have these stand teleprompter is giving his speech whenever it gives a speech. who is the third person to get intimate contact lenses? vice-president joe biden so he never says anything to fear again.

[laughter] and valentine's day, think of all of the romeo's who were time tied that can't say roses are red, violets are blue. think of all the romance in can't get up palm off the ground for their loved one. in the future all the time tied romeo's love beautiful words emanating from there now is right out of a poetry book because it is right out of a poetry book. nasa is interested in this because astronauts in outer space have to see the blueprint. there is no blueprint. they will see the blueprint right there in nearbys. these glasses, these contact lenses, by the way, will also recognize people's faces. when you bump into somebody will always know who they are. how many times have you been at a conference like this and bump into somebody and say, i know this person, i know this.

jim, john, jake. to is this person. in the future your contact lens will say it's jim stupid. [laughter] you want to see his complete biography next to his name? every time there's a meeting here at rainy day bucks. that's a you're looking for a job. you're at a cocktail party and you know there are some very important people at that cut to a party, but you don't know who they are. in the future you well know exactly due to suck up to any cocktail party. has been and lives will connect there contact lenses together. how many times as the husband or wife, shopping and bought the wrong thing. go back and returned at apple. the apple is run. in the future you will see what your husband or wife is seeing in say, no, don't buy that apple, by this instead. and so surrogates will repair

damaged reactor's like in fukushima, put out fires aerospace and you will be in a hot tub mentally controlling all of these gadgets. so computerized prosthetics could be enhancing human body. and next is up loading memories. this was once considered science fiction, but now we do it. last year at wake forest university in north carolina and also in los angeles they took a mouse, trained the mouse to drink water from a bottle and then they recorded the memory in the hippocampus, the hippocampus is that red thing in the middle of the brain. they recorded that memory. later the mouse forgot, but then there reid inserted the tape recorder back into the hippocampus and, bingo, the mouse remembered.

this is the first time in world history just last year that we recorded a memory and played it back, uploaded that memory into a mouse. next primates. very soon now we will record memories of a monkey perhaps eating a banana. recorded and then shoot it back in. the monkey will remember everything then forgot. next alzheimer's patients. we are going to create a brain pacemaker for alzheimer's patients. that is the short-term goal. we are going to create a button. you push the button and the memory of who you are, who your children are, where you live, where you left your keys will be inserted back into your mind. in knows. even beyond that committee will push a button and you will insert the memory of a vacation the you never had.

or if your college student think of all the courses reflect in college. maybe we will be able to up plus some of that information. workers who get laid off because of technology, maybe they will upgrade their skills not by going to a community college but by simply of blood in the memory. so the hippocampus is the gateway to memory. now, when hippocampuses damage like in a stroke then you cannot form long-term memories. they're is a side case. hippocampuses damaged. when you greet him it would say hello, how are you. and then you would forget that the mets you. hello. he would do this for decades. for decades he would repeat the same memory over and over and

over again he was shocked to see an old man in the mayor. he said, that can't be me. on the young man. i'm young. and then he would forget the memory of seeing himself as an old man. he would go back to safe work have been more to hollywood movies were created about him. one is 50 for states with drew barrymore. the other is groundhog day with bill murray. and then the question is, can you photograph of thought. , you would say how to read what is more ephemeral, fleeting. well, at berkeley where i got my ph.d. years ago we can actually do it. you put somebody in a brain scan. the brains can converse the image of the line into

30,000 tons. now, that's an and our mission to date. very awkward. you can't brain scan yourself every day. on the ride is the world's smallest mri machine. the answer is according to laws of physics we can make mri machines this big. this will have more computer power than a university hospital today. your medicine cabinet will have more medical knowledge and a university hospital today. so here is how we do it. we take a break, put in an mri scan. the computer spits out 3,000 lots. each dot represents electrical

activity of the brain. then a software program analyzes these 30,000 dots and prints out a picture. these are some of the first pictures of a thought. on the left is the steve martin. this next to it is the image of steve martin as seen through your brain. it is not perfect because it is only 30,000 tons. the picture may have of million pixels. but, hey, the fact that we can do this and all is amazing. this is a picture of an elephant, a person in an airplane and then the computer image generated by computer. and then what you do is you put this person and an mri machine and having devilishly. when he goes to sleep he dreams. the computer program just keeps on going. some of the first group pictures of the train came out last year.

