kurdistan. there is power sharing. but there are also still these divisions and systems of nepotism. two sets of security forces, two groups of peshmerga. so kurdistan's democratization is still a work in progress. the fact that the kdp has essentially consolidated governance under its control, under its umbrella has been a positive contributor to stability in iraq and kurdistan. but there's an ongoing process underway for kurds to articulate their desires for rights, for power sharing and for those to be reflected in the laws of iraqi kurdistan and in the quality of their political leadership. a lot of progress so far, but more work to be done. >> okay. i think we have time for one more question. >> hi. my name's --

[inaudible] the role that -- [inaudible] have had in strengthening the iraqi kurdistan? >> you repeat that? >> yes. if you could please comment on the role that exxon, the oil company -- >> exxonmobil. >> yeah, sorry. >> okay. thank you. exxon is one of a number of large international oil companies that have signed exploration and production agreements with the regional government. they did that under threat from baghdad, that they might lose their positions and privilege to develop oil fields in parts of iraq. p.m. ..

they need a banking sector they need to be involved in regional trade, but oil is king, and exxon has played a leading role. >> seems like a good place to leave these things. david, once again, you have given us a comprehensive sweep of the kurdish issue as well as the politics of the entire region. again, the book is o'the kurdish spring: a new map of the middle east."

and here with author david phillips. please join me in thanking him for his insights today. [applause] >> booktv is on twitter and facebook. and we want to hear from you. tweet us twitter.com/booktv, or post a comment on our facebook page, facebook.com/booktv. >> next, booktv presents coverage of the national book critics circle awards from the new school in new york city. the ceremony includes the presentation of a lifetime achievement award for toni morrison and winners in other categories. [applause]

>> good evening to all of you. it's my pleasure to welcome you here today to the ceremony nor publishing year 2014. we're honored to have you join us as we honor the most outstanding work of the past years in six categories fiction, nonfiction, biography, poetry autobiography and criticism. i'd like to extend our gratitude to authors who have joined us as dwell those who help bring their work to our attention, the awards were founded in 1974 out of a conversation that took place at the al gone quinn hotel bay group of critics who wanted to establish awards given by critics. the books that would be considered would come directly from nominations offer bid the critic rewovers. they did a saks job honoring ragtime, self for trait and a convection mirror the edith

warton biography, and the great war and modern memory inch the year since the first awards the nbcc has grope to include 700 member critics from across the country, and the number of judging categories has jumped from four to six. it has also expanded to clue an ex-felonies re -- -- and the sandroff life-time achievement award given to individuals whose work has made a contribution to the world of letters. we are delighted give the balakian award to schwartz and the sandroff award to toni morris sin. john leonard is one of the founding member of the nbcc, a lover of books and writers. that's award is different from the other book prizes chosen by the board inch on of john's democratic spirit the winner of his prize is chosen by a direct

vote of the approximately 700 members of the nbcc. testimony's ceremony this culmination of 12 months of reading a massive number of books in each category discussions, arguments counterarguments, a great number of online meet examination several intense face-to-face meetings. at the beginning of each year the 24 member board divide itself among the awarding category and reads extensively as humanly possible in each of those categories. after the selection of our finalists in january, all 24 board members read every one of the 30 titles. a two-month long marathon tim to the high level of commitment by our board. today we met in a room and argued ore way through each group of finalists. tonight we're proud to nape the recipients of the awards. i'd like to ask all the members of the board to stan so we white recognize you for your efforts. [applause]

>> nbcc board members are elected to three--year terms. several members are at the end of their terms and are cycling off the board and i'd like to recognize them for their work. they are regular bogert to gonzalez, our vice president for awards. probably outside so he probably isn't here. keeping us all organized. steven kellman our vice president for membership and the chair of the sandroff awards committee. and also alex alicia and -- thank you. the nbcc wouldn't exist we without the support of the literary community and couldn't put together or free revented

without the general his of many people and institutions. i'd like too thank the new school university and lewis, the director of the writing program, and laurie, the associate director, who always makes things run so smoothly. we thank the new school for its hospitality in making its facilities available for our deliberations and ceremony. a special thank you also to sarah, our publishist who tireless donates her time to the nbcc, just for the fun of it. [applause] >> thank you to rigoberto who makes creating this event look easy but it's not. i enjoy you -- the reception will be held a block uptown on the second floor. tickets to the reception can be

purchased at the door. the benefit reception is the only event the nbcc holds all year for which we ask a donation and we greatly appreciate your support. so congratulations to all the finalists and thank you for being here. to start things off carolyn kellogg will present the john leonard prize. thanks. as you heard the john leonard prize is awarded through a vote of our 700 members. it's for the best debut work of the year. i keep looking to see if we have a slide? do we have a slide? okay. don't be surprised. it's redeployment by phil klay, whose name is pronounced klee?

-- kly. this book has gotten deserved attention, and one of the great things about the leonard prize is that it was named for john leonard, who was able to look beyond the buzz and find true genius and if you look back at the records of the national book critics circle one of the young writers was toni morrison when nobody else was looking at her work and it is such an honor to find a debut novel of such depth and sincerity, quality and talent as redeployment, by phil klay. and i hope he is here. because i have a plaque for you. [applause]

[applause] >> thank you so much. sorry about the confusing name. i wanted to read just a quick paragraph from one of john leonard's reviews. one sentence but a long sentence. i've edited slightly for length. from susan sontag regarding the pain of others. so there's suffering he writes, and there are cameras and it's possible to worry about the motives of the men and women behind the camera it's possible to worry about whether looking at the pictures they bring bam from the wound as voyeuristic or pornographic, whether such witnessing the more authentic, amateurish exposure to flossies dulls jacks, and

jades, jill, but then again maybe these worries are self-indulgent and besides the point. which should be to think our way past what happened to why. when i started writing my book i knew many things about what happened. stories from veterans, plenty of statistics, history of operations conducted in iraq. of course it wasn't enough. and i started writing and talking to friends both civilians and veterans, trying to dig past what had happened towards something deeper. and one of the great honors and privileges for me publishing this book has been to see my stories responded to not only in terms of whether they have artistic merit or not, not simply whether they deliver laughter or tears or horror or satisfying epiphanies, but also whether they're useful for understanding our present moment acts of interpretation that even when not entirely approving of all the choices i've made further clarified for

me what i was trying to express and what other directions we all might travel as readers. so it's a true honor to receive this award named after one of the great critics whose rye reviews help us understand books and offers and end so with such delight in language and some love nor possibilities of literature. i'd like to thank the members of the national book critics circle and thank those who helped me along the way a. my first readers and editors and teachers. i'd like to thank my wife jessica alvarez my parents, my family in the audience and abroad. i'd like to think eric karen, scott, and everyone who picked up the book. thank you so much. [applause]

good evening. my name is greg barrios and it's been my privilege to serve as this year's balakian chair. the nbbc award the citation for excellence in reviewing each year to recognize outstanding work by a member of the nbcc. the citation is awarded in honor of nona balakian a founding member of the national book critics circle. for the third time in it's 28 year history the balakian citation carries with it a thousand dollars cash prize. generously endowed by nbcc member greg barrios. [applause]

