it's a deeply authoritarian moment in egypt. over 1000 people have been killed since the military came to power in over 5000 are in jail. i think there is very clear evidence of torture being used. friends of democracy and liberal principles have had to flee the country. in one case a scholar we wanted to bring to the united states wasn't allowed to leave the country and of course many people are suffering much worse fates. we have strategic interests that it would be nice if we would stand up for principles now and then too. or at lease call things as everyone else in the world would see them. the second thing i would like to end on a hopeful note so let me observed this. we have had a situation for 40 years where the arab world was the only region in the world, the only significant aware whatever you drew that map

clustering of states in the world where there wasn't a single democracy. and now according to freedom house i think correctly judged there is a democracy in tunisia tunisia. it's transitional. it has elements of fertility. things we should be concerned about. we shouldn't take it for granted and that's precisely my point. if i were an american policymaker i would be saying okay what's the economic agenda for embracing and lifting up this economy, for strengthening the state, for partnering with the civil society and political institutions. you've got to start somewhere. this country is crucially important in an outsized way i think to the future of democracy and freedom throughout the world. the final thing is you know i really do believe and i think my colleagues agree we are really still in a very early days here in terms of the process of the

struggle for, to use one of the arabic words, corona dignity throughout the region and this isn't going away. there are many historical events that are going to unfold in the years and decades to come that i think are going to rock these regimes and reduce them to come to demand for the terms of popularity and sovereignty. we are going to have to do another edition of this book, mark. that's one thing we can say for sure. mark brumberg my coeditor thank you very much and all of the staff that they national endowment for democracy and our three panelists. thank you all. [applause]

>> now on booktv juan cole looks at the impact of millennials in the middle east and the role they play during

the arab spring. this is about an hour. [applause] >> thanks so much to everybody for coming out. let me say a few words about the book and its genesis. i lived in the middle east a lot in the 70s when i was just a kid and i actually lived for a wild off of two rear square, the main drag, the main center square of cairo. that is a roundabout and many of the sort of important streets in cairo come down into it and then you go off to the bridge and so on and so forth. it's a little bit difficult to avoid that square and it's central to the city's traffic patterns. so having it occupied, rather a

hassle for drivers. the square was instituted, was designed and built way back in the middle of the 19th century by the then ruler's. an imitation of paris were he had studied and lived, the ruler and the reconfiguration of paris as a modern city raid we are starting to get those french roundabouts here in ann arbor now i know this. we are catching up now. cairo did some time ago and i lived off of that square and i went to school there because the american university in cairo the main campus at that time was just off of two rear square and

i had a lot of egyptian student friends. we hung out together and went to films together and talked about the future. so when in january of 2011 thousands and thousands and ultimately hundreds of thousands of young people, a lot of them students, came to two rear square and they actually occupied. they brought tents and stayed there the night in some of them does just didn't lead. started putting up placards president please resign we need a shower. when they did that i recognize them as the sons and daughters of the people i had gone to school with and i have followed the arab world for years. so i felt sort of an affinity to them and i was very interested in what they have to say.

their slogans were different from the ones that i had known say in the early 70's. it was the time of revolutionary romanticism that of the old 1960s mubarak sort. but these young people talked about personal dignity. they were talking about transparent elections. i could be wrong but i just don't think transparent elections was the main talking point of most people in the arab world in the early 70's. a lot of people at that time wanted a great leader leader. they wanted a man on horseback like the great egyptian nationalist leader. these young people at that time seemed relatively uninterested as leaders. my own teacher who is from egy egypt, the great sociologist and dissident aberdeen when he saw this thing breakout in cairo

flew back and i tell the story in the book where he told me he said he went to two rear square were the young people were in being a sociologist kind of sing take me to your leader. he said they looked at him funny. what do you mean by that? it wasn't that kind of movement to have a leader and in fact to this day people are a little bit confused or they can't quite tell how things got done because food showed up in water showed up and things were arranged before and it seemed to be networked and not centralized. it wasn't hierarchical. and of course before that happened in egypt and tunisia young people had pioneered by assembling in such large numbers in provincial cities and ultimately the capital that they

paralyze the government. this is what happened there out 2011 and really until last year in egypt. so many young people came out into the streets in central places that they made it impossible for ordinary life to go on. the shops couldn't function very well and people weren't making any money and the tourist stuff coming. basically these young people blackmailed the country's elit elites. their message was clear not going home and until that guy is gone. and the rest of the athlete at first it said now we depend heavily on that guy and we like him and he is the source of our wealth and power and then days would pass and nobody's making any money and nothing is getting

done and fortunes are in danger and politics are royal and the elites start thinking well, really how well do we want that guy? ultimately they put him on a plane and sent him into exile. initially he was thinking we would go to paris but then the president of france sarkozy was initially amenable but then someone whispered that in sarkozy's here that there are 800,000 tunisian french and they may not be very happy about this arrangement. and so then 17 ben ali was the flying dutchman in the air and had no place to go. calls were made to around.

there is one reliable place you can always send the old dictators to so he is now in saudi arabia. but these young people were the ones that are ranged for his red sea vacation and why did they do this? what was everybody so upset about? the arab world after the end of world war ii had largely been colonized by the french and the british. and it wasn't very pleasant to be colonized by either one. i lived in france. i grew up partially in france and i knew a french woman. they were in old family friend and years ago i was talking to her and she was kind of conservative and i complain to her about the way the algerians were treated.

