at some level i think it interstate exchange is an opportunity for reducing administrative costs. bringing up all these different exchanges the barriers to doing so because one state requested analysis of doing a multistate exchange are well-known to those important in this field and they have a lot to do with the fact that insurance is regulated at the state-level and there there is a relationship there that would have to be unraveled and

redesigned if you worked across state lines. i don't think there's any reason to think that the plan issues change if you have an interstate exchanges about administrative infrastructure. >> one thing that is present are the multistate plans which is not quite interstate exchange but it is the potential to increase competition across the lands. i cannot imagine an interstate exchange. it's difficult for me to imagine an interstate exchange either helping facilitate or not being a real challenge to a state that's doing the third way expansion. i don't want the 36 counties in mississippi that i want to keep my 75 and try to get them is covered as possible because that is within the degree of illegal operational and policy

flexibility that i have. >> okay. this has been at least for me and enlightening conversation and keep in mind allen's presentation and what does it take to get to yes? we will be watching this as it develops over not just the next weeks but the next couple of years and we will see if people are moving and but the barriers are too trying to get them there. we are going to continue this conversation on friday and a slightly different way with our colleagues at the commonwealth fund by looking at and there were references to them today the federally qualified health centers, the fqhc's. we are going to take a look at how well prepared they are for new enrollment, new rules and new opportunities and we will see if we can't try to find another way around helping

states get closer at least in the capacity part. we want to thank our friends and colleagues, sara collins and her colleagues at the commonwealth fund for their work on this topic and in this briefing. thank you for both sitting very pretty dense and fact rich set of presentations and discussion and ask you to help me think the panel for explaining most of those difficult situations in a very erudite and understandable way. [applause] we will see you on friday.

>> i can't say with the moment was because i've been living it all my life. my parents migrated from the south to washington d.c. my mother from georgia and my father from southern virginia. washington is where they met, married and then had me so without the great migration i wouldn't be here. i don't know who you would be talking to. i have lived with all my life. i grew up with people from north carolina south carolina georgia all around the neighborhood where i grew up and i was surrounded by the language the food, of the music, the ambitions to the people who migrated from the south. a lot of competition about whose child will go to which school, catholic school the school across the park so it's been with me all this time.

cemex talkshow host and "ms." magazine editor robin morgan talks about feminism and social media. she spoke in an event at the university of georgia in athens, georgia. [applause] >> thank you. when you say i do all those things now i know why i am tired. [laughter] when you become a feminist activist i haven't had a chance to wash my hair in 30 years. [laughter] i'm just giving you fair warning. i'm so glad to be here and i'm stunned and delighted and humbled by the enormity of the attendance and it's very special particularly to hear that you do

throughout the year and clearly the women's studies presence. there's enough energy in this room to light a city block. clearly throughout the year that you don't just settle for women's history month which i had my moments of ambivalence about because there is black history month and there's women's history month and then the other 10 months are pell-mell month's? [laughter] so we need to have a little available room and spread. we are going to cover a lot of ground so i'm going to leap right in. i thought that for some of the fresh lemon and women's studies we would do a short basic of where we are coming from and what we are up against in the world today. can you all here okay today? just to have some perspective and that i want to move on onto positive things because i don't want you to get psychotically depressed. what we are up against is

considerable. two out of three of the worlds illiterates are women and while the general letter c. rate is falling the female illiteracy rate is rising in no small part due to our friend religious fundamentalism which of course feels wherever it's coming from that women reading is a danger which in fact it is. one third of all families in the world are headed by women. in the developing countries almost half of all single women over age 15 are mothers. only one third of the world's women have access to any contraceptive information or devices and more than half have no access to trained health during chip pregnancy and childbirth. women in the developing world are responsible for more than 50% of all food production on the african continent alone african continent alone women do 60 to 80% of food production. in many african language the word for farmer and the word for woman is the same word.

in the industrialized countries women are still paid only half to three-quarters of what men earn at the same jobs. stiller getaways into lower paying so-called female intensive job categories and still otherwise -- in europe and north america women constitute over 40, 40% of the paid labor force. in addition to contributing more than 40% of the gdp in unpaid labor in the home. as of 1982 and has persisted straight on into the 2000 30000000 people and it rose actually were unemployed in the industrialized countries and 800 million people in the third world were living in absolute poverty. the vast majority women and children. you know about the feminization of poverty rate if you don't, you should.

approximately 500 million people suffer from hunger and malnutrition. the most seriously affected are children under age five and women. 20 million people die annually of hunger related diseases and causes and 1 billion in chronic undernourishment. the majority are women and children. not only are females most of the poor, the starving and the illiterate that women and children constitute more than 90% of all refugee and displaced persons populations. women outlive men in most countries. god knows how but we do and therefore we are the world's elderly as well as the primary caregivers for the elderly as well as the primary caregivers for children, for the sick and for the dying. the abuse of children is a woman's problem because women bear the responsibility for children in all cultures and because it is mostly female children who are abused. since women face such physical

changes as childbearing and lactation and in addition to the general health problems we share with men health and the crisis in world health is a woman's problem. toxic pesticides and nuclear waste and deadly pollutants take their first toll as cancers of the female reproductive system and in stillborn births and deformities. the pacific island women's movement for example was created on the pacific island with women noticing when the french were stilled doing the weird tests in bikini island they were giving birth to an epidemic of what they termed jellyfish babies, children born with no spines and out of that the pacific island women's movement was born. and as always we are the first and worst affected in the last

and least consulted on solutions. i don't know about you but i get a little paranoid when the same folks who brought us the problem are offering is the solution. deforestation for lumber sales as export or construction materials results in a low ring of the water table which in turn impacts on women because women are the primary fuel gatherers and water haulers of the world. when angry business moves into an agrarian situation and usually with large tools and money for men and hiring men what it does is totally disenfranchise the women farmers who then without land sometimes follow their men to the city where they are considered less educable and less employable so they wind up in one of three job areas either multinational factories for approximately 1 dollar a day if they are lucky, domestic servitude including

rape and battery or prostitution i could go on but i think you get the picture. so we are up against still after 40 years of contemporary feminism a crisis that affects most people on the planet. when it's addressed and you give grants or microcredit two men they use it for themselves culturally, cross culturally. when you give it to them and the whole family eats and it took a while for the world bank which is a little bit slow to learn this and where feminists were our day saying it for 50 years. the theme though of this women's history month is women of courage, commitment and what's the third one? i'm getting like rick perry. character.

thank you very much. okay so this is in the don't get psychotic we depressed department before we get into the social media. it has all of these things tied together. i want to share with you a fistful of international women who existed long before there was social media or even in some cases legacy media, what we now call legacy media. these are the internationals and then i'm going to bring it all back home for the sisters here. this is your heritage. you wonderful young women in this room and you men of conscience. either you are men of conscience or are smart and just wanted to be on the women's side or you thought what up great place to meet smart girls. in any offense you are here and this is a good sign. i want to share some of these women with you because they are

your heritage. how many people here for example know that condi's nonviolent resistance tactics work knowledge to tactics work knowledged even by him to have been copied from the 19th century indian suffrage movement or that it was a woman's action which inspired the contemporary solidarity movement that

or the 70-year-old woman who organized the uprising against the british in kenya in 1911. or such women of the ashanti people of ghana. they are not familiar to us. and even women in their own countries. what pride might we feel if everybody knew about the waves of female rebellion in china's enormously long history? how it was a woman.

