looking at the graph of wildfires burned four times that rate. . .

eight of these fires occur during cool decades. this data suggests that extremely large magnifiers or four times more common before 1940 back when carbon dioxide concentrations were back to about less than 310 parts per million. it looks to me like we cannot reasonably say that man-made global warming causes extremely large wild flowers. seven years ago this committee conducted a hearing about climate change and wild fires were not even mention them and me. but hurricanes, drops were mentioned the number of times. i am pleased to provide you with

my for street use because of like hurricanes, drought, and a polar for tax we can actually promote forestry practices that will reduce the risk a wild fires. unfortunately, some of our national forest management policies have, in my view, contributed to increasing the risk a wild fires. i think certain attempts to legislate a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the hemisphere will have no effect on reducing the size a while fires with a frequency of drops. in contrast allowing forest management practices to create economic in lasting forestry jobs in the private sector might reduce the fuel loads of dense forests. and years when demand for renewable resources are high increasing the number of thinning and harvesting jobs might have real impact on reducing wildfires. thank you for this opportunity to address the subcommittee.

>> thank you very much. >> thank you, mr. chairman, senators. >> plant food, and more of it can be a positive. of global temperature rise for any reason the link to the growing season will be increased, the amount of diversity of crops will enhance the more area of the farm can be used. the big problem is water availability. soil moisture depends on a complicated interaction and changes of participation and increases in water demand. globally we have seen from frequencies that have not changed over 60 years. the percentage of the united states in moderate or extreme doubts -- drought has not changed in 112 years. regionally droughts have not become more intense. the historical record, global warming will negatively impact agriculture. dire forecasts of extreme doubt

arise from climate model situations with jolly as good as their ability dissimulate precipitation. most overestimate the frequency but underestimate its intensity. malls may appear correct in the aggregate. and after the process correct. how can malls make accurate estimates of precipitation changes when they cannot simulant correctly the mechanisms. the evaporative demand is driven by air temperature. models of overestimated the air temperature rises 1987 promised 1 degree fahrenheit. models all moisture provided upon to prepare farmers climate change is because klein has always changed and outs of happened in the past and are likely to occur again with some more frequency and intensity. the assembly preparation for their return is a better strategy than trying in vain to mitigate them through draconian car and academicians to control policies such as those proposed.

however, have become increasingly concerned with how the scientific debate is being corrupted. my 2003 senate testimony a help the scientific debate was being compromised. an attack and been made. editors are to journal some been harassed. one must read nuys -- trend with an organized boycott. the senior editor moved to bar suit to talk to scientists from future publication solely because of the position on climate change without a hearing or an accusation of from the pleasures and. i would like to report that things become better. they have not. 2009 climate kate shed light on how the scientific process was being subverted. i learned i had been denied publication of an important paper due to a conclusion between another scientist and an editor. over the years i have applied for several federal grants, the latter having nothing to do with climate change. it is not that i received bad

reviews. program officers refused to respond by e-mail or telephone. a behavior appears related to an article in the national academies of science which is often used as a blacklisted target researchers unconvinced of and the burgeoning global warming. several years ago i and two colleagues in delaware to, story as documented my mental testimony. he informed me he would review my documents regardless of how or where there were produced. the other members have participated indicated for it did not apply. i was told that follow the law may not require them, it does not preclude him from doing so. in essence, will be treated said differently because he can. i saw legal counsel. the been informed reacted not hire my own lawyer and college and no longer support me. co-director of environmental networks and spent nearly a decade to develop faculty adviser, a student group, all

department. they finally agreed to treat all of us equally. it just never occurred. he never went your materials. nylon was targeted and lied to. they told me that for m matters did not fall within their bailiwick. according to the cbo of the university none of my research materials or e-mails fault. the actions of the university violate the terms of federal arbitration case. there's nothing in my records of which i am embarrassed. study the story of because i see some of the bill because there are many other cases where the victims cannot speak out every the so-called war on science is nothing but a version. the real war is being waged within the halls of academia and healthy scientific discussion is being subverted for political and personal gain. scientists to deviate from the global warming playbook are harassed and articles, grants, and proposals rejected without review, treated more harshly,

and wrote for positions of power and influence. young scientists quickly learn to toe the party line i leave you with the stock. when scientific views come under political attack from within academia the losers independent thinking and the policy-making because all required--- rational thought to be effective. >> thank you. >> thank you very much for all of your testimony. we will now have five minutes. i believe the order address my questions will go to the senator sessions and then senator venture. center worker has said he will defer to his colleagues. and i did not see you come in, some other white house. let me check the order. what is our -- >> we will go back and forth. okay. thank you. thank you. so i wanted to start in lake county. i was struck when i visit.

it is obviously it rural economy, were part of the state of oregon with a lot of emphasis on renewable energy. i believe a stated goal of the county is to try to replace virtually all the fossil fuels burned with chernobyl sources. is the -- is part of the factor driving that conversation to my general observations by folks about the impact of carmen backside as you were putting it, on the force? >> in the beginning, which has been about ten years ago, there was -- it became clear after words and we started to analyze it. we did a paper on it. we can offset 93%. my board just approved that we will go public with all our findings and try and develop a plan to use renewals to offset all the carbon emissions. so we grew into that as rouge or more of the benefits of the

economic benefits, how would what impact to us and and just said, well, what will that do to climate change, carbon a maximum emissions. like her son and my testimony, we have on the drawing table today what offset 93. to get to 100 is not difficult from there. we are well on that road. we can be 100 percent of set in ten years. >> great. i was looking at the national climate assessment summary. of the climate change is exacerbating major factors of lead a wild fire, heat, drop, and dead trees that i'll wait other factors in determining the burned area in the western u.s. from 1960 to 2003, including the exacerbation of bark beetle of bricks which normally die and cold weather. more wildfires as change continues. and then i saw that there's a 2011 report that estimates that if you increase the temperature

of 2 degrees fahrenheit, which is approximately 1 degree celsius, you quadruple the amount of acreage burned. as you look at the forest issues, if i understand your testimony correctly you are seeing both the impact of human management as a factor but also the overlay of these kinds of factors. >> exactly. and as i mentioned, but if you look to the south of los, they had six sites that were several% snowpack. >> the dark conditions. >> and the beetle killed, we have never seen -- >> well, it gets in the pine naturally. it has never been the size that it yesterday. that is because we don't have the cool temperatures, and they get to live year after year. 350,000 acres is abnormal. no one is ever seen that.