in the future you may wake up, push a button, and see the tree in the chair had the previous night. then in germany they did something amazing. according to old wives' tale some of us have lucid dreams. we are conscious when we dream. we can actually change the course of the train. we know we are dreaming while we are dreaming. this is called lucid dreaming. how many people in this audience have never experienced any dream, even once the morning in new york dreaming? look at that. well, it turns out that this old wives' tale is true. in germany at the institute last year and a brain scan of is a dreamer, and decontrolled the direction of his dream. and we followed it with an mri scan. it is absolutely true.

some may be one day in the none of the capri as movie inception is not so far-fetched after all. and then the big one. mental on this. this is why president barack obama and the european union want to dump a billion dollars to find out how the brain is misfired. turns out that many of our leading figures command actors, actresses, composers, musicians have suffered from bipolar disorder. on the upper left montfort example, became famous as lois lane. however, several years ago they found her homeless. stark naked, hiding behind garbage cans. it was revealed that she suffers from bipolar disorder. many actresses and famous actors suffer. we can now brain scan these

people. we now cannot cure them, but we understand how mental illness forms to a degree. schizophrenics, for example, your voices. if you want to see a schizophrenic just go downtown. you will see people talking to themselves. that is a classic schizophrenic. and when you brains can these people you find something very interesting. the left part of your brain generates noises. you talk to yourself. we all talked ourself all the time, but in some part of your brain a conscious brain is aware of it. in these people when they have voices racing to their mind the left part of their brain lights out, but the front part of the brain is aware of it. in other words, they are talking to themselves without the permission or knowledge. now, if you, one day, heard a voice inside the brain that was

outside of your conscious control you would think you're going crazy, right? well, that's what we have here. you can actually see that now and these people. and even though through history, joan of arc was perhaps one of the most legendary figures in all of ancient history. a teenager who changes the course of the war it turns up that epileptic legions in your brain, but in a 20 percent of them become hyper religious. you see ghosts, demons everywhere. we think that, perhaps, profits, the profits of all that it in the head and they began to see ghosts, demons of where. and we think joan of arc suffer from this. you can actually induce this

artificially. you can put on a helmet that is radioed duplicating the effect. you feel like you are in the presence of god. this is called the god home. you put on a helmet and you feel that you and the presence of god so, scientists decide to put a nun and an atheist inside the gun on the to see whether they could change their beliefs. well, the atheist, they chose richard dawkins. richard dawkins, the atheist by ellis but on the helmet. then and non put on the helmet. they ask, does this change a religious belief? richard dawkins says, no, he's still an atheist. they asked the none, does this changed your belief, the fact that you can induce religious feelings? and she said, no. uc to my god created us with a

telephone, telephone and our brain so that we can communicate with god. so the scientists were unable to change anyone's religious beliefs. some things you can't win. and then the question is what about super genius. what about people who are of scale, have fantastic photographic memory, artistic and mathematical abilities. it turns out that there was a boy who had a bullet go through the left temporal lobe. there was a man who dove into a swimming pool, hit the left side of his head on the bottom of the pool and afterwards both of them became super mathematical geniuses. this has now been documented, acquired savant behavior. now, tonight after today's talk did not pick up a hammer. [laughter] and do not hate yourself on the left temporal lobe thinking it

going to become a genius afterwards. however, some of these people have photographic memories that we have analyzed. this woman here, for example, a helicopter ride over manhattan and draws the entire left vista of the man and harbor, the new york harbor from memory. he did it for hong kong, london, and new york city. when you go to jfk airport and you land at the american allied terminal look up and you will see this huge merrill. every detail perfect drawn from memory by this man who had been one helicopter ride over man and. how do you do this? if they can do it, we can do it. we are not that different from these people. so how is it? we are not sure. one curious that when you have a

memory we used to think that the memory decays with time. it's old. it wears out and disappears. we don't think that and more. and our belief for getting. their brain records, but the forgetting mechanism is broken. they have forgotten how forget. therefore they never remember everything. you can ask them, what were you doing in 1954? 4:00 in the afternoon on may may 2nd. they will tell you what they were doing at that time. amazing. and then we have another question of as burgers and from, true genius from isaac newton. isaac newton hands down is the greatest scientist to relent. einstein said that.