her dates are 1768 to 7097 who discovered the loss of lunar eclipses or -- led far -- 40 armies of 2500 women each fighting for women's rights during the 1851 taiping rebellion. i want to know where they now that we need them given the war and women in the united states. i would like 40 armies of 2500 women each. or how the 19th century feminist poet teacher and revolutionary dressed in men's clothing for freedom of movement founded a girls school and was arrested and executed in 1908 acres she refused to compromise your beliefs. and last what inspiration might all women draw from claiming as a form other a woman of indonesia who is forced to leave

school by religious constraints at age 12 who educated herself competent who spoke out against polygamy forced marriage and colonial oppression who founded the modern indonesian women's rights movement and who started a girl school which had in a moment of 120 students by 1904 all before she died in childbirth at age 22. these are your shared heritage. they are joined by thousands of other women who struggles the loom in our lives. the first woman doctor in the country, the first woman journalist, the first woman accountant, the first woman notary. just stop for a moment and think about it. think of the hours of work. imagine the nights of despair. think about the years of endured ridicule and rejection. think of the personal cost.

think of the exhaustion. think of the stubborn vision of just one such life. and they are doing it today. the radio show which is yes it's on cbs but more importantly it's on line. it is with itunes in 110 countries and it set wn sea life.com. we have had many famous guests on. we have had acted this, movie stars obviously sister co-spirit or jane fonda and cathy bates and deborah winger but they have to be activists. lily tomlin. we have had great generals like christian amanpour. we have had the united nations high commissioner for human rights.

we have had pulitzer prize-winning journalist and we have had three african-american congresswoman. clearly in my vision they would all be women and african-american. maxine waters and i'm trying to remember who else. eleanor holmes norton of course from the days when the two of us were the women's caucus in the student nonviolent coordinating committee. we have it all sorts of shiny famous people but as our more important are the gas that i have on who are not and you don't get media space. these are some of them. we don't even use her last name for security reasons. she single-handedly got linked in, you know the site linked in other policy changed because she was being stalked by a man who had raped her and when she went

to them and said i want to keep them from knowing where i am and i can't do that. you can do that on facebook and other sites and they said no, no, no we don't do that exist it's important for us -- that is why we are called linked in. so she went to change.org and made up a petition and she went on line and she called women. within four months there were thousands and thousands of signatures and linked in changed their policy. or like julie burkhart who in the face of death threats is reopening dr. tillers -- slain dr. tillers -- or other incredibly wonderful young bloggers that are on the show a lot. a young smart and funny loves red shoes and formed the red shoes project to address

hiv/aids and african-american young women. these are women who are using new tools in old and new ways. it makes my teeth grind uncontrollably when i'm told that younger women aren't interested in feminism. obviously i am hallucinating all of you here today and i clearly have a good imagination because it's auditory. it's physical. it really seems like the room is full of terrific young women and a few smart man. [laughter] but clearly i am imagining that because the people who say that don't know where to look. some of my generation even feminists are a little luddite and don't know where to look either. so we have to educate them and bring them along.

this was not a problem for me because i love words and anything that has to do with communicating in being communicated with i'm there and i want to learn it. except for twitter where i flag because frankly i thought somebody with my first name maybe shouldn't tweet. [laughter] but i got over that. and it's beyond a tool. it's right up there with the printing press. let me get back to this and then i'm going to kerf back around. among the people that we have had on the show who are not so well-known are the women who made facebook sit up and take notice. i don't know if you know but facebook of course because it's an open platform not really open but it portends to be an open platform prides itself on so-called free speech. free speech which is always

there for the pornographers and the and not for the women apparently included rape rooms and rape dungeon pages. for years feminists have been complaining to facebook that this was horrific and this was like propaganda for violence against women. facebook said there's nothing we can do about it and also that you have a sense of humor? some of us spent months on the phone with people at the top level trying to educate them in trying to explain what a rape culture climate was and they didn't do this in terms of anti-semitism. they wouldn't do this and shouldn't do this in terms of latent racist propaganda. why were they doing this but a group of three young women organized and didn't go after facebook. they went after advertisers on facebook. i don't know if you know that the algorithmalgorithm s are set up that when you go to a page on

facebook the ads that pop up are the ones -- i see people nodding. some people do not know. the ads that pop up are the ones that will interest you. not the ones that are key to that page. the algorithms follow use a with the young women did was to organize and go to the advertisers and say do you know toyota and sneakers manufactures and do you know that your advertising is running on sites that show women being beaten up and being raped and treated as a joke and treated as fun and treated -- how to rape a woman. so advertisers began pressuring and guess what what? facebook's now entered into negotiations. they are training the people now they said if women complain we will take it down and the women said no we don't want to have to bother to complain. if you take it down they just put it up with another name.

we want you monitoring at the way you monitor other offensive sites. this is your responsibility. it turns out do you know who most of the monitors are for facebook? young irishman. in ireland. so they are being educated now and they have to be educated in myriad ways because some of it is so skewed. it is surreal. for example they will run pornographic sites but if a woman is nursing a baby that comes down because the site at the bare but if the baby is on the that's acceptable. if the baby is half an inch away from the that comes down. we are working with them. we have enormous patience. [laughter] we have been at this 10,000 years you know so we really have enormous patience. the other thing that they took down were women who had had mastectomies and you had

courageously had tattoos or you know in some way were affirming their bodies. these were taken down his pornographic whereas sites of women being tortured will left up. it's a sensibility that is the culture and the culture in general on line as any woman he was an outspoken woman and two tweets or posts or even just read knows is not a friendly one to women. it's a young male largely white terrain. 15 to late 20s and sometimes it can be incredibly hostile and quite vicious. those of us who have been getting threatening notes for years and years and years used to have the luxury of -- it would come in the mail. they'll come to your publisher. they would have to exert themselves and write it down. now it's so easy.

there they are in their jammies with their fritos. [laughter] just male supremacy in a way. and the threats and the viciousness toward local feminists on line is huge so mammon -- women have been mobilizing about that. one of the things that interest me and delights my soul is that the strongest feminist presence on line is a woman of color. they are the leadership. they are the women who are taking no prisoners. they are the women who are doing the most creative blogging and organizing on line. and i'm not even dealing at the moment now internationally because internationally you have people like mustafa who is in kurdistan and using the internet to build the first feminist, the first and largest feminist library in the middle east.

i mean pretty amazing. i want to give the name said give your pencils out of some very special sites and bloggers that many of you may know about but maybe some of you may not. i want to publicize them because they are fantastic. so black twitter if you haven't heard of it is a whole development on its own and it is led by women by kimberly ellis who is on line name is dr. goddess. i love it. she is a ph.d. and probably she is a goddess so why is she not a doctor goddess? and black twitter is an entire on line perception of reality that european americans if they are very lucky can listen in on

and learn from but it is witty and marvelous and i assure you that if you visit it you will not, way unchanged. internationally you must understand that this is not a luxury. this is the lifeline to the world. there are villages in the african continent in asia and the fatherless of rio de janeiro where there is no electricity. there is no television. there is no newspapers and that there were some of the women are not literate but somehow, amazingly they have cell phones particularly the young ones and they are using them. ..