and i think throughout the whole west into canada was over 4 million acres. >> thank you very much. turning to the farming side, one of the things you mentioned were changes in wheat farming. are you arguing that the changes in week are being impacted by changing temperatures? >> when you look at the situation of a southern plains, clearly the drop has had a huge impact. i think when you look at the situation as far as precipitation, and clearly with wheat, wheat is of fairly resilient crop. the challenges, the rain patterns we have been seeing, the way things are changing. put into the effects of the late-season freezes, drops, clearly we're seeing an impact from the changes in climate. you know, there are some things that we can do to help adapt. i hope the weekend do some things to move for a little bit.

try to do things to help make farms more resilient to drops, freezes, flooding events, and i think that is the challenge we have in front of those. >> thank you. in the 45 seconds i have left, wanted to -- are read a recent report about oysters and the chesapeake declining in part because of the city but there's a secondary impact because or oysters filter the water, possibly offsetting many of the efforts to clean up that chesapeake bay. is that consistent with what you're seeing? >> clusters are specifically a great benefit for the environment because they're filtered into clean. in the chesapeake we have rising levels in the hessian commander

for rising and setting. in the pacific northwest of the of been able to document to be his most of it is hatchery based in control what is happening and identified. it's harder in the wild environment and determine what is happening and see whether not that is taking place. again, it is not release bombing. little baby larvae. they cannot accept the calcium. >> thank you. i ask a lot more. my time has expired. as to run to keep the question within five minutes. senator sessions, your next. >> thank you, mr. chairman. the time that we can intimidate people who present scientific

papers that disagree with the current ibm that is in fashion a steel or. we need to challenge the. i am not going to rest easy about it myself. i know the present, and i have towns this, twice has said the temperature around the globe is increasing faster than was predicted the engineers ago. he said that twice. to any of you gentlemen support that? do you have any science to back that up? mr. ashe is not because i am asked to. we have no -- we do not need to tolerate the president of the united states concerning the status of carmen. and many to be able to allow scientists to present countries use without being intimidated by the politically correct route.

i feel strongly about it, and were going to keep working on that. u.s. climate change said in may of 2008 a tendency toward a decreased in severity and duration of drought of the latter half of the 20th-century, a decline -- it decrease in the severity. so i think kingston trio's on, taxes :, writing in africa, starving and span if we have a lot of drought in the 30's, did not, in oklahoma? more than you have today. of the dust bowl times. >> if i could answer, it is dry and allen was in the 1930's. in the 1950's, the record.

the drought of the 1930's is actually the third worst. the one a we're in right now as though worst we have had since the 1950's. >> more severe? >> it is. if it had not been for the conservation practices i feel confident in telling you we would be experiencing the challenges. >> that is not the trend across the country apparently. thank you for your statement. you have a chart here that indicates that the rainfall in different regions of the country have increased over 100 years ago. is that the way i read that? indicates that other areas as a matter of fact, every one of the region's had reductions.

>> no change in the last. they're is a slight decrease in the southwest. >> where the drought is severe now. you have a 4% increase in the northeast. >> -2 tenths and 100 years. >> okay. in the southwest. >> in the southwest. >> overall we are not seeing a decline in rental, it appears. isn't it true that we have had a resurgence in alabama? >> certain species, that's correct. >> is to determine the many forests are being managed far better than in the past? >> better is a valued term, but for mob forster perspective are with serious. >> lan that is broken up every year, marginal land, now in

timber and and not? purchase. >> and from an environmental and co2 point of view, is that increase, that is positive, would you not say. >> i'm on mathematics perspective, yes. >> so instead of having land -- is my top? no? so the way we manage timber would be, you would plant an open field that is being harvested every year. trees grow for 15 years their harvested 15 years and replanting. i would say that is a renewable resource, would you not? >> definitely. >> would you oppose the idea that we should not treat wood as

a renewable resource like we do? would you oppose the idea that we should not use wood for renewable energy or other resources? >> thank you very much. i appreciate that planting trees helps reduce carbon, but it hardly offsets the coal plant next door and is putting out tens of thousands of tons of carbon dioxide. the 50 worst carbon plants in the country put out more carbon and correa. career is a pretty industrialized country. we're seeing these effects in new england. senator sessions was pleased to bring out that there is actually additional rain falling in the northeast, not only additional

rain just as the climate projections expect, but it is falling and more power for winners, just as the climate experts predicted. those more powerful rain bursar causing repeated damaging flooding. we have had a year after year of hundred-year floods, one at the 5500 your level. and it just keeps coming. we are in the ocean state, and we are seeing dramatic changes in martian. people can quibble and coral at the form of fringes of the scientific debate, but we had a very nice guy, chris brown, head of the rhode island commercial fisherman association. you spoke about this. chris is a fisherman. he grew up on the ocean.

his dad and the grand that our fishermen. this is his life. here's what he said. i fish on a much different motion today than when i first started fishing with my grandfather as a boy in the mid-1960s when i started out catching havoc in the wars are not points it was commonplace. last year i caught only to. regularly, now are the species of crocus, groupon, cobia, drawn, top pop. my grandfather never saw a single one of these in his entire life as efficient. as another fishman said to me to know it's getting weird out there, and is not just from the island waters. i traveled to the south of lentic of the break. they told me that in charleston

air catching snuck, a fish used to get down to fort lauderdale the catch. it's working its way up. redfish are being caught as far north as cape cod. encase the warming of actions and moving around of the fisheries and all of that of people in the natural order is not enough against road island shores the oceans are 10 inches higher than in the 1930's. some are later another hurricane is going to come and it was a plunge. i asked my colleague, if you are genuinely interested in this issue, spend ten minutes for my sake looking at the images of what happened in my state in the hurricane in 1938. imagine what happens when that 10 inches that is there no one was not then of additional sea level kids stacked up further by storm surge and thrown against her shores. it is a potential catastrophe.