and he was a very strange person. he could not have small talk. you could not chitchat. he would be horrible at a dinner conversation. you would not want to invite him for dinner. and if you want to see somebody with as burgers and room, just wants the big bang theory on cbs television. as burgers people are strange. they don't make eye contact. they are clumsy with conversations, clueless when it comes to women, just like on the big bang theory. yes of the greatest nobel prize winners suffered fries burgers and. and then there is a true genius of modern times, albert einstein. did you know that we have einstein's brain? when einstein died in 1955 the doctor who did the autopsy kidnapped the brain without

anyone's permission. he took to bring home and kept it in a cooler for three years. it was sitting in his living room underneath some books. one day he drove across country and put einstein's brain and the manager. einstein's brain went through a lot of problems over decades because this man said this is a piece of history. you cannot cremated. he took it home, but he did not know what to do with it. now it's at princeton university. in my book i even have a chapter analyzing the greatest brain of modern times. but what about 74 it? well, believe it or not we can now realize sigmund freudian psychology from a modern point of view. sigmund freud, many people think he was a crackpot, crazy, superego, unconscious mind. how you measure those things?

now we can. with brain scans. you can actually see that there is pleasure center at the center of the brain. they're is a libido, part of the brain that governs pleasure just like ford says. in fact, if we take a mouse and hook electrodes to the nuclear circumference of the pleasures and to and the electrodes to a telegraph key the mouse will head the telegraph key twice the second until it starves to death so, dogs, cats, and even up to a dolphin, tune with the dolphin up to the pleasures and to some of that when i dolphin swam forward it would hit and a lecture to stimulate the pleasure center. well, the dolphin would hit the electorate twice a second the dolphin would realize, and i. i will die. i'm starving to death. then the dolphins stops, goes

out and grabs food and comes back in its himself again. the dolphin is not stupid, after all. and then the question is, what is consciousness? in know, so many people have written about this thing called consciousness. 30,000 papers had been written about consciousness. never in the history of science have some many written so much to produce a little. i have a new theory of consciousness. i don't have time to get into it, but i believe that animals have consciousness. our consciousness is different from animals, but even dogs and cats, i think, conscious. in fact, how many people here in this room have a cat at home? now, when you come home the cat comes up to you in person goes right up your leg. you say, though, kind put the tab. al affection. wrong. if you were to scan the brain of

a cat that can would be thinking, this human is my. i on this human. i'm going to put my hormones on the scene is like so of a cat's cannot, my territory. in fact my trained this human. this human feats me twice a day. good human. get him. bass was going on. and why can't loners? what do they come up to you and per and then disappear, themselves? because they had descended from the wild cat. the wildcat is a solitary hunter they do not hunt in packs of all. they're used to being alone just like greta garbo. they want to be alone. how many people in this room have a dog? well, when you come home the dog jumps that you and slobbers over

you. why? because the stock things that you are a dog except you top dog you are the of the dog. they are the underdog because dogs are pack animals. they hunt in groups. there's a pecking order. a very rigid pecking order. to ease first, the alpha male, who eat last? the delta male. that's what documents best friend because they actually think that you wore a dark. why did dogs like to be with people? because they are pack animals. it like to hunting groups. i think emma weber, that the lowest state of consciousness is a thermostat. one unit of feedback. that is what i call one unit of consciousness. even thermostats, i believe, are conscious. the unit of consciousness is a thermostat. a flower registers water, light,

gravity, moisture, carbon dioxide. so of flour may have ten units of consciousness. and then, as i said before, the back of your brain is the reptilian brain. it understands base. it knows where it is located. those were the party is, but not much more. for that level of consciousness, space, it understands this location in space. that level to consciousness among monkey consciousness. the monkey brain located at the center of your brain. this is the brain of a motion, the brain of social hierarchy, the brain a pecking orders. and then level three. what makes us different? we see the future. animals to not. animals have no conception of tomorrow. they don't plan for tomorrow. when it gets called the

hibernate because it's instinctive. when it kids called we packed our banks, we went to rise our own, we've read about all sorts of things. we see the future. we daydream. we plan. mr. energized. animals don't. animals have no conception of time. that is, no conception of tomorrow. if this theory is correct to my have to explain everything about the mind, including things as ephemeral as human. you may say to yourself, humor is so spiritual, so much out there that you will never be allowed to explain and a theory of consciousness. i don't think so. the joke is funny because you hear something and then you complete the in the. your brain is a production machine. it constantly pre extending. you have no choice.