if you don't know about them, feminist is the go to basic place which will send you on to different categories, different subject matter. all issues are women's issues. if your talking about the majority of the species, how can and not be. when i hear the phrase women's issues makes me crazy. so it's a real base kutcher. also the minister in, which insure your offered no. the f on started when she was, i

think, 15. now coming to the women's media center and bring the f on with her. it's a team side for young women and women ,-so that there is their own voice. the unwise latina taking off from the soda my air statement when she was being vetted by congress, it's a wonderful website which is a go to place for latina feminism. the current collective, if you don't know about it, it's really primary. it is an african american feminists site with everything from feminist theory the feminists strategy and and an incredible energy and ingenious inventions that i could not

recommend more. then there's some of the basic ones going backward, but also going forward, the ms. feminist plot. this is not your mother's oldsmobile. this is a blocked. jezebel, which you probably know about, and women under siege is a spin off site from the women's media center, a project of the women's media center. it is focusing on sexual assault, sexualize violence against women in conflict zones or post conflict zones. so at present it is focusing on syria. the first concert -- crowd sourcing direct reporting of data live and interactive. so it is an amazing sight to check out. that brings us to the women's media center site itself.

and when gloria and jane and i founded this like a years ago, i guess, it meant we had no idea that it would grow this exponentially and with this much energy in this -- is buried it. so we do media training. we have a sort of war room. we monitor sexism in the media. we have the ones who got apologies for chris matthews. there is the name it change the project which is about sexism that is levied, particularly against women running for office is a training program, progressive women's voices. there is if she sores, which makes it impossible for brokers abundant shows to ever again say, well, we would, but we can't find a qualified women. it is now the largest data base

in the world of women. every subject from aardvark to zimbabwe. and then there's the w and see live, which is the radio show and hot gas. you can download stream, or go to itunes and subscribe and then it comes automatically. and then there is a holler back, which is one of the primal places. there are subjects specific size the very important. by the way, there are three gaps that we were behind in the beginning. and at which you can get and simply download for free which addresses that moment when you're walking alone somewhere and your footsteps behind. they sound like a man's

footsteps, and you don't know. could be a perfectly nice man, but you don't now and be a start, maybe it's a parking lot, maybe it's a village path colombians on your way back to a dorm. everyone knows this experience. appalls began to sweat commission begins. she's on alert. she does not feel the same way if it's a woman's footsteps behind. and no man experiences this. is a uniquely female experience. all right. this apple, which you can download first of all the minute they touch it, it sends a signal that you might be in trouble to the nearest police. secondly, it tells you exactly what is open, where, and in what direction.

there are two or three of these. this is the kind of organizing and women who work on line on the subject brought about. and then there's my particular love, the international feminist not. this is just to be very happy about. this is a group of women who got together and realize that there are millions of us, and we don't know where we all are. and everytime demonstrations began we sort of reinvent the wheel and alerting of the like-minded groups, the hon. rate in india last year were of a woman died in the five men can repair. the women took to the streets. the students followed, and then. rather than go back to that each time alerting people around the world will you join us on this, the feminist map which is the

feminist network project, although if you do will international feminist map it's going to come out to more international feminist network. is a world map. and you can add the doubts by putting yourself in. they have constructed with real wisdom if you are in an authoritarian country and don't want to use your name as a way to do that. if you want to register as a group as a way to do that. immediately you are network by the city, state, country, region, world. it is fascinating to see where there is and a dog which doesn't mean there aren't feminists. it just means they're not able to be visible yet. and going doe wind of.

want to leave you with the electricity of a tool in your hands and an emerging the access of the tools that are not technological up that everything in our society and in pitcher he will tell you not jackson's. passion, humor warriors. i like to say that i'm not passing my torch. get your own damn torch. we, ala boss, need more and more torch's to bring this down. and hanging on to mine. i will be waving my. carry yourself as someone is going to save the world. the truth is without hyperbole will.

when i talk about young feminists and the invented war, and sometimes it's real. sometimes they can be bullying and take a tone. i had to walk 6 miles in the snow wearing only socks. you don't know how good you had. sometimes gender feminists will say he never dealt with racism when actually most of us, at least in the 60's and 70's, came out of the civil-rights movement. they're is a tremendous and ignorance. it's like a cross cultural dialogue that has not happened yet except now and has been happening. what i'd like to say is don't think it's because, you know, when you reach a certain age people, but tree like a pop chart and a museum. but they say, thank you for what you've done for me. it is nice, and i know they mean well. it is nice that women honor

women. normally women don't get honored very much. men are much better about honoring each other. a do parades, metals, guns go off. they know how. we just don't. so it's nice when anybody thinks any woman for almost anything. but the truth is you don't really a was anything. we didn't do it for you. we didn't do it for future generations. we did it for ourselves. we did it because we've reached a moment of insult so profound that we didn't even know that politics was not about just equality but about, in fact, saving the planet. we did know that, but we knew we could not not act. we did it for selves. so you don't owe us anything. you know what, you owe yourself everything. you fight for that. so i think you for coming out.

i thank you for your and will you do and the electric tool that's in your hands. let it sank. use it for real purposes and communicate across barriers that have no right being there. the genius of patriarchy is to normalization and separating. the genius of feminism lives in the connections. thank you. [applause] [applause] >> we do have some time for questions. no, good. i raced toward the end because i want to hear from you. yes.

>> in thinking about the ways that when women are portrayed positively commit social media, i'm curious about your ideas when you we are we contextualizing history is celebrate our heritage and when we hear advancing and knowledge in women of color as the people are meeting was happening now how do we keep the larger understanding of what is accomplished from being reduced or misunderstood or represented as being a white woman accomplishment in the way that often has been the past? >> well, one of the problems here, and i think it probably is not one that you necessarily share because you have an amazing women's studies program, but one of the problems i encountered a lot of places to academia which is a woman will stand up in qa and say, once they have given a list of books to read.

never saw these authors. all say, really. what is a major? inches and women's studies. well, i don't know why you haven't heard of them. and in some other woman will racer and then stand up and say, i've heard of them and i've read all of them. really? what is your major? women in development. or third world women. there is an almost arbitrer separation that has gone down. a lot of this, i have to say, put at the foot of blame of deconstruction as an. the construction is and which is an arcane -- i don't want to go there. but it has done a lot of damage. i mean one of its basic thrusts, and i do use the word of verizon , has been that since nothing really has any meaning

and everything is an abstract the recession. that's all very well when the theorizing, but what it breaks down into in reality is of nothing has any meaning it becomes profoundly reactionary. it is also, in part, responsible i am so thrilled that you still call it women's studies your. i have to tell you, there are a lot of places where it's women and gender and sexuality studies and gender and gender and gender . since when was when not good enough? and since when does everything get smushed under the banner of women? obviously there's not enough to say about women. you have to put other subjects and because it can. so what you have is a situation where there is of subtle and sometimes not so subtle

reinforcement of divisions and racism. and then and academic means of addressing that law which is sometimes useful, but the intersection now the is not new. it's a new word, and so it becomes a vote word, but is -- if one is an organizer and approaching this as an organizer as well as an intellectual person one simply notices that different women have the same experience across race, ethnicity, sexual preference, differing abilities, page. but our experiences of that experience differed. that is a subtle distinction and an important one.