>> by coincidence, the number of entries for this award has increased over the past three years. and i'm pleased to give a shoutout for this year's finalists. they are charles finch, b.k. fisher benjamin moser and lisa rust-sparr. could we have a round of applause? [applause] >> thank you. this year's recipient was a finalist at last year and the nona balakian citation for excellence in reviewing is given to alexandra swartz. she is as an assistant editor at

the new yorker and a regular contributor to the magazine's web site. mer writing as appeared in "the nation." the "new york times" and "the new republic." she was previous lay member of the editorial staff of the new york review of books and before that, lived and worked in france. she grew up in new york city and lived in brooklyn. shoutout for brooklyn. without further adieu, it is my pleasure to work miss schwartz. [applause] >> there you go. >> thank you greg. i was so relieved when i found out a few days ago identity be speaking early in the show so i could get my adrenaline spike

over with right away. then i realized i'm in the unusual position of knowing in advance i'll be standing up here and then i realized the whole situation, the rewover holding forth while a group of writers sweat it out in their sees mimics perversely what i'm up here for. once again the critic gets to think herself on sure ground while the writers squirm, or at least she gets to pretend she does. want to thank the board of the national book critics circle and the members of the balakian committee to be honored bay offor your peers whose peers are a judge for a living a thrill, on the par of seeing my name on the same page of toni morrison. the last time that happened was in my tenth grade american lit class, which not so incidentally what also when i discovered the agony and the ecstasy of writing about books that married to me.

being a critic for me is a way of learning and you have to have the right teachers. i'm grate follow henry signedder, and john pal tall la at the nation who with extraordinary i'd never worked at a magazine before and didn't stop to wonder why anybody would be asking me about that. then it turned out he was doing me to see what i should be reviewing. i wasn't an expert in anything. certainly i one an expert in contemporary russian literature, and so when i got my first assignment to write about a translation of the russian writer short stories i

immediately imagined a russian prefer wearing a dark fur cape and drinking tea from a glass with a sugar cube stuck between his teeth writing a letter to the magazine asking that the reviewer -- the question wasn't as much as whether this would happen as much as how many cape wearing professors there would be so adrew on a tool very dear to me and very dear to many people who write reviews. arrogance. but i'm not talking about bitter arrogance, the time that disstens the egg go and clouds judgment. there's a good arrogance too just like there's good cholesterol. arrogance that bolsters you and allows you to feel your judge might be sound, might -- this where is the reviewer's mind starts warming up and humming -- be even better than sound. you start to see the book's true shape. you start to track the movement

of the writer's mind. you start to feel that you can glimpse the subtle intersection of the writer's intention and the book's effect and i think that's why so many of the metaphor is find myself using for writing criticism involve motion. weeding deeper and deeper into a body of water. walking forward on to a floor,teeing the strength of its boards. where should you put pressure? what are the conceits and ideas that can hold weight? i like the floor metaphor especially because it gives some sense of the next thing that usually happens. just when you have convinced yourself of your own profound rightness, that you understand the book and its author, better than the author does herself, all this useful constructive arrogance, this brash motivating confidence collapses revealing a turmoil of doubt. the thing you have in your grasp slips away and that's as it should be. if the reviewer has a circuit of arrogance she has nothing to learn. too much doubt and she has nothing to teach.

it's the exchange between them, the wrestling with knowing and not knowing that makes a full enterprise of criticism worth whole and necessary. some fun. this is what the reviewers i love do for me. they offer a record of impressions and ideas strong enough to make a serious case flexible enough to allow someone else to make another. a book should be reviewed by many critics and maybe institutions that publish them increased and multiply because a book is a multiple thing, as multiple as its number of readers of it's going to change shape from being read and from being written about. sometimes it's diminished. sometimes it's amplified, butter it's always changed. i doubt that many authors like to think of themselves as feeling intimate with the people who review their work but it's the true privilege of the critic to sometimes experience a profound swim si with the author she is reviewing, huh presumptuous and precious.

the sense of closeness to someone else's mind might by the crucial air began of reviewing and the whole aim of the sport. huge thanks to the authors in this room for allowing to us companiesup to you on that. on the subject of intimacy and learn, a final tip of the hat to my parents who always told me i was 0 too critical. i'm very glad they were right. >> my name is steve ven kellman and for the past few years it's been my privilege to serve as chair of the sandrof committee. the award is named for a founding member of the nbcc, and an honor significant, sustained contributions to american literary culture. during the 33 years in which the award has been presented, we have sometimes honored figures

such as joyce carol oats, alford kazen and letly field her whose achievements have been so obvious that their choice needed no explanation. in other years we have been pleased to call attention to recipients such as bill henderson, dalky archive press and smith, who had not yet received the recognition they richly deserved. this year's recipient of the sandrof award is toni morrison. we honor her accomplishments not only as a novelless and as an editor, not only as a teacher, not only as a teacher not only as an essayist and not only as the only living american rear sippent of the nobel prize in literature. for all of those, toni morrison needs no introduction but she's going to get one anyway. but not from me. to introduce miss morrison i'll

call on another literary eminence who needs no introduction. she was poet laureate oft the united states from 19939 to 1995. and poet laureate of virginia from 2004 to 2006. she is the author of more than a dozen books of poetry a collection of short stories, a novel, and a play. this introducer who needs no introduction, received the pulitzer prize for poetry the national humanities metal, and the national medal of arts as well as 25 honorary doctorates. she is the commonwealth professor of english at the university of virginia. if i were introducing toni morrison's ideal introducer i would mention all of this and much much more. please welcome the gifted, gracious, and generous rita dove. [applause]

