a global network people use. how much money is enough to protect them? >> as i mentioned, there are 230,000 people in our company,

how much they cost one thing i never asked, the group that protects us they have to spend more than is done. there is a problem here. is a lot of money? we are broken today and operating. protecting customer's data or financial-services business. if we lose the confidence, not enough people to go through that. we have to go back to do it. it is not something like that, you extend it because of that. >> changing the subject a little bit, the intel commercials technicians, some of my favorite. it is up priority of the department of commerce.

how do we train people to open cybersecurity jobs? what are the good ideas? how do you we inspire people to be interested in this area? >> i was going to tell you how we implemented the framework. >> before i go in to that. >> i want to inspires them. the computer science department like that gentleman, the intellectual property in the end we have all collaborated and i talk about this a lot. one of the things in these different phases of using

framework in the common languages superimportant we were through the an end of implementation of it which i think can be a blueprint, a wanted to put that out so other people knew we published what we did in that seven month journey and how it works with a framework and the other thing i am proud of the team for doing is we wrote in on a going forward basis and inspired the network. we want them for a good sense of intel, the first step on the journey of needing to implement the framework. on the other topic on a serious topic if you look forward, analytics and new business

opportunities. we need to continue on our journey on stem education and increasing the capabilities in mack and science. you hear everybody say we are not making enough progress. we are doing our heart. americans doing their part as a collective we do need to have even more dialogue and probably more partnerships. this is a serious issue and a competitive issue. >> is this about deciding that i want to be in computer science in fifth grade or fourth grade or is it something i can recover from a time 16 or 18 or 20? >> there are opinions on that

caught especially through high school if you don't go -- you don't have the basic math and science foundation it is hard to recover. you don't have to be a computer scientist but the basic analytical skills you are going to need. we spent a lot, a 25 year foundation, teaching in the classroom as part of our community effort we send our own engineers out to teach a-12 to teach teachers how to be better math and science teachers as part of community service and it is tough to extend and expand and really get focused. we also know that diversity is not one of the big initiatives for me but we know that young girls opt out in middle school from matt and science. that is the focus for us, have the work force, we need to keep

them interested in manhattan science. let them know they are cool jobs, they are not boring jobs that kind of thing. this is a question for all of you. how do we make it real lead young age? which can you do? do i have to be the a plus math student throughout high school and have taken college math at 16 in order to be eligible? i think there is too much ambiguity, there is not enough of a collaborative process women and young girls. and a participant, how do we

make that happen, it is more than normal. >> the mother of a middle school girl, all the data, in law school there was also a societal kind of attitude in due coating glass and trying to get coating and computer science, secondary education curriculum. and create algorithms that work for all people and one sector of society to create a diverse kind of embedded technology community we are all living in. letting daughters play on the computer more than anybody thinks is appropriate. i want to program this game,

learn how to do this. being aware of the words you are choosing when talking to young people in house and in school. we all go out and do this kind of talking. i know way up there, a lot of women, college students, should be using them as well. talking about the jersey and what is happening and these are really helping. >> almost out of time but let me raise one last question. what we hearing internationally from foreign governments and regulators about cybersecurity? >> i came back from a long trip to the middle east and africa

and europe, that was on everybody's mind. they were talking right now. and efforts for this. he just talked about it up here speaking, and across the border and keep the competitive advantage in terms of the computer and phones and so on. i consider that a bigger issue. to get together on rules of the road and justice criminals where they are. that is what happened. government to government. there's another issue. >> i returned, most of follow

you through india, i am very concerned about this. under the guise, emotional issues, it is a big economic issue. said do you have any last comments. >> and 90 countries and a key part of the history of the company that started in china, the ability to reduce the fear of interacting across borders, in a way that inhibits world trade and growth, has to be balanced by a collaborative dialogue, between society's on privacy and opportunities that come from an open data society.

>> it is complex and a tough time in the united states thinking of all that. there is protection from developed ground. and it was really real and i affect the ability to overcome these. and working very much against it, it is the kate had multinational companies -- >> potential to be this great collaborative and a blur where people can express themselves freely. it is a global way to help people all around the world create a better life for themselves and their families.