and i like to say that the sex and the cost in change but the plot is tediously the same. but until we make those connections, the compartment was asian works. so when white feminists of a global more began organizing in a bountiful way about the mountain of the mutilation town and the global sow there was backlash because the have not done their homework and did not know the there had been organizing by indigenous women. and because they also did not bother to do their hallmark of london in the united states as late as 1940 is the procedure was performed on women. it makes you crazy. and when you have integrity in

both meanings of that word, antril and integrity in a women's studies department that is probably calling itself women's studies, go athens, georgia. you are able to have those connections simmer and electrically conductive back and forth. but when it is an approach that is based on nothing really means , it is all abstract and reinforces difference, that's a problem. and i think there is problem as well, the particular pet peeve of mine and does feed into racism and does feed in the sexism, which is secondary and tertiary sources. i can tell you how many times somebody will stand up and say,

but that is not what you used to say. you have changed your position. i will say, actually, no, i am tediously consisted of this particular subject, whatever it may be. i really your. i'm in the room. and then finally i will say, have you ever read me? and almost invariably she will answer, no, bushes and secondary or tertiary sources analyze it. so one way to break down this communication, and here i will address specifically white feminists because that is to your is to really do your homework want to read as much as you can have the billion work of women of color, feminists of :,

and to engage. and now with the availability online, that is exponential. another way is language. and for drawing this african-american, one not say european american i think that the realization of the energy and is so cool and is causing -- calling itself feminist. it used to drive as crazy some years ago in mislay is the 80's. although many don't have trouble , not one of a maddening thing or woman will say i know from us but did i got to apply or about, you know, i don't care . i use the word.

and know it's incredible social justice history. i'm proud to use it, but if a woman wants to call ourselves a world that is. even in more black women were using the word feminist and warmest and other parallel words then when women wore. now on line of of feminist forces on-line is african-american women. so it's there for people to do there mark and the acquainted with it. then reach out. the time is a right to reach back and be patient. it's a very exciting time to be young. i don't envy you. [laughter]

>> yes. >> my thoughts on what? >> what are your thoughts on the campaign? >> well, funny you should ask. so cheryl sandburg is a friend and a sort of colleague and she has been involved in the facebook negotiations and trying to move them along. you know, power is relative. to me it seems that when you're a billionaire and the ceo of facebook that that is enormous power. of course the men don't honor all the time.

you could be -- wire you wasting your time. she gets a lot of flak. she's been a friend to the women's media center and a real support, and she is a feminist. that said, she sometimes -- and i've said this to her, women's media center live, sometimes she reinvent the wheel and stands back and says, look at that. it's round. it rolls. part of that is not our fault because this country is very a historic. it's like a tissue box. does not register. not a bad thing. it's okay. as a writer and someone who loves language, i have trouble banning any word, any word, ben and word because to me the problem is not in the word, particularly if you know its history. the problem is how it's being

used. it's so convenient for people to say the n word in a plan of the are not racist. so this banning a word, to me, is sort of meaningless. what is behind that in their campaign is not a bad thing, you know, to get teachers to encourage the liberals, to give families to say, yes, you can do it. i guess it comes in at a level of marketing sophistication that makes me as a grass-roots organizer nervous. but it should not make me nervous as long as we on to it and use it. i think we have to understand that would -- the movement is at an interest in place, which she did not ask. the movement is at a place where women who have real power, not

relative to men who have more, but real power to where women have been announced covering from as. interest. and sometimes it's hard to figure out when you're winning in when you're being coopted. sometimes it's a case by case, you know, at least for me a case by case situation because we want women to all power, and we want women to mentor of the women. this is a different kind of powerful woman and the tokens we used to kick in the face in becoming a behind the. they get it. that is a huge leap forward. but they still are coming from a place of assumption and entitlement. and that makes me a little nervous. i don't mean this particularly about cheryl. there are a number of people. it comes in at a superficial

level. part of me thinks, it's better than nothing and all and it reaches women of that ilk. the problem is when they fall in love with their own rhetoric and think that it reaches all women because when you say this is what feminism looks like and just come from, whatever, you're massage or being wrapped in something like that, this is not what feminism looks like if you have three kids and work on a factory floor. it's not. so until and unless it comes home and all of us coming together on this one are now becomes an and and there's no planet, it's a problem. and i forgot to mention before, and i do want to have this and, as a perfect example of somebody who has power and after a long time or sort of getting it up

and not, hillary rodham clinton gets it. she ain't perfect. she is not queen of the woman's movement, and if she does run and she will wear and she does win, and she will -- [applause] she will bring that with her. she won't be perfect and there will be times we disagree. but here's the thing. and she was secretary of state should it's something that albright had not done, something that connally is a rise definitely never had done. when she looks in the marriages is workman. but politics seem to reflect that. minium on. a beautiful pianist. but none of these -- bagram the

previous in no secretaries of state did what every did which was to put women and women's rights centerpiece in u.s. foreign policy. not only because it was just, because it was good for security and i must recommend a book to you that is brilliant on this, that finally makes honest women of those of us in a been saying this for the past 40 years. it's a beaut of women and world piece. on sorry, saxon world piece. is by academics, by valerie hansen and three other academics as a 12 your study of a number of countries. i forgot how many now. once and for all of the arbiter of a country's peacefulness or aggression is none of the things we have been told.

it's not civil society, not democracy, mount natural resources or geopolitical situations where it situated. it's not gdp, it's not level lectures in poor regions of those things. the ardor of the country's security. aggression or pass a dozen copies woman's. this is an issue of world security. sex and world piece, called the university of the publisher about lori hansen. this is the doctrine.

that is a roundabout way. no longer tokens, but also not a critical mass which is him and how to negotiate. i think we negotiated with vigilance. the trust but verify. i don't normally "reagan. [laughter] and we verify because we don't want to see the composition of the women's movement. we don't need that. i think we have topman you one more. i can't see. there you war. a carry. >> my question is, my passionists related to the

transferability of knowledge from the academy to women in may never pick up your books and how, if you had to pick one thing from the context of the would be easily transferable and the time the remove. well, that's why i'm doing a radio show, broadcast. and because if he makes it so that there is somebody famous of their that maybe someone has heard about the war with is a principled one of. then unix servers also someone in there is doing, you know, who is a survivor of trafficking or who is a mobs against comes. then it's something that they can grasp on to and say, might that. i can do that to lead is not the point of this of the she says i can do that.

what do you find? >> i find that because i actually passed on rules community. many of them don't have the technology. i'm particularly interested in things that can be -- that can cross in terms of media and written documents, those are in the trenches can actually share with people, women in their communities that can therefore impact change. >> is probably comes out of them mostly. i don't know what you, but i've never found, you know, the myth that feminism is fill in the blank, white woman's thing, norton and mr. thing. it's a crap. i don't know if you can say that . it -- i have never been anywhere where if you listened to women that don't already know.

they know. and when there is space to brief and somebody says, well, here's where i'm coming from and not really angry, they're intercoms and rises. the vision, and whether it is around the cookstoves and an african village roller heads and the refugee camps of the middle east, those women on a hobo. they're really, really are. it's not hyperbole or melodrama. it's just a non pompous kind of that does not even call its of. no white papers, no conferences, there is such a way to it as

well. we indulge ourselves in generational interactions and problems, but i've seen -- saw a march in a sedan at one point that was led by three women arm in arm. a grandmother, mother and daughter. the grandmother was monitoring. his daughter was doctor. but time is 15, a generational difference. so in so many parts of the world and so many places in this country, the a time for games. to me that's where the heartbeat of feminism always has been if we listen for. there are lucky to be working with you because you're listening. thank you.

thank you so much. [applause] >> clearly i have not mullen. [inaudible conversations] >> coming out, a hearing on federal spending for technology and innovation. then transportation secretary talks about the need to improve the nation's infrastructure.

