the first place and then they are infiltrating cities as well. and so two questions i have from the first is why is it that i.c.e. members feel they they can not prevent the gang members from going across the country and recruiting other illegal children and to that gang. and the second question is what can we do to prevent the exacerbation of the situation. >> to answer your first question in terms of what agents are capable of doing, their hands are tied in there's a difference between border patrol and i.c.e. border patrol process all of these minors.

in the united states are considered a minor until you turn 18, but being that status is a very different kind of thing in places like el salvador and other places than the united states. but we know that a lot of gang members in the world, using these not only to get to their family members and they are using these hubs where 47% of the minors are young men and they are using them to recruit more people for their games because of the perfect breeding ground and their parents aren't around and they can offer a sense of community and livelihood. we are talking about very violent people showing that they

engage in murder and torture before entering the united states. in terms of the border control not being able to set them out, between minors and juveniles, you lose your job as you process these people through and then they turn them over to i.c.e. and then i.c.e. do something with them. whether they deliver them to their parent or not, that happens. all i know is that they are being scheduled to be placed somewhere in the united states. and they are being asked to show up and then they don't show up. it's an issue for our law enforcement to deal with and it breeds more crime and on the

issue of stopping it, i think that these protests that we have seen in arizona and in california, the way that you can really be affected. and it's not being inhumane or not sensitive enough. it's a serious problem and a serious issue. and the federal government has failed to do their job and now we have a crisis on our hands and americans shouldn't have to put up with it. it's not just one side of the political section, if left and right independents who are saying that this is crazy. so standing up and doing what you can, contacting people who can do something about it is the way to go, exposing what is going on inside these facilities is important as well. and so that is what i would say as my best explanation as to what is going on. [inaudible] >> is another question?

>> thank you for being a part of the movement. we really appreciate it so with your knowledge and studies, what do you think that things will be like in the 2016 presidential election? >> my focus is on issues, i can say will go this way or that way. whether or not we will win or what the chances are with residential candidates. i'm not really sure, but i know there are big issues like obamacare and the border crisis and foreign policy and all of those things and in terms of the details on that, i just don't have any brain capacity with anything that i cover on the issue side to pay the echoes of attention. i am hopeful, but i think it will take some work and if they don't drop the ball, that's

important. so we have to just keep it going. so i apologize for not having any details. but it is not exactly my focus at this time. >> thank you so much for being here. we appreciate everything you do and we love watching on all the shows. you are so articulate and knowledgeable. an issue, "fast and furious", you wrote a book about it, do you have an update on what is happening now? >> for the past year and a half we have been stuck in this waiting time because everything is caught up in the court system. and sometimes it's impossible to documents and talk to people because there's an ongoing lawsuit. we have seen some movement now in the past month with the judicial watch, which is a phenomenal organization if you haven't heard about it.

saying that the executive privilege claims by barack obama over all of these documents, you know, it's taking too long for you to make a decision and we have a freedom of information requests that needs to be responded to it has been far too long. they are good at getting details that even congress is not capable of getting. so we are in this waiting frame to me what a judge is going to decide and that will determine whether we get any more information about what happens. i'm hopeful that we will see more documentation that is key, but we will just have to wait and see. [applause] >> thank you guys. >> on the communicators, two members of congress talk about their technology legislation. >> they said under 702 of the act, you can collect data and

you now know from this that there is a lot of data and that may also include the information even though that can't be a complete selection of the data. what it says is that if you want to search that lawfully acquired database for americans, you should get a warrant. not that you can't get the information, but get a warrant. >> the basic information, making sure that when they released this control oversight over the domain system that we know were getting ourselves into. >> illinois republican representative and guest on the communicators on c-span2. >> i have trouble picking one

name and it's also timing and i think that things happen in a particular sequence. and what you had by 1914 was pressure building up and you also had a growing acceptance of the possibility of war, which is very dangerous. and so there were some real expectations for this and even something that might be released. one of the images talked about this being very oppressive and very heavy and so i think that that was happening. what i think you also had was what we can do to get through these crises. there are a series of crises which are getting closer together and there are a series of this right up through 1914.