france to algeria in 1830 and was finally persuaded to leave after a lot of trouble in 1962. she said no, we built the railroads and we built the infrastructure. she said we built churches for them. i don't think they are as grateful for those things as she seems to think they should be so it was no fun being under the colonial jackboot. after the war france and britain were destroyed in many ways. their economies were very badly off in convincing the people that we should go on spending resources on these foreign colonies was not easy so these countries became independent. initially their independence really depended on straw man coming to power to have to keckly played a role in opposing the colonial regimes. those strongmen were of the

modernization sort because of controversial whether these colonial regimes actually stood in the way of things like education or industrialization or whether they just weren't promoting those things, but the arab world as they came into the mid-20th century was alerted and rural. there was little in the way of infrastructure and very little in the way of industry and most people could not read or write. .. they built enormous numbers of schools and universities. they transformed the region and per capita income went up and people moved to cities and then

the soviet union fell. and that model of having the government be 50% maybe of the economy and direct everything fell apart and there was pressure on the rulers to >> and then maybe that is for the good because some companies were not very efficient. but these rulers who were dictators new which companies would be sold off. so there was the opportunity for insider trading to call up their relatives or cronies jews say how would you write to the deal? they got in on the ground floor turning them into billionaires' with the enormous corruption then

they blocked everybody else economically and politically to run for office you couldn't unless they wanted you to you could not win easily you could easily be jailed for completing about the situation. the corruption was so bad that economists think the stick between one and three points per year off of economic growth. so there might not have been such a big economic crunch at the same time all these people coming up the population of egypt -- 1980 through the present. imagine how many. of the millenials. or political opportunities. so the young people looked

at the regimes in and see them as a roadblock that needs to be removed if they go forward a and want to amount to something. it is not just they were led by a dictator whose picture was everywhere. they started to make arrangements for their sons to take over after them. said this would go into the future for decades. even the dissidents was around getting rid of the president's for life to make sure they're not succeeded by their sons. the one place from the dynastic republicanism they

all have the plans to pass along so the young people exploded in rage. and i have to say people ask me what did they really accomplish? they accomplish more than is credited to the atmosphere of a phrase you could make a judgment where this is going. [laughter] but it to be there for life was much more rare in the arab world and dynastic rule is just not going to happen. syria was the only one. and in egypt which as regrets to a soft military dictatorship with presidential elections recently even in egypt with

a new constitution has new terms for the president saw it is not a president for life. i saw him on television and instead we understand now you don't get to be president of less people vote for you. they used to be the president was one was chosen by previous president in consultation with the generals that kind of happened but there had to me that public acclamation for it to work. and it was somewhat genuine in this case and in tunisia in important set of transitions its with the parliamentary election in

the constituent assembly and a lot of wrangling between the religious right and the more secular and leftist forces to make the hard compromises last january they voted for the constitution. in which the young people watched like a hawk for women's rights so the religious right said women and men have complementary rights. so everybody understood. they did not raise any fools. the young people on the left with the major labor union came out to the streets and

in others a full revolution to demand there is equal rights for women that they guarantee workers' rights with the constitution and freedom of conscience. tunisia wanted to put a curb on that and they got it. everything they demanded and for the government to step down for the government to be formed so there is no vantage to the incumbents. in the constitution specifies men and women have equal rights there is no internet censorship internee show.

that was the country that specialized in the old days. so this is a free market will story of maybe 11 million so it is small not big on the world's radar but you cannot say that tunisian news came out did not accomplish anything. and in yemen as well has been a relatively healthy transition. they will have elections are lee next year and there is pushed back in egypt but degeneration i argue now with maybe 60 somethings are powerful, they have a lot of wealth, they like the

changes demanded so they pushed back successfully for the moment. but the 20 somethings have won a advantage. in the long run. [laughter] today's 20 somethings that will be in control and we cannot know what they will do but i mentioned the story in the book in czechoslovakia i remember it's well ian day parade right who got onto private radio to protest the soviets to back down the tanks approaching. he was arrested and if you stood up to the authorities

you were lost and not a person. and then president of the czech republic. so these are prominent dissidents who helped to make the egyptian revolution lionized the current egyptian government has so too was arrested and we have not heard the last of them. is a remarkable journey i tell the story in this book of tunisia and egypt and libya from a decade and a

half ago but i did not want to do a quick book but being a historian to have perspective so to right to something after three years was audacious on my part but i avoided the generalizations from the arab youth revolution in the first generation in talked about those that carry out the of revolutions but then they were elected into office 2011 and 2012. that this is the islamic winter not the era of spring. as they were overthrown with

a compromise now we're at the point where they don't make much sense but i tried to stand back to say let's not talk about the specifics of that particular change but the young people who made the changes. and what are they doing now? sullen me read a little bit from the book of the internet activist from tunisia. he set up an internet discussion group that was very much disliked by the dictatorship. he ran this for seven years

but then the internet police finally tracked down zohair june 4th, 20026 policeman rated the internet cafe to taken to his apartment where they confiscated his personal computer and files. he was subjected to brutal interrogation three times he was strung up by his arrest so his feet barely touched the ground on the third round he finally gave up the password. that allowed the authorities to take it down temporarily. so he was sentenced one year in prison for spreading false news and for the fraudulent use for communication because she's secretly used the internet cafe where he worked soon

after his girlfriend reid and -- reinstated the site so she kept it going is his cousin recalls the internet was often called off to use the names of friends or neighbors. according to his brother 120 inmates in the hall with one bathroom and hardly any water. and then demanded a holder straight to demand his release put in the same period also beginning his own hunger strike the crowded cells and the lack of food and water damage to

his health. so this caused a breach with his father. the border man never understood and accepted what zohair had done and could not reconcile the he defied the police in getting arrested and could not excuse it. he died while zohair was in prison on the morning of the funeral and had given permission to come home to give respect to his father sold the family hurried. they had -- the day had barely broken and when we have arrived and there was one dozen buses and least in the camera truck. he would shackle that his

a convict on death row. the majority had the come to express their condolences and the house was empty know it was completely full. there were 30 plainclothesman, one of them walked over to the corpse of my uncle. i remember it well. he said "making david into goliath" the shame walking on a dead person? they were sitting on the floor and5m do we rob disgusted to see the cops. >> but we were happy a least o'hare could attend his father's funeral. but then the neighbors were convinced they were shooting a film in the neighborhood.