[applause] >> thank you. >> goodness. good evening. and thank you, steve ven and the board of the national book critics circle for inviting me to introduce toni morrison as the recipient of this year's ivan sandrof lifetime achievement award. although toni morrison certainly doesn't need an introduction as steven said and there can scarcely be too men i believe celebratory tributes to one of the greatest novelists of our time and the only living nobel lawyer yet in literature. i don't have to rattle offtoni morrison's many accomplish. s and honors to you here today. at book critics and lovers of books you are by and large deeply familiar with her works and this organization was among

the very first to publicly recognize the rising star when in 1977 she received the national book critics circle award for song of solomon. in our age of factual information, cascading from smartphones at the tap of a few buttons you don't need me to remind you of the many titles of our author. the 11 illuminating novels and other works the plays and essays and children's books, and i also assume you wouldn't want me to whittle away minutes here at the podium with a recitation of previous awards although i admit it's tempting to admit such a few such as the 1988 pulitzer prize the 1996 jefferson lecture, the national humanities medal in 2000, the

honorary doctorate from oxford and many others and 2012 presidential medal of freedom. although my personal panoply of grace that literary valhalla i call upon for inspiration is heavily weight in favor of the craft of poetry. toni morse hisson has already commanded a prime seat front and center, are so she is not only a process virtuoso but also a mast over poetic sense buckets her discourse has transformed our perception of the intricate paths to the interior consciousness. be it the thoughts of an illiterate slave or the logic of a fare guilty of insist. of children whose souls have been damaged beyond the reach of pity and women ravaged bay longing so desperate that nothing short of annihilation

will satisfy. of a ghost starved for love a town bent on its own brand of self-preservation. with an extraordinary poet's economy of idiom and her signature elliptical el gasp, toni morrison has probed the crannies of mental illness and the torment of war veterans shattered by the myriad possibilities for sabotage in the world. she has recreated the improve vacational call and response of jazz the seesaw proclivities of obsessive attraction and violence freighted with fear and while bursting upon the literary stage a host of, whichs we adorer readers recognize as familiar and accept in the way of family from the praiseworthy to the quirky to the closeted, she has also subtly and candidly

been at work in fashioning a new grasp of american history. whose many intersecting trajectories take us from the angelo dutch slave trade through the antebellum insappity of southern ray terrible front the migration in the 1920 to the labor pain's the automobile age whose factuallies discouraged a glittering stream of chrome trimmed fantasies from what now called the rust belt cities of the midwest. from the l.a. cosmetics industry to a trailer parked out of town called whiskey, california. a few days after i received the call asking me if i'd like to pay homage to toni morrison continue an undertaking somewhat tantamount to introducing the goddess athena while the looks on with her gray eyes, my husband and i went to a

dance, at our local argentine dance club, tango club and in an attempt to boost everybody's mood in the middle of a dreary, chilly winter, and as a nod to the carnival season everyone was asked to come masked. when we arrived with our facial ware and -- we discovered the masks got in the way of dancing rib gones got tangled and gold braids snagged on feathers and baseball was impaired so -- balance was impaired we wobbled. after a quick confab the young man who asked me nor second set of tangos, newcomer to our town, we decided to ditch the masks and as they sing about the kind of bomb who can ignite an instant violence love america dance partner leaned down and remarked out of the blue that's

some tone y -- toni morrison love. i was struck speechless but by the next day my curiosity hat overwhelmed el my hesitancy so i asked the young man what his first encounter with the books books books of toni morrison had been, his response as eephus and if and grateful. he wrote, i think i was 22 or 23 after college but before grad school. i went interest a book store and had a sort of literary crisis. i felt that so many of the authors on the shelves were creating entire worlds and entire casts of characters that merely served backdrops for the breakdown oft yet another eye. like all these books could be retitled, the day i was sad. [laughter] >> then i picked up beloved.

faith in literature restored. what genius morrison is. think so many novelists are like peacocks with their language flourishing faithers and letting the reader know how smart they are but morseson is able to be conversational and stream lyric at the same time. i wish i had found her work earlier. i want to know why she isn't required reading in all schools. morrison has wisdom in abundance, along with lyrical and story-telling brilliance winder how she does it. then my tango tenancying friend ended with a post script prompted by his wife of just a few months who insisted he tell me this. now my wife wants to tell you about how she battled the dominican oklahoma obsession with aryan features as a teenager and then encountered the blue is eyes in high school. she said morrison gave voice to her dissent and made her comfortable with it.

four decade earlier i fought a similar battle with myself in the strange environment i had chosessen to immerse myself in when i takenned the university of iowa's writers work shop as a graduate student, young poet still trying to locate myself in the thicket of literary tradition i often wandered the stacks are swirling myself into unknown territory. had yet to find myself or at least an image i could identify with in the pages of european and american literature and most books concerned with black america took place by and large either in the teen south or in urban -- the deep south or urban gets gets to. what the experiences and dream of a girl growing up middle class and middle america. was there no room or mirror for me? then one day deep in the bowels of the library i stopped dead in my tracks something hat caught my eye. i wasn't sure what.

there right behind my left shoulder i couldn't shake the feeling that a book was looking for me. since it was spring when such things happen i didn't question the feeling. i simple police turned around. and there it was at eye level bound in black linen with peacock blue lettering, the bluest eye by tonei moyer hisson. the library removed book jackets so there was no indication of what was inside. as soon as i opened the black and began to read i was convinced that toni morrison, whoever she was knew me. my people, and where i came from. akron, ohio one of the industrial towns springed long the smudged neckline of the great lakes. by the time i finished the openings section those three amazing paragraphs mimicking the eerie dead pan of primary school

primers, variations on the american dream gone horribly wrong, i was certain this writer also experienced, is a had, the double consciousness of web due boyces definition that this is a peculiar sensation of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. when i reached the sentence, not even the garden's fronting the lake showed marigolds that year. a wild hope began to stir that maybe, just maybe, she was from the midwest. and 15 pages later came the confirmation i craved. quote, there is an abandoned store on the southeast corner of broadway and 35th street in lower -- lo rain, ohio.

i ban to shiver. my gut response had been right. toni morrison was a home girl. no words can fully express what toni morse hisson has meant to me ever since. as a writer woman, block woman andy,es, a fellow ohioan. she taught me to pay attention to everything without prejudice, for beauty conclude found in the ginger sugar smell liesing from the polluted lake and the fate of an empire can rest on the curve of an eye plow. -- eyebrow. her work has accompanied my honing myself as a writer and woman and huh desthat would be without milkman or -- without toni's wry humor and chastening gaze, he laughter that seems to come straight up from the middle

of the earth. over the years toni morrison and i have met in a numb number of places and times official events, at private gathers, and objects by chance in a hotel lobby in cleveland where we convinced the what are tender so serve one more set of drinks in 1994 at a ceremony in her honor in celebration of her 70th 70th birthday. in both places toni was surrounds by orchids. or orchids, blooms that come in every colorful you can think of, their petals veined like human hands held to the light with a smell as raf veteranning as an ill delegate thought crossing your mind. the light and at the dark side they can make young girls blush

and coax a mona lisa smile from a grown women. these curiously mammalian creatures that seem to live on nothing but mist and air, yet can inspire into breeders a devotion teetering on madness. orchids are the queen bees of the flower world and you better not mess with them. leak the orchids surrounding her then toni morrison seems rooted in the earth and poises ephods flight respend dent and serene most importantly she has woven tallithes beguile even as they leades deeper into the carefully shield psych keys homosapiens deep are than we knew to good. she has given us stories where survival may not mean victory and cruelty may reveal itself as the ultimate tenderness. stories where home is not a

country, especially when the country has never learned to be at home with its own past. and from the midst of those magnificent specimens of art, toni morrison woman mother editor writer critic, nobel professor, mentor friend shines all the more fiercely. so so i thank you, to bei forks you life roz work, past, present, and future, and for your resplen kent example. may you keep on shining. may i present you toni morrison.