when you hear a joke your brain completes the in the. and then when you hear the actual landing is different and you laugh, and that's what things of funding. for example, let me give you an example. teddy roosevelt daughter was one of the gossipmongers of the white house. she loved gossip. she is famous for saying, if you have nothing good to say about of the people, then please come sit next to me. w.c. fields was asked a question about nine people, educating and people. are you in favor of clubs for young people? and w fee to the w.c. fields as a mine in favor of clubs? yes, but only if kindness' fails . and in the bible says -- well, the point is that the bible says to and the others as you would

have been due and to you, except to a first. now, why are these funny? because when you hear the expression in another tell you, that if you don't have anything nice to say about somebody don't say anything at all. you complete the dow. you have no choice. your brain is a production machine. but then when the punch line is, then come sit next to me, it's funny because you did not expect that. so i would say that even humor can be interested in my theory of consciousness. now, we're running out of time. i will skip the discussion of robots other than to say that robots are level one. robots are like alligators. there are not much more intelligent and alligators. slowly we are beginning to create emotional robots. of robots and still produce it. the more advanced robot is in japan.

you saw a picture of an earlier. he can run, what, climb upstairs. the world's most advanced robot can even dance. in fact, he dances much better and me. i did a number of tv specials. he dances better than me every time. i interviewed the creator of the world's most advanced robot. as the inventor how smart, how smart is the world's most advanced for what? and he said on camera, he said my creation is as smart as a cockroach. a retarded coverage, and lobotomize, stupid, retarded cockroach. we have a long ways to go before robots become smarter than us. and by saying that president barack obama has this initiative to create breen two.

zero, a copy of the brains to understand why it's this wired, why we have mental illness. we can understand the wiring of the brain then perhaps you will also have a form of immortality. in the question is, when you die to you live forever? well, to paraphrase bill clinton it all depends on how you define the word you. are you aware and sulfur? if so when you die you die. or are you information? if so, then information can double every 18 months. this is the rate at which computers are going in -- going in sophistication. for example, when you get a birthday card in the mail you open up and sings. happy birthday to you, there's a chip in that birthday card. that chip according to this chart has more computer power

and of the allied forces of 1945. hitler, churchill, roosevelt would have killed to get that chip. what do you do with it? you throw it away in the garbage. if hitler had that chip in 1940 we might all be speaking german here today rather than english. and unlike in 1969. in 1969 with two men on the moon these old, granny, mess it takes of miss the control? my god, according to this chart there were 64k processors, dinosaurs, your cell phone today has more computer power than all of nasa in 1969. in fact, you're not gonna to put me on one of those rocket ships. at gunderson me and now the space back to buy oneself on. it's criminal.

it's criminal. we were shooting cumins a dallas-based backed up by oneself on. in the internet, as a consequence, will become a brain at. we will send emotions and memories through the internet. can you imagine teenager's, can you imagine teenager's on facebook sending the emotions, experience of their first date, a senior prom, all of it on the internet. the movies could have total immersion entertainment, not just the flat screen with sound. that's the movies of today. total emotional context. and perhaps in the next century if we have a connect all, a disk with your memories, potts, perhaps we can send it in two out of space. in fact, we can send it on a laser beam at the speed of light this may be the way to explore

the galaxy, to send carcanet town and outer space at the speed of light on the lens of bring to explore the universe. so now let me close on a note and then i will take some questions from the audience and then i will sign books. just remember, after a sign your books you can go to ebay and make money and auction them off. so let me in on one last of. when i was a child i had a role model. i idolized and albert einstein. in my favorite einstein story is this, when einstein was an old man he was tired of giving the same talk over and over again. one day the chauffeur came up to him and said, professor, i am really a part-time actor. i have heard your speech so many times i memorized it. so why don't we switch places.