the idea that i am supposed to overlook this is preposterous. in the andean at my side of legend is not count in the only side of the ledger that does is jobs in the coal industry or jobs in the oil and gas industry is equally preposterous. the science out there has become spectacularly clear. even though there remains a french. it is not a fringe that any rational person put a bet on in the rail lines in any other circumstance. and so i wanted just conclude by thanking senator medically for the program, senator cohen -- witness : first testimony. we are way past the debate on whether this is real. this is happening in people's lives now in ways than are unprecedented, and we have got to get responsible about doing something about it.

and thank the chairman. >> thank you very much. >> thank you, mr. chairman. thanks our witnesses. first of all, sorry i came too late for the first panel featuring director ash. on february 205th when he was last before the committee, i asked some questions, important questions, i think are regarding the consultation under the endangered species act with regard to epa's new proposals regarding existing power plants. his job is about endangered and threatened species and understanding impact on that. clearly these new regulations have the potential for major impact on that, and i ask them if the ndp were consulting under the law because of that. he did not know and did not have answers.

he has not followed up. i sent a letter to him and that minister in mccarty regarding this mandated consultation. i have been no response that is his job. this is a major set of regulations. we do expect answers about their responsibility for consultation. doctors out, i share your concern that every whether item in the news is held up as the newest examples of the impact of climate change with no real science behind. this is also true wild fires. the democratic majority leader harry reid to conduct global war

and was the cause of increased wild fires. he testified about that. if you can go back and what you think the science, the historical record nice out in terms of any trend over time regarding wildfires and what you think are the leading causes of any trends that do exist. >> those who claim that carbon tax i cause additional wild fires are not making scientific statements. wild fires half typically been associated with drops and with forced conditions that are -- make wild fires more probable. the chart that i shouldn't

showing a lot of wild fires before we started having a really active wildfire fighting forces gives you an idea of how cyclically can be. the downward trend that uc is caused by humans, our activities trying to fight the fires. the urban sprawls that of cost people or have resulted in people building houses in the forest has taken manpower away from fighting fires and protecting homes. this can increase the size of the wild fires that they happen to be working on. so spending more time on

fighting or preventing houses from catching fire and taking the time away from attacking the from causes the size of the fire to be larger. >> and also in this area what are your thoughts about current management of our forest and that factor regarding wildfires? >> well, the general view of the public, we are starting to let the public manage or forced instead of letting forster's. and when the public causes litigation, delays, thinning practices, delays fuel with reductions activities we get a buildup of fuels and in increase in risk of wildfires by enacting

policies policies the walk of wilderness areas, a decrease in harvesting rates, we used to harvest about 0 billion board feet per year of the national forest, and that is dropped out of nothing. national forests are getting bigger, and this is all causing for more chromatic -- i mean more catastrophic wildfires when they do occur. >> thank you. thank you very much. >> thank you, mr. chairman. have to service, i have not today or have i ever in a committee hearing consulted the

integrity of witnesses on the other side of the issue. we have come perilously close to that in this committee today. it has been suggested by my friend from are now that dr. south dr. david legates are part of a french. and to me this is the very kind of public intimidation and insulting rhetoric that professor david legates has talked about having experienced at the university of delaware, and i take exception to. no, you are a signatory of the oregon petition, are not? >> yes, sir. >> and the petition says there's no scientific -- there is no

convincing scientific evidence that cuban released carbon dioxide nothing of a greenhouse gases is causing catastrophic heating of the earth atmosphere and disruption of the inkatha. some petition that a french scientist get together and signed. is that correct? >> i believe there are 30 fund of some people. >> thirty some thousand people. would you describe these? >> many as scientists, ph.d., and of the disciplines, people who are connected with climate change and during research. >> well, i just have to say, i appreciate someone standing out and challenging the conventional wisdom. you know, martin luther did that one with the king did that. so i appreciate people who are willing to hold up their hand and say, wait a minute. and have data and i would like to suggest is a contrary

position. >> i would not put myself quite in that category. >> but it is an important issue. i have to say, i admire you for standing up, and doctors offer standing of and saying, you have a right to be heard in the right to be listened to and the right not to be insulted by being called a part of a lunatic fringe. now, you have concluded that drops in the united states are more frequent and intense. is that correct? >> that is what the data indicates. in with a good drought's over the last 2000 years they tend to become more intense and frequent when the temperatures become colder. >> dr. south, you have offered a couple of pets. is that correct?

>> yes, sir. >> our belief five years ago you offered a bet on an ice-free arctic in the summer of 2013. a bbc journalist wrote a 2007 article entitled arctic summers is free by 2013. several ice experts decline did that with the point is that correct? >> that's correct which they would have bet with you there would have lost that bet. >> that's correct. >> and you currently offering a bet on sea level rise. you tell the committee about that. >> yes. i am looking for someone who would be willing to bet a thousand dollars on the sea level increase for the year 2024 in charleston, south carolina. the rate currently is around 315 mm. i don't know of a do that, but you can do it mathematically. i don't know how you can do it scientifically.

and i will bet that the rate ten years from now is not over seven malaysians. seven mm, if it was -- if that rate starts bowling goes to the year 2001 under it would equal about a two ft. increased. many people are talking about a 14 mm being equivalent to a 4-foot increase. so i am essentially betting that for the next ten years it will be not increasing at a rate that would equal a two ft. increased by the year 2001. but i'm not going to be living not long, so i can one that pat. >> with this that apply? and i don't know.

>> well, yes, it would. >> okay. thank you very much. we have a good hearing. there are people watching this big it will be people lated night watching this hearing that are suffering from insomnia and perhaps someone will take doctors often upon his bed. >> thank you very much to all of our witnesses. i appreciate you bring in your expertise to bear. we have heard today that climate change is having impact on the ground right now. it is not an abstract theory. it is not about models decades are multiple decades in the future. the changes in the ground right now real and measurable and not affecting american livelihoods', farming, hunting, fishing, forestry. these are real jobs and a real impact on this generation in the next. we have heard about bark beetle

infestations. we have heard about migrations of fish. the of heard about the impact on intensifying wild fires, the impact of the magnified trounce, the impact of more acidic oceans and the pacific, the impact on was to reproduction. i just have to wonder about if baby wasters are having trouble forming a shell how many of the shellfish and packs are there better going to be problematic for the food chain in our oceans and fisheries? so these things are real at this moment, and they confront us with evidence that must not be ignored. certainly this is in the context of a debate at this moment about specific measures that we might take to limit carbon dioxide, including that from coal-fired