[applause] [cheers and applause] [cheers and applause] >> is it on? hello. is this on? yes. rita. that was beautiful. [applause] >> it was beautiful. and true. [laughter]

>> i was sitting there thinking i don't think i can follow that. thank you. it's good to see you. well, here i am. the founding of the national book critic circle in the '70s was a singular idea. the collective intelligence of john leonard, ivan sandrof nona balakian, was not merely unique. it was welcome and it was needed. it was a kind of wild faculty of sorts, dedicated to books and their scrutiny, passionate people eager to laud and reward

the best. and then the years passed and this organization became more than unique. it became necessary. for writers everywhere. now, finally, it's more than unique. and more than necessary. i think it's urgent. the publishing world is in flux. facing new kinds of distribution, book stores are shuttering -- shutting or re-assigning themselves. companies merge to avoid collapse. this is the situation which may

change, but what i know will always be available is the national book critics circle. and i want you to know how delighted and honored i am to join that long and distinguished list of authors and accept this lifetime award. it really means a lot to me. you know, when i published my first novel, the bluest eye the reception was, i'm going to say slight. indifferent. even hostile. it is still very much a popularly banned book.

which i accept because i'm in such good company. well i do remember reading one critic in a -- i guess it was "the new york times." maybe not. i think so. who said some things and then he said, think she writes just to avoid cliche. i thought well, that -- isn't that compliment? [laughter] >> but whatever the point -- [inaudible] -- the novel was not taken seriously. actually not until john leonard

read it. and took it very seriously indeed. and it wasn't about whether he licked it "the bluest eye." it was that he gave it his best judgment on its merit. and i will always be grateful to him. for that. now, i'm not clear what the category was in 1972, when that book was published, whether the category was african-american, black, afro american, but what i too remember that books written by black writers were given their own shelves in book stores just like women's books

or detective stories or what have you. and it was unlikely for my book to be shelved alphabetically. which i so much desired. which is not say authors objected to that convenience or certainly that customers did not appreciate it. it is to say that the same separation existed in the criticism. those were the days when the book of poetry by a black writer, along with a novel by a black writer along with a collection of essays by another black writer, were reviewed together in one article and the reviewer, who was white, could and did decide which among those

three separate genre was the best. and i recall during my days at random house actually choosing, insisting, that books by black writers appear in separate seasons in order to avoid that sad merging of texts simply because of the race of the author. now all or almost all of that has certainly changed now. angela davis' autobiography is no longer compared to gail jones' novel. the collection of short stories, girl've my love is not compared

with huey newtons to die for the people. and happily, muhammad ali's autobiography, "the greatest" is not valued or measured against the" soledad brothers" or george jackson's blood in my eye." james baldwin so far is not paired with august wilson. much of that conflagration and the mixing of onrazz according to races disappeared and the disappearance is primarily due to the labors of literary critics in this organization. now, the national book critics circle has grown and eagerly

faces the challenges and opportunities of contemporary publishing. the challenges of online books and blogs and self-publishing, and ebooks. there are all sorts of new presses, private presses small ones and there's a general move of the newspaper industry's preference for light entertainment and gossip. but so far these don't seem to

have deterred the national book critic circle's agenda and in fact in its expansion. it works even more to confront to alter and to expand the possibilities of publishing. the training of young writers their encouragement and its efforts working within the entire literary community. the list of authors who have been awarded this lifetime award is judicious and it's enenhave iable and i have to say i'm delighted to be among them. thank you. [applause]

[cheers and applause] [applause] [cheers and applause]

>> buenostardes. i'm here to announce the next book award in the category of poetry. the finalist -- by the way in case you don't know me i am the poetry committee chair, rigoberto gonzalez. [applause] >> more importantly the finalists. said jones, copyhouse brass. willy petromo, penguin books. claudia rankine, citizens press. christian weiman once in the west.

and jake york, abide, the southern illinois university press. i will read the citation and then our recipient will be invited up to the stage. the recipient of the national book circle award in poetry is claudia rankine for "citizen." [cheers and applause] the citation: we live in the presence of disparity of trauma of violence in the legacy of a troubled history, and in the disturbing unfolding of an unsolved present. how does this feel really to

ourselves and inner selves. this -- which can equally be read as prose poems or microessays which map the uneasiness and charred spaces of today's most pressing conversations about race gender, identity and class. it's explorations are at once critical and enormous compassionate and our anxieties. his book, about black in about whiteness, speaks to current events and insists on tracing imaginaries and challenges to us reframe our culture and political climates so we can have finally those uncomfortable dialogues that have been keeping our communities in conflict. for its unparalleled frankness and fire the national book critic circle award in petri goes to "citizen" by claudia rankine. [applause]

>> that's good. i am so honored to be here. it was an honor to be nominated. and i thank the poetry committee. i thank the national book critics circle award. when i was working on this book i had a song in my head and it went --" this is not a story to pass on. so to have toni morrison here today, seems like one of those gifts that somebody else is in control of.

the collages -- said that there are all kinds of people and they will help you if you let them. so i would like to thank graywolf press for being their own kind of family. they helped me take this book through chemo, through radiation, through a difficult period in my life, and yet i knew that with their help i could bring into the world the thing i wanted. so i can't thank them enough for their patience their guidance jeb shotts, katy aaron and ed

and fiona. thank you so much. [applause] >> i also want to thank two of my deer friends who are here tonight, not accidentally. i think all writers need readers. you need those people who will argue with you about a comma. and for me those people are sarah and katherine. so thank you. [applause] i'd also like to thank allison for organizing all my time in terms of visiting schools, and being able to take the discuss of citizen public in a sense.

so thank you. and lastly, i want to thank the unthankable. my husband and my daughter, john lucas is the collaborator everybody needs and wants, and i have him. and lulu lucas she is -- she is. she is. so thank you to both of you. and thank you all. thank all the critics for all the support that "citizen" has got and i thank all the people who went to the libraries and book stores and passed it on. thank you. thank you. [applause]

[cheers and applause] >> good evening. i'm walton, the chair or the criticism committee and here are the finalists in that category. abyss, inoculation. geeks sublime. the beauty of code. to the coat of beauty.

