trust the technology. let it run its course, and the old, the things we don't like about the old system are going to be broken up. and i think what we're seeing is how much power the marketplace, the context, the economic context has over the technology and how it evolves. and so i feel like that's the deeper level we need to be talking about and addressing. it's not surprising to me in a world of increasing, you know, sickening inequal the city that what we're seeing -- inequality that what we're seeing is the internet kind of amplify the advantage of pre-existing winners and broadening the gulf between the sort of haves and have nots on the level of, you know, money and attention. so, um, you know, i think what i aim to do in my book is just to say, okay, we need to actually challenge sort of faith in technology as something that can transform our social world. we need to look at the way that it's shaped by these economic

forces. um, and that was sort of my goal, my goal with the book. as far as the consumer thing, i just think, yeah, it's very pervasive in our chul you cultu, and one of the counterarguments to the book has always been like, well, convenience. amazon is convenient, and convenience is a consumer value, and i think we need to push back on that as something that, you know, underpins a lot of our choices and our activities. >> right. and, frank foer, i'll let you get the last word in on that. >> right. we have that, we have certain expectations about the stuff that we get. and it's shaped by the world that we live in and this marketplace. we expect that we should get everything as cheaply as possible and as efficiently as possibly. and to some extent those are tenets of capitalism. but they haven't always been tenets of american political economy. there have been moments in our past, in our not-so-distant past

where we said, okay, it's not necessarily the most important thing to get things as cheaply as possibly. sometimes in order to create a truly healthy marketplace, we're going to have to pay a little more as consumers. and maybe it'll take, maybe it'll take, you know, 36 hours as posed to 24 dub as opposed to 4 hours to get, you know, what we want. okay, that's choices that we're going to have to accept. we can't do them -- what we do individually matters on some level. but if you look at the big map of the american economy, it's only -- things will only change if they change in a macro sort of way. if we make collective decisions about how policy affects our marketplace. >> and collective decisions -- [inaudible] >> exactly. >> i shouldn't say take things out of the marketplace. there are plenty of areas of social life that we don't

totally give to the marketplace like health care or education. i feel like culture, you know, should be in that litany as well. so it's, yeah, i think even beyond the marketplace -- >> we were talking today whether or not -- [inaudible] live through our laptops and the fascinating tale, not necessarily one of good and evil, and i want to thank our panelists for joining us today, andrew, senior writer of publishers' weekly, frank foer, astrid taylor, author of "the people's platform," and oren teicher, ceo of the american booksellers association. my name is chris deneely, thank you all -- kenneally, thank you all for joining us. [applause] >> booktv is on facebook. like us to get publishing news, scheduling updates, behind-the-scenes picturings and videos, author information and to talk directly with authors during our live programs.

facebook.com/booktv. >> welcome to lafayette and west lafayette, or indiana, on booktv. the city located on the wabash river, 60 miles northwest of indianapolis, and west lafayette is home to purdue university. with the help of our comcast cable partners, over the next 90 minutes we'll visit a local bookstore, speak with local authors from the area and learn about abraham lincoln's fight to prevent slavery from spreading to the tropics. >> lincoln had said he wouldn't let slavery expand anywhere, and douglass kept saying does that mean you're against the acquisition of new territories? and finally, after trying to parry the question for most of the debates, lincoln finally explodes in the fifth debate at galesburg, illinois, at knox college, and he just says if it means slavery going southward, yes, i would probably oppose that kind of acquisition. >> but first, we'll learn about

the history of flight at purdue university and speak with john norberg, author of "spacewalker: my journey in space and faith as nasa's frequent flier," about purdue graduate jerry ross. >> t-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 -- we've gone for main engine start, we have main engine start. liftoff, baby, america's first space shuttle has cleared the tower. >> beautiful. >> go! >> go, honey, go. fly like an eagle. go. >> the we're at the flight simulator building at purdue university, and this is where a lot of things started in aviation. the purdue program of professional flight was the first in the country to offer bachelor's degrees to pilots in

the mid 1960s. and today it continues to be one of the best, most, you know, one of the finest flight programs in the country. we have so many people who have been so important. i can tell you that, you know, going back to the beginning some of the country's most important figures, billy mitchell who was a world war i commander of the air force, hap arnold, the father of the modern air force, were both trained to fly by purdue graduates. the first guy that got involved in flight from purdue was a guy named cliff turpin, and he graduated in 1908. his father sent him here from dayton, ohio, paid out-of-state tuition for his son to come here to learn about internal combustion engines. we had great research going on in the interim combustion engine. and by the time cliff turbine left, they say he knew more about those engines than the faculty. and the plan was for him to go

back to dayton with his father, and they were going to build motorcycles, and they did. they did start a motorcycle company. i've read cliff turpin's records in the smithsonian, you know, in washington, d.c., the air and space museum, and he says in the evening near my house i used to take long walks after dinner, and i would happen to go past a workshop where the wright wright brothers were working, and i got to know them and everything. i don't believe a word of that. cliff turpin, at that time, was a 22-year-old guy. he loved internal combustion engines, he loved the smell of oil and grease, he loved the noise, he loved to make engines smaller and more powerful. he knew the wright brothers in 1908 were working on airplanes. he made a beeline for their workshop. and when they found out he was a purdue engineer, they hired him. they needed him because they weren't -- they needed his technical experience. so cliff turpin helped the wright brothers improve their engine and improve their controls. and then, guess what? he wasn't satisfied with that. he wanted to fly.