power plants. the cost of ignoring climate change will continue to increase. the costs are real, the costs are tangible. it will affect jobs tomorrow resources. with this challenge in mind, i appreciate the testimony before this committee today. members of the committee will have two weeks from today to submit additional written questions to the witnesses, and i would ask that if you receive such questions you respond and we will make sure the answers are circulated. with that the meeting is adjourned. >> on the next washington journal the history of the u.s. negotiating for the release of prisoners of war. this comes on the heels of the obama administration steel with the taliban to return a captured u.s. soldier for five guantanamo

bay prisoners. and of the center for responsive politics, campaign finance laws washington journal live and 7:00 eastern on c-span. >> we wanted a building that was very accessible to the community and it needed to be able to incorporate a future that we did not, you know -- we can't predict the future. part of the problem with the law library as we would tap out on computers and wiring. so our new building needed avalon of flexibility and movement into the future. one thing we like, he combines different geometric features.

we have the train your part of the building, route the editorial on the side of the building, a rectangular structure on the west side of recall the bar, and then the crest of wall that hugs the library on the north and east side. and all of these different geometric features are bridged together with skylights. so this light flows through the building at all levels, and we have a total 360-degree view of our surroundings. >> i think it is vital for communities to have a library that brings people together, and this particular space was geared and bringing the community in the. it is an opportunity for people to remember the the things that hold the city together, the public safety officers, the mayor and various departments and law library already work together to build the city, and

i like that we have physically down and with architecture. >> this weekend learn about the rich history and literary life of salt lake city, utah saturday at 6:00 p.m. eastern on c-span2 book tv and sunday at 5:00 p.m. on american history tv. >> c-span2 providing live coverage of the u.s. senate floor proceedings and keep public policy events and every weekend book tv now for 15 years the only public television network devoted to nonfiction books and authors. c-span2 created by the cable-tv industry and brought to you as a public service by a local cable and satellite provider. like us on facebook and follow us on twitter. >> today senior pentagon official talked of of several challenges facing the u.s. intelligence community including russia, syria, hawkeye and

computer hackers. he spoke at the center for strategic and international studies. this is an hour. >> welcome. we are delighted to have you here on a glorious morning, absolutely fabulous. we deserve it for the winter we had. welcome to all of you, the military strategy forum and my special thanks. and make it possible for us to make the series available to the policy community in washington.e to make this available. and we are delighted to have mike vickers witus t i was serving up in the armed services committee when -- i can't remember the year. think it was 1990 1988 when we program 11 and the whole special operations command. and i think that we actually had

mike in mind for who would be the leader at so-com. it took a while for us to find him. at the time, mike was serving in the cia and he had a long history in special forces and came to the administration to become the assistant secretary back in 2007. it was just the right time when he was brought in. the bush administration asked him to come in and give direction. he did a great job and bob gates felt no one would be better to replace jim clapper to be the secretary for intelligence. i think it has been masterful service. we have been lucky to have you at this crucial time. i know it has been challenging and wearing but you have shouldered it so well and the

community is so grateful for what you have done. we will have an interesting section this morning and kathleen is leading the q&a period. would you with your applause would you with your applause welcome secretary of of intelligence. >> thank you for that gracious introduction dr. hamre. and thank you dr. hicks for your service for our country and to csis for putting on important forums such as this. i thought i would make a few remarks this morning for about 20 minutes and then take questions as the standard f format. next slide, please.

>> appaollgies we are having technical issues. which one hits it? all right. which one? >> good. i am qualified on this now. i am going to talk about these four topics and given that this is a military strategy forum, i am going to try to move beyond my intelligence brief and talk about the implications of defense strategy and national strategy as we look at the issues. before i do, one of the themes i would like leave you with is the

change taken place in our intelligence capabilities over the decade and greater change we forsee looking forward. one of the aspects of this, is the revolutionary impact precision targeting has had across the enterprise whatever department it is in. to illustrate this, i would like to if you endulge me i would tell a joke my former boss used to tell about the way we did business. many years ago, an intelligence officer was working in a foreign capital at a diplomatic cocktail party patrolling the circuit and

look for targets. this officer had too much to drink and his targets went toward more amorous pursuits rather than traditional targets. and he spotted a vision of lovliness in a red gown. he approached the target and made a pitch asking the target for a dance and then to his shock the target rebuffed him and said i am rebuffing you for three reasons. first, you are drunk. second, this isn't a waltz it is the peru anthem and third, i am not a woman in a dress i am the cardinal! next slide, please.

i will go three a range of terrorism challenges. the first one is quite threats. the keypoint here is we have had success in degrading the al qaeda core in the pakistan-afghanistan border region they continue to pose a threat particularly a reconstruction threat. but al qaeda in yemen and the growing al qaeda threat in syria are the biggest concerns. and they are taking advantage of the metastasizing across the middle east and north africa and that is conditions that are created by ungoverned space and the historic transformation that is underway in that region.

there is the threat of home-grown violent extremist as we saw with the boston bombers and others. this is job one for the intelligence community and our special operations forces as well. the syrian civil war presents a particularly vexing national security challenge. it is horrific civil war with 150,000 dead. it is hcrisis with 9 million internally displaced or refugees who have fled the country. about 2/3 and 1/3rd and a continuing crisis there. and it is giving rise to a significant terrorism threat there as well.