[applause] in the recipient in criticism for 2014 is "the essential ellen willis." [cheers and applause] "the essential ellen willis" rounds out our understanding of a mag said thinker and writer. this career on the this includes

essays about feminism radicalism, judaism, child rearing, aids, drugs and terrorism. usually resend, beautifully written and rate. the essential "the essential ellen willis" presents the full sweep of a life full spent and well argued. no of the willis annan awaits come out please come out. [applause] >> thank you. this is really cool. people are within the words don't matter, but this is really cool. thank you so much. i'm honored to be here for my mom, especially since she had another book -- another collection i put together nominated in 2012 and this feels

very different. i guess what i want to say if it has been a real gratifying experience to see that her influence has actually been growing since she died. i know that it's kind of a kind of acting kind of a thing that has to come sort of posthumously, but it has been amazing to see and that was the next acted. even yesterday, i just have to agree sitting next to millington monday at the reading and she turned to me afterwards and said i was your monster to. i always have those moments where people come up to me and say in some way she's influenced them and it's really beautiful. i guess i'm not the author comes i will not go through all the things, that thank you to doubt our motto from university of minnesota who is a great editor

on this for an editor of my editing and meredith kassel who sold the book into my dad, my dads family who has trusted me with all of her work from the decades. thank you. [applause] >> good evening. i'm tom chair of the committee and i'm thrilled to present did not in an list of finalists category of autobiography. blake bailey, the splendid things to plan, ww norton & co. [applause] rows chaffed can we talk about

some of them are pleasant? from bloomsbury. lacey m. johnson, the other side. [applause] gary stein incurred from random house. and alina toumani there was and there was not for metropolitan books. and the national book critics circle award for autobiography goes to browse chasse forget we talk about something more pleasant. [applause] in the early 2000, ross chasse began the extremely difficult process of caring for elderly parents. in her revelatory, pitch perfect

and often hilarious graphic memoir, can we talk about something more pleasant, she masterfully captures her kaleidoscopic array of emotions. the author's trademark style is on full display but this book is much more than just a collection of cartoons. humor and pathos intermingled freely and is never macchia sure overly sentimental. she is understandably distraught and unafraid of air in her own shortcomings. in the last few pages of the book she showcases pencil drawings of her dying mother, a fitting understated closing frame to a story that although universally relatable has rarely been as powerfully rendered. thank you. [applause] [cheers and applause]

>> wow. thank you so much. i can't tell you how completely surprised im besides the fact i did write this thing out. but i was so sure that i actually said to my agent on the phone today at the lives of my tupac harris on the fact that wasn't going to win. and now i don't know what i am going to do. so we will have to hope they don't understand english. [laughter] anyway first of all thank you so much.

the arthur one-sided graphic novels are not traditional in literature but that does not mean they are second-grade. images are way of writing when you have the talent to write and draw and it seems a shame to choose one. it's better to do both. thank you to the national book critics circle for understanding is acceptable and sometimes preferable for some industrious pictures as well as words to tell a story. i wrote this book as i was afraid that i did not start to forget. not to stuff it happen, but memories of my parents, how they sounded what they looked like, what they ate, with a war. sometimes images did. thank you to everybody of bloomsbury. i specifically would like to thank my brilliant editor and

friend who is more helpful than she possibly could have known in putting this post together. i will think murray coleman, director of publicity who will keep me on track and george gibson, the publisher has been a great friend and supporter. thank you to my agent for being in my corner. i'd also like to thank the author of "the new yorker" for publishing a 12 page excerpt or paper real estate is not like the internet, which is pretty infinite. thank you to my husband bill who embarrasses me on a daily basis. most of all want to thank my parents elizabeth and george who mistook his dedicated. thank you for being part of me and letting me be an artist and a writer. i hope somehow they are where the service touch many people. thank you very much. [applause]

>> hello. i am maryanne quan, chair of the biographies. we made the big bucks. the finalists for this year's national book critics circle biography prize are ezra greenspan, william wellspring an african american lives, ww norton. fc flynn, rebel yell the violence, passion and redemption of stonewall jackson. [applause] not pilgrimage of the flash. debbie debbie norton. ian mcnabb and literature a

life of james laughlin, publisher for our strauss andrew. [applause] mary ann powell, the crusades of cesar chavez, a biography. william sperry. [applause] the recipient of this year's national book critic biography prize is john mayer [applause] and i'll read the citation. john mayer brings fiber opposed on a critic ackerman to his biography of one of the grace of the 20th century american theater.

they must be in theatrical strokes. his is not a scholar, a dry biography by a deep reading of the notebooks as well as interviews with friends and collaborators is a gloriously flourish subtitle. the words are williamstown suggests williams, the useful quest of knowledge, the blur of alcohol and jackson at later years the book is that hard a psychological study probing how the playwright refashion his life experience is and psychological states into great dramatic works such as the glass menagerie, a streetcar named desire and cat on a hot tin roof. laura identifies an artistic reverting the subject of a time

that seems rare in today's commercial theater. until his last breath sources weren't clamorous battle. to feel needed and salvation. congratulations to john marr. [applause] >> lars tends to want to get on the stage early and take a long time getting off. tennessee williams had a great dane. he said make voyages, it can send. there is nothing else and he was right. this has been a 12 year voyage for me. it has been enormously

interesting and impossible to make without a lot of people coming along for the adventure. a few of them are here tonight. my superb patient george who has been my friend and counselor for 30 years. my expert editor at norton, john glassman who has really piloted this book and martial date and nurtured it and the whole team at norton who this is my first time publishing have really given me a beautiful object, which in the end it's all one has. i love what they've done. they are caring concern has been as much as mine.

finally, because it was such a long journey, my editor at "the new yorker" 15 years made sure that i didn't say off the end of the earth and a thinker as well. when you get to be my age, which is 73, every time you read a book it feels like the last of the ninth that you are at that. it is a good look at the ball and the cleanest thing. i made a good connection. i hope it's not a walkoff home run, but it feels like i had. thank you so much. [cheers and applause]