so orville and wilbur taught him to fly, and he became one of the wright brothers' originallal exhibition fliers who went around the country demonstrating flight to people. had to go to his father and say, dad, you know all that money you invested in my purdue education so i could build motorcycles with you? well, i'm going to go fly airplanes with these guys down the block. and his dad said, okay, i guess i would do the same thing. a short time later the motorcycle company was bankrupt, and cliff turpin was one of the most famous people in the country. these exhibitions made headlines in "the new york times" wherever they were. they were a big deal. they demonstrated flight to 200,000 people in chicago or 5,000 people at a county fair. they'd box those planes up in crates, transported them by train and took them out and showed what people could do. no one would believe flight, no one would believe it until they saw it themselves. every article identify read about people seeing flight for the first time says when the

plane left the ground, there was absolute silence, absolute silence. and then just a huge roar came up because they realized what they were seeing for the first time. finally, cliff turpin got out of flight. he had a terrible accident in in seattle. his airplane ended up going into a crowd, a grandstand, propellers spinning, people were killed, he was injured. the next day his best friend was injured, and that was about 1915, and he never got on an airplane again, although he lived into the space age. from there, you know, we can go on and talk about a man named george haskins. george haskins was a world war i pilot. he continued in the air force after world war i. he was stationed in dayton. in 1919 he flew an airplane onto the purdue campus, landed it right here at purdue. and he came with a petition, waving a petition. it was with the board of trustees was meeting. it was june. he said i wish to start an aeronautical program here at purdue. within a couple years, they did

start an aeronautical engineering program at purdue as part of mechanical engineering. mechanical engineering has been the root of so many different fields of engineering. it was one of the first in the country. it wasn't the first, but it was one of a handful of aeronautical engineering programs. george haskins eventually left the air force, came to purdue and headed up that program which was floundering. it had a new perp every year, it was -- new person every year, it was not doing well. so he headed it up. all the records say he worked day and night to build that program into one of the greatest programs in the country. when world war ii started, he was taken back into the military. he never returned to purdue. but he had built something special here. he had started something potential here. after world war ii, aeronautical edge e nearing was separated from mechanical engineering and became its own program, its own school. it is now one of the best in the country, one of the handful of the best. george haskins lived a long life. july in 1969 he was in his home,

retired in pasadena, california, and he watched this man, who was born in the 1890s before flight happened who was a world war i pilot, watched a man walk on the moon, neil armstrong, who had been through the program he created here at purdue. >> i'm going to step off the landing. that's one small step for man, one giant leap for man kind. >> some people, like willie mitchell -- billy mitchell and george haskins, realized the importance that air travel was going to play not only in warfare, but in transportation in the country. as we go on, you know, it just continues and continues with purdue graduates. by 1924 a purdue graduate, frederick martin from indiana, was the most experienced pilot in the army air force.

he headed up a group of four planes. the plan was to fly around the world. this is three years before lindbergh. they were going to stop every night. they'd fly so far, and they'd stop. they were able to go through land areas as the aleutians s and over to various points. it ended up taking them over 150 days to do this. the whole trip was planned and organized by frederick martin. unfortunately, he was lost in a huge blizzard in alaska and was not able to finish trip. and in a way, you might have thought he lost his place in aviation history, but he didn't. december 7, 1941, guess who's in charge of all air corps in hawaii? frederick martin. and it turns out that frederick martin and his counterpart in the navy named bellinger had written a report predicting the japanese report on pearl harbor to the letter; exactly what was

going to happen, what time it was going to occur, what day of the week it was going to occur. they had it all down. some of the most exciting things start happening in aviation at purdue right before and war and right after the war. in 1947 -- 1937, a man comes here from delaware. he wants to be a pilot. he doesn't finish at purdue, he finishes in the army. goes into the army, becomes a pilot. december 7, 1941, he is in hawaii. his plane's out at a rural airfield. frankly, he was out all night playing poker and having fun, and george welkes came back to his barracks at dawn just as the attack started. ..

kitty hawk to the moon in less than 56 years. that's incredible. purdue and mit have graduated more astronauts than any other nonmilitary university. we've gone back and forth, but purdue and mit has just held the lead among public universities for quite a while. me our asked to learn how to fly here at the airport. many were in rotc and learned their flying experience. neil armstrong came here, he was already a pilot.

he learned to fly at age 16. he flew into the airport. they flew into this airport from their homes and from business trips they had and our astronauts comeback frequent. neil neil armstrong is very, very close to purdue. they come here, they been to the socialistic to talk to the students. they aren't high let's. before they were spacemen they were pilots and they love airplanes and they love to fly. what are we doing? were landing spacecraft on mars. purdue graduates are very much close to the missions on mars. one of our more prominent astra is jerry ross to grow in northern indiana in a town called crown point. he grew up on a form. his dad worked in the steel mills. his grandparents on both sides of the family were farmers. not that ism hadn't been to college. not one person in his family had been a college. he was born in 1948. e-group in 1948 or you could

look up at the start and see a lot more stars than you can see today. oath he and his best friend remembered the stories vividly. they were lying on haystack on a summer evening looking up at the sky and looking at all the sta stars. the early '50s, and jerry said, do you know what? someday people are going to go up there, and i'm going to be one of them. his friend said, oh, sure. jerry said, no, i'm serious. someday people will go up there and not going to be one of them. he had parents that encouraged him to get teachers that encouraged him. when sputnik went off in 1957 from the space program began and he began to see possibilities when he could realize his dream. he knew these people he had been talking that had gone to produce us not anti-decided what do i have to do, go to purdue and become an engineer. so he worked very hard and he saved money. he worked all summer. he didn't go to dances. he was not working on farms raising money to pay for his tuition.