and it was the same complacency. so in the summer of 1914 people really didn't take it seriously and many were preoccupied with this. so we look at most of the and it's not about what is happening in the balkans or other places. so i think that you have a combination and a lot of people are prepared to accept that this can be used without a terrible expense and also expectations on the other hand and so i think you didn't get people taking the crisis seriously until it's almost too late. >> it is one of my things that

is important. i traveled to albania earlier this year and i'm curious about the point that was played in this. it seems to be that we had so many priorities involved. could this war have occurred without a lot of attention heating up all of this? >> i think that it could because we have britain and france who went to war in 1906 in 1907. so i think there were other things as well. but it seems to be rather dangerous where there'll number of interests met. so not just local interest, although we had a series of local nationalism and what you

also had was the russians and the war was much more important. in the states, going through from the black sea, it was extremely important for russia, something like over half of green acts warrants went that way. it was vital to little passages for the russians and then you also had hungry as well seeing them as an ex-essentials threat and then you had germany and italy. and so you have this combination of local rivalries being brought in. >> you can watch this and other programs online at booktv.org. >> walter isaacson, you have a new book coming out this law. what is it about?

>> it's about the innovators, we talk a lot about it these days. the word has become so to avoid that it almost gets overused. i want to look at how real people and innovation really happened. it is something that came out of working with steve jobs and before that, bill gates, to say that who made that type of person and the book is not just about singular people but teenagers and collaboration in one of the things that i'd government during this is that real innovation comes with great themes and not just leaders. >> i learned the importance of connecting the arts to technology and the important of what steve jobs is always talking about, the liberal arts and engineering intersecting. it begins with one whose father was a great poet and she loved

poetry and her mother wanted to be a mathematician, so she became a great mathematician. then she was able to combine the notion of poetry and math and she comes up with the idea of a computer program and she's the first person to understand that the calculating will also be able to weave patterns and do words or music. so the notion of the modern computer comes with this idea which really began with connecting the art to the technology. >> when we think of early computers, we think of this. >> it was really a great computer and the first opera mobile all-digital computer. in one of the interesting things is at the same time in iowa, there was a professor doing a computer and he was doing it in the basement of the physics building and in some ways he is the first but he didn't have

this team around him, unlike this guy at the university of pennsylvania. and so it ends up being abandoned and it's another example of the importance of teamwork and that is where they are so successful. >> so when this comes out in the fall and you are asked who invented the computer, what would you say? >> you would have to say the people who created this were probably the first to do a programmable electronic computer and they did it working in teams. but one of the leaders go style and takes ideas from their and goes up to harvard and seized a computer there that a guy named howard aiken had made there. what he does is lex idea like a bumble bee collects pollen and then he brings it all together and as i was saying earlier, that is how innovation really

works. it's not some guy sitting in the garage all alone where lightbulb comes off, we gather ideas from many places and we pulled together a team and say we are going to take you on this now. so we were if we were to give credit, it would be the people even though they took their ideas from a lot of other people or especially because they took their ideas from a lot of other people. >> who is steve wozniak? >> he was the partner of steve jobs and the founding of apple. once again it shows us team work. because he created the circuit board for the apple on an apple ii. he's a genius of knowing how to create circuits with very cute view components in order to turn it in to a hobby computer, the type that we could use at home. he loved talking about how it works out and what happens steve

jobs says no, we should build this and we should sell it. so they create a company that they called apple. so what it takes to innovate is not just that the person has the idea, but also says how are we going to execute this and how are we going to turn this into a commercial machine, which is what steve jobs did. so are we going to get a power supply and how are we going to gather all together? so whether it's the people with the microchip or otherwise, they usually have a visionary engineering time and also a business type and that all together and creates things like apple and intel. >> putting the innovators together, crowd sourcing a little bit.