>> we could spend 45 minutes talking about this channel but let's give the panel round of applause. [applause] [applause] >> on our facebook page we are asking if you feel faith on line. blow rights i feel safer from cyberattacks than i do from the government invading my privacy. tracy says i feel safe because i don't do anything on the net you can leave a comment and see what other people are saying on facebook.com/c-span. at the white house cybersecurity summit apple ceo tim cook announce the expansion of the

apple pay apps to include government transactions which he spoke at the summit for 15 minutes about the importance of providing security to consumers. >> ladies and gentlemen, please welcome apple ceo tim cook. [cheers and applause] >> good morning. thank you whoever made that warm introduction. it is really great to be here with all of view. i appreciate president obama's invitation to discuss these important topics.

i also want to acknowledge secretary johnson, lisa monaco and jeff sikes. i am grateful for the opportunity to join them in discussing privacy and security. at appleby designed products the change people's lives. we believe in the power of values to shape history and strive to live those values every single day. we believe the country that made our success possible should be the land of opportunity for every american. we support president obama's initiative to equipped underserve schools with cutting edge technology. it is why we are committed to hiring americans, manufacturing more of our products and components in the united states. in fact our product and

innovations so far have led to the creation of more than 1 million american jobs in all 50 states. we believe we are leaving the world better than we found it and that is why we are on track to meet our goal of running our entire company on renewable energy. [applause] >> thank you. we believe in human rights and human dignity. which is why we put so much thought into how our products are manufactured not only how they are designed and we believe deeply that everyone has a right to privacy and security and that is why i stand before you today. and apple we start with a simple

premise. our customers trust means everything to us and we spent decades working to earn that trust. that is what privacy and security are built into every one of our products and services from their inception. we have strict policies that govern how all data is handled. our networking systems are segmented, our hardware and software used encryption and we have a security operations team monitoring our infrastructure 24/7. beyond that we have a straightforward business model based on selling the best products and services in the world, not on selling your personal data. [applause] >> thank you.

we don't sell advertisers any information from your e-mail content, from your messages or your web browsing history. we don't try to mauna ties the information you store on your iphone or i cloud. when we ask you for data is to provide you with better services and even then you have the choice on how much information you share and when you want to stop sharing it. we set the industry's highest standards and we are deeply committed to living up to them. today so much of our information is digital. our memories of family and friends and our photos and videos are medical histories, our financial transactions. our most private conversations

at home and at work. this comes with great benefits. it makes our lives better. easier, healthier. but and apple, we have always known this also comes with a great responsibility. we know hackers are doing everything they can do to steal your data. it is why we use all the technology at our disposal to create the most secure devices and the most secure systems that we can. in 2013, more than 13 million americans were victims of identity theft which is now one of america's fastest-growing crimes. in the last few years hackers have infiltrated our biggest banks and companies stealing the credit-card and debit card information of hundreds of

millions more. just the other week we saw hackers steal information from one of america's largest health care providers. the personal impact of the security breaches can be devastating. by clicking on the wrong link or simply using your credit card, too many people have had their identity stolen. and their lives turned upside down. this caused the economy billions of dollars every year. there is some good news. the good news is we have the ability to protect people from this growing threat. with apple pay we put in place immobile payment system that is significantly more secure than the old days of the plastic card

and magnetic stripe. this is another product where security wasn't an afterthought. security was part of the reason we developed the technology in the first place. apple pay starts with the premise that your credit card information and purchases our personal to you and they should stay that way. when you add a card to apple pay you are actual credit card numbers are never scored in your device or on our servers. instead for every payments we create a unique one time code that is only good for that one transaction from your device. your purchases are private and we don't store the details of those transactions. they remain between you, the merchant and your bank. we don't know your credit card

number, or what you bought or how much you paid and we don't want to. three months after we launched, over 2,000 banks of files to bring apple paphos to millions of customers and today we are excited to announce that beginning in september apple pay will be available from any transactions with the federal government. like for example when you pay for admission to your favorite national park. we are also working to make sure credit and procurement cards issued to government employees wear their expenses can be used working on initiatives with leading banks and networks to use this technology with benefit programs like social security and veterans' pensions that serve citizens of state and federal level.

we can imagine a day in the not so distant future when your wallet becomes irrelevant of the past, your passport, your driver's license and other important documents can be digitally stored in a way that is safe, secure, and easy to access and but only by you. after all we shouldn't have to trade our security for the convenience of having all of this information at our fingertips. when the system is designed properly, security and convenience can actually work in harmony. this is a world of greater privacy and a world where criminals find it much more difficult to carry out their crimes.