>> next, a senate panel on federal investment in technology and innovation with the head of the national institutes for health and energy secretary arrest monday. topics included biomedical research and funding for weather related projects. the senate appropriations committee hearing is two hours

and 40 minutes. >> good afternoon. we will come to order. this is the first full committee hearings of 2014. the full committee rarely holds hearings. usually it is done through are very dynamic subcommittee. we do hope -- will full committee hearings and they're issues of national importance. today we feel that the topic of innovation and the question, are we running an innovation deficit or incest have awful committee hearing and look across the subcommittee that what is our nation facing. we believe america is exceptional, and we are exceptional in many ways. the hallmark of our dna has always been in discovery, entrepreneurship, and the protection of the intellectual

property. today we want to year from now leaders and some of the agencies that run in the -- lead the way in innovation knowing that it is not the only agency that participates, but in the interest of time to do this. before i do want to note that this is the last official hearing of the deputy staff clerk on this committee. she has served in the senate for 18 years. she is going to be leaving the committee to become the staff director of homeland security. why she would think she needs to go to disasters and terrorism out of this committee, i don't know. i would like, staff here his mount will work with her, but skin around of applause. [applause]

>> thank you. we will have a bipartisan issue. bipartisan with every president at served under. a bipartisan on this committee. i want to particularly note of the other side of the aisle senator shelby, lamar alexander, call and blunt, all here have been each in their own way spoken up about innovation and particularly and life sciences or agriculture or another our virginity that other saves lives, save the planet, or helps us be more competitive. on our side and, of course, we have the eddy of joining with our colleagues, it will to double the nih budget. we know that we will be joined by senator harkin, durbin who

himself as a new bill, senator crones who really has been a leader in innovation and applied innovations. so we look forward to hearing about this today. earlier this morning a stop to johns hopkins. it was for my annual eye checkup at a warmer eye clinic. i wish all members of been there. did people come from all over the world. all over the world. use in the waiting room, some people who might be there. some people might be there for medicare. some people a just flew in from the airport. you see wardrobes of the global and though it's a global waiting room, literally they come here for american medicine, american know how that depends on american research. whether it's the gifted

scientist, commissions, or even the technology used not to avow u.s. or to help us, it's indeed stunning. think about what we really would focus on innovation what it would really mean. discovery is part of our country. when president thomas jefferson commissioned louis in part to find the water route to the pacific what did he call the mission? he did call it the land route to measure the metrics across the rivers. he called the discovery. discovery. discovery is part of our nation's dna. it is what makes america great. but have innovation we need to fund research and development, invest in human capitol, and protect intellectual property. we also want to encourage entrepreneurship we come up with new ideas, new processes, and product tow create new jobs. we want our scientists to win the nobel prizes, and we want

our business as to when the market. we have seen amazing innovation from research clusters around the country, silicon valley, research triangle, a digital car door in baltimore to washington. so many incredible discoveries come and from our great wonderful scientists have come because of federal labs. the national institutes of health and the fda, the department of energy, nasa. so all of these are agencies that could do the kind of risk capital discovery that, perhaps, our private sector could not undertake. i have been troubled, and that many of my colleagues on both side of the aisle. are we burning and innovation deficit? yes, we have to focus on our budget deficit, but are becoming so austere we could be tapping -- capping of future growth. we invited this distinguished panel the talk about the innovation budgets cannot be

running in innovation deficit and where are the best places that we can make wise and prudent use of taxpayer dollars. we want to hear from our expert witnesses. and then feel they have adequacy for research and development? do we have a pipeline to really help our young people get the education that they need to be able to pursue scientific careers or are we so smart and are found in that young scientists don't even have a crack at getting those research grants that might come up with new refreshen breakers. this is not do one subcommittee. this is across the board. every subcommittee as a rule. two dozen different federal departments and agencies in a bid we spend a total of

$1,305,000,000,000 that sounds like a lot of money. but the u.s. chair of research and development is declining. the u.s. was just 30 percent of worldwide r&d in 2011. the united states was just 30 percent of worldwide r&d in 2011. that is down from 37% and 2001. meanwhile, the continued to expand from 25% to 34%. r&d spenders part of our gross national product this committee wants to year we had to say. remember, the budget deficit might not be your only deficit.

allen now like to turn to my vice chairman, senator shelby, for any remarks that he might have. >> thank you, madam chair. i look forward to working with you this year to move appropriations bills for in our ongoing effort to restore regular order. i am hopeful that the committee will have the opportunity to bring individual bills to the floor under an open process. the bipartisan budget act provided that topline numbers for defense and nondefense spending which should pave the way for a smoother, hopefully appropriations process. as part of this agreement, discretionary spending will be constrained to a level that is not much different from the year 2014 spending. we have already proven that the spending limits are feasible. and it is imperative that we stick to the budget.

if we cannot practice fiscal discipline to day we will pay a much higher price in years to come. the bipartisan budget act is, by no means, a panacea for the level of indebtedness we face. the congressional budget office projects that federal debt will rise to 78 percent of gdp by 2024, ten years, which is about twice the average of the past four decades. net interest payments to finance this debt will almost quadrupled in the next ten years. discretionary spending, though, if we adhere to a current law, will shrink as a percentage of gdp. this highlights something that we are all aware of, mandatory spending growth is that true driver of our debt. indeed, entitlements are expected to grow by over 80 percent in the next ten years

far more beyond that. unfortunate consequence of this is the crowding out of the important parts of the federal budget, such as spending on research to find a cure for diseases like cancer, diabetes, alzheimer's. even this year will have to make some tough decisions on what research and development programs marriage funding in our appropriation. budget pressures will, again, force us to prioritize these programs so that we can spend taxpayer dollars wisely. only through due diligence and oversight of the federal government so-called investment can we fulfil these years possibilities. if we are to call them investments, which i have, we should be especially concerned that taxpayers are getting good returns on their investment. today we will hear testimony on the budget requests of several

important agencies said the support federal research and development programs. some of these represent areas of curricle innovation. they have long been a proponent of the research conducted by the national institutes of health, for example. even in a constrained fiscal environment, ensuring that nih has the tools to the advanced biomedical research is an investment with broad benefits to society. in addition, the importance cannot be understated of dart of contribution to lifesaving technologies for such as unmanned systems disarmed explosives. not all government r&d investments are created equal. a recent government gao office report notes was