as the president noted at west point, we are committed to them and help them fight for the right of all syrian people to determine their own future and deny terrorist a safehaven they are enjoying there in syria. and we will work with the congress to ramp up the support of opposition. now we come to russia and relaunching. the most concerning currently is the destabilization going on in eastern ukraine and what we

would term as unconventional warfare. russian troops pulled back from the border region. they have not seized their support for pro-russian sepretist and that remains to the area and threatens the integrity. cyber threats. these plan from property theft to disruptive denial of service attack to destruction attacks through malware that is an emerging domain that has move quickly. we have had disinstru instructor: i

proliferation and use of wnd's is the next issue for us. we continue to have concerns about the iranian and north korea missile programs. iran has made progress in the ability to enrich and stock pile urrani urranium, and it is working on missile programs. north korea is expanding it's facilities for uranium, and

continues to develop other items that have been displayed publically a few times. i already eluded to this about the voltility in southeast asia and africa that will be with us for a long time to come. this is one of the key enduring challenges i think we face along with a couple others on this slide or on this slide and the previous one. all right. transition in afghanistan. the president announced right before the west point speech that we will maintain 9800 troops in afghanistan and by the end of calendar 2015 we will reduce that in half approximately and consolidate

the force on kabul and 2016 reduce it to a normal embassy-base presence centered on kabul. afghan forces assumed the lead for combat operations last year and at the end this year combat operations will seize. we will continue to train, advise and assist afghanistan forces and pursue the anti-counter terrorism in the region. the rise of china. china of late has engaged in provocative behavior in mari ska skare -- maritime disputes and

attempted to counter u.s. engagement in asia by asserting that the united states is a declining power which we are not and we will remain a pacific power. the key thing i would like you to take away from the previous two slides is that when you look at these in total, a number of senior intelligence officers, director clapper, my good friend cia deputy director michael m morel and others haven't seen these kinds of challenge on our plate in our careers. we maybe wrong about that but that is our collective judgment. second point is that taken together these are highly asymmetric challenges. they are not directly head on head. some are further and

unconventional or novel as in the cyber case or direct in terms of challenges happening in the region or the relationship between economic power and national security power. the other point that i want to highlight is that unlike the cold war where we had one enduring and not to be discounted national security challenge and then a series of crisis, a number of these are likely to be more persistent and enduring and that creates challenges for strategy as you deal with enduring very difficult to solve, multiple problems. some of you may remember in the late 1970's in the department of defense we developed in response to the situation in central europe an offset strategy to counter soviet military power and followed that up through the

1980's with a series of other stratgies to reinforce that and bring an end to the the cold war. we don't need just one offset strategy but a series to deal with these challenges. and the final point is also critical to dealing with the set of enduring challenges is the continuing technical safety of the united states which is a national security imperative. now i would like to talk about the relationship between intelligence and national security. we say it is the first line of defense. this time going forward we really, really do mean it. the benefits that it gives us is it informs our national security

policy. if you are the president trying to make sense of the challenges intelligence is the first thing you need. and for our operators, war fighters and other operators, intelligence drives this. when directed by the president, the intelligence committee gives additional operations with diplomacy and military force. these are important as well. and offense course preventing stretegic surprise. this is an advantage to us that is important but it has to be

used aggressively and prudently to make sure we are helping our leaders solve problems and not adding to their problems. and of course as you conduct operations there is inherent risk in them and the risk-gain is something that we look at all of the time and continue to evolve. now i would like to talk about investment we are making here with capabilities. i have grouped it into five areas focusing on national intelligence on the defense strategic guidance and then the defense review and the soon to be released national

intelligence strategy. i group it into global coverage, the ability to operate in anti-access areas, denial environments, sustaining capabilities in counter terrorism operations and adding to them in proliferation, building out our cyber abilities and strengthening our abilities in counter intelligence. let me touch on these. global intelligence covers everything we do across the areas. as budget flattens declines it becomes more important given the global distribution and challenges we face. i cannot say too much about the

spi specifics in many of the areas. as director clapper said and betty sap mentioned in florida there are big changes ahead in the way we use our overhead space architecture. some of the biggest changes in my view we have seen in several decades. it will be possible as director clapper mentioned through techniques such as activity-based intelligence and associated architecture capabilities to have persistance and look at things for a long time. the second aspect i believe is

revolutionary is innovation. rather than having overhead architecture as betty sap described it that is a set of supporting systems we will have integrative architecture and there is benefits that come from that. we are working to strengthen our cryptanalytical capabilities and our national level defense human capabilities through an initiative called the defense clan service. in the anti-environment th-- an viral environment this is to keep pace with asia and high-end challenges we are working on surveillance and reconnaissance and the resillancy of the

architecture and that is all i can say. there the third bullet is indicative and we are focused on adapting the techniques we learned in counter terrorism where we have gotten precise and apply that to the higher end value. the creditor and reaper, the aircraft that is unmanned and known as drones, have been the signature weapon of the past decade much as the explosive device has been the weapon for terrorist. it has enabled the most precise campaign in the history of warfare and it is or most effective instrument. we are healthy in this area but we are looking to make

enhancements in advance censors and extended the range of the second generation platform considerably. another key advantage the the operations in the area. and the c2 problem evolves and shifts on us and we are at a turning point not just in national security but in the counter terrorism and the need to rebalance and rethink the weee have done business and what adaptable and what isn't and what do we need to reinvent. on cyber capabilities we are

supporting combat and defend the united states if called upon and the associates support structures to go with it, intelligence capabilities as you would in know demesne -- domain -- cyber space or other. our partnerships with industry play a big role in all of this. also with the fbi. but in particularly industry and information sharing. and counter special and security. as a result of wikileaks, snowden, and the navy yard attacks and the reviews

associated with those we have taken significant measures to stregthen our capabilities against insider threats whether that is work place violence or work espionage. we are looking to shift the way we evaluate people for positions of responsibility and security clearances through a method called continuous evaluation. if you think of snapshots in time where you do an investigation and wait several years and do it again this is more of a continuous stream like you do with credit checks and we believe it will have a number of advantages. okay. let me conclude by talking about the importance of intelligence integration. this was the focus of the 9/11 commission and there are four areas i would like to talk

about. some of this honestly predated 9/11 and it has been at work or in the process of a couple decades of work and others have accelerated since responding to evolving threats. the first is integration within agencies. the cia in the 1980s isn't the cia today. it is vastly more integrated and it produces big dividands by doing so. our intelligence agencies work much closer together. it is hard to find a case where a single intelligence agency has been responsible were a significant breakthrough or operation. the bin laden case is an example for many groups worked together to produce the intelligence case and that is the model going

forward. director clapper and i have made it a top proiority to make sure the national defense programs are innovative and transparent to each other. we defend on each other's capabilities to do missions. tactical missions and important mission and tactical operations defend on the national capabilities. and then finally the partnership between the department of defense and the central intelligence agency is very important across the board in a number of intelligence areas and with capabilitiecapabilities. i would conclude with that and i am happy to take your questions with dr. hicks. [ applause ]

