se] [applause] >> that is a while. mr. speaker leaders mcconnell, reid, pelosi, my friends the senators, other distinguished members of the house and senate floor reverend tom mullins, you've always inspired our family command we appreciate you being here today. jim nance great friend for many years. enjoyed working with you. you are the best. the osu marching band, a little larger last him aside. abcaseven thank you all for being here. much appreciated.

so many family friends friends and business that if the time out of their busy schedules to be here today. i am i am humbled. and a special thanks to my son, jack who who i don't know if i we will get through this, but i do not have the words to say thank you for what you said from your heart on behalf of you and your family and our family. it is fantastic. two and a half years ago i had the privilege to be here to say words about my good friend, arnold palmer. what a privilege it was to be here that day. you have been a great friend and will continue to be so.

my son was about six years old and someone asked him for what does your dad do? he said, nothing, he just plays golf. abcaseven and golf. [laughter] and i did just play golf. my parents families came over from europe. hard-working families and living the example of the american dream. my mother's father worked on the railroad command he was a conductor. my father's father was a boilermaker. one day my grandfather took my dad and two brothers down to where you was working on boilers well over 100 degrees in miserable. boys, i want you to see this

because i never want you to have to do this unless you make a better life for yourself. from that one of my was became a dentist. our father and his brother became pharmacists. [applause] my father owns several drugstores in and around columbus the 1st of which was on the campus of ohio state university. we lived there on the campus safe to say i was destined to be a buckeye. when i was six my father was a multi sport athlete. i will never forget the image of the folks carrying my father into the house, a large man who played football. his 1st diagnosis was a sprained. in in those days they did not have the sophistication.

four years later they decipher that he broke it in four places and had to have it fixed. took up golf again. i was ten years old. he took me with him. every few holes he would stop and i would hit some shots. that is when i was introduced to my line -- lifeline teacher and mentor, jack brown what a great man. that is when i began i began to play golf. my father never sacrificed so much for me the opportunities to pursue my career but the same thing can be said for my sister sitting here today. as my only sibling i think she get the short end of the stick but has been as supportive as any family member or friend can be. [applause]

using golf is a vehicle my father taught me valuable lessons among them workmanship, honesty, and integrity. i learned to handle success and deal with adversity. my dad said the most important thing in sports is to be gracious in victory and sincere and defeat. when someone plays better than you can beat you and you shake the person sending mean it. my father taught me to treat others as i would want them to treat me. it is simplistic and sometimes it is. got to no quite well by saying you should never be proud of doing the right thing. you should just do the right thing.

i have honestly and completely been humbled to be here today and then floored to be standing here. when you look at the past recipients the wright brothers, to winston churchill, so many more. in 1973 the 1st now seven athletes have now been honored. joe louis and i believe his son there is a theory the lovely area. is that right? [applause] jackie robinson, icons that i had the privilege to meet, men who transcended sports

by crossing racial and cultural barriers, fighting for racial discrimination and sacrificed so much. so the other three athletes honored were to be golfers. the great byron nelson and my good friend arnold palmer and now me. [applause] i think that speaks volumes about the game we are so proud to be associated with. i hope that you agree we just play golf, and we enjoy it and love it. being here in washington standing in the rotunda watching the presentation of colors you cannot help but

swell with nationalistic pride think of and thank our military men and women. i was married when the 1st of our five children were was told i would be exempted i am blessed to serve those who have. being involved has allowed me to fully understand and appreciate what they have sacrificed and continue to sacrifice everyday. as a friend likes to remind me the 1 percent to defend the freedom of the other 99 and is nothing free about freedom. no matter how divided our country seems, one thing has not fractured or weekend, our countries respect and admiration for military men and women. our game has our game has opened it's hard to those who have served our nation golf has been a wonderful outlet for men and women of our military returned from combat, many of whom are disabled fort belfour right

here in washington dc. countless stories of how golfers help veterans transition into the mainstream, and the healing powers of golf have given the soldier's purpose soldiers purpose and help them regain their lives and happiness. i have seen i have seen veterans of war on the verge of taking the lives. i have i have been inspired by those who have lost arms and legs for have a sense of a sense of worth and peace of mind through our game. as vietnam as vietnam that and double amputee jim martinson once told me if you cannot stand up and the standout. these wretched and played for real. i just play golf. when i 1st began playing the game professionally i had a strong desire to play internationally.

i wanted to live the rest of the world, but at the same time, i wanted the rest of the world to learn about this great game. i played the game wherever i can and try to design courses where the game can be played. we we are proud of our company has created and introduce the game and 39 countries, but using golf is a vehicle i have the fortune opportunity to meet leaders in many countries as well as those of our own nation are fortunate to meet seven us presidents and further blessed to play golf with three of them. i will never forget that a pres. ford called me and asked me if i would play golf down and discuss the pres.'s position on nafta. really? i really? i just play golf, remember? throughout my career i was lucky enough to make more birdies in the next guy. because of that and for other reasons i have an audience and people occasionally listen to me.