without a doubt safeguarding a world of digitized personal information is an enormous task and no single company or organization can accomplish it on its own. that is why we are committed to engage in productively with the white house and congress and putting the results of these conversations into action because when it comes to the rights of customers and the rights of citizens it is important to realize we are all talking about the same people. people have entrusted us with their most personal and precious information. we owe them nothing less than the best protection that we can possibly provide by harnessing the technology at our disposal and working together as

businesses, government and citizens. we believe we can bring about a future if that is fully embracing both privacy and security. we must get this right. history has shown us that sacrificing our right to privacy can have dire consequences. we still live in a world where all people are not treated equally. too many people do not feel free to practice their religion or express their opinion or love who they choose. world in which that information can make the difference between life and death.

if those of us in positions of responsibility failed to do everything in our power to protect the right of privacy we risk something far more valuable than money. we risk our way of life. fortunately technology gives us the tools to avoid these risks and it is my sincere hope that by using a them and by working together we will. thank you very much. thank you. [applause] >> thank you. thank you.

thank you. [applause] >> the president will julian us shortly. thank you. >> president obama signed a new executive order yesterday in a white house cybersecurity summit making it easier for government and private industry to share information on cyber threat. before the signing the president talked about why it was important to address the issue now. he spoke about the government's attempt to keep people safe while protecting civil liberties and privacy. this is 30 minutes. >> it is my pleasure to introduce the president of the united states. [applause] >> welcome back, everyone. it is my great privilege to introduce our nation's 44th president barack obama. president obama came to office

after the global financial crisis in 2008. his presidency has been marked by the complexity and challenges of governing at a time when people are more interconnected an effort. sometimes in ways we don't even realize and the idea of community extends far beyond physical boundaries. so many aspects of our lives that digitized and technology is central to everything we into but our increasing reliance is accompanied by growing vulnerability and as many of us have seen and heard in the panel's this situation is getting much worse at an increasing rate. president obama understands this. in fact he has personal experience with the challenges of cybersecurity. an avid blackberry users and the first u.s. president to be always connected, he had to face

the challenge of losing his blackberry or having his security improved. luckily the security was enhanced and president obama is always connected. throughout his administration from early issuance of the cyber space policy review to the 2011 international strategy cyberspace to his white house summit on cybersecurity and consumer protection president obama has worked to make cybersecurity a national priority, to protect consumers and their data and strengthen our laws and policies. we are honored to have him with us today. please join me in giving a warm welcome to president barack obama.

[cheers and applause] >> those stanford! thank you so much. thank you, everybody, have a seat, have a seat. [applause] >> first of all, let me thank president hennessey not just for the introduction but for your outstanding leadership at one of the great universities of the world. i have got to admit i want to go here. i was trying to figure out why

is it is a really nice place like this is wasted on young people who don't fully appreciate what you have got. it is really nice and everybody here is so friendly and smart and it is beautiful land what is not to like? i want to thank you and everyone at stanford for hosting this summit, especially amy and extraordinary ambassador before coming back, mike mcfault. it is great to be here at leland

stanford junior univ. and i'm pleased to be joined by members of my team, we are infiltrated with people like valerie jarrett, national security adviser susan rice, secretary of commerce and i like stanford grads. i noticed steve chu was around here who helped lead the energy department for a while land he is now hanging out. i am also pleased to be joined by other members of the cabinet secretary of homeland security j johnson small-business administrator maria sweet. i acknowledge tirelessly lance security adviser who helped and continues to shape cybersecurity

efforts. thank you. i know we always heard about this campus, everyone riding bike stand people hopping in the fountains, the current holder of the acts. of place that made it nerd cool. i was thinking about wearing black rimmed glasses with tape in the middle but i guess that is not what you do any more. i came to stanford, you would talk dirty to me. but i am not just here to enjoy myself. as we gather here today america is seeing incredible progress we can all be proud of. we have the best year of job

growth since the 1990s. over the past 59 months. [applause] >> businesses have created nearly 12 million new jobs which is the longest streak of private sector job growth on record and a hopeful sign for middle-class families wages are beginning to rise again. we are doing more to compare young people for a competitive world, high school graduation rate at an all-time high more americans are finishing college than ever before and the best universities and scientists and researchers in the world, we have the most dynamic economy in the world and no place represents that better than this region so make no mistake, more than any other nation on earth the united states is positioned to lead in the 21st century. so much of our economic