>> thank you, very much secretary vickers for your remarks. i am kathleen hicks. you covered the water front and it gives us a rich conversation opportunity with the audience and i will turn it over to them in a few minutes. but there are a few things i thought i would start with. you raise one on the last side on immigration and ending on the dod piece. we have come in the time you have been in your positions within the department of defense from 2007-now from the world of trying to transition from need to know, to need to share, to i hope a culture of need to share -- that was the intent. but now we have had a series of incidents that test that snowden being the most recent.

i am wondering if you can give a sense of where the community is on this issue of how much to share, how to control, have we swung too far or do we need to accept there is a risk that comes with the need to share culture. >> thanks. well, we continue to have a strong need to share intelligence. our national security strategy depends on enabling partners and that requires intelligence sharing and to make the national security apparatus effective across the agency, domestic and foreign, also requires a high degree of intelligence sharing while also protecting need to

know. in that vein we are modernizing our information technologies or information technology systems, excuse me, across the ic and department of defense to try to strike a reasonable balance there between the need to protect information and dib tribute it. in the ic it is called eye sight which is ic/ite which is intelligence information technology enterprise and we are moving toward a system called the joint information environment and they are cloud-based and they will give us security advantages along with other technologies. so in a way it is the right balance to be struck. but you know, there are some things like bin laden had to be

comparted intensely as you know. others less so. we cannot move back from the information sharing environment. we just have to do it more responsible. >> you ended on the dod nexus and the president in his west point speech last week reiterated his call to transition more operations, more empicize from cia to dod on the counter terrorism direct action and i am wondering if you can talk about how that transition is going and what the challenges are facing the department of defense as it takes on the direct action missions that have in some cases been taken on by the cia.

>> i don't want to go into too much detail. let me make a couple points. our assistant to terrorism for the president will be making a speech in the future as an update on what has progressed since the president's speech at the national defense university last may and i don't want to steal her thunder so i will leave that to her. but also, suffice to say that we have been working since last may and actually before to implement the president's guidance. dod does percision counter terrorism operations and makes sure we have integrated it to meet the president's needs. >> let me stick with isr being

not even unmanned by in general. you made an important case for why intelligence is important in this environment that is unpredictable in threats and we can talk about ukraine and others but the pressure on isr in that kind of environment is intense and you alluded to the fact the of the flat budge and that is not conducive to increased investment in many areas. how well do you think isr fairs in the budget? and are there areas of concern in terms of how we make sure the entire enterprise is resourced? >> sure. as secretary hagel made it clear, areas of key focus for him is intelligence and surveillance reconnaissance,

cyber and special operations forces so we have the priority we believe it requires. that said, as you know, we have to be very focused on our investments and what we prioritize. and so in isr or in other capability areas undersea warfare, long range bombs, we are focusing on parts that are important to the asia rebalance as well as the continuing capabilities we will need for the counter terrorism problem and the instability across the greater middle east and then the cyber challenges. so that is why i have grouped the capability areas we have. one of the challenges that we

face in isr, and across the department i would say, is that now more than ever you have to have an intelligence portfolio approach to investment. you may recall with the challenges in the 1990's one could think about a joint force that had capabilities that could stretch right or left if necessary, and thanks to your leadership we have sense abandoned that notion and adopt across the spectrum of challenges we have had a series of target investments in each area with a high end and low end and see what meets in the middle and that seems to be the best way to meet the national security challenges. but with flat and declining budget it remains a challenge. >> let me press you harder. are there areas on the intelligence side that are particularly worrisome to you.

you know, growing the human in the right language skill set and focus given the defusion of the threat, are there areas that you can point to that something we should be thinking about as a country as we move further into the 21st century on the intelligence side? >> sure. some of these investments depend on either technilogical advances or making sure resources are provided for the capabilities. for others, such as strengthening our human capabilities it is more about capital. it isn't about language, posture

and innovation and other things that take time to transform a force, but it is more in the softer side of business, but no less hard because you are changing institutions from one to another. and then in cyber, very evolving field but they defend on other capabilities and public-private partnerships. there is a dependency in each case that is different and those are what i wrestle to the ground with general clapper. >> let me ask one more question and i will turn it over to the audience. i know we have a lot of folks ready to test your knowledge across what the department is doing. let me ask you an obvious

question about ukraine which is how well prepared do you think the intelligence community was to see russian intent in terms of the annexation of crimea in particular and are we now refocusing energy as a result of that action and sub-saharother russia? >> i guess i would answer that russia is a complex intelligence challenge. it is something we have been working since the end of the cold war in the intervening decades on. but it has been triggered really by there has been spikes because of buildups to crisis or actually crisis. for example, the innovation of georgia in 2008 and then most

recently ukraine. the invasion of crimea was done suddenly and the intelligence community did a pretty good job of providing overall warning to the magnitude of the problem, but there is things we could always do better in certain areas. and then we are very good at once confronted a crisis and responding to it and getting better and better. we have continued to improve as the crisis shifted to, you know, what i describe as unconventional warfare in eastern craukraine. and the next part of the challenge that you eluded to is the longer term challenge posed boy this significant change in russian behavior and how we adapt the community to it.

so we are -- it is a work in progress but it is definitely on leader's radar screen. >> i have left large swaths of the world uncovered. i am sure we will have questions on that. when you ask state your name and affiliation. >> thank you for being here. i am christine from averson and just returned from egypt. having being on the ground, from a dia defense standpoint how are you evolving policy for intelligence sharing with key international partners especially those with challenging transitions on their hands? >> well, our intelligence sharing is usually done almost always on a bilateral bases and

it is taylored to the specific requirements of that partner -- tailored texas and we do it -- our individual agencies may have relationships with counterparts in a given country but we do it on an integrated approach, what we call the director of national intelligence representative. so we funnel both our military intelligence as well as the various forms by our national agencies through this one to an international partner and that applies in egypt's case and others. >> we have one right here. >> thank you. mccain institute.