that humbles me. that humbles me beyond words and provides me a window to how amazing our game is a crossing borders, connecting cultures, and bridging generations. five five years ago this month i traveled to morocco for a trip to see how we could use the game of golf to enhance the efforts of the country. i was i was to meet a crown prince. little did i no that rather than a meeting, a meeting his royal highness instead had plans to play golf. here i was dressed in khaki's, boat shoes, khakis boat shoes, and playing with borrowed clubs. we played nine holes. i was not a soul on the course, and it was immaculately maintained. we had a we had a wonderful round, and later that night we gathered in the palace. what i found out truly moved me. the crown the crown prince's father was an avid golfer who love the game. the king had died 11 years

earlier. a favorite of father and son, and no golfer had stepped foot on this golf course in 11 years since the king's death, yet it was maintained every day just in case. on that day the course was finally played again because the crown prince wanted to make that connection to his father's legacy. we just play golf but for so many others it is so much more. for millions of people golf does so much more. many of you know this but it bears repeating. the the game of golf has given or back to charity than all other sports combined. golf generates more than 4 billion in charity giving which almost all goes outside the game. please allow me to take a moment to congratulate commissioner tim pynchon and other members of the pga tour.

last year at the tour generated a record 130.5 million charitable donations taking the total money raise the history to 2.14 billion. [applause] we just play golf. boy, are we proud that we do. if i can get through this last part here. the last thing has nothing to do with the game of golf but everything to do with why am standing here today. on the back of the gold-medal there are six stars. five represent my children, and there is one larger singular star that represents my wife barbara. i am not going to get they're. but, yes but yes success is all about timing and perhaps never more never

more so than the game of golf. i can golf. i can say with conviction my timing was never better than that september day -- i have said this before outside the lab on the campus of ohio state. apple to have after a couple of weeks she worked me into her schedule, and we began dating. [laughter] i have dogs for years the question about what victory is most important or memorable yet i don't know if i've ever had a more important victory or more memorable one then when my wife married me on july 3 1960. [applause] were not for barbara i would have been just another golfer. people people have asked me to quantify or importance in my career.

i would have to say she is responsible for at least 15 major championships. i'll give myself credit for three. i am proud of what i have been able to accomplish in my career and life command the good thing about being 75 is if anything i may not likely be proud was before it was the internet invented this metal we will not hang around my neck. if it were not for the importance of barbara not long after we were married an incident happened where our daughter at that time we decided if we were going to give back it would be for children. that became a priority. all the while she has been the guiding light of everything we have tried to accomplish. her her driven to gathered vision, drink, and her reality that the healthcare

foundation has the ability to touch the lives of children all over the country. barbara always says that children of the root of the heart but she is truly the heartbeat of everything we have done. [applause] but barbara's importance in my life far transcends my golf career or our charitable work. she has been an incredible wife mother, and grandmother of 22, all of whom are here today with their parents she has made personal sacrifices to allow me to accomplish what i needed in my career. so with her by my side i have made golf my 2nd priority to family. all i ever wanted was for my five children to grow up to be good citizens and to be

able to know to say that they needed at. today they are great citizens. people will do just fine. yes i play golf but my life work was to make you proud of me. hopefully i have. thank you. [applause] [applause] [applause] [applause] [applause]

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>> please stand as the chaplain of the united states senate gives the benediction. >> let us pray. now on to him who is able to keep us without stumbling or slipping and to present us without fault or blemish before the presence of his glory with unspeakable aesthetic delight in triumph enjoy and exultation to the only wise god the shepherd of our destiny the glory, majesty, and might go and dominion command power.

and cardboard, in all of their tomorrow's bless and keep jack and barbara and it -- jack barbara, and their loved ones make your face shine upon them and be great just -- be gracious to them. and and if the life of your countenance upon them and give them your piece. we pray in your great name amen. >> please be seated. ladies and gentlemen, gentlemen, please remain in your seats for the departure of your official party and until your role is invited to the part. [inaudible conversations]

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♪♪ >> tonight documentary filmmaker talks about her movie which looks at the final chaotic days of the vietnam war and the massive evacuation of us personnel in april 1975. the film tells the stories of individual americans and south vietnamese who take matters into their own hands to execute the evacuation and save as many south vietnamese as possible. ms. kennedy talks about her career as a filmmaker. q&a tonight at 7:00 p.m. eastern. [applause] >> each night this week at 9:00 p.m. eastern conversations with new members of congress.