jerry ross came to purdue. he joined the rotc. he wanted to become a pilot and that's what he thought he had to be to be an astronaut. he took an eye test and they told him that sometime in the future maybe when he was 40 he would have to wear glasses, and a dejected him as a pilot at the time. he probably could've appealed that he was a boy. he did note he could appeal that kind of stuff. he thought his dream was over, but he kept going. he got trained in engineering, got specialties and ramjet. he got assigned to wright-patterson air force base. about this time they start talking about the shuttle program. the shuttle program is going to bring an astronaut's who were not pilots. they were engineers and they were scientists in other fields. he had another chance. he was offered an opportunity to go to become a flight engineering training at edwards air force base, top place in the country. the place they're getting new astronauts from.

he had made a promise to his commanding officer at wright patterson that he would stay there for when you. when they offered him the chance he had to turn it down. you know what happens when you turned on great opportunities, you don't often get offered again, but he did. he did get it offered again. he went to edwards air force base ended up graduating first in his class and he ended up a sign to the b-1 bomber which was being tested. he applied to nasa and guess what happened? he was rejected. when i get rejected from something i think, you know, i pout, i complain, i moan and groan. that's not what year did. what year did was call the person in charge of picking astronaut. he cold called him and said hey, my name is jerry ross. i applied for your program. i didn't get a pic. what did i do wrong? anand said, well, you were pretty close. why don't you come down here and work for us? try again. that's what he did.

he would down there and went to work for nasa to try a second and will stick. he's one of only three people who serve in the space program throughout the shuttle program. jerry ross who lay on haystack in the early 1950s before anyone had been into space ended up launching into space more times than any other human being. he has been launched seven times and that is tied for first. he ranks third for number of spacewalks. i think he ranks second but the government refuses to acknowledge one of those missions because it was top secret. not important to jerry whether he was number three or number two in the world in spacewalks. but it was important to me. i wanted to find out. so i did freedom of information act with all kinds of common agencies. everything from the cia to the air force to the department of defense. i finally found someone who was responsible. they never said this is not our

flight. this is not a flight excellence as this was our flight. it was late 1980s flight during the reagan era. it was a when people are talking about star wars, you know, doing some kind of protection against nuclear bombs and everything. and anyway, they launched, we think they launched satellites during that mission. so i asked them, i don't want to know what the mission was about. i don't want to know what they did. i don't want to know what happened. all i want to know is whether the jury to wanted to spacewalks on that mission? they went to the very last day, and i got a letter from them thansaying can we are going to l you. so i called him and they said yes. i'm very clear with this. we thought about this long and hard, and we appreciate what you are saying but we are not going to kill you. i said, come on, you know, it's a long time ago. just tell me the spacewalk. they said no. they said, you know you can

appeal this, don't you? i said yes, and i probably will. they said that's fine. i just want you to we are going to turn down again if you really. so i left it alone at the. jerry ross everything involved in the shuttle program during the course of his career. he was there when the first shuttle went up, april 12, 1981. jon -- john young as the lead pilot. he was there on the runway when the last shuttle landed in july 2011. opened the door, let them out, went in and ended the program. he saw the whole program. when he wasn't flying as an astronaut, he was helping design training maneuvers. he helped design and build a new poll that had where they do their training for building the space station, much, much bigger fool than they had before. he helped to design tool and waste they would you think there he worked with other astronauts and a trained for his own mission. they do a lot of work all the time. even when they're not assigned to a mission.

jerry ross was with the nasa when two of the three worst tragedies occurred, you know, first our astronauts, gus grissom, roger chaffee along with white were killed in an accident during the apollo program january 1967. next we had the accident of the challenger accident in the early '80s. jerry was assigned to that mission for short period of time but he was moved around. he was not at florida when that accident happened. he was in another place getting ready for his own flight. they watched it on tv in complete disbelief. >> challenger, go with throttle up. technical problem.

[shouting] >> nine nautical miles. downrange -- [inaudible] >> flight controllers here looking very carefully at the situation. obviously, a major malfunction. we have no downlink. >> and in the book we talked quite a bit about how he and the other assets reacted to the. they did not know about this problem. they were not aware of it. this is something no one had ever told them, although it was

known, the issue was known. jerry any other astronaut's had to make a decision. they have families, they want to kenya and in this program or do they want to think it was time to leave? he decided he would continue in the program but he was not at all happy with the decisions involving the launch of the challenger. when columbia blew up, broke apart over texas, jerry was standing on the runway at the kennedy space center waiting for that plane to arrive in just minutes. it was, you can imagine how close it was to texas, florida at the speed the space shuttle traveled to the families of passengers were there. jerry help two of the people on that flight get to their seats on that flight. he was one of the last people to see them when they closed the door before they launched. he was close to these people. they were all friends, and the plane was late. there was no explanation.