i am from georgia. you mention the challenges of russia and i like this because it describes the movement in russia. but russia is much wider than what is linked to the ukraine. my question is what does this say of the geo graphical help and what areas do you want to see helped in the crisis? >> that is why i had that broader challenge of revonge rather than specifically the russia russian-ukraine challenge. i think there are a number of challenges. as we saw with georgia and

ukraine most recently and on the border there is a power challenge in what russia calls its near abroad and former soviet union. but then there is also a panel plea of other influence means and unconventional threats that range from energy cohersion to cyber to unconventional warfare as we see. and those threats may be the greater longer term challenge because they are asymmetric and not traditional military power. our strategy with our allies and

partners need to take account as well. but that is how i see the longer term challenge. >> i have one right there. the gentlemen right there. >> thank you. princeton university. i am a little puzzled by the administration attempt for the rule in terms of espionage saying espionage conducted on -- that state-led espionage on corporate entities done to advance others of one country is unfair. i find this puzzling because few other countries recognize this rule. it would be hard to enforce because if you know a country is condu conducting espionage you have no interest in revealing you know those things. can you delay the concerns and tell us what the rational is behind this and the attempt to

set new rules and whether or not you think it has a reasonable chance of being successful. thank you. >> the president was clear with the presidential policy directive 28 on the architecture that the united states does not and will not engage in economic espionage and to benefit american companies and international competition. as you noted, that practice is not universally followed by other countries in the world. i would defer to my economic colleagues on this, but we think that a global system that will produce economic prospaerity fo all would be most conducive to

having open, international competition without states stealing private secrets and handing them off to there their own national companies. if you follow that logic companies bear additional cost that they would have to do to protect their systems that i think are not economically productive. i am drawing on my economics training in grad school but i don't think that is the kind of international system we or international countries should favor. and i think that is true across the board. i don't think it is new. but it is definitive on our policy. >> eric smit with the new york times. two-part question on syria.

if you could explain the options the pentagon is considering for dod to assist in arming the rebels and what operational and other challenges that imposes. and the second question is along the boarder of syria and iraq it is disappearing. can you assess the threat for the there and how they have dealt with the threat given the support from the united states? >> thanks, eric. first on expanded assistance to the syrian operation, i don't want to go further than the president did in his west point speech. we are developing options and consulting with congress on this and that is as far as i can go right now. on the threat posed by ice as

you called it or as we call it the islamic state of iraq -- it is a challenge both in syria and western iraq. which is why we look at this as an increasing regional problems. this is the remnants of al qaeda in iraq that most of the leadership went to syria after being significantly degraded in iraq. and they have ambitions to pose threats broader in the region and outside the region. so it is munevolent terrorist group and one that we are increasingly focused on.

they brook away from al qaeda as you know recently. i guess al qaeda was too nice for them. and then as far as your question on iraq, through our officer of security cooperation we continue to provide assistance to the iraqis and across the united states government to meet the challenges in iraq. iraq is -- you know the conditions that give rise to the challenge there have a lot to do with political challenges they have with significant terrorist threat. so there has to be political,

economic and counter terrorism solutions. tay made gains from beating back some and containing the spread elsewhere but if is significant challenge to the government. >> the question is you mentioned in the context of cyber and working with the industry as a partner but industry works with other areas in the intelligence community as well. how is the department working with industry going to change going forward, either in subtle or important ways? >> well, i think it is an imperative that, you know, being very honest, the current environment and development haven't helped that partnership. there is some important legislation moving through the hill right now to try to set the

conditions for that that we support. and it is just something, you know, as a country we will have to solve because the threat isn't going away. >> how about right here. >> sir, george nickelson. ct and special operations. kathle kathleen, you eluded to the relationship between the cia and john brennan got up and said there is not a better relationship in the history but how much is driven by your background? a few years ago a former dia actived about relooking at title 10 and 53 authorities and do we look to need to codify the relationships under something

like a title 60. >> you know, so the fact that a number of us have worked together for a lot of years clearly helps but i forgot who the french politician said graveyards are filled with indispensable men and i think we have put enough in place it will survive the current leadership. it is good way to do business and the challenges we face dictate it. we have evolved a lot since 2009 and the beginning of the administration and the title 10, title 50, title 60 debate. we are very, very integrated and go back and forth easily and that part of the system is

working well. >> right back here. >> peter humpry. intel analyst. are you happy with the level of our dependence on foreign intelligence services? or maybe possibly should we be moving a fraction of the budget to get our own independent capabilities or are we going the other way just to save money? >> we have plenty of independent capabilities. and you know, periodically in some country or crisis you can find you are too dependented on foreign liason reporting but we have learned from those experiences in the past. we leverage and depend on an

international network of partners but we have robust unilateral capabilities as well and one can always adjust the system but globalally i think it serves us well. >> how about here in front. >> steve winters washington based researcher. i think many computer experts feel that in an attack on a network the advantages is with the attacker and the defenders are in the weaker position. it was suggested yesterday in the case of, say, attacks for espionage purposes on u.s. networks that there be a type of response to the attacker besides trying to beef up the defenses.

so if these experts are right what is your advice to the administration when you have to tell them we cannot stop the attacks because the attacker has the advantage. what is your suggestion? like a code of conduct for other countries? what advice are you giving? >> i will keep the advice private but i will try to answer. i am not sure i agree that the offense has the enduring advantage in the cyber field. cyber security has evolved and

it is growing. there a lot of soft targets, though. so if you are looking to steal something among many things or attack many things that is a hard defensive program. and in response to cyber policy and economic strategy it isn't sound economics to invest so much in defenses. and then in dermads terms of the appropriate response, even if offense is harder it will still be feasible and there is relatively softer targets to harded ta harded -- harder -- targets. so you can have code of conduct and what is in people's interest

is carry out this conflict. this is a new and evolving domaine so it is still in talk. law enforcement, blocking n an attack. so in cyber, like anything else, you need to deploy the full range of instruments and it is an evolving field. >> last question right up front. >> my question is what is your solution about the cyber security issues between u.s. and china? and what is your response about the new chinese report released on my 26 accusing the united states of hacking china and hacking of companies like microsoft and google.

thank you so much. >> can you repeat the last part? >> there is new report from china accusing u.s. of hacking activities with microsoft and companies like google. so i am not aware of a report about microsoft and >> okay. you have been generous with your

time. we put you through the ringer. we appreciate your willingness to come down and talk to us. please join me and thank you. [ applause ] ...