i will put on the mustache. i will put on the way. we will be great einstein and you can take a rest and be my chauffeur. einstein love the joke. so they switched places. this one along famously into one day a mathematician in the back ask the very difficult question. and i stand out, no, the game is up. in a chauffeur said, that question is so elementary that even my chauffeur here can answer it for you. thank you very much. you been a great audience. out take questions from the audience. and then i will be happy to sign your book. thank you very much. you been a great audience. [applause] so we have some time. you can make the questions as

hard as you want to read after words cannot please line up in an orderly fashion and not try to sign as many books as i can. we'll have pictures taken as well. so, people are going to line up. we have microphones in the audience. so here is your chance to talk back. okay. come on not. kent. >> yes, doctor. i was wondering how far reaching you think the effects of fukushima are going to be on japan and the hawaiian islands and the rest of the pacific. the question is, fukushima, how long i'll be going to experience the agony of three simultaneous meltdowns in northern japan? we have the answer. forty years. according to the utility tokyo electric it will take about 40 years to begin the process of dismantling the reactor.

a small but quick will send the accident starting all over again you realize that the reactor is so radioactive workers cannot even get in for more than just a few minutes to the time. they sent in robots. robots are not smart enough to work in high radiation fields. total failure. the pentagon, the u.s. pentagon has made it a priority to create robots that can turn the screw, robots that can use a hammer, robot that can use gasol. we don't have this debt. and so the next thing they want to do is camerons, cameras into the water to see where the melting is. it's so bad that we don't even have a picture. we don't even have a picture of the melted court. we know it's 100 percent not. the water. a radioactive water builds up,

swimming pools. you can see all these swimming pools and radioactive water. the agony is an and. and so just remember that it will take 40 years to clean up that nuclear accident. for japan after world war ii and made a faustian bargain, thousands a legendary figure who sold his soul to the devil for unlimited power. japan said it will go nuclear, but there's a price. there's a price to have to pay. that is, you sell your soul to the devil. anyway, let's move on to other questions you may have. let's go to the next person. yes. >> hi. i just wanted to thank you for coming by the kansas city. i wanted to ask, you have been an inspiration on the fact you started in such a young age wanting to be a scientist.

of all the people that you have met in the different respective fields, do you find the standard about everyone starting very and or do you see someone that may be came in at an older age wanted to switch over and the science? >> the question was interested in science when you're very young. well, you can be interested in science and neh, but it does help to the young. i've been into this -- hundred scientists. i am my own radio show which goes up to 130 radio stations across the u.s. every weekend. i always ask the question. when i was ten, when i was ten there was the telescope my microscope, chemistry kits, a visit to the planetarium some things go wrong.

so everything with mommy and daddy, mean and -- abcaten kids begin to ask what is beyond mommy and daddy. in then we get this existential shock. this epiphany realizing how huge and glorious been universes. and then kids just heated up. they want to know everything about business in chemistry. the astronomer of scientists. you see, we are all born scientists. we are born wondering, where did i come from, why is the sunshine why the stars twinkle?

airborne and wait until we it jr. as cool. then it is crushed out of this. memorize useless facts and figures that don't amount to anything. of a sudden we're called merit spirit of this of the targeted date. all this of norman's kick in. it's difficult. and in and high school we have this pyramid, the spare men who have the beautiful people on top , jackson the cheerleaders. nothing against the. demoralized by hollywood movies. hollywood never tells you that as soon as you graduate from high school that pyramid turns upside down. they never tell you that. [applause] bill gates, steve jobs, mr. mr. zucker byrd. these are billionaires, leaders in innovation, technology. they were at the bottom of the

pyramid when they were in high school. okay. next. >> hi. thank you for your session. very nice. i was wondering, you mentioned that you could take a chip with someone's memory and inserted back into the rat to they can remember it again. as it's progressing and maybe that someone's memory may be inserted into another person's brain. so there is controversy over doing something like this because memories of personal and meant to be for just a single person. have you think the public will respond and how do you personally think of this new technology? >> the question is the ethical implications of being able to insert not just to memories but false memories. courses you never to accommodate some never end, vacations you never experienced could all be uploaded, we think, in the future. there are big ethical considerations because what happens if a criminal gets this? up close the memory of a crime