first they heard we have lost the radar contact. we've lost sound contact. >> we did not copy your last. >> roger. [inaudible] >> columbia houston, uhf, check. >> calling columbia on uhf frequency as it approaches america island tracking station range in florida. 12 enough minutes to touchdown according to clocks in mission control. >> marty, can you confirm that the folks at the dallas area have been mobilized to the extent where a blue? >> yeah, rcc. rescue coordination center is mobilizing to that area.

they are seeing what they can do to help us. >> and finally they realized they lost the shuttle. and jerry have to hope gather the family together, get them out of there, take them back to the crew headquarters at the kennedy space center, taken together and help to tell the families what had happened. he then arranged to fly them back to houston, and he himself didn't immediately flew to a base in louisiana, and was head of cleanup from that accident for the next three months. it was very emotional, very, very emotional for him. then they found, you know, not only pieces of the spacecraft, but personal items of his friends. and it was a very hard time.

so jerry experienced the highs and lows of the space program from 1979 to january of 2012 when he retired. jerry talked about being in space as being in his own little cocoon. and it was just jerry inside that space suit, and the universe was around him. no one else was there. he was all alone out there and he filled a very closest to guide. he's a very religious person. he's a methodist, and felt a very religious experience of the whole thing. he talked about at one point leaning back and relaxing and just looking, looking up at the stars and looking at the universe. he talks about looking down at the earth. jerry you cannot get much sleep on the space flights because it go up to the flight deck which was above where they slept and he would look out the window. he was a window guy, had his

nose against the window all the time looking at the earth and seeing things on the earth, always amazed at how the earth looked in space. he studied the earth before he went up there, study geography so he would know what he was seeing. his description of the expenses was absent amazing to describe where launch felt like and what it felt like to land the jerry is retired from nasa. he gives a lot of talks. both of us into programs about our book, trenton. jerry goes around the country during the earlier this year he was inducted into the astronaut hall of fame, and he's written a children's book with a person here at purdue, and they are promoting that. he still reacted. jerry relaxed talking to people and anybody from elementary school through college and he likes to talk to them and encourage them and help them to get motivated and study hard and

see what they can do in their lives. there's a school up in crown point named for jerry ross, elementary school. he loves the beauty goes and visits that often. people need to go explore how we need to look beyond ourselves. we need to do that. one of the things that really improved education in the s.t.e.m. fields, science, technology, engineering and math, one of the things that got that going in the 1960s was the space program, the moon race. it encouraged kids to study engineering, study these different fields. james irvin is very big about talk about this. and wage inspire them is by giving them opportunities to do these kind of things. what can be more fun than flying to mars? flying back to the moon? find out what's out there, going into the unknown. we have to do that. that's human nature. human nature wants to explore and see what's out there and find answers to the questions.

>> during booktv's recent visit to lafayette/west lafayette indiana we spoke with the author of slavery "slavery, race, and conquest in the tropics," robert may provides a history of abraham lincoln's efforts to prevent slavery from spreading. >> i decided to do this project that i stumbled upon something very curious in reading the lincoln-douglas debates several years ago but everyone assumes when lincoln and douglas held their famous debates during the illinois u.s. senate race in 1858, that they were discussing leading kansas to most of the arguments when it came to the territories were over whether not kansas would be slave or free and whether stephen douglas' famous kansas-nebraska act that allowed slavery into kansas. as i started reading of the debate i suddenly realized that in six of the seven debates, lincoln and douglas were also arguing over whether slavery

would go southward, whether it would go to cuba, whether it would go to mexico, whether it would go to central america. and that douglas captain lincoln countered lincoln had said he wouldn't let slavery expand anywhere, and douglas kept saying does that mean you're against the acquisition of new territories? and finally after trying to parry the question for most of the debate, lincoln finally explodes in a fifth debate at the galesburg, illinois, at knox college and he just says, if it means slavery going southward, yes, i would probably oppose that kind of acquisition. douglas healthier chunk lincoln on the issue because most americans favored territorial expansion. but in the long run, lincoln's position helped him get elected president of the united states. lincoln was very worried about the future of slavery in the union. the viewpoint of lincoln at his new republican party was that

they did not need to threaten slavery where it already existed in the union. some radical abolitionists like william lloyd garrison wanted to begin the abolition of slavery immediately, even in the southern states. but lincoln and his party realize the constitution gave certain protections to slavery as an institution and to realize they threaten slavery directly, they would be looked upon as a marginal part of would never win enough votes to hold major offices at the national level. most republicans like lincoln took the position that they could not interfere with slavery in the southern states themselves. but on the other hand, they also took the position that slavery, like kansas, -- like cancer, needs to spread to survive. if they could contain cancer and a some ways this sounds like our containment strategy for communism in the 1950s,