>> the internet was invented in order to allow people to collaborate on their research. that was the original done by the defense department, which is if you want people to help this, we can share things. so i thought why don't we see if it still works that way. so i put them online for everyone to read and oddly enough i got 18,000 comments in the first week for one chapter. and a lot of this had great stuff. one of the great colorful characters in this book, stewart brand, he interviewed the well, which is one of the only online

services, this guy should the computer system for the first time and he was there at the creation of so many different things where they are involving this and he read the whole chapter and said here's what we did and he took all of these notes out. and another individual setters at the first meeting and it's like wikipedia. the wisdom of the crowd helps the crowd sourcing and so there's a lot of that in the book and he said here's what he said when he had this early version. >> and so so is it tough to write a book like this when we have the continual innovation? >> no, because there's a wonderful trajectory where there are a couple of themes.

the first theme is that creative people who understand beauty in the liberal arts and humanities enact their imaginations to the machines and the technologies that is what they can do in creating google. so i want to show that narrative. and another thing is that technologies used to bring people together and it is a social networking. sometimes we invent something like a computer and it becomes like a little thing that you do in the basement or your house and soon we create social networks to bring our computers together. so that is a theme that continues as well. so one of the themes about this book is something that you thought was totally new, it's a lot of progress with a lot of people coming up with ideas. >> were you working to keep notes on this?

>> i started this about 10 years ago and 10 years ago i was trying to write a book on the internet with all of these unknown people and when i was working with steve jobs he said that's interesting and what is more interesting is the in the 1970s and 80s the internet came together at the exact same time that personal computers came together, so you should make it a book about the joint connection of computers. and so i change this and bill gates said that as well, he said that's fine, but networks are only half the story and that makes the world magical. so i have been working on this for 10 or 12 years and taking notes and by talking to bill gates, it expands the nature what i'm trying to do.

>> where does bill gates fit into this scenario? >> i think to me there's a fascinating chapter and he invents something that is pretty interesting, which is the notion that software matters and it's not just ibm or hewlett-packard. what's really going to camp is who makes his operating system and the software. so when the first personal computer appears on the cover of popular electronics magazine and he is there as a sophomore and he says it's happening without a, they decide what i'm going to build a computer, we are going to build an operating system for the computer. and they do basic, which is a programming language and then by the time they come along it changes the nature of what the computers are because we realize

that the programming is where the magic occurs. >> a quick preview of the book by walter isaacson, "the innovators: how a group of inventors, hackers, and geeks created the digital revolution" how they created the digital revolution. you're watching booktv on c-span2. >> of tv is on facebook. like this to interact with guests and viewers and get up-to-date information on event. facebook.com/booktv. >> money and of itself is not wealth but represents a claim on products and services and think of it as he would a coat check it has no intrinsic value. you put your coat in a closet and you do a coat check but represents a claim on the coat. so the idea that creating money, money represents product and services that have already been

produced and so would be -- the idea that if we stimulate the economy by printing of money, it would be like a restaurant saying that if we create more coat checks, it will stimulate the production of more coats and it does not. it's a claim and it represents a claim on a product or service that money guys. so many works best when it has a fixed value. just like a clock has 60 minutes in an hour and imagine what the world would be like in daily life would be like if the federal reserve does this what it does to the dollar and imagine floating clock. so you have 60 minutes one day, 40 minutes the next come in 22 minutes the next and 80 the next and so you'd have to have hedges to figure out how many hours are working each day. let's say that you're baking a cake. bake the batter 45 minutes coming have to figure out if that's inflation

inflation-adjusted and it makes it much more difficult. imagine if they would change the number of inches and a foot or building a bridge and suddenly learn that instead of 12 inches it's now 10 inches and imagine building a house. it just makes things so much more chaotic. money works best when it has a fixed value and then the question becomes what is the best way to do it. and so even though it's absolutely out of fashion in the economics profession, the way worked in this country for the first 180 years of existence is that you fix it to gold. and why? because more than anything a mouse goal keeps its intrinsic value. >> you can watch this and other programs online that booktv.org. >> evaggelos vallianatos argues that the epa has failed misebl