zohair and got out shortly thereafter he had a massive heart attack. it is now a national holiday in tunisia. >> thank you. i will now open for questions. >> dc any changes with saudi arabia? the. >> satin arabia like a lot of the places is very young the median age of the arab world as 370 million people is 24. and in my generation in the '60s the u.s. cut down at 28.

but they're even younger and saudi arabia is maybe even younger than some of the and there's. certainly there are a lot of young people with new ideas and not able to express them very well with the extremely repressive society and there is a constraint on activism. it is also a very wealthy society. the world's largest petroleum exporter. but that is not very important because we use all of and then import more by the saudis only use a little and export the rest. they get a lot of money in the bank.

so that allows the government since the revolutions of 2011 have substantially increased the perks from the saudi cities and they have free health care in very low interest loans on houses it is good to be a saudi in many ways. and kuwait as well they gave them money to keep them quiet. a key debtor really nice home theater system you could have a revolution or a home theater. so far the people with the

other perks have quieted down. but if things are only quiet on the surface we don't know it is not a well-known society view ask most exports they would have said no. but that was not the common wisdom. but that does not seem so. >> there aren't the people you'll people? >> with the radical groups

in this space isg7ç long in the tuesday night of think is a millennial but never like to underlineç the this generation is much more urban and cosmopolitan than their elders were. and in egypt at least certainly indonesia the most of these countries are not that interested in political is long they are a minority so the groups that we hear about because they have tactical training with the most people would agree 4%

of respondents said that syria ever presented the aspiration. it is not a large number of people with those desert like areas said they loom large in the consciousness and then over one-third are millenials that is where most people are at. so it is not all of that arabs are democrats are leftist but that they are deeply polarized over the issues and it could be their radical fundamentalists are reacting against the fact there such a small minority of this generation so going

to hell in a handbasket so in that western sense so they are deeply polarized in that could be in the same discontent also competing ideologies and visions of what civilization is. and in the big countries of the more liberal leftist will predominate that people seem to be on that side of things. >> i like your analogy but it makes me want to know

what this generation says to reach other? to they have a consciousness with the consciousness of themselves and this is sometimes hidden from us the way we speak in english but like in libya the people who oppose gadaffi are called bubbles. and then use organizations have used in the name think of themselves as a generation and in the summer

of 2012. this was a fluke because the guy who was running against the muslim brotherhood then mubarak prime minister was a man from the regime. even if that were true would be one to run alan that in 2012? [laughter] so he did not have the sense god gave him so the muslim brotherhood guy got in. but then he proved extremely unpopular with his policies in he came into conflict to

declare himself above the law. so the use mobilized to get rid of him and they did but one of the supporters of the muslim brotherhood is a clear act who had to run away from the regime of and one of his sons was one of the leaders of the movement against morsi. so the two exchanged correspondence the father said wire you immobilizing? and his son wrote him back

and his son is a liberal in said you suffered for nearly 30 years before you got rid of him when i give him more than nine months? and he said no father you suffered under mubarak for 30 years. [laughter] we got rid of him and we will get rid of the sky to. he was very apologetic he said i do not like to disagree but in my experience in the arab world is a very patriarchal society. to be exiled from the family and here we have a very prominent fundamentalism is

then they go at it in the letters become public. >> are the critics comfortable with the movement? >> i have to tell you the use movements are mostly born into the muslim families but ms. long was not the keynote thinking that was the purpose of the islamic states so we would call them red dash diaper babies they would belong to little parties that had attenuated so they still

love those tendencies so that was to support workers with the textile strike with the industrial sector in they are increasingly badly paid complaining about the governor may and they decided to strike in the and people started a facebook page in support of the strike and they talk to the workers in and got the word out they dismayed the workers go to the factories but it was reported on the internet by the young people. there were not that excited

for the islamic purposes but that was attempted 2008 to so that use the movement came out to now was the major one in the revolution against mubarak. there were younger members of the muslim brotherhood especially from 2006 but many of them ran into the muslim brotherhood but a london those plotters ended up gravitating to the left. so in the use movement there was muslim organizations but8 te

predominance was so enabling not that they would go to the mosque and pray but organized in a way of the brotherhood. this is what attracted me to study the movement because that is interesting as a development. unlikely it is happening with iraq but to go add of the way in unusual places with iraq and afghanistan but from cairo or tunis that does not look like the middle east. with very religious societies look like they are organized around islam but not so much.

>> is that fairly consistent? there fairly well educated by not doing much with it where with the arabs during and it is as much in the forefront with that a static. what is happening in that respect? >> with the activist old dictatorship it sucked all the air out of the feminism. the lives of the dictators and light of everybody else in society they would sponsor bills in parliament

and they were important to help the upper middle-class women. with some of those legislative measures. so my colleague has written about this. that 84 year-old are the ones who deliver on women's rights. this works with the number of ways because you hope though women will be one of your constituents. then you can declare you are what stands between the fundamentalist in civilization.