1960s, if they could contain slavery where it already was, they could bottle it up and send it on its way to its eventual destruction. that slavery needs to expand to survive. lincoln and his party took a very strong stand against slavery expanding everywhere. and this was not just to kansas. most famously where douglas opened the territory of to slavery where it had been previously prohibited, but lincoln and his party took a very strong stand against the ongoing movements in the 10 years, 15 years before the civil war, to spread slavery southward. now, cuba at the time was already a spanish colony. it had a flourishing slave system, and it was probably most southern expansionists prime objective. if they could get cuba into the union, if we could acquire its

summit from spain, you might even get two or three slave states out of cuba. but southerners also had their eyes on mexico which is going to civil war and much chaos through much of this period. they figured there was an easy target, maybe you could spread slavery into mexico. and further south into central america. their hopes were really encouraged when, in 1855, a tennessee in with a small group of men intervened in a nicaraguan civil war, and over the next year gained power. this tennessean's name was william walker. he gained so much power in nicaragua that in the middle of 1856, july 1856 he had himself and not treated president of nicaragua. two months later, walker legalize slavery there. and although walker was kicked out of nicaragua the next year by an alliance of the central american countries, for the rest

of his life until he died by a firing squad in honduras in 1860, walker kept trying to go back to central america, we call for nicaragua, maybe giggle area, and in trying to raise new troops for his expeditions, he constantly said that he was fighting the bow of the south to spread slavery. it was known as a filibuster. in those days the term filibuster at a totally different meaning than today. it meant private american citizen put together military expeditions to invade foreign countries. there were many of them. there were private expeditions against mexico, almost every you. walker was the most successful of these expedition us. he actually conquered nicaragua. filibustered was against the law, but walker succeeded. when he gets down to nicaragua, there's a big dispute in the united states. should we support him?

and then when he gets kicked out of nicaragua and tricycle back, the u.s. president deploys the navy against walker returning to nicaragua. resident james buchanan actually has marines land on nicaragua's disloyal as the u.s. naval ships trained artillery on walkers can put southerners are furious, and douglas stands up in congress and defends the right of americans do we invade nicaragua, saying its lawful, that once they'r their outside . territorial waters the president has no right to interfere with them. now, the republicans backed the president even though he's of the other party, and lincoln is against these filibusters and talks about filibustering in the lincoln-douglas debates. once he gets the nomination and the lawrence that southerners are not buying his nomination

and they are opposing them, his campaign becomes more of an effort to save the union. but it becomes a very important part of his attempt to get the presidential nomination, and helps its but why he gets the actual nomination to run against lincoln. and then, of course, after the election is over when the dust clears, lincoln is elected, douglas then throws his support he had that last ditch compromise effort that gets out there in the winter of 1860-1861 to save the union, and the compromises main proposal is that slavery should be allowed, basically in any u.s. territory hereafter acquired in latin america. douglas will let slavery expand south to get more expansion and to save the union. and at times douglas even talks about annexing the whole hemisphere, the united states, including canada.

he is one of the greatest expansionists in american history. he should be put up there with thomas jefferson, andrew jackson and james k. polk as one of the leading expansionists of the 19th century. i came to realize as i kept probing into this issue that the way lincoln and douglas were arguing about this was kind of a microcosm of the whole coming of the civil war. that southerners like jefferson davis and alexander stephens, robert tombs, leaders of the confederacy, the vice president of the confederacy, the first secretary of the state of the confederacy, that they all had their eyes on tropical areas. and that many northerners of both parties were concerned about it, that many democrats like douglas didn't care that much if slavery went south. he were interested in getting new territories. but that lincoln and seward and the republican party, their

hearts were set against slavery expanding anywhere. and they felt that if they wanted to stop slavery over the long run, they had to stop it over the short run. any territorial designs on the tropics were just as dangerous as slavery moving on to the western plains and crowding out western farmers. the reasons why americans of both the north and the south were interested in latin america, for one thing the nation had a tremendous amount of trade with places like cuba and the dominican republic. cuba was a major center for especially new york city and new orleans merchants. and so there all sorts of economic trade interest to western farmers had the idea that they could ship more flour to cuba. the idea was though, if cuba was controlled by southerners it might not be as good a market for westerners.

southerners and the idea that they would trade more with cuba. of them who were doing that well in the united states might take ttheir own slaves there, perhaps get new slice. there was talk in the south of going to cuba for plantations. other suckers had their eyes on mexico and central america, even at that moment slavery didn't exist in either place. when mexico became free of spanish rule earlier in the center, they had abolished slavery to the central american states had all of all as slavery, but perhaps it could be reinstated. the american adventure, william walker, who conquered nicaragua in 1855-1856 encouraged southerners. he wrote an autobiography of his experiences in central america called the war in nicaragua picture was published right on the eve of the civil war, and he

said that nicaragua was sued for american slavery and that americans not only should import new black slaves from africa, but they should enslave the darker skin latin americans. equation is, why didn't u.s. expansion southward continue after lincoln's election? well, for one thing lincoln himself had been anti-expansionists throughout his whole career. and so his administration was anti-expansionists. if you compare to recent administrations, recent u.s. presidents before lincoln, most of them did have an agenda to expand southward. president james k. polk, franklin pierce and james buchanan all tried to buy cuba. so lincoln puts us on a separate course. now he didn't have to worry about slavery going there. the south was out of the union,

and if the north winds the civil war, slavery is going to be abolished. that's obvious by the time of the emancipation proclamation but now he's got to do with the series race problem. where are the freed slaves going to go? one when he tries to win over the north an is by coming up wia program, and by the north i'm including the slave states the state any like kentucky and missouri. one way to win over the north is to present them with a program of colonizing blacks in the tropics. my book argues that what lincoln it seems have envisioned in latin america was not a place where he could send blacks because they were inferior or because he wasn't strongly racist, but rather a look at latin america as a place like the west was to white settlers who needed a new start in life. white settlers who came from eastern cities like new york or

cleveland or philadelphia, and went out to the plains of kansas for a new start. the look at the tropics i think as a place where african-americans facing prejudice in the united states, ma in his own state of illinois, have some of the most prejudicial laws against blacks of any state in the whole country, so he was very sensitive to racial prejudice. i think he believed that blacks could go to latin america and make a new life for themselves free of u.s. prejudices, the prejudices of the typical white american. and all of his negotiations offer small areas of land within the established countries where blacks can settle. they will become citizens of these new countries. when they're sent down to haiti, with the idea that they been given advance permission to gain haitian citizenship.