they never committed or legal justice system depends upon eyewitness accounts. we have witnesses to say that, yeah, they will tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth. what happens when you tamper with people's memories? then eyewitness accounts cannot be trusted and more. therefore, i think this has to be regulated. if we get to the point where we can insert memories into the mind then there may have to the level. this memory is false. this vacation you never had. but it's fun anyway, so i'll pay money and experience a vacation. we're going after regulated to make sure that false memories are clearly labeled false memories. ..

>> so the lesson if you have to be right up to the person's brain in order to record it. the problem is not privacy. the problem is that willingly we make a memory that is recorded and then someone else else it. so you have to make sure that your memories are kept private and that is another area that will play out and we can foresee that the memories could become a regulator just like software

next? [inaudible question] >> we were talking about how you -- [inaudible question] >> yes. okay, how does it show that the brain is wired. well, first of all aspergers is a mild form of autism and they began to enormous these artistic abilities. but a good fraction of children began to excel in certain directions. but they may have an iq of maybe 80. but then they have to be

confined to institutions. so how is that possible two the thing is that it is damaged to the left temporal lobe that could occur for many reasons. a bullet, a blow to the head, or damage from autism. so we now believe that it's not the only way to have these mathematical powers. people with aspergers how these powers of mathematics without having to have a low iq. these people are functional. isaac newton, all of them are functional in society and in fact newton was actually a member of parliament during his lifetime and so we are now beginning to understand that it may be possible to induce this kind of behavior and we think that aspergers is a form of this or you can actually function in

society and still have these mathematical powers. one study done just last year at silken valley sure that many engineers have a higher rate of asperger's than the average population but you probably knew that already watching the big bang theory. clueless comment is hubler sometimes clueless when it comes to women. but this is something that we are still investigating. so we have a long way to go before we fully understand autism and asperger's. so we can actually see that the brain is slightly different. >> i was curious as to what your thoughts were and there is in my book, a quantum chapter on the most azar form of consciousness

in all of science. according to the quantum theory, in order for something to exist, somebody has to look at it. and before you observe something coming in principle it could exist in all possible states. and when you look at it in venice ooms one state. therefore the observer in some sense determines the existence but observation requires consciousness. conscious people make the observation so the greatest paradox in all of science is a cat problem. if i have a cat in a box and i don't open the box, the cat could be either dead or alive so how do we physicists describe a cat if you cannot observe it.

well, we had the dead cat to the live chat, so the cat is neither dead nor alive. until you open the box. now, einstein thought that this is stupid. i mean, how can you be neither dead nor alive at the same time. well, what can i say? einstein was wrong and he can be here or there at the same time. so this is the greatest paradox in all of science. heady resolve the fact that you can have dead cats and live chat simultaneously and no more prizewinners discuss this.

but there is an alternative, an alternative vision that the universe splits in half. in one universe the cat is dead and the other universe the cat is alive. >> and so this lends us to the last question in the last question is, is elvis presley still live in another parallel universe? the answer is possibly yes. if this theory is correct and the universe splits, then perhaps in one universe the king is still alive and we have time for one last question. we had to get to signing the books, let's take it one last question. >> what about superhero and his t-shirt. [laughter] >> my question was, if you could

put someone's stats and build a robot body, how about work? >> okay, you could put the mind onto a disc, the question is could then be put into a robot? and then he would have superpowers. this is something that cannot be ruled out. if one day, and this is fun the future, we put all of our pathways onto the brain and put this to a robot, the robot could be handsome, gorgeous, beautiful, superhuman with the powers of a cyborg and look just like us. so this ius. so this is something that is called homo superior. however, i should point out that it is 100 years away.

so we are not going to see it in our lifetime. but it is something that we cannot rule out. the fact that maybe the surrogate, that is what the movie starring bruce willis was all about. and in that world people prefer to live in superhuman bodies and they don't want to go back to this anymore. and then of course, because it is a hollywood movie, bruce willis messes it up until anyway, thank you so much for being here today. and what i want to do now is to sign