will insure that federal research dollars cover the program that hold the most promise. i encourage federal agencies to look for ways to promote public, private partnerships, as many of you have done. many of which stretch taxpayer dollars for thereby tapping in to the innovation in the private sector and i look forward to madame chair, to hearing the testimony today and hope we will make some very positive decisions in the future. >> that like to thank all of you for coming. each and every one of you has played an important role in promoting innovation. we're going to your from our witnesses, and we will move

along according to the order of arrival. we ask each one to hold their questions to about five minutes. if we have time then we will do a second round. we're now going to turn to our witnesses. as i said, they have been chosen because these are the areas where some of our most important research is done. also the areas where it is anticipated by just about every analysis, the growth industries will come. we want to hear from john alden. dr. aldrin is the science adviser to the president who we have asked to give an overview. it is a rare appearance for him because he does not usually present a budget, but it will give us the overview. we will hear from the department of energy, dr. collins from the national institutes of health, well-known to so many of us, dr. cordova, our new head of the national science foundation, a

small agency, but one that has really been so much a power house and was actually initiated under the eisenhower a ministration. and we're again in our country defense plays an important role in developing not only weapons of war, but also weapons against disease and other innovative things, to relieve the creation of the internet. we look forward to hearing what your views are, and we will be taking -- our colleagues will then participate. the way i would like to suggest it is rather than long winded, fancy introductions let's get right to you. why don't we start and then just work down. >> well, thank you. chairman, ranking member, members of the committee, it's a pleasure to be discussed with you the importance of federal

investments and research development and innovation for our nation's future. president obama continues to place high priority on science, technology, and innovation. his 2015 budget proposes a balanced portfolio of r&d investments to meet the full range of national goals to which those investments are during. while the caps in a bipartisan budget act of last december were challenging constraints on what this budget could propose for r&d, i think it's a measure of the priority the administration gives to science, technology, and innovation that the increase for r&d in the presence of why 15 budget over a 414 enacted is considerably larger in percentage terms than the increase in discretionary spending overall. while the base budget in the president's commission for a flat 15 comports with the caps in a bipartisan budget act, he has also put forward a vision for stronger investments in

america's future in the form of a supplementary $56 billion opportunity, growth, security initiative. while requiring additional congressional action, the initiative would be fully paid for by spending

how an early stage of applied research across all the names of science and engineering. it is critical that the independence and integrity of nsf peer review grant making process be protected and preserved. the focus is listed first in its

1950 organic act, namely to promote the progress of science and to initiate and support basic scientific research cannot be reshaped to fit a different set of preferences by one group or another. to try to fix what is not broken would ms. -- risk eroding the cornerstone of american scientific and engineering excellence. i would like to offer a further and related caution, although the united states remains theward leader in science, technology, and innovation we cannot take that for granted. number of other nations most notably china have been ramping up their investments in r&d. china will pass the united states and r&d funding in a matter of a few years if recent trends were to continue. now, as a general matter i welcome the efforts of other nations to build the capacities and science, technology, and innovation, to address the many

challenges that societies are on the world face including combating disease on developing cleaner energy options and coping with climate change. the pace of progress in such domains and in the pace of advance in basic science of the benefits of the globalization of science and technology. it is also the case that intensification of r&d efforts in other countries presents challenges for the united states in the demands of economic competitiveness and national security. it is therefore essential that this nation maintain and grow its world leading science and technology enterprise. doing so will require continuing attention, not only to the federal government's direct investments in r&d, but also to the incentives the government provides to the private sector to support research, experimentation, and innovation. the obama administration recognizes that across the frontiers of scientific

knowledge is not nearly a cultural tradition but an imperative. the administration is committed to ensuring that america remains at the epicenter of the global revolution in scientific research and technological innovation, and we will continue to propose budget and policies to meet that commitment. the president, the science and technology focus departments and agencies across his of ministration, and my office all look forward to working with congress to get this job done. all be pleased to answer any questions the members have. >> member of the committee, the department of energy has long been one of the nation's premier agencies driving innovation, economic growth and energy security, environmental stewardship and a clear national security. my written testimony and

accompanying documents provide numerous examples of how sponsor research is benefited the nation substantially. this afternoon i will focus on a few examples in some key areas. we will take supercomputing is an example. supercomputing is fundamental to the scientific research and is the cornerstone of the nation's history chip program and the absence of nuclear testing. supercomputing enable scientists to engineers to conceptualize and test the hypothesis and engineered systems. as a direct result of the decade's more than half of the world's 500 computers including five of the top-10 fastest of located in the united states. supercomputing continues to give our country in edge for science, manufacturers, security while the driver for the supercomputing effort historically was the nuclear weapons program. if one looks at our fy15 budget request one sees this shift

toward science and energy applications as now become the dominant driver. one example of how this works is the partnership we had with cummings, for example, to develop advanced decision engines followed now by a super truck initiative that includes that kind of engine in class eight trucks would 61 percent improvement in freight efficiency. if fully developed these trucks would save an estimated 260 million barrels of petroleum per year. in our fy15 budget we have highlighted a push to exit scale systems, the next frontier, and only through a sustained and strong federal commitment to the pursuit of advanced computing can we stay ahead of other nations in this critical area. ..

the for studying matter at the atomic and molecular scales and are enabling to us create new materials, mow effective batteries and new cures for disease. these tools have important commercial makes.

for example, data from -- a third area, renewable technology and energy storage, our national laboratories have been crucial to the develop of technologies from wind turbines to today's solar technologies. one example. our national renewal laboratory with first solar, developed a novel depo signifies technology and it's a thin film solar mad all'ver. ed a -- advanced manufacturing, another focus area. we're working as part of an interagency group to support a national network of manufacturing innovation institutes. these bring together universities, small and large businesses, and research

organizations to advance key enabling technologies for 21st 21st century manufacturing. we want an edge in these manufacturing dough mains. two have been awarded to doe funding, one in 3-d printing and one in wide band gap semi conductors, another will be coming on advanced composite materials. i did bring one prop, this robotic hand created using 3-d printing at our oak ridge research center, combining fluidics with this manufacturing technology, reduces weight by five x, reduces cost, reduces process time by 3x, this is the kind of enabling technology that will give us an edge as we go forward. and finally, -- i'm sorry? >> what does it do? >> this is a -- is my clock suspended for the time?

>> i'll suspend it. does it win the world series? we'll take ten. >> i did the out a first pitch for the first time in major league baseball game last week, and i can see now i'm becoming obsolete very quickly. but this is a robotic handthat can also be used ultimately in a prosthetic situation with manipulation through fluids. it has enormous strength and is easy to use, and this mesh technology makes it very, very light and faster to manufacture. so it's great technology. i'll just end saying that the department's investments in r & d have far-reach can impacts but preserving scientific vitality, taking advantage of the enormous reservoir of talent in this country, positioning ourselves competitively and training the nexten racing of stem workers -- next generation workers requires strong budgets sequestration can

restrict our vitality. we -- thank you. i look forward to the discussion. >> your robotic hand is -- which really could be used by our returning wounded warriors, to people with accidents, which ties right into nih. so -- >> we're partner. good afternoon, madam chairwoman, vice-chairman shelby and distinguished members of the commitee. an honor to appear here on this panel of dedicated scientific leaders to discuss how the federal government drives innovation in science and technology. on behalf of the nih and the find medical research enterprise i want to thank the members of this committee for your continued support of biomedical research. nih had beened a vanning our understanding of health and disease for more than a century. scientific and technological