it's not that they would carry their u.s. citizenship into these areas and then solicit the united states to take them over. he never talks about forcing african-americans to leave the country. he never suggests that all african-americans should leave the country. he says that some african-americans should be given the chance to go abroad and establish a new life. there was an experimental expedition sent out a 500 african-americans that were taken by the united states, by private contractors, down to an island off the southwest coast of haiti. and it didn't work out. it was a horrible failure. i think although these issues have been ignored in the past, i really would predict that they will be given more attention in the future. and i'm very much hoping that people will come to terms with

the argument in slavery -- in "slavery, race, and conquest in the tropics" at the lincoln-douglas rivalry, perhaps the most famous political rivalry in our history, partly had to do with the future of slavery in latin america. >> and while in lafayette was lofty and come indian and we toured von's book shop, the first book store to open in the area. >> right now we are in von's book shop about a block or so from purdue university. the store began a block from here in the apartment my wife and i were in. over the course of time we kept expanding, and we've moved from the spot to the adjoining spots as well with other products. when my wife and i came to town, virtually every book we wanted

we had to special order. there was no real general bookstore in lafayette or west lafayette. and she continued to have people recommend books to her to read, and they'd say, you ought to read this, too, but you'll never find it in down. at one point we just said, why don't we just go ahead and start ordering some of these things? we were in the main to the department right now, which is crammed from front to back. might wander down and i'll and see how things are just packed in with lots of single copies of things throughout the shelf. we are rarely interested in lots and lots of the same thing, but we want the best and the widest selection possible. we move out of the book department. the other kinds of things that

we've done to bring customers in to help support the overall store kind of begin in these other areas. we have the only bead store in town, and beads are everywhere. the walls up high, nobody can reach but we have hooks where people can go to strands that are hanging around the wall. probably one of the most striking lines when someone walks in the door if their interests in these come it's always fun to watch how big your eyes get when they see a huge selection that is here. lots of people end up making their own jewelry, making gifts for friends. you are a lot of our customers who sell their products to other people.

>> yeah, i came up with this nodding technique. >> oh, that's interesting. >> i was wondering if you'd be willing to buy some bracelets? >> behind or farther back from this when there's another little remote area which is a rock and crystal room. there's no rock shop anywhere near us, and this grew out of just having one box of some tumbled stones that would be of interest to kids to pick up and collect. we just can't adding more and more. areas that have changed over time include the video area, which is going away. we started in 1978 or 79, and for 20 years we bought vhs movies to where we had over 14,000 things in our library. and a huge investment. but last year the amount of

purchases was less than the amount of rentals because most people are doing things digitally, and they are downloading netflix for other people so we're having to let that area go away. music still is here though. we still do dvds. i mean, cds, and we still carry vinyl although it's not three for $10 as it was when we first started. we have compressed it into a narrower amount of space because music was a big thing but again, more of it is taking place now online. but we packed a lot down this aisle with cds and vinyl at the end. unfortunately there is a number enough space we got boxes of

things on the floor -- never enough space. although i would like to do more than we do know. there's not enough room. i also wonder if music is going to me moving in the direction of video, or it's all downloaded. actually in music, but lionel is one thing that's been growing last couple of years. down here we are in the used book department. and if the glance than any of the isles you can see we are just packed floor to ceiling. trying to figure out if we can take any of our existing storage space, maybe make more room for the used books. this month we bought a large estate was a former english

professor who passed away, and added probably over 1400 of her books. we also bought from three different book sales will be came back with, oh, 25 cartons of things from one and probably more than 60 cartons from another. i arrived at home is filled with things because i've got to go through and pick up the best, cleaned up because some of them have got writing on them or stickers on them. we tried to clean them up before they get here. this area bothers me the most because it looks almost the most disorganized because we are overflowing with things onto the floor, and boxes that just haven't even been processed yet. but without the used book department, there are a lot of things that are unavailable anymore that we wouldn't have

access to. we do sell some of the more unique ones online, so i guess we are either aiding the competition if online is going to be the way books are going to be in the future. one thing that perhaps set our store apart from a lot of bookstores is that we are focused on selection, and have been willing to buy single copies of things rather than have a stack of just the best south and try to work on volume of small numbers of things. it always seemed important to us that you need to have all of the basics, and we kept adding and adding and adding as we begin. when we started the store, it was, well, my wife and i both had other jobs, and we invested every single cent in buying more books for about seven years before i think we took the first

dollar out of the store. so we kept building the selection. and it still increases. i mean, there are things that probably wouldn't get exposure at all in town if we didn't add a copy of them. but we always thought that was part of what was there to be a really good book store. there was a point in time where we actually thought we had maybe one of the largest paperbacks elections in the country before the dawn of all the megastores that were really large. but even then we crammed so many things into a tiny space. i think if we merchandise to like other people did, we would have found a store 10 times the size that we do and have everything faced out and lots of quantities. but to be efficient and not go in the hole, you just work with

fewer copies of things and reorder them immediately. you can continue to have a wide selection if you don't just focus on the hits for the bestsellers. with all the auxiliary things that we have in the store, we just kept saying, well, if those first ones we had were good, maybe a wider selection is better. so we continue to add more things on. the store has continued for this long probably just because my manager and i both like books. we have kept them here. there's certainly been financial ups and downs, and there are things that could have cost us just to quit, but we've tried to find other ways to support what we are doing.