competitiveness is tied to what brings me here today, america's leadership in the digital economy. it is our ability almost unique across the planet, our ability to innovate and learn and discover and create and build and do business online and stretch the boundaries of what is possible. that is what drives us the decision was easy, so much of the information age began here at stanford. it was here where two students, dave packard met in the garage not far from here, started a company that eventually built out of the first personal computers weighing in at 40 pounds, it was from here in 1968 where researcher douglas and bart astonished an audience with

two computers connected on line and you could click on with something called a mouse and a year later, the first message from another computer 350 miles away the beginnings of what would eventually become the internet and it is no secret that many of these innovations built on government-funded research is one of the reasons if we want to maintain our economic leadership in the world america has to keep investing in research and science and technology. is absolutely critical. [applause] >> at stanford pioneers develop the protocols and architecture of the internet, dsl, the first

web page in america, innovations for cloud computing student projects became yahoo! and google those are very good student projects. graduates have gone on to create thousands of companies that shaped our digital society from cisco to sun microsystems youtube to instagram. according to one study of all the companies traced back to stanford graduates formed their own nation, would be one of the largest economies in the world and have a pretty good football team as well. and today with your cutting edge research programs and cyberinitiatives you are helping us to navigate the most complicated cyberchallenges we face as that nation.

that is why we are here. i want to thank those of a huge join us today, representatives from the private sector government and academia, privacy and consumer groups and the students who are here. just as we are all connected like never before we have to work together like never before. to seize opportunities and meet the challenges of this information age and is one of the great paradoxes of our time that the very technologies that empower us to do great good can also be used to undermine us and inflect great harm. the same information technologies that make our military the most advanced in the world are targeted by hackers from china and russia who go after our defense contractors and systems that are billed for our troops the same social media we use in government to advocate democracy and human rights around the world can be used by terrorists

to spread hateful ideologies. these cyberthreat to our challenge to our national security. much of our critical infrastructure, financial systems, our power grid, health systems run on networks connected to the internet which is hugely empowering but also dangerous. criminals are probing these systems every day. we only have to think of real-life examples air traffic control system going down and disrupting flights are blackouts that plunged into darkness. imagine what a set of systematic cyberattacks might do. this is also a matter of public safety. as a nation we do more business

online than ever before. trillions of dollars a year. i take industries like those across the valley support millions of american jobs. this gives us an enormous competitive advantage in the global economy and for that very reason american companies are being targeted their trade secrets stolen, intellectual property rip-off. the north korean cyber attack on sony pictures destroyed data and disable thousands of computers and exposed personal information of sony employees. these attacks are hurting american companies and costing american jobs. this is also a threat to america's economic security. as consumers we do more on line than ever before, we manage our bank accounts. we shop. we pay our bills we handle our medical records and as a country one of our greatest resources

are the young people that are here today. digitally fearless and unencumbered by convention and uninterested in old debate and remaking the world everyday but it also means the this problem of how we secure the digital world is only going to increase. i want more americans succeeding in our digital world. i want more people to unleash a wave of innovation and launch the next start-ups, the tools to create new jobs and new businesses and expand connectivity in places we currently can't imagine. to help open up new worlds and new experiences and empower individuals in ways that would seem an imaginable can, 15 20

years ago. that is why we are working to connect 99% of american students to high speed internet. when it comes to educating our children weekend for the digital divide. that is why we are helping more communities get to the next generation of broadband faster with cheaper internet so students and the entrepreneur is and small business across america, not just in pockets of america have the same opportunities to learn and compete as you do here in the valley. it is why i have come out so strongly and publicly for net neutrality, and open and free internet. [applause] >> we have to preserve one of the greatest tensions for creativity and innovation in human history so our connect to the brings extraordinary benefits to our daily lives but also brings risks. when companies get hacked

americans's personal information including their financial information gets stolen, identities that can ruin your credit rating, turn your life upside-down. recent breaches more than the one who did million americans had their personal data compromised including in some cases credit card information. we want our children to go on line and explore the world but also want them to be safe and not have their privacy violated. so there's a direct threat to the security of american families not just the economy overall and the well-being of our children which we have to put in place mechanisms to protect. shortly after i took office before i had gray hair i said that the cyberthreats were one of the most serious economic national security challenges we face as a nation and made confronting them up priority. given the complexity of these