>> good evening. i am carrying long. it was my share pleasure to share nonfiction this year. the finalists are david brion davis for the problem of slavery in the age of emancipation. [applause] peter fenn and pitcher cuvée for the juggle affair, the kremlin the cia and the battle over forbidden book [applause] elizabeth colbert, the sixth distinction, an unnatural history henry holt and company. thomas pickett t. for capital in

the 21st century translated from the french by arthur goldhammer. actor towbar for deep down dark, the untold stories of 33 men buried in a trillion mine and the miracle that set them free. the recipient of this year's national book circle award in nonfiction is the problem in the emancipation. [laughter] and forceful prose, the problem of slavery in the age of emancipation undermines mythology away supremacy, black savagery and black victimhood.

the culmination of 50 years research, david asks us to realize the abolition of slavery in the new world represents a crucial landmark of moral progress that we should never forget unquote. this excellent study compels us to draw concentric wing from tucson to blow the chair and frederick douglass and william wells brown to the human rights movement burgeoning in america today. wendy strassmann will ask that for david ryan davis. [applause]

>> david brion davis is ill and would've given these words if he could have been here tonight. today the third i'll enough my problem with slavery trilogy has won the national book critics circle award brings back and reinforces the excitement i felt 48 years ago when the first volume when the pulitzer prize for nonfiction. 48 years. i'm deeply moved by the extraordinary prestige of this award and unconscious of the competition i faced from for outstanding works of nonfiction. since the second volume of the trilogy won the national book award and the bancroft prize it is throwing the third volume has today won the national critics circle award. i send my deepest appreciation to all those involved. thank you.

[applause] >> good evening. my name is mark at pakistan has been my great privilege for the past year to serve as the chair of the nbc fiction committee, which has arrived at these five stellar finalists. robbie allen again, unnecessary women. [applause] marlin james a brief history of seven killings. [applause] willie king euphoria. [applause] shame really, such a false lead riverhead. marilyn robinson, "lila."

[applause] in the recipient of this year's award in fiction is a sad six by marilynn robinson. [applause] marilyn robinson fills the third novel in her trilogy with glorious language shot through with light and grace. ps yes but we are brave she right and wild. more light in nothing we light in a thinly conveyor. the fire unfolding itself and us. robinson offers us yet another miraculous and momentous american portrait. no one writes so simply have profoundly of our yearnings and struggles, troubling doubts and grateful affirmations of the good when we encounter at last. congratulations. [applause]

>> well, i am not marilynn robinson. i'm jonathan lasky and i know maryland will be utterly thrilled to receive this award. very grateful to you all and very admiring of the other nominees. thank you all very, very much. [applause] >> thank you all for joining us this wonderful evening.

you hope you'll join us on 13th street for the receptionist and as we can get there. goodnight. [applause] [inaudible conversations] >> mark goodman, senior adviser to enter paul talks about how criminals corporations and governments are using technology to disrupt the lives of people around the world. it is next on booktv. [inaudible conversations]

>> hello everyone. i'm glad to see all of you here tonight. what an impressive on its rear hosting gig or a world-renowned authority on a series of topics that affect all of us no matter what industry you are in cybercrime. i am barrie moskowitz of the business school of new york here before introducing our speaker that to to begin by introducing a moderator and teacher. teacher anchors for a national news channel in new york. prior to her career in broadcast television, she worked for the bank, ibc and ernst and young. as young. facp a graduate of harvard business school. welcome. chitra. our featured speaker for this evening, mr. marc goodman. mark is a graduate and

consultant focused on the impact of advancing technologies on security, business and international affairs. in addition, mark founded the future crimes and to do and educate others on security and risk implications of newly emerging technologies. since 1999 mark has worked extensively with interpol where he's the singer either to the steering committee on information technology crime. in this capacity, marcus train police forces throughout the world and has chaired numerous interpol expert groups on next-generation security threats. mark holds degrees from harvard university and the school of economics. in his newest book "future crimes," provides an insight into technological innovation and unintended consequences of the world. i'm sure we'll find out more as the evening unfolds.

before we begin take a moment to silence her cell phone. if you do not do yourself, mark me do it for you. also, please note that this event is being recorded by c-span. during the q&a there will be a microphone located in the center aisle. these are not your name before speaking. we are also pleased to announce we have copies of the book right off the press available for sale right outside the conference room. thank you so much. please join me in welcoming mark [applause] >> how is everybody feeling? wow that is pretty perky. i have not asked twice. how many of you work in technology specifically in cybersecurity for security. punk per knowers?

financial services. select the second row. be proud. >> kennedy school? harvard undergrad. what are you most curious about on this topic? [inaudible] [inaudible]

[inaudible] thank you. briefly. >> one more. so we will start and then drill into some of these issues you talked about. companies and technologies on the forefront specifically. some of the risks and issues you talked about, both operationally and reputational. big picture pie-in-the-sky and drill down. mark, what does the future of

crime and cyberterrorism look like? >> while, but a cocky question. completely unprepared for that. the future of crime. it looks somewhat like today, but it also looks quite different the bad guys have always been quite good at it that the non-purposes. if you go back to chicago gangland, murderers, the 1930s those gangsters have cars while the cops are still on and on foot. like today when i was a young police officer we saw bad guys drug dealers on the street corners carrying pagers and cell phones back in the days when doctors were the only people that had pagers and they're kind of like the five-pound brick phones. i see some young people in the

audience. you couldn't talk on it but it would be. it was a start. i saw three thoughtful judge others carrying pagers and i guess they were in the pharmaceutical industry. i sat there something going on here. i got involved early on in my career. i started telling the story of how that happened. and then it went on and on. every new technology came out. the bad guys were right there, ready to go. research and development departments. they have a $5 million budget for trying to figure out how to get drugs made with said they are indeed a higher phd. there is a school aviation and

mexico is very premier school, but the drug dealers recruiting aviation engineers for the purposes of the drove her to hope that on is provided official is a internet, big data. there will be a crime spot ready for of them. >> what are the top three threats you can think about right now? >> i would start out at the societal level and worked on from there. the big single thread that i see is that we fired the world, but we fail to protect it. we are good at connecting rings to the internet. internet protocols are set up to do that quite well. security will figure out later. i guess the broad overall threat recedes we cannot protect the things we have online today and we are running full speed ahead to protect more stuff.

it's never been built. there's never been a system somebody couldn't figure out. our desktops, laptops, smartphones. they are information technologies. and out of mobile, something that is to be a mechanical device is not computer you writing. 250 microchips that control everything from the brakes to the airbag to the radio station. and it's a demonstration of this on 60 minutes. an elevator is a computer you writing. an airplane as a computer client and a pacemaker is a you implanted in your body. arkansas and the founder of netscape famously said software is feeding the world.

whenever object transforms things that were never possible before suddenly become hot bubble. >> let's be more specific. i interviewed -- the microphone is not on? [inaudible] >> won't be the first time tonight. >> said this one was sent -- apologies.