that's some 47 years later, we are still here. this was not what my wife and i intended to do, but it just sort of happened. i think it's been a very pleasant run, ma and i hope it goes on a little while longer. >> this weekend, booktv is in lafayette at west lafayette, indiana, with the help of our local cable part of comcast. during the trip we visited purdue university's collection of red books and medical research on the use of psychoactive substances. >> this man is not a neurotic or an alcoholic. he is a terminal cancer patient. his name is kenneth pugh. use only 39. he is married. that's his wife at his side. he is the father of two teenage

sons. until two years ago, he was a robust baltimore welder. >> i have this hard driving pain. it's almost impossible to sleep. >> this is his last in a series of therapy sessions preparing them for psychedelic drugs, drugs and will open his mind, making better able to cope with these physical pains the racks his body and the mental anguish that afflicts his mind as a russell with the prospect of dying young, of leaving a wife and his two children behind. doctors who believe he must express of those fears and anxieties to himself and to his family. they believe that psychedelic drugs come combined with psychotherapy, make that expression possible. >> stay with it. ♪ ♪ >> we are in the purdue archives and special collections ball and

his were all our our collections are stored. this collection came about in 2006 at the request of a purdue professor here. and he was concerned that all the research that it happened in the 1960s was being lost because people were active in the research are getting older, and all their research materials are kind of disappearing trick he thought it would be great if there's a safe place for all this stuff. so this friend, betsy gordon, provided funding to support an archivist that actively collects these materials. that's how the collection came about and it's been slowly growing for six years, now we have a representative body of the cheerios that sort of capture how this research came about, how it began and how it kind of ended in the 1970s and how it came to life again in the 1990s. lsd was invented by albert hoffman in 1938, and then he

discovered its psychedelic properties in 1942. that's when he took his famous bicycle ride. the bicycle ride when he was going home and everything just started to change a little bit, and he realize that this is actually a very, very powerful drug. and in the 1950s it was some little bits of research with this drug going on him and other psychedelic drugs. spin this is a glass of water. colorless, tasteless. it contains 100 gamma of lsd 25, one-tenth of a milligram, the equivalent of 1600 of a green. one ounce will make 150,000 such doses. let us observe the effects some three hours later.

>> well, tell me -- >> welcome i couldn't. i couldn't possibly tell you. it's here. can't you feel it? this whole room, this, everything is in color and i can feel the air. i can see a. i can see all the molecules. >> so in the 1950s and '60s there were some studies going on, and in the 1960s in czechoslovakia, the producers of the drug started this study at a medical school there, of which researcher stan groff was involved. he administered this stuff is so a lot, a lot of people and discovered a lot of things about it and what to do in these days and what not to do. he eventually came to be is in work at johns hopkins in the 1960s.

>> a lot of great research happening there. it was in baltimore, maryland, at the state hospital which later became the maryland psychiatric research center. that's right with johns hopkins is right now. they did studies on alcoholics and schizophrenics and people with nervous disorders and they got a lot of really good research. >> you've had these recent disclosures of the army and the cia using the drug on unsuspecting volunteers. there's been more than once the site and other studies becoming violent expecting recurring nightmares and so forth. first of all, how can you be sure that your patients will not experience the same thing? >> an extremely important difference is that in our particular setting, before a patient is given the drug, he is thoroughly briefed on the number of things that may happen to him during the drug experience.

furthermore he is not exposed to the drug experience until he's established a comfortable and secure relationship with the psychotherapist. >> so here we have some of the greatest hits from the psychoactive substances research collection. several people have donated their papers over the past several years. some things have been acquired from rare book dealers. reiki we have just a smattering of some of the early research that was going on. -- right here we have. here's an article from scientific america called the hallucinogenic drugs, and it has description sort of for the late audits and the chemistry of them and have the chemistry of thanks brain chemistry. here's some articles. this one is by the group at spring grove, and they talk

about how this drug is an effective means for good therapeutic practice. and it's neat because these are things produced in beta journal names. so this is reprinted from the journal of the american medical association. here's another one from the harvard theological review. this research started out very well regarded and very serious. this is some memos and reports from the harvard project. you know, timothy leary worked at harvard so this is when he was being good and doing good research. he did a study called the concord prison project, and he administered lsd to 175 inmates, and it was great. i think it turned out really well for them. the research doesn't go that far

because -- i've seen this written it before -- because the inmates got religion and that made the authorities uncomfortable. but one thing that's really interesting is there's some meeting minutes in here. we've had to go in and raid that the names of the people involved in the study compared people who took the drug. but questions come up and it says, there's problems of trust and distrust, like the people who are taking this drug. and one column has a problem and one column has a solution. there's no solution for the trust and distrust but there is, what is the drug experience like? and the answer is that dr. lurie describdescribes some of his own experiences and some has observed.