says the young women activist they did not buy that nothing for those ladies with the fashions in the lack of interest of ordinary people. and then they have that younger son was a notorious playboy but the woman that he married the pitchers that caveman out made her look like us socialite and they always had defense in the use bog mounted a campaign

is the slogan was yes, egypt no. [laughter] they even announced they would have wedding parties you can have that but not us. so they were protesting police torture and sexual harassment in their epilogues in the arab world is so much gender segregated you know, the cairo university campus so for a woman to come out in public

to get a hearing is difficult but this is very educated and very eloquent but it went viral so it called for young people to that is a good day to have demonstrations because the police are off. [laughter] but as a member of the youth group they are women and one-fifth of the demonstrators and that was courageous in their part so

there was instances of harassment. bin into asia the cousin of the diet she went on to found a monitoring organization which monitor the drafting of the new constitution and every time the religious right would introduce an article that the left disagree with she would get out the word and put pressure itwa to spend the constitution was pretty shaped by that generation of young women in. rice said the muslim brotherhood were the renaissance party and then

actually now we're free to organize in the way we were not under the dictatorships. there hasn't been as much organization. >> were there any influences that all? >> you mention in you to ban social the working those are from within? >> these were indigenous it was very cosmopolitan in france or the u.k. but one thing i have to say is there have been some offers that speculative was us cia plot.

but at name is out there even with some scholars. it doesn't make any sense to me but washington is very happy and what i remember is when the demonstrations broke out against mubarak hillary clinton said she was sure the egyptian regime was stable. it would not call him a dictator. and then to be a part of the scene than the french defense minister the was the

problem the country had. so west was in favor it'll came as the unpleasant shock. in still largely indigenous with the promotion efforts by the united states they did not intend things to go this far and some of the youth did get training but it is coming up from the era views themselves. in the schools were not those of western european united states at the time senate pushing the envelope just a little bit following up with the muslim

brotherhood, what is your reading to hamas is what they can or cannot do? >> i have to say the book doesn't deal with the palestinian or israeli conflict because they didn't have the same kind of movement as the other places. but they insisted but there were not able to make a political statement of that sort. when gaza is the open-air prison m blockaded by a the israelis and people can no export virtually anything they produce and what is brought into gaza kim go

through the checkpoints is limited so for them to rebuild will be difficult and it did have a deleterious effect on the palestinian news. and then the unemployment rate is estimated that 25 percent. some of them support tomas -- hamas as a rule is a guerrilla movement and with that rebellion the gaza branch was established that

criticized hamas. and it does not lend itself to civil society. then with the facebook gan twitter activity in shows they're not have paid with hamas and the policies. and that is probably a bad sign for eric hamas. >>. >> they're very highly educated. >> how much of the

motivation was economic? is that is not the only thing on their minds but one of the good things and that log jam to get some progress that there was some magical thinking as if all the problems would be solved if only you could this is what i was told it and as the

industry is a paean to of the nobel peace prize she actually left her family to go live in a tent. in his power has waned substantially. but yet whenever i asked that things would be better in that regard. in fact, if you were real and they worry about the economy the last thing to do is disrupt the government and has been way off in the past three years event for investment if you were a millionaire with money to

invest it is not clear there is some uncertainty. so it could backfire in that regard despite changing up the government they didn't get the spurt of economic growth they were hoping for but tunisia may get it with the statistics after 2011 have been better every year and projecting 4% growth so if they do that it is not so bad. the certainly say that it is a way to improve the economy. long-term their right to. and for these governments to come in weak inexperienced

that they need outside investment. and that the use or right. i think we have to leave it there. we will blow to the signing now. thank you. [applause]

and the shooting left mr. brady partially campaign for stricter gun laws the brady bill signed into law in 1983 required mandatory five day waiting period for handgun purchases with background checks. james brady was 73.

laus [applause] in recent days israel was attacked and compelled to take action to defend itself. this is the third time in six years. once again voices have been raised criticizing the military operations to demonizes real for acts of self defense that would be a no-brainer for any other country in the world. the specially for the 1.7 million palestinians who essentially have since taken hostage by how moss -- hamas

to advance the agenda we are fortunate to have joshua muravchik his booktv of lynn how the world turned against israel" that seems irrelevant to the events. he has written hundreds of articles of a wide variety of policy of topics the author of nine previous books including heaven on earth the rise and fall of socialism and fulfilling america's destiny and trailblazers with the voices of democracy in the middle east and currently a fellow at the foreign policy institute at the school of international studies and for many years was at the american enterprise institute 2011 through 2013

of fellow in the george debut wishes to it before that's it is a congressional aide to o'hare and senator moynihan. [applause] >> the queue for coming here for what i have to say. it is a striking two incidents that a process that we have watched repeated itself many times is now taking place once again that israel is attacked that strikes back

in self-defense and then receives widespread criticism around the world from the united states and the media. this is the subject that i why doesn't work this way? the idea came to me four or five years ago one morning when i read on the internet about this story that ray circulation in daley in randomly in order to harvest the body organs for sale. the story had no basis

whatsoever and was billed amounts the case because he was autopsied he had a scar but when the reporters from other publications followed up and went to things he did not remember the accusation remember if they need it it up the swedish ambassador to israel apologized and was forced to withdraw her apology on the grounds it was an infringement. >> when i read about this i

thought how can this be? how did we come to this? henderson in view of hill sure. flat to having an image thing you could imagine in but they pursuing the and harvest their organs have become to a point where there the people of an image to defend their right to publish such things? >> also it is startling to be but i am old enough to remember 40 years earlier. of the six-day war at a time when the support for in

sympathy for israel round the world was very substantial. public opinion polls showed in the united states perhaps half the people did not have an opinion or did not know but of the half you did the support for israel persists support for the arabs was quite overwhelming. but what is interesting similar polls were taken in britain and france in the ratio of support for israel was even more one-sided it was in the united states. there is still a great deal of support for israel but a round the world it is complete the evaporated so i set out to write the book to ask myself a question what