breakthroughs general at it bed nih supported research are responsible for many of the games you see here our country has enjoyed in health and longevity. over the last 60 years deaths from heart disease have fallen by more than 70%. cancer deaths have been dropping. 's one percent annually for 15 years. these are life expects tenancy si gains that saved our nation trims of dollars. likewise, h.i.v. a.i.d.s. treatments are enabling us to vision the first a.i.d.s.-free generation since 30 years ago. reported produced by the milken institute, batelle and others are providing solely -- solid data. analysis con them the two to run return that occurs in the first year after a grant awarded. some returns are truly dramatic. according to battelle our government's 3.8 bill initial

investment in the human genome project has now resulted in a nearly $1 trillion economic growth. that is 178 fold return on investment. not bad. nih supported advances in public health and the resulting economic gapes have been accomplishinged threw a relentless focus on innovation, working together with the agencies represented at this table. you shouldn't just take our word for the critical role that government plays in scientific innovation. i'd like to highlight a recent book called the entrepreneurial state by an economist, the press reviewed this back rather enthusiastically, concluding there's a strong economic case for the federal government's role as the u.s. economy's indispensable entrepreneur. as our own investments in r & d have struggled to keep up with

inflation, other cubs are scaling up, seeking to replicate our track record and threaten our dominance. as you can see here, a recent published analysis of global investments in biomedical r & d shows a dramatic discrepancy between the trajectory being followed by the u.s. and by other countries, especially in asia, and these data were collected before the sequester. while we welcome investments by other countries to the global research enterprise, surrendering our leadership will have serious long-term consequences for u.s. health and economic success. while i would be remiss if i did not acknowledge with gratitude the bipartisan effort of the united states congress to double the nihs budget more than a decade ago. but those glory days are now a distant memory and success rates for grant proposals from young investigators or mid-career investigators, have plummeted to historic lows. tighter competition for funding has put the squeeze on young

scientists with fledgling labs, causing many to delay independence or consider alternative careers. this is a huge blow to our scientific capacity, considering -- the current fiscal deficit is a threat to our future but the growing innovation deficit is an even greater threat. what we desperately need is a new bipartisan plan to secure a study funding trajectory for biomedical research and ensure long-term stability for nihs mission. the u.s. must continue to lead because scientific opportunities have never been more promising. for example, we are exploring what has been called the most complex structure in the known universe and biologiys final frontier, the human brain. nih is deeply engage he would along with nsf and darpa in this brain initiative, and this initiative will revolution fundamental neuroscience,

providing a pratt form for major advances in alzheimer's disease, autism, schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury and other disorders. the creative genius of u.s. scientists will be need for the discuss of this audacious expert but they're up to it. let me show you juan example. traditionally researchers studied the postmortem brain by cutting a specimen into thin slices. while all that slicing generates neat two-dimensional images itself also makes its impossible to reconstruct the connections of the brains tens of billions of neurons. what if we could study the details of the wiring and the location of specific proteins in transparent 3-d. using a chemical cocktail researchers at stanford university, sported have figured out houston to do that. in an extraordinary technical feat the team made possible what you're seeing here, 3-d tour of

an intact mouse brain, illuminated by a green dye that marks the knew rones, clarity which is now being applied to human brains will undoubtedly advance the brain initiative as will many other technological innovations yet to come. let me close by putting a human face on the scientific advances now made possible by u.s. innovation. kayla has been traveling, from illinois to the nih clinical researcher in send since she was a year old. she suffer nomy d which is results in hearing and vision loss, cognitive impairment and physical disable. it is often fatal. and nih researchers discovered it's caused by overactive of an immune protein, drug that blocks that protein had been developed for possible treatment of resume today arthritis.

she was win of the first patients enrolled in a clinical trial to see if this trial would work for her. the response has been amazing. and here's kayla today. a happy, healthy ten-year-old. she was going to be here today in person except the weather kept her plane grounded in shuck. she his the face of biomedical research innovation made possible by investment by entrepreneurs. this committee, government scientists our nation's creative universities and businesses, our brain trusts and the american people, we have the right stuff. so help us to unleash it. thank you, mad dam chairwoman, vice-chairman shelby and members of the committee. i'm pleased to answer any questions. >> dr. cordova. >> thank you. madam chair, ranking member shelby, members of the committee, and senator cochran

with who i have worked. i want to thank you for the opportunity to testify about the national science foundation and the critical role that plays in keeping the nation at the forefront of the world's science and engineering enterprise. it is personally grad identifying for me to appear before you as nsf director because full disclosure, i have had the pleasure of testifying in the presence of senator mccull ski before. almost two decades ago i was at the witness table as the chief scientist, in this role i encouraged scientists to never us pas the biggest challenges the agency could tackle. they identified trying to understand the origin of the universe through observation, identifying habitable planets orbiting other suns and visiting the neighborhoods of our sun and planets to better understand their nature and origins, and

today, they have certainly made a lot of progress on all of those big challenges. i'm pretty sure my testimony at the time was to paraphrase lincoln, little noted nor long remembered, but to me, senator, seems like just yesterday since that experience, one constant has stayed with me, my belief in, and my advocacy for, the pursuit of fundamental scientific research. this is the cause i bring before this committee today, and i am happy to let you know, too, that the national science board, which has oversighted the national science foundation, is represented here by many members, including the chair and vice chair. in my written testimony, i gave you dozens of examples of important inventions that had the roots in nsf funding. today i have time for only a few illustrations. senators, i invite you to ask

with me, what ifs. what if we had no ipads or smartphones with touch screens, that instantly connected us to a worldwide clearing house of information? what if there were no internet that provided the connectivity and ban dig to the clearing houston? what if there were no mris that enabled physicians to diagnosis diseases without cutting through human flesh? what if there were no advanced weather forecasting that provided warning of tornadoes, hurricanes, and snowstorms. what if there were no municipal water systems that delivered water to countries and reduced water-borne diseases in poor countries. what if there were no cyber security efforts to protect our

computers from hacking, on even what if commuter development itself were still stuck back in the 1960s. do you remember the batch computer roaring punch cards? i do. and finally, the biggest what-if of all, what if in early 1950, after several false starts, senate bill 247 authorizing the creation of the national science foundation, had not been approved by both houses? and signed by the president? what a different world we would be living in. fortunately, the president did sign the bill into law, nsf began its work, and today we can take for granted all of those what-ifs as preconditions of modern life. those technological breakthroughs have made our country more productive, created millions of jobs, vastly improved our halve, health, and

raised our standards of living. they caused to us pause and wonder as nature reveals a more complex and beautiful universe. all of those what-ifs have one thing in common. they can all trace their development back to fundamental scientific research knickly fund ed by the national science foundation. for northern sex decade nsf investments in fundamental research have fueled the fires of scientific, technological, and engineering innovations. they have fostered long-term economic growth, inspired and out cadeed the next -- owed indicated the next generation of scientists and engineers, directly addressed national needs, and addressed the very human need in each of us to learn, to discover, and to apply our new knowledge.