can domestic problems come up and be understood better? yes for many people this happens. so it just kind of, a very candid description of what comes up in these sessions, and how these people are supposed to react. it's not like they were administering drugs in prison cells. it was a formal study. they would go to the hospital in small groups, and this would all happen in the hospital room. but it is interesting to see some of timothy leary's research when he was, you know, an academic before it became popular. he wanted to find a treatment so they wouldn't come back to prison, so that that sort of cycle would stop. there's this, there's this

article predicting recidivism base rates for massachusetts correctional institution, concord. so it's a two and a half year follow-up study, and i believe it concludes that there are -- that there experience was beneficial i did help them become better people and see themselves in a broader perspective and narrowed into their problems. so over here we have a gary fisher papers, and he was active in california. he did treatment with children suffering from autism, and get a pretty good result. so working with children is, i guess the picture, there are pictures of the children he worked with in newspapers, and one of them is nancy.

this is a nancy, and he just had a lot of success with these children who were very limited in their communication skills, and kind of like things in the paper where they work kind of like self abusing themselves. they are just unable to communicate, like nancy has a bunch of black guys in these pictures. -- black eyes. he worked with these kids come e was able to have some good results. not good results with everybody but they were still some marked improvements. so these are session notes from working with one of his patients and it has a time to the left and what happened to the person taking the drug minute by minute. this is in five and 10 minute intervals.

and then it has his nose, summary of the first session and the violation of the first day. how have they change? have a chance at all? have they gotten better? have they gotten worse? you see that firsthand account and these are patient notes. it's very privileged information. this is in the early 1964 any countercultural stuff happened. it was a drug just like there was any other drug. it didn't have the stigma that he later had and he was coming along really nicely. there was also research going on at harvard and that's where timothy leary work. timothy leary had a big personality. he got really excited about these psychoactive drugs, to the point where he kind of crossed the boundary of responsible academic research. and i don't know if you can't attribute the counterculture to

him, but his work with the drug and students kind of created the counterculture in some ways that the drug was used in an irresponsible manner. so the counterculture happened and everybody got scared and said no more research with this drug. it's causing too much madness. and so by the 1970s, the research was just closed. the drugs were scheduled and no research could be permitted. so all was quiet and tonight a few new age researchers in the '70s and 80s, and then the research has slowly build and build and build so there's a lot of different studies going on at the various institutions. there's a few we going on at johns hopkins, a few going on at new york university. a few going on at ucla. that all can have a different

approach, using maybe one substance or another to focus on a different thing. people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. there's a study for smoking cessation. people with death anxiety your terminal cancer patients. people with cluster headaches. these ailments that there just hasn't been, there hasn't been a remedy for. psychedelics are becoming very active in solving some of these problems. >> you are watching tv on c-span2 come and this weekend we are visiting lafayette and west lafayette, indiana, talking with local office and touring its literary sites. next we speak with glenn sparks about her book, refrigerator rights. a look at how technological advances have cratered a false sense of closeness. >> i became interested along the

way instead the media several years ago back in the 1990s. i got interested in a project that some of my colleagues were working on a study and long-term fringe. they were interested in figuring out for college friends were very close to graduation what predict whether not they would remain close over the lifespan spent i am from lafayette india to stay i'm from only the washington spent what are you doing after college? >> i personally plan on moving away from lafayette ad hocly going to chicago, because it's my favorite city. >> i'm planning on moving to the east coast somewhere but i'm not sure yet that maybe north carolina because i like the east coast lifestyle a little bit more. >> a lot of times people get in situation, maybe after college and i think that college years are important, post cultures are important they get into situations where they start feeling anxious, depressed,

offkilter and they don't really know what's going on. what's wrong? >> do you think will be harder for you guys when you leave college knowing you're leaving a friendship like this? >> i think so. i think it's sad but if you are like, getting a friend, you can make the effort to stay in touch. >> i think so. >> we both came from small schools and transition to better schools i think we know it's like having those really, really close friends and intent of having two separate. we both have some practice in kind of like how to keep in touch with people that you're used to sing so often. i think it will be fine. >> i got involved in this study on long-term friendships, and they think that set the stage for this collaborative project on the book "refrigerator rights" with will miller. we did know each other at that time, and after i'd worked on that friendship project, we met in lafayette indiana around the purdue neighborhood, and will

have done a ph.d, doctoral work, in urban education and was thinking about community life in america. we started talking to each other, and i some interest in the. it's of interest in cultural trends in america. i had studied friendships. he was interested in the stability of communities, and we just started a conversation and that led to our interest in the writing of this book, "refrigerator rights," which really was revolving around the whole thesis of relational health in american culture. the basic idea of "refrigerator rights," that term was coined by will miller. it just kind of popped out of his mouth out of his mouth when the as is talking about this, in his desire to capture a way to describe the kind of close family type casual relationships that we believed america's had a difficult time sustaining and

cultivating over the last 50-75 years. so "refrigerator rights" relationships are those relationships that are characterized by the luxury of coming into a friends house and being able to open the refrigerator without asking, and help us up to the good in there while you're having a casual conversation with a friend. you have to have a kind of close relationship with that person in order to have that right, ma and that's with the kind of relationship that we were interested in, focus on to talk about in this book. ..

grew up within 10 blocks of each other. 75% of the people who got married in 1940 in america grew up within 20 blocks of each other. american life has really changed since then. people used to be embedded in a geographical community, a space in contact with each other and a regular basis. today if you survey people who are getting married, there are members of multiple can indeed, members of virtual communities and members of