threats i believe we have to be guided by some basic principles. let me share those with you today. first, this has to be at shared mission, so much of our computer networks and critical infrastructure are in the private sector which means government cannot do this alone but the fact is the private sector can't do it alone either because government often has latest information on new threats. there's only one way to defend america from cyber threats and that is through government and industry working together sharing appropriate information as true partners. second we have to focus on our unique strength. government has many capabilities but it is not appropriate region possible for government to secure the computer networks of private businesses. many of the companies that are

here today are cutting edge of the private sector doesn't always have the capabilities needed during a cyber is a bad check, the situational awareness or the ability to warn other companies in real time or the capacity to coordinate a response across companies or sectors so we have to be smart and efficient and focus on what each sector does next and do it together. third, we have to constantly evolve. the first computer viruses it personal computers in the early 1980s and essentially we have been in a cyber arms race ever since. we design new defenses and hackers and criminals design new ways to penetrate them. fishing or sky where or malware and now ransomwhere. these attacks are more sophisticated every day so we have to be as fast and flexible and nimble and constantly evolve

in our defenses. fourth and most importantly in all our work we have to make sure we are protecting the privacy and civil liberty of the american people. we grapple with these issues in government. we pursued important reforms to make sure we are respecting people's privacy as well as our national security. the private sector wrestles with this as well. when consumers share their personal information with companies they deserve to know that it is going to be protected. when government and industry share information about cyber threats we have got to do so in a way that safeguard your personal information. when people go on line we shouldn't have to forfeit the basic privacy we are entitled to as americans. in recent years we have worked to put these principles into practice and part of our

comprehensive strategy we boosted our defenses in government, sharing more information with the private sector to help those companies defend themselves, working with industry to use what we call a cybersecurity framework that prevents correspond to and recover from a tax when they happen and i recently went to the national cybersecurity integration center which is part of the department of homeland security where representatives from government and private sector monitor cyberthreat 24/7 so depending against cyberthreat like terrorism or other threats is one more reason we are calling on congress not to engage in politics. this is not republican or democrat issue but work to make sure that our security is safeguarded and the we fully fund the department of homeland security because it has great responsibilities in this area.

so we are making progress and i recently announced new actions to keep up this momentum. we call for a single national standard so americans will know within 30 days of your information has been stolen. we will be proposing legislation we call a consumer privacy bill of rights to give americans baseline protections like the right to decide what personal data companies collect from you and the right to know how companies are using that information. we propose the student digital privacy act which is modeled on a landmark law in california because today's education all technologies should be used to teach students how to collect data from marketing to students. we have also taken to steps to strengthen cybersecurity proposing new legislation from greater information sharing to government and private sector including liability protections for companies that share information about cyberthreats. today i am once again calling on congress to come together and

get this done. this week we announced the creation of our new cyberthreat intelligence integration center like we do with terrorist threats we have a single enemy analyzing and share information across government to act on all those threats even faster. today we take the additional step which is why there is a desk here, you were wondering i am sure, and i am citing a new executive order to promote more information sharing about cyberthreat within the private sector and between government and the private sector that will discourage more companies in industries to set up organizations to share information with each other. will call for comment set of standards including protection for privacy and civil liberties so the government can share threat information with these hubs more easily. and it can help to make it

easier for companies to get cyber security threat information they need to protect their companies. i want to acknowledge by the way the companies that are represented here are stepping up as well. the cyberthreat alliance which includes companies like palo alto networks and semantic i going to share more information and did this executive order, companies from apple to intel, banc of america who are going to use the cybersecurity framework to strengthen their own defenses. visa, mastercard, american express and others are going to make their transactions more secure, nations joining companies giving their companies and other weapon to battle identity theft, free access to their credit schoolers and more companies moving to new stronger

technologies to authenticate user identities like biometrics because it is too easy for hackers to figure out user names and passwords like password or 123457. those are some of my previous passwords. i have changed them since then. this summit is an example of what we need more of. all of us working together to do what none of us can achieve alone. it is difficult. some of the challenges i described today have defied solutions for years and i want to say very clearly that as

somebody who is a former constitutional law teacher, somebody who deeply values his privacy and his family's privacy although i chose the wrong job for that but will be a private citizen again and cares deeply about this, i have to tell you that grappling with how government protects the american people from adverse events, at the same time making sure government itself is not abusing its capabilities is hard. the cyberworld is a sort of wild wild west and to some degree we are asked to be the sheriff. when something like sony happens people want to know what government can do about this.