through its support of fundamental research nsf focuses the nation's technical talent on solving important challenges facing modern society. some local, some global, some both. as a result of our long-standing and world-renowned merit review process, nsf has encouraged the development of innovative ideas in science and engineering and supportedded the people who generate them. as this committee knows so well, nsf's research and education investments have been vital to our country's prosperity and will be even more important to our future. they will continue to be a critical factor in maintaining the nation's technological leadership through the 21st 21st century and will bradley impact long-term economic health and vitale of our nation and the world. thank you, madam chair, and ranking member shelby, for your

unwavering support of the national science foundation and our efforts to maintain and enhance america's technological preeminence. i'd be happy to respond to your questions. >> thank you very minute, bad dam chairwoman, vice-chairman shelby and members of the committee. i'm so pleased to be here with my colleagues and appreciate the chance to talk with you. darpa is part of the defense department science and technology investments and part of a much larger national ecosystem for r & d but win the communes we have one very special role and that role is to make the pivotal early investments that change what is possible so that we can take big steps forward in our national security capables and that role traces back to our foundation in the wake of sputnik. we were formed specifically to make sure we avoided that kind

of technological surprise again. we have fulfilled our mission by creating a few surprises of our own over the last 56 years, and while our output is technology, we really count our mission complete only when those technologies change outcomes. so, every time a stealth fighter evadeses an air defense system, everytime a soldier on the ground is able to place himself precisely with gps and get the data he needs, every time that a radar on an aircraft carrier allows to us see a threat a carrier strike group before it sees us, that's when we count or mission complete, because in every one of those cases, darpa made that pivotal early investment that showed that those technologies were possible, and what followed from that was equally important and that was the investment often by our partners in other parts of the defense department and the military services, their science

and technology investments, their development investments, their acquisition programs. many in industry were involved deeply in those efforts, and ultimately to make those technologies into real capabilities took our war identifyingers. now, along the way as we focused on our mission of these investments for national security, we have also, in that process, planted some of the seeds that form the technology base that our commercial sector has built on top of, and so france has this really great cell phone line but every time you pick up your cell phone and do something as mundane and miraculous as checking a social network site you're living on top of a set of tech untiles that trace back to the early work we did. so public investment laid that foundation. private investment, billions of

dollars of private investment, and enormous entrepreneurship built the industries and changed how we live and work with these technologies. so that's something of darpas history. our mission of breakthrough technology for national security is unchanged across five and a half decades. but of course the world in which we're investing and pursuing the mission that changed. so let me just give you a few examples of some of the things we're doing that really reflect the national security and the technology context that we're operating in today. in one arena, we see information at massive scale affecting every speak of national security, and so if you look in our portfolio you'll find game-changing investments in cyber and in big data programs, one example is work that we're doing to tackle the networks that drive human trafficking around the world,

just as one example. in another arena we're looking at what is happening with the cost and the complexity of military systems today. we recognize that they are becoming too costly and too inflexible to be effective for the next generation of threats we'll face around the world. so at darpa today we are investing in programs that are fundamentally rethinking complex military systems. we're making investments in things we believe will lead to powerful new approaches for radar and for communications and for weapons and for navigation. >> and then in a range of research areas, we can see the new seeds of technological surprise. one example is where biology is intersecting with engineering today and in areas like that we're making the investments that will lead to new technologies like sin the kick biology and neurotechnology. so, i would love to speak at any

length about the things we are doing. at a little bit of an introduction to the work we're doing. that i want to just enmeds -- end my remarks by stepping back. we're living in very challenging times. technology is getting more and more complex, it's moving at a very rapid pace. other nations are jockeying for position in global affairs. many of them as we have discussed here, are making their own aggressive moves to build their own science and technology capables, and then, of course, meanwhile here at home, we are dealing with constrained resources, dealings with the effect of sequestration jessica, -- sequestration but when i step back and look at what we have done over many decades in the country i would observe we have had a long and very successful commitment to investing investing in r & d as nation and when we make that investment, we

are investing in two things that are deeply american. one is the kind of creativity that is sparked by the open society that is a hallmark of this country, and in this case, it's the creativity of our scientists and engineers that we're investing in. the second is this drive to create a better future, and in many ways, in a sense this is the most product kind of restlessness you can imagine. two very american things. so, i'll just say along with my colleagues i very much appreciate and continue to ask for your support to make this vital american investment in the next generation to make that a high priority. thank you very much for the chance to be here. i'll look forward to answering your questions. >> thank you very much. and then to all who testified. we have had great attendance and some have had to leave. i will take my questions at the very end.

i really want to get to members who have been waiting patiently to be able to proceed. i want to turn to senator shelby and then we'll alternate here and get right into it. before i do, though, i want everyone to know there was a tremendous interest in wanting to have large public witnesses. over 138 organizations contacted us. they have all submitted testimony. i'm going to ask unanimous mouse consent they be included in the records but that shows everything from the scientific coalition to biotech, tech america, women in engineers, it really shows the passion in our country to have this unique american restlessness to create a better future. and i want to have a continue our better bipartisan relationship, so i turn to senator shelby who was always

been so keenly interested in this area. senator shelby. >> thank you, madam chair. dr. cordova you meninged in your testimony the national science foundation funded research initiatives. have led to numerous innovations in the commercial markplace. we understand that. progressing from basic research by way of the national science foundation to the commercialized products that impact our daily lives can often take years. can you explain just briefly the process for turning government investments in basic scientific research into broader commercial applications? i know you have a litany. >> we have a litany of examples that has happened very successfully for sure, senator. but the basic thing to remember is that an innovation, starts

with new knowledge and a discovery. there's something fundamental at the basis of everything that we use and that we take for granted, and nsf's role is to do and to support that fundamental or basic research. so that is just the beginning. we like to say that nsf is where discoveries begin. but then there's a long process and often it's a random process. it can be very quick and we have some methods and some centers that we have been funding, and then this new icorps initiative in order to make that much faster. and get students to understand how to do market research -- >> complain what you just mentioned. how you make it faster. >> okay. well, let me give the example of icorps. because nih has adopted this

model, and this is a new way of doing this that involves students doing market research with their professors and mentors, and then the students are required to make customer calls to a manipulate of 100 potential customers based on their discoveries. so they have discovery, they have something they think can go eventually to market. but how do you spied that up? that's your question. so, students are learning that in order for that to happen, somebody has to want to use it, and so it's an exploration in what is the market want and need, and how receptive it will be to their invention. and so by doing this process again under the mentorship of others and 0 a lot of companies are participating in this as well -- these students get a very fast way of knowing and understanding what it's going to be to get a lot of input,

feedback. feedback is in the process of learning, just so essential. so, we have had some real wins in just a couple of years iocorps has been stann -- established. we have examples of where big companies, for example, drop box, bowing a small thing that was invented through the method. so that's just one example. but i know our engineer and research centers and other entities that we fund at universities are very concerned with bringing stuff to market more quickly. ...

we also have international collaborations in the mix as well as partnerships with the private sector and with philanthropy. the initiative is a probably decade or more effort because what we are talking about is the most audacious kind of science to understand how the circuits in the brain actually do what they do. how do we lay down a memory and retrieve it? how do we process information? how when i hear someone talking down the hall even if it's someone i haven't seen for five years i know who it is just by hearing their voice. it's pretty amazing to contemplate when you start thinking about it. driven by the city 6 billion neurons inside. we have put together through the brain initiative at nih a wong