was that brought about this dramatic change i cannot think of the country that did not have a regime change the way it regarded that country as i studied it i learned about certain things first is the obvious the triumph of the war changed many things but for one thing israel never again was to receive as threatened as it did on the eve of that war has a declared quite plainly their intention to eliminate israel once and for all and after that it just seemed not so

vulnerable but very strong little more subtle process that took place one was set to the moment that a leading figure was the president said egypt would that he is a great exponent and if you look back to the palace and the present -- liberalization organization was part of nasser not the palestinian but the palestine liberation organization because it was known for with any thought to create an independent palestine it was simply to

liberate palestine from said choose to be a part of the omnibus arab states that nasser espoused looking at the national charter and makes no mention to have the palestinian state it is all about the palestinians as part of that arab mission but the defeat was ciller devastating and humiliating it destroyed said nasser prestige and also the a dia of them arabs to clear the field of the emergence of the palestinian nationals over the next year. had been advocated by a few

among them will yasser arafat of his friends who were mostly working in kuwait desert alone headquarters and after 1967 they moved into the plo to take over and we saw the emergence of the nationalism in the claim to sovereignty and independence as an issue for the first time so instead of having an image of the large or massive arabs it became little but a strong against tiny and we palestine instead of the issue to be israel because now was the occupation of

territories were several million palestinian arabs live. from people who tried to deny the jews a state of their own now was a question the jews or israelis trying to deny another people estate of their own which is the palestinians so i gave though whole conflict a different look but not a sufficient explanation of the hostility against israel today. it may be the world came to care about the aspirations but this itself requires explanation because no one cares about other

occupations. who gets exercised about the occupation of tibet not to mention the brutal occupation of the palestinians in with those national aspirations who'd champions those of the kurds whose are more powerfully rich kid and justifiable in every dimension? the kurds are a much larger people. they have their own culture and language and history with no other country of their own but said they nobody cares sir the

question cannot begin to explain the international luther attitudes we see today specifics this is manifested with other inconsistencies the and in fact, with that demonization of israelndñ

presbyterian church will divest holdings from companies involved but has never voted to divest that deny religious freedom and persecute christians? there is the inconsistency and also what goes hand in hand there is no serious interest in the fact that this was decided before. but when the goldstone was but just a warning this tool was built for the prime minister of sweden but the

viewers speaking on behalf of goldman you the next morning carl bildt in and endorsed the coastal report it is very small type. he had not read that goldstone report from the day before when it was issued in the morning he endorses a in all of europe? he did not care what was in the report the point was the condemned israel so therefore automatically it had to be embraced and endorsed. it must be right because somehow israel is inherently wrong by definition the bad guy. still the question is how do we get to that situation? with two different kinds of forces at work over the 40

years those pressures brought to bear in the intellectual changes that have altered the equation by material pressures the use of terrorism which was carried out widely on european soil with bombings and airplane hijackings in did terrorize the europeans until they came into emotive complete appeasement some 204 perpetrators of hijackings and bombings you lived through the event were captured and in european prisons and 201 were

spontaneously released for fear the comrades would come to do another hijacking to make life uncomfortable. and not only the europeans with the moderate arabs were terrorized. you can look in the memoirs who was then made deputy and a french author wrote his memoirs that are available in english. he boasts about that teeeighteen to increase this : >> we should delay the vote because we had a climate of terror around the beatings

of the arab leaders were afraid to go wiccans them. with the use of intimidation in khimki will embargo. of their dependence on arab oil. the next year with a boycott over secretary of state kissinger that the western countries have to find some mechanism is from the threat of future oil embargoes. so to go on the boards for

the europeans to join us to raise the cloud. and he wrote in his memoirs the terrible frustration every minister i consulted with was terrified of confrontation with the oil producers. this was a complete failure because the minister's decided to a peace rather than resist and the third part of what is brought to bear is the sheer weight of numbers reverie to there 100 missilesn in it is a fact of life

for human nature that most people that sees a conflict between the many and the few are more comfortable to take sides with the mini and there is also the practical consequence. >> what is your question? vinik is that is economically? >> and has now enabled the win to takeover so whether the united states has the detail but it every and their body is majority rule and those are all dominated by the 120 members that make up two-thirds of the un and about health -- about half

is made up of the islamic countries so the 22 member states of the arab league makes said telescope coverage the way they had their way and not only that but to turn it into a plus for the campaign against israel. the general assembly who has the unlimited the you can pick anything in the world to spend a portion of my time every year to pass a resolution after resolution to denounced israel you hardly ever criticize any other state and the so nationally. of those past

past, three-quarters of the resolutions that mention a particular country three quarters have been devoted to israel 1/4 with the misdeeds in the world and on top of this endless turning amount "making david into goliath" has created three special bodies to commissions at one bureau that are devoted entirely to propagating the kases in denigrating said of these together their the material pressure is brought to bear to change the world opinion and equally important part of this this was the

engineer by the palestinians but the judges tell the world treats the conflict. it takes the form of a change of paradigm. for about a century the core idea was a class struggle. and portrayed of things being equal but portrayed as a redemptive struggle to make the world a better and happier place.