information being shared by terrorists in the cyberworld and attack happens, people want to know, the ways of stopping that from happening. by necessity that means government has its own significant capabilities in the cyberworld but people rightly ask what safeguards do we have against government intruding on our own privacy? it is hard and it constantly evolves because the technology sell-off and outstrips whatever rules and structures and standards have been put in place which means the government has to be constantly self critical and we have to have an open debate about it. we are all here today because we know we have to break through some of these barriers that are holding us back if we are going to continue to thrive in this

remarkable new world. we all know what we need to do, build stronger defenses and disrupt more tax and make cyberspace safer, improve cooperation across the board. this is not just in america but internationally. which also makes things complicated because a lot of countries don't necessarily share our commitment to openness and we have to navigate that. this should not be an ideological issue. that is one thing i want to emphasize. this is not a democratic or republican issue, not a liberal or conservative issue. everybody is on line and everybody is vulnerable. business leaders here want their privacy and their children protected like a consumer privacy advocates here want america to lead the world in technology and be safe from

attacks so i am hopeful that through this forum and the work we do subsequently that we are able to generate ideas and best practices and the work of the summit can help guide our planning and execution for years to come. after all we are just getting started. think about it. tim from his lab in switzerland invented the world wide web in 1989 which was only 26 years ago. the great epics in human history the bronze age, a iron age, agricultural revolution, they span centuries. wearily 26 years into the internet age. we have only scratched the

surface. as they say at google the future is awesome. we haven't even begun to imagine the discoveries in innovations that will be unleashed in decades to come but we know how we will get their, reflecting on his work in the 1960s, the precursor of the internet, the late paul baron said this. the process of technological development is like building a cathedral. over the course of several hundred years new people come along and each lays down a block on top of the old foundations, each saying i built the cathedral and then comes along and historian who asks who built the cathedral? if you are not careful you can con yourself into believing you did the most important part but the reality is each contribution

has to follow upon previous work. everything is tied to everything else. everything is tied to everything else. the innovations on the campus. the first message late of foundation and in the decades since on campuses like this and companies like those that are represented here in new people have come along, each laying down a block, one on top of the other and win future historians ask who built this information age it won't be any one of to did the most important part alone, the answer will be we all did as americans. i am absolutely confident that if we keep at this and keep working together in the spirit of cooperation, like all those innovators before us our work will endure. like a great cathedral for

centuries to come. that cathedral will not just be about technology, it will be about the values we have embedded in the architecture of the system. it will be about privacy and it will be about community and it will be about connection. what a magnificent cathedral all of you have helped to build. we want to be a part of that and we look forward to working with you in the future. thank you for your partnership. thank you. [applause] >> i don't really need to sit down because it is right here.

it is a little formal. i used to do this so everybody gets a pen. i don't need everybody to be out of here. thank you very much, everybody. [applause] >> a look at some reaction from our facebook page. we are asking do you feel safe on line? susan says i don't feel safe but i do not want the government interfering. they messed everything up and make it worse. lee writes cybersecurity is an individual responsibility just as securing your home and car are your responsibility and another government's. you can leave a cottage and see what other people i say that

facebook.com/c-span. >> here are our featured programs for this president's day weekend on c-span networks. on booktv at 9:00 live coverage of the savannah book festival with a nonfiction authors and books on topics like the disappearance of michael rockefeller. disappearance of elephants during world war ii and four women spies in the civil war and at 9:00 p.m. eastern on afterwards senior adviser for president obama david axelrod on his 40 years in politics and american history tv on c-span3 beginning at 8:30, the 100th anniversary of the release of the film the birth of an nation starting with an interview with declare and the showing of the 1915 film followed by a live call-in program, harry jones and dr. declare. sunday at 8:00 on the presidency, george washington portraits focusing on how artist capture the spirit of the first president and through the

paintings. let us know what you think of the programs called 202-626-34 zero 0. and, and at c-span.org or send a tweet to c-span hash tag comments. >> this sunday on q&a film maker thomas allen harris exports how african-americans have been portrayed in photographic images from the time of slavery through today. >> this was based in many ways on the work of debra willis. the groundbreaking book about black photographers and very much aware of this other narrative that is going on as well in which black people were constructed, opposed slavery and before the end of slavery. as something other than human. it was part of the marketing for

photographs and memorabilia and stereotypes. now would be considered passe but in many ways they are still in terms of the way we invite to see ourselves. .. >> as president obama's special assistant and personal aide. booktv continues on monday with all five of the nom