>> >> on nubble the windswept point in france there is soft but the cries of men in the air was filled with the crack of rifle fire in the roar of camden. at dawn on the morning of june 6, 1944, to turn drew 25 rangers to jump off and ran to the bottom -- bob of the close one of the most daring of the invasion. to climb these cliffs to taköv6 up the enemy guns. the allies were told the mightiest of the guns were here in good be trained on the beaches to stop the advance the rangers saw the enemy soldiers shooting down

throwing grenades and with machine guns and they began to climb. >> we are living syria dramatic period. there are real structural problems.

cannot the economic forecaster but everything i read suggest we will be living with that. unusual high levels of unemployment, a lot of pain from over indebtedness one quarter of the country on food stamps? it is not a great depression , we're not repricing what happened in the thirties but it is the version.

>> hopefully this microphone is working. congratulations on your new position. your courageous enough to sit down today and everyone is excited interested what you have to say. you are taking of renner critical time for the country and a critical time for corporate america as we see edward snowden revelations an increasing number of cyberattacks happening to u.s. companies. i will start by asking how reducing business and the nsa can best work together to solve the cyberthreats that exist right now? >> first i will clarify. thank you very much for taking the time and all of you taking time with a discussion about a very important topic as a nation

in the idea of cybersecurity for i apologize to was a couple minutes late unfortunately it took an hour-and-a-half to drive down today normally i do it in 25 minutes. but the first point i make i am with you today into hats says the commander of the united states separate command in director of the nsa. with the things i try to finalize our first and foremost, cybersecurity is something that is foundational increasingly with the ability to execute your business mission whatever that is. your failure to do so successfully can directly impact to execute your mission your reputation and we see that play out with

some very visible ways in the corporate sector. i try to tell business seniors and military seniors you must own this problem to cannot simply say to your informational side this is your problem. go do it. it is not something i need to focus on. i have the same dialogue with operational commanders to make the point this is just not your eyes tea and computer people you have to own this problem and it drive the change that puts this into our culture. we consider this foundational as the ability to maneuver forces in the military constructs as may care$o&j about the logistics' and infrastructure. when i looked at the problems i also tried to highlight it with my

business counterparts counterparts, traditionally in my experience we have often largely been focused on the attempts to prevent intrusions'. i increasingly have come to the opinion that we must increasingly spend more time focused on detection so what do you do when they get it? because i wish pohai -- capabilities and what do i do about it? >> what do you do?

on your own? dimeter is a responsibility to ensure your corporation's mission. when it is beyond the scale of your abilities there is mechanisms to reach out in your area from of government perspective with critical infrastructure as a nation we have a vested interest to share a un interrupted operations weather that may be financial sector, power sector, fuel, transportation comair travel, there is clearly sectors year that have increased importance to our nation to function effectively which is one of the rules of the cyberkorea and even if it is within the networks of department of defense. have been tasked to provide

capabilities to support civilian teammates to deal with these challenges and particularly those with critical ever structure with the primary partners being homeland security and fbi as well as the key corporate entities that are receiving these attempts to intrude in this system or with the ability to operate. >> host: i see a significant threat that i think might to be coming from a foreign entity to i call the nsa or homeland security? >> privacy within the federal government but we are dealing with the networks.

on a voluntary basis but when i looked at the number of incidents that are voluntarily reported by the number that i believe are truly happening there is a big delta. i opponent with us situation and to set up a structure to share information and for us

to share as he tried to deal with this because coming together as a partnership is where we can be very powerful as structure of that nsa i do not acknowledge the networks. a severe head foreign space to figure out what is going on the cyberevery now. and it brings knowledge of the information assurance from the government with of vulnerability is with the u.s. government as well as provide capability to support others with the other challenges associated with other networks.

nsa brings technical capability to this. >> to organize a and train to help with the defensive side if we are directed to do so. you bring all that together with our partners with the department of romance security. getting to know their corporate counterparts i am incredibly impressed by the capability of those organizations and willingness to work with others. this vivid bet the technology a in this incredible.

with that facial recognition technology? how does that work? >> will not get into specifics but to be honest that is my greatest challenge. but to execute the mission of foreign intelligence we have to be very mindful of liability with the specifics of what grade do. in my confirmation hearing i believe has the nsa director i cannot get into the specifics of how but be willing to talk in broad terms what redo and why we do it. >> we use facial recognition as us tool counterterrorism

and has more impact in that arena than anywhere else. where we see entities through intelligence capability to see if we can understand to help the hour prior efforts to bring them to do justice to stall the ability to tax our allies. we do not do this with a unilateral basis against u.s. citizens. but to access department of motor vehicles. >> we very specific restrictions.

simic utah have access to passport photos. >> you would thank you would have access to some of those >> again why it? the nsa is very explicit. foreign intelligence and information at insurance. anything to do a u.s. person to comply with a major star unilaterally decide today i will go after citizen xyz. we do to do that and cannot be delayed. >> host: but there are people that you know, that you need to target. >> let me finish my thought. but clearly in the digital age we will encounter american persons with specific restriction is what happens when we encounter

them. we have to stop all we're doing and come to the realization and that someone we are monitoring it has a was connection we were unaware of it in broad terms we have to stop all we're doing and assess the situation if there is a legal basis is we have to get a legal authority or justification to continue. it is interesting to me but the part that i thought was interesting was that i've reached out to to nsa i have not been able to find that but the one thing we have unable to find one thing we make ever by dick dozer in

safeguarding personal information that is the training the course he had completed all of them have it generated a question in his mind from my perspective that is the good thing. that is why we have feedback is important each of us meet our expectations the only way this will work. >> has a relates to the intelligence gathering with five are going back to rural cotter can of venice say track them there? >> do is have something. [laughter] >> host: i am not asking that stickman's you're asking a very direct personal. [laughter]

but can that nsa at least as foreigners, they are known threats can retract them overseas? >> we have the means to attract individuals with foreign intelligence, yes. will live guarantee every warned? no. oftentimes i think i wish we had that capability. to really believe that? that is just not the case. we operate under the rule of law professor and director i have been in place 60 days is there we have the important mission did matters to the nation to our allies and friends. lead to a detroit and

correctly. we will not let them down by abusing those resources. i don't question that for one minute because as much as i am proud to be an officer of united states navy and was a citizen before it started this journey i just want to go back to be another citizen again when dissolver and i will not compromise myself or my duties. >> host: mentioning edward snowden what harm has she done to the country? director have been on record when asked by a margin for nations, groups, individuals to save ready to change the

way we operate. that they need to do something differently. . .