some time in the latter part the paradigm of the world would be made right began to lose its force and was replaced by another morality play of struggle this was national and ethnic that kim not of the movements of colonialism but that did not end there. it was into i neocolonialism. instead of a class struggle we got the rest against the west also with the images of the heroic civil-rights struggle the most watched

country in the world this was brought together with one ball of wax in addition the rest against the west also called the people of color against the white man and this is not just a matter of routine the wrong or justice but to see is a redemptive struggle to become whole world a better and happier place. this was not something it was not purposefully invented by the arab side that they're able to take advantage of it and someone who was the leading symbol of the new paradigm was the most prominent palestinian american from columbia

university whose book became immensely influential the newspaper "the guardian" said there was a web search done a syllabi a most of them these days are online. to find their 900 courses in which they are assigned there are courses like georgetown and ucla and even

a cambridge introduction to the thought of edward. it amounts to complete intellectual fraud. notches5inaxdeëñ something i dr with but it has no legitimate intellectual standing whatsoever if the world was looking at it with clear eyes while i say something that drastic? it will still in to the adm you could see it is so contradictory that all white people are inherently racist it was in exactly those words but i will give you a '' every european that also

apply to americans. in what he could say about the orient was a racist imperialists in almost entirely ethnocentric. and it was proving the thesis to examine the work of a scsi orient tolls and then purported to show they're all racist but what he really did once to go and vote in the and the university of intellectuals to look for racist connotations the and strung them together in the book kim said these people are all oriental list but the problem was some of them were not at all.

but then he gave them a new label to steady with they had not studied. but they have little standing in the field. then they had quotations they have left out but he left out entirely and clearly in the opposite direction of what he was going to prove about those westerners who study about the orient. arguably the most important of these figures was a hungarian jew who wrote so

of the muslim and arab studies of the west and one who was left at of studied story living in the arab countries and of course, like more people to study another region of the world loved it. that is what happens if you're in academia especially latin american studies are chinese studies in the oil is true. and exemplified it. and encapsulates is his attitude and he wrote i discovered is long was the only religion to put that philosophical mind. might deal was to elevate

generally that is the real where you in your children have been assigned to read. so he is emblematic of the whole process that i have discussed. despite this kind of fraud his writing was so in tune he became the most celebrated and revered figure with the embodiment of the paradigm that i have described. what he did was made the

people of color the new chosen people to redeem me and -- mankind was sealed in the example of color and the muslims into the representative for ian tolls and the arabs and finally the palestinians but. >> by this chain of reasoning. >> in seen as a redemptive

an indefinite asked myself that of how could possibly people believe such a thing? thank you for listening will be happy to take questions. [applause] >> have a leg to ask a was asked to renner said it is ahead of consequences. and it strikes me one of the into effect the ideas of

a former muslim brotherhood theorists who borrowed many ideas of a vanguard party and ceaseless struggle from communist thought and applied these in islamic, islam must context. that along with the breakdown of the oslo peace process has made it even harder to imagine the compromise on a national basis

between israel and palestine. if the conflict is increasingly defined in rule it -- defined in religious terms and hamas or whatever collection of leaders on the other side see themselves as acting to advance their concept of god's interest then compromise itself becomes blasphemy and becomes increasingly hard to see any kind of negotiated settlement to this thing and that, taken with some of the war crimes that have been perpetuated as hamas has taken palestinians hostage and hides amongst civilians to launch rockets at civilians in the long term could discredit that caused in the eyes of many in non-muslims reado

. >> to kill civilians of with very low heim to the average palestinian standing in the streep in overtime that will make westerners or europeans look differently at this? >> the queue that is the deep question i allays hate questions that have to speculate about the future of a rather do what about the past. i think the islamists have gained a lot of steam and since the iranian revolution that although there is tension is the first is and

it is on the rise willis of. >> reaction against in this to this point were at this moment in this current crisis is most evident in the arab world where a lot of people are quite unhappy

with the islamist. by far is the largest majority of the victims who died at the hands not of the jews or the christians but think what you will by the general in egypt before the but then as the muslim brotherhood and logos and think. >> is something new that you already tell me. and this is that internet twitter or social media war and we are getting all these terrible images.

>> how have they been that kind of rage and there may have been and other movements spinning the affinity with the arab side of the fight in it if. >> so i attribute that it had some new people on a yearly usage.

>> greetings. lay with the u.s. army veteran with ground zero and a consultant wishes of profit for right now and sent and which you could keep that scope of research to the impact well strategic operation but you q request

a given distance it is between ss and, when the yes it is part of the adversaries. . . >> i don't know that i have found the goods you are looking for, the kind of hard evidence of institutions or individuals who did x, y or z but the broader picture, you don't need to have special information on intelligence you know which is the soviet union is gone now but for at least its last 20 years of life, it worked very much in

this field of trying to transform world sentiment against israel and that was because there is one effect of the 1967 war that i left out of my presentation in order to keep it short although it was probably too long anyway but to keep it from getting longer and one interesting effect was israel's lightning victory in 1967 was a tremendous humiliation to the soviet union as well as to nassar because the soviets really push that war. they have agitated the egyptians and assyrians. the arab armies were armed with soviet weapons and it was seen to some degree a cold war proxy war where one side a light with

the west and the other side of life with the soviets. therefore it was a tremendous humiliation to the soviets. their side was losing. their weapons were discovered as western weapons and it had a very powerful effect inside the soviet empire. for one thing it ignited the consciences of jewish within the soviet union itself for numbered several million who had not had any kind of freedom of religious or other cultural activities. many of them just had an awareness of the heritage that they were but hadn't lived in a kind of jewish life either religiously or culturally. but they felt this identity and they felt 100 times more strongly when israel defeated,

little israel defeated these big soviet client states. so we got a movement within the ussr of soviet jewish for the right to immigrate in the first time in the history of communism. there was some kind of semi-mass movement for rights and against the regime. until then there had only been an individual dissident here or there so that was momentous and it also had an effect on empire in the so-called satellite countries where people are not jews but were under the soviet boot felt hopeless about it. if israel could defeat the soviet in the middle east this model if we are up against is not invulnerable and not invincible. so it didn't have, it sent a shudder to the soviet soviet leaders in the result of that was they have mobilized and didn't stop until they were go