>> if you want to do the intro. >> how is that? better? thank you. getting into -- let's go a little more deeper. a few months ago i interviewed the ceo of fire i which is a company that works on cybersecurity. he was talking about the countries that are breakdowns and cyberattacks are united states, south korea, canada. so when you think about those three countries, what are they specifically under attack in what area? where the three biggest threat that governments are dealing with? >> you know, i understand clearly you're asking for three specific things and then we'll talk about what they might be.

>> i want folks even myself to really understand. cytosolic comes a nasa how we break it down into something tangible that companies government have prepared better. and opportunities. >> will definitely get into opportunities for startups. by the canada and south korea be of the greatest victims were cybercrime. given the idea? >> if you think we have a lot of technologies, look at south korea. they are light years ahead of us in their internet and percentage of their population. they have a very strong technology culture.

a very strong gaming culture. you might go to a hockey game or a knicks game. they are stadiums filled with airplane video games across from each other. nightly news is talking about lineage wonder lineage two. of course they face a non-friendly neighbor to the north i believe it is which is very differently connect it to the internet. it is an asymmetric threat. the more technologically advanced you are the more you can be subject to attack. this was a concern during the invasion of afghanistan at the u.s. government, which they developable cyberarsenal, but they don't have electricity. this is an overstatement. thus the reason those countries are there. they'll happen to to be economically well-off countries. >> in response, howard

governments trying to respond to this? >> poorly. very, very poorly. one of the reasons we created nationstates, we have very clear border systems. this is the territory of the united kingdom and south korea. the internet protocol of that. the role brought together to be of service to his people at the federal level in this country and others for the purpose of national security has been broke in in the internet age. we have organizations of the u.s. government. army, navy, air force, marines for protecting national borders. they've been doing it for centuries. what does that look like in cyberspace? nobody really knows you systems of controls customs immigration, air traffic

control all of that stuff doesn't work on the internet. they are struggling to figure out what it looks like. branches of government protect us both from the national security is and also the domestic level from in-line fours new perspective or completely program and they have good ways to respond. i will talk about on the policing side. if you had a bank robbery here in manhattan in times square. a guy walks in walks out of the back of many. what do we know about that crime? is a c-span edition here. what you know about the crime? in another criminal was physically present in the city of new york midtown south has jurisdiction. the fbi will be involved. we know the victim was in new york city. bairstow jurisdiction mayor. we know there may have been

evidence left behind because of fingerprints, dna, photographs at the scene. those were the good old days. now the crime in el salvador or someplace halfway around the world. we have very little evidential trails to follow up on. i experienced this myself when i was a police officer. if i identified a suspect at the police department the suspect was coming from paris for example. you know how hard it is to get evidence? it relies upon legal assistance treaties. i had to fill out a form that went to my chief detective l.a. county sheriff, department of justice and the fbi to the state department who would give it to the french home office. mr. justice to give it to the parisian police. the whole process was a two-year process to find out who the

owner was. we have technical people of the ideas. does it take two years? it takes about two seconds. the systems are fundamentally mismatched and from a public policy legal perspective, regulatory perspective, we've got nothing on the horizon to sort this out. nothing interested interesting. >> what is the solution? what are the agencies? what are the specific groups lobbying -- rallying to get the right action when a separate action? it's a combination of domestic response as well as working internationally. >> the challenge on the national security front endline forstmann is your government is pretty much responsibility over this and i don't think it's something the citizens realize. if you came home got her bigger house or burglarized.

you will call the cops and they will show up. but then not detect is a major fingerprints, look for bad guys. if you call the n.y.p.d. and say that a virus. from the police car immediately. i hate to disappoint you, but they coming. everybody shows up in knots not what happens on the internet. law-enforcement has excluded itself. you hear periodically about wanted suspects. it is 110000 of the crimes committed pends up in a prosecution in any way. hussein a response to the cyberthreat has been mostly to build offensive capabilities. if you guys have heard about guy called snowden who took install

documents and release them and suggested the united states government was quite expert with cyberoperations. but most folks may not realize is the nsa's dual headed. the primary agency in the united states that is responsible for cyberprotect borders if you will. you have in organization, an agency that schizophrenic. let's say part of the nsa discovers a bug if you may have heard of the infinite. it's a part of their certificate. when we log on. it turns out it's been vulnerable for years. the nsa knew about it. they could've put out a notice to our american citizens and say hey, tension people, we have a problem. update your browser. another part of the nsa said we can use this operationally and

go after bad guys. that's exactly what happened. the offensive part is winning over the defensive part which is like a kind of underground of my companies are very wealthy people because the opportunities are tremendous. i want you to understand your government is not doing much at all here. >> on that front you talk about other companies. who are the companies and technologies at the forefront of fighting cyberattacks? >> how many of you use antivirus on your computer? i hate to disappoint you but i read about this and future crimes. there was a study done of 40 different antivirus vendors. what they said is they look at what their success rate was at detecting new viruses. they ran a bunch of new viruses to 40 different antivirus

vendors. turns out it is 5%. 5% of new viruses are detected by software i'm antivirus software. weeks and months later after everybody subject did. they have a 5% success rate. future crimes save her own immune system works like an antivirus program would be dead in 24 hours. that's not a good response rate. all of those legacy players in the same way we saw a brand-new startup like google and apple, we see the same thing right now the first-generation one of the largest is now broken down into two separate companies. one on big data analytics and the other on security. even security researchers about one of the most respected

researchers in the world who runs an antivirus comes any and said publicly the antivirus is over. what are those new companies? fire i was at the forefront. another company called crowd strike and they are more of a services perspective. you need to understand who the winners are going to be by analyzing technology. people from the financial services industry analyzed trends all the time. particularly for the entrepreneur. we can talk about security in the future. today it's a services problem in a sense. say your company gets hacked. you thought a ceo i have a chief information officer. these guys are protect the mean and if anything happens, they will take care of it. you need only look at jpmorgan

chase blue cross, target, home depot, heartland payment systems and on and on to see the system does not work particularly well. the companies that jpmorgan chase, fairly well resourced can solve this problem we have a real problem. here's why. it has a lot to do with the human factor. if you think technology will solve your cybersecurity problems you don't understand technology and you don't understand security. many of these problems come down to the human or not is something really broken. often where the hands that the keyboard that the problem occurs. if you get an e-mail from the nigerian friends that says congratulations. you are the one person on west 46th street that i really trust from the nigerian ministry of energy and you buy into that.