gone. a campaign of denigration of israel and zionism, they played a big role in the u.n. imp are pounding the zionism is racism resolution. so there was certainly a very powerful connection and there was also a connection and you may think of it as more and bolts and that is in these early years after fata moved into the plo and took over and the palestinian cause was consecrated than they quite consciously apprenticed themselves to the north north vietnamese and to get kong and two other communist revolutionary forces around the world who said we can show you how to defeat them militarily

superior enemy and you don't do it on the battlefield. you do it through politics and information or disinformation. that was an enormous transformation because until that point in the arab world the arabs had been allied with the axis in world war ii. there were german nazi escaped criminals in egypt churning out propaganda. that is why so many of the killed the jews, drive the jews into the sea came from. some i was homegrown but some of it was encouraged by the nazis and after 1967 the herbst figured out this really isn't working so the arab cause was we position from right to left all at once. that's not exactly the detail you are looking for but that's as much as i can add to this.

>> excellent presentation. given the really false and pernicious falsehoods and images that have been targeting israel that you describe in your book, what is it that israel and its supporters in the west do? >> well, i wrote a book. i think israel itself has not been great at pr or information in telling their story and i don't know why. they have brand report this and

i also have the sense that they don't try very hard. i think there's a certain cynicism and israel that the world is against us anyway so why bother. i know sometimes in my role as a researcher trying to get information from israeli sources that will counteract some anti-israel story that's out there that i suspect is false and i can never get it. so i think there is a problem on the israeli side and on this the side on the american and western side, people who support israel want to see it survive and flourish. i think for one thing we have to not be intimidated and increasingly there is actually physical intimidation going on

on university campuses which has been common for a few years. we have seen a little bit of it in the streets in boston and los angeles in the last weeks. of course even more apparent in your and p. in places and it's important not to be intimidated but it's also not -- important not to be intimidated intellectually. that is, if i'm right in my analysis that is part of what israel is up against his it's up against the dominant progressive interpretation of the current stage of world history which is the stage of the struggle of the

rest against the west than it is intellectually intimidating to go against things because you don't want to be a neanderthal. you don't want to be a racist. you don't want to be someone who is unsympathetic to the claims of people who have been oppressed or discriminated against in the past. you should be sympathetic to those claims but you should be sympathetic and that they are just and they don't entail some new injustice. people just have to have the intellectual courage to stand up and argue for what they feel is right even if it goes against the zeitgeist and even if it goes against what seems to be

the proper way of thinking about upright and moral people. >> this woman in the back here. >> hi i am deborah rice from frontpage magazine. i appreciate you coming today and enjoyed your presentation but i couldn't help notice that you omitted any mention of the anti-semitism is that has plagued the jews throughout the centuries and they have been scapegoated throughout all of history. certainly hamas's charter which says expressly that it wants to eliminate the jews now by diplomatic means but by violence and the unholy alliance between leftists and islamists. also might as well add also the inherent anti-semitism as well as anti-christian phobia and all of that in some interpretations of islam and certainly in hamas.

>> i didn't talk about anti-semitism and i don't need to talk about it except perhaps in the book because while i am sure it's a factor in hostility to israel the question that i was trying to answer is what has changed so dramatically over 40 years? it can't be that there was no anti-semitism or very little anti-semitism in the world 40 years ago. anti-semitism is there today but it was there then and it's been there for centuries and a millennia. so it's kind of a given but however much anti-semitism bears in the world we had an era from the late 40s to the late 60s

and the six-day war is the epitome of that but you would think when there wasn't a war but just a popular culture the novel exodus which was published in the 1950s was the best-selling novel and in the united states since "gone with the wind." then it went on to be translated into scores of other languages and became a bestseller and many other countries rated so it just didn't seem to me that anti-semitism was aired very good explanatory variable for how we got in those days to today. one other problem with anti-semitism that i thought about and one other problem with many problems in what we are talking about in his overall argument which is i thought about this one walked in

mearsheimer published first their paper and then their book. i thought it was all quite nasty and when i read it i thought this just really reeks of anti-semitism. in the paper that preceded the book right at the beginning they said we may be called anti-semites but far from it. not only are we not anti-semites, we are philosemites. then people read what they wrote and any number of critics said you were anti-semites and they said now we are not in the critics said yes you are, no were not and at that point it seemed to me that the argument goes nowhere. i feel that it's very hard for me to prove that so-and-so is an anti-semite but it's not at all hard for me to prove that someone is saying about israel

is false, unfair, unbalanced unjust and i would rather keep the argument on that plane than to get myself embroiled in trying to prove what's in someone's heart or mind. >> we have time for one more question and will you be signing books afterward so people can talk to you afterwards? >> there are books i will find them. >> that sounds good. this lady up here. >> hi my name is barbara and my question is when you look at the conflict and you assign blame or look at the blame because you have to identify the problems in order to work towards solutions would you say the islamic side as 100% of the blame and israel has a rope or would you make it

90/10 or how would you do that? in other words things israel can do to work also towards a solution? >> let me say two things in response. one is, in terms of i think it's less important to assign blame than to think about how the conflict could be ended and to have the only formula that is convincing to me for any conflicts are formulas that involve very substantial concessions on both sides. and i think there is no -- and i don't have much sympathy for some in israel who seemed to take the position well we will

just have everything we want and somehow this problem will go away. i don't think that's at all reasonable. in assigning blame it becomes trickier. i'm not an israeli and i don't share the risks that israelis are experiencing at this moment and that they live with every day. i try to impose on myself a rule of great modesty and taking positions on what israel ought to do that if i were an israeli i would be on the more soft line

rather than the hard-line side of the spectrum. that is among those who do accept is there should be a two-state solution and i think a lot of the settlement building is foolish and is a nuisance and bad in that and, if there is ever and there seems to be none at all but if there is a will have to involve dismantling of some settlements, consolidation and so in that sense i am not imply good accord with

everything that's done by israelis for that son by israel. it also doesn't seem to me a very meaningful exercise to say this one did that thing wrong and that one did that thing wrong. there's a basic cause of this conflict and that is not in 100 details. it's in one big idea and a basic cause of the conflict is that the arabs initially would not accept the existence of any sovereign jewish state of any size and with any borders. over the decades even generations some of them now due including some of the palestinians. but i think whereas there is a very clear that geordie and israel for a settlement for a

two-state solution for the creation of a palestinian state as part of a peace agreement among the palestinians there is not and never has been a consensus that says okay, we will go for two states as a private solution. we will accept that israel is there forever and we are there forever and we will live side-by-side in a productive relationship. there certainly are substantial numbers of palestinians who do want that and who do believe that there is another substantial number who don't. this most recent poll was taken in may sponsored by the washington policy and conducted by respective palestinian poll organizations and it found that twice as many palestinians

agreed with the proposition that we want the conflict to go on until we have all of palestine as choosing the option that said we would like a two-state solution so we can go on building our own oil or neighbors build their own. it's actually worse numbers that have appeared in similar polls in other years. sometimes it's been more 50/50 that even 50/50 isn't enough. there has to be a consensus on the palestinian side. it doesn't have to be 100%. there has to be a consensus that they will go for permanent peace. permanent peace also means policing. if there is a palestinian state than you can allow it to be a base for attacks on neighboring

states. rather than look for blame in some day today in every action on the diplomatic front or on the settlement building front or on the military front that the essential question is who wants peace and he wants fighting? on that question, it's pretty clear that the blame is today as it has been since the conflict began on one side. >> thank you and with that can i ask members of the audience to join me in thanking joshua muravchik. [applause] he will be outside if y

if i'm not mistaken this is the 30th democracy but at johns hopkins published since the series began in 1993. these volumes mostly but not

exclusively draw upon article that previously appeared in the journal have addressed a very wide range of regional issues related to democratization around the world. for any of you who may not be familiar with the journal of democracy is a publication sponsored by the national endowment of democracy that has become the leading global forum or serious analysis of the problems and prospects of democracy around the world. larry diamond who is also my coeditor of the journal will serve as the moderator of today's discussion and i will limit myself to a few brief remarks by sleep out the book itself. today given the intense worldwide focus on the shattering events in ukraine the arab world for the first time in several years is no longer the center of attention for those

who follow global politics over democracy and some might even say the so-called arab spring that began early in 2011 has proven to be merely a brief corruption and is left behind a great deal of violence and little democracy. yet it would be premature to discount the impact of the arab uprisings of recent years. not only have they made possible the still promising democratic transition in tunisia and frail but still not yet aborted transitions and yemen and libya, they also have changed the face of arab politics and given many arab citizens a taste of freedom that will not soon be forgotten. regardless of how one evaluates the events of 2011 through 2013, they must be considered a critical juncture in the

struggle to bring democracy to arab land. in their regional sweep they arrive only by the way the transformation of eastern europe and eurasia in 1989 to 91. the journal of democracy monitored the arab uprisings in the aftermath intensively and our book reflects the range of variety of our coverage. it's not easy of course to stay on top of rapidly unfolding events and you could not expect authors unfailingly to get -- hit a moving target. along with some impressively press and an active assessments the book no doubt contain some judgments that now seem outdated or her perhaps to her perhaps the light by events. in fact one thing we have asked the panel is to do today is to reflect on how they might have altered the analyses that they contributed to the book if they

were rewriting their article today. we also believe there's real value in bringing together essays that show how key developments in the evolution of the arab spring were perceived at the time. democratization or authoritarianism in the arab world is quite large containing 29 chapters along with an introductory essay. 16 of these chapters consist of broad essays with regionwide application that address such questions as the relation between islamic democracy, the role of islamist party arab culture and public opinion and the reasons why different countries pursue very different path during the arab spring. the remaining 13 chapters are devoted to case studies of individual countries. multiple chapters on tunisia and

individual chapters on yemen, libya syria bahrain algeria morocco jordan and saudi arabia. at the conclusion of today's panel we will have copies of the book available for sale at the back of the room for those who might wish to purchase one. i will leave to bury the privilege of introducing our panelists all of whom have contributed at least one chapter to the book trade let me say a word about larry himself. he's one of of the world worlds most evident scholars of democracy. he's a senior fellow at the hoover institution and stanford universities fully institute for international studies where he directs stanford's center on democracy development and the rule of law. he also served with me as co-chairman of the research council of the national endowment for democracy's international forum were

democratic studies. before we begin i want to call attention to the superb job that was done by the journal of democracy staff in the articles when initially appeared in the journal and then in preparing the book for publication. all the essays were edited either by our executive order -- editor or our senior editor tracy brown who i am sure is here somewhere, also in the back. our managing editor brin calhoun who is not here today handled the production and design of both the original article and the subsequent book with the customary assurance and efficiency and our assistant editor nate played an extremely important role in drafting the introduction so much so that larry and i agreed he should be listed along with us as the co-author.

he's also in the back of the room. i also want to thank melissa and dean jackson of international forum for democratic studies for their help in organizing today's presentation and i also want to note the presidents suzanne our book editor at johns hopkins university press. those of you who are on twitter who follow the panel discussion and contribute to the conversation by using the hashtag ned events or by following the forum at great democracy and the endowment. now please join me in silencing your cell phones and i'm very pleased to turn the floor over to larry diamond. >> thank you so much market thank you to everyone who is acknowledged by mark.