that's not a technological problem. there is a name for it. they call it picnics. tech support people call a picnic had problem in chair nodding computer. so there is a picnic problem. even beyond that in massive dysfunction between the i.t. shops of any organization and its users. think about the term. people call you users. who else calls their customers the users clicks drug dealers. drug dealers refers to customers they think everything is a picnic issue. so the systems are designed for geeks by geeks. who's had a software firewall on their computer? a pop-up that says somebody. a lot of a lot of those say things like this. warning, extreme danger.

dlo is requesting access to this. do you wish to proceed? right? [laughter] that is not particularly useful. fire house, earthquake. and they are not useful. one of the things that called for is a johnny isakson security. if you think about all the beautiful products in this world. apple telephones rolex watches, what do they all have in common? beautiful design. there is no human centered design. so it's really a problem. they come up with policies that say your password needs to be 67 digits long. b. lower case contain a high q.

even if you didn't go to high school in indonesia. and they wonder why people take little stickies and put it on their screen. i think it is a services issue. there's this whole human element denny's be dealt with. >> what does that human centered design look like? let's go with that. >> i think it is a work in progress. i do think anybody has a clear idea. think about how beautiful the design interface looks like and then think about what most products are. if we took like hackers cybergeeks and paired them with the design team at apple, and certainly could come up with something much, much better. that means the scale in the corporate level. we would talk about companies having problems.

one third of all security products purchased by a company that cost millions of dollars are never used. they are called shelfware. they buy them because we need to have it but they don't have the time to set it up. we've got other things. so one third of the tools purchased are not even used. >> a lot of issue is where the human needs the keyboard. the woman with five credit card since last summer. what about target? it was a cybercriminals. not all the consumers. so when you talk about human hitting the keyboard you >> in that case it was how target ended up getting were the key is that the keyboard on the corporate side. i'll take people through that. i think you get an idea of what's going on.

trying to get a warrant for evidence. the problem is even worse in the following regard. the bad guys have automated attacks in the good guys have been a terrible job of automating defenses and i'll take you through that. the attack occurred who's a victim of that? americo harbour club. not to many target shoppers here. but there were over 100 million people that were victimized in that attack. one third of america was the victim of a crime which was perpetrated by 17-year-old kids in moscow. how is that carried out? not because the kid was a master hacker but because the software committed crime. one of the key things i talk about than most folks don't realize is crime is increasingly committed by commuters, not

people. i'll go with m.'s software and artificial intelligence. that is why we see a scale to the level that it does. the old days at the master hacker drinking red bull come the stain of three days in a row. though happens, but it's mythology. the kid b. $2000 for a piece of software in the software send phishing e-mails. he sent an e-mail to a company that was part of the target network. >> everybody knows what phishing is? >> when you get an e-mail that lands in your inbox and says hi this is bank of america security team. click here and change your password. don't do that. it's a trap. be aware. be afraid. don't be afraid but be aware. it was a phishing e-mail, a

spear phishing e-mail. spearfishing is targeted just for you. the bad guys to run your network. they've gotten so much sophisticated language. in that target case was the point of sale terminal. does anyone know how the hackers added to the sales terminal? it was feared the air conditioning. castro the obvious. here's what happened. turns out that target outsource all of the hvac operations to a third-party contractor. a third-party contractor manage

the air conditioning and heat at all target essentially across the united states. one guy has a keyboard, gets an e-mail, clicks and ends up infecting the corporate computer he was on. which one is connected to the heating and air-conditioning system which was connected to the target contractor. which was connected to the point of sale. it's not a coincidence by the subtitle of my book is everything is connected. rethink my laptop is secure. something that has security. those are the weak machines.

there's no need to pick on this guy. they will use the easiest way to get into your network. to your point >> each one is unique. sometimes it is many companies now to bring their own mobile phone. your kids use it to do homework and sometimes they download it that is riddled with viruses and gets on your machine. the point i want to make about target is that attack was not carried out by a cybergenius hacker. it was software written by a cybergenius hacker who now has a new business model and its business model is to sell criminal software. the same way adobe would sell photoshop, there are companies

that sell primark, criminal software. the whole thing is automated. when i was working with interpol, we were birkin rio de janeiro at a separate crime case then we saw the criminals with dvds, which without for pirated movies. we found it were pirated movies. in fact, it was crime were. the software they had with identity theft software they were selling to lower-level use without a computer background. the fascinating thing about it is their business models. if you bought crime where, the more you buy, you got a discount. with every piece of software the criminal organization sold, we guarantee 85% of her stolen credit cards will work or your money back. i favor parties they have an 800

number for technical support. you could call up and say in trying to commit identity theft and it's not working. they'll say sir have you tried rebooting your computer? other business models on the criminals are adapting, modifying to their benefit. crime is committed by software. that is the fundamental issue going on here. crime used to be a one on one affair. if i was a criminal, whether in the bronx, harlem, doesn't matter where. if i wanted to rob people of get a knife or gun hide an hide and alenia for somebody to say stick them out. it is a great career. it's awesome. make your own hours. what is the problem with that business model? what is your scalability plan? how does this scale? that plan didn't scale. a new technology helps criminal

scale their business and also locomotive. somebody invented a train. now he can you train robberies and route 200 people at a time. now with the internet we've seen one individual able to rob 100 million people. that is a paradigm shift in crime. it's never possible one person to rob 100 million of anything, let 1,100,000,000 people simultaneously. crime has become automated. that is why we have this problem. >> there is no solution? >> there are solutions but it doesn't like anything like the solutions proposed today. we are doing very well on offense. we are doing really bad on defense. we would certainly be handicapped. there's lots of solutions and steps that outline future

crimes. an example of the problem and the thinking government. you guys went to the business school and i may communists went to the kennedy school and public policy guy and i'm coming out here talking about government and its limitations. this is not a problem that government will solve. that is when they need to do it hand-in-hand. nonprofit ngos. we produced a hardware movie in seth rogen. so they decided to go ahead. president obama said we need to do something about this.

and i listen right intently. a 600 word speech. there's iraq, syria, its monetary policy, lots of things to be dealt with. ..

>> now, that said, to be hopeful -- and i end on a hopeful note because i would like to think of myself as optimistic right? we've solved big problems before right? going back to world war ii, we faced an existential threat from germany getting a nuclear bond. how did we respond to that? we created a manhattan project. we gathered 120,000 people in the united cupping.com, canada -- king.com, canada, to develop a bomb before the germans could. and the takeaway point is that the big difference between those people that faced an existential threat if -- threat from a nuclear blast and from the mass manipulation of technology is that they were serious about the threat before them, and we are not. and the president is not. and cong