>> when you raise your hand and took the oath of office, what were your mom and dad thinking? >> i i knew my mother would cry and my dad was proud. my dad my dad is 82 years old and show the. he usually watch with a cane in the shut up and did not have it. i it. i said do i need to bring you to your hotel in the straightens up for these differences, i am am in the capitol. i do not need a cane today and he walked without it for the entire day. >> the five newest members of congress talk about their careers and personal lives and share insight about how things work on capitol hill. join us for all five conversations each night at nag like eastern on c-span2 c-span. >> tomorrow can take it public republican senator will make an announcement about his -- campaign.

sen. paul will be the 2nd republican to officially enter the race. texas senator ted cruz announce two weeks ago. >> next a look at religion and public policy through american history and today part of a conference on religion and politics posted by southern methodist university and st. louis university. all panels are available on our website c-span.org. >> am delighted to see so many of you here after lunch. i will chair the session on religion and policy command i have just stepped down as chair of the history department. i can still be authoritarian and will try to keep the speakers on time so that there is lots of time for questions that i'm sure you have about the fascinating issues they will raise today.

this session is on religion and policy. if we move from the theoretical to the practical as we look at the role of religion influences and influenced by policy decisions. it is a great pleasure to introduce the 1st speaker my friend and colleague. professor of religious studies. even though i have known mark for quite some time, the chance to serve as moderator gave me a welcome opportunity to figure out what he has been doing all these years. he is a biblical studies scholar command's most significant contributions to the field have changed the way that we have understood galilee at the time of jesus christ and shortly thereafter. his 1st book the myth of gentile galilee asserted

that the overwhelming majority of galilee's populations were jews and to do this study he looked at the gospels, the writings of jewish historians and published archaeological excavation reports. he used the same sources in his 2nd book, the greco-roman culture published also by cambridge university press in 2,005 which challenged the conventional understanding of the culture of galilee at the time command he argued that the crucial change is culture became greco-roman several centuries after the time that we had generally understood to be the case and only after the arrival of a large roman garrison in the 2nd century. his paper today his paper today goes out of his more recent and very public involvement in the

constitutional, political and academic issues of religion in public school teaching. he has been on the frontlines of critiquing the texas essential knowledge and skills of social study and has focused upon the biblical studies curricula as they have been taught in the past in dallas public schools and the school systems are trying to implement currently, most notably the hobby lobby curriculum proposed for the oklahoma public schools. today schools. today his topic, teaching all about religion in red state america is something he has a lot of first-hand knowledge of. our other three panelists are visitors to smd and i am delighted to be able to welcome them here. i am pleased to introduce our 2nd speaker, professor alison speaker, professor allison collis green who received her phd in history from yale university in 2010 and is currently an assistant professor at

mississippi state university and has also been selected as a fellow in the young scholars and american religion cohort 42013 to 15 by the center for religion in american culture. professor green has already identified several significant topics relating to religion and policy as the focus of her research on religion in the 20th century. her 1st book no depression in heaven economic crisis and religious realignments in american empire is to be published by oxford university press. she uses the experiences of men and women in the mississippi delta and arkansas as a specific focus to examine broader questions of about religious institutions responded to the depression. her study allows her to trace the changing appraisal of social and religious us to send by both laypeople and clergy as well as the

shift from church -based charity the state provided social services. her 2nd project takes on another historical topic with equally profound contemporary relevance. it is tentatively entitled god's green earth religion, race, and the environment. ..

>> >> initially the idea of the evangelicals about inmate suffering with redemption was accepted. over time officials became less receptive as you might imagine, prisoners opposed some of them. debates in prison have broader ramifications for church and state separation. professor jennifer graber

shows how they fail to convert large numbers of inmates are to make the persons reflect their values. instead they adopted the secular ideas of america's morals and virtues so they no longer see the section as a necessary prelude to a great for breaking the nation's laws. another project under braid that focuses on religious transformation in communities in the area that is now southwestern oklahoma. now returning to rape particular application of religion in violence syndrome and indian war protecting and liberating innocent women and children. a collaboration of titles. is also a great pleasure to welcome the finest speaker of this panel andrew preston

who has traveled the for this to be with us today. he teaches american university in cambridge where he is the fellow. and expert on american diplomatic history, has numerous scholarly publications in that area area, and vietnam by harvard university press and nixon in the zero world 1969 that was published by oxford university press 2008. as well as american in and the world published by princeton 2014 which he edited with our very own jeffrey able. professor preston has focused on religion and american foreign affairs most notably sort of the

spirit which was published in 2012. this book tells the story how america's role has been shaped by their belief that god had a special place in the united states. professor preston has a wide variety from liberals to conservatives internationalist and isolationist. looking and international issues to the 21st century. we were recognized when professor preston receive the prize in 2013 for the best canadian worker of the three nonfiction i think all those academic writers are very jealous. today he addresses americas initiative the age of obama. thank you.

>> now that kathleen has offered such a gracious introduction begin my talk with a quotation from her. appeared before the texas state board of education professor warned of losses in the social studies textbooks the board was reviewing for cody's books make no reference to the original founding father in giving new credit of every feature of american government. some text was so skewed that students might even end up beating nemesis was the first american. and erroneous conclusion. in her estimation.

[laughter] if moses is starting late in the textbooks they were written to cover social studies standard by the texas board of education through 2010 for both the standards depict moses whose principals and formed the american founding documents and the commandments as a direct precursor as the direct declaration of independence and constitution and to identify biblical law in the g.o.p. geode tradition as a starting point. this is what taxes once their students to go for broke social studies has a civic issue the purpose is to cultivate the knowledge and skills and virtues

necessary for responsible citizenship. but was social studies standard say about religion functionally represents the minimal knowledge that the state once the citizens to have. what they say about religion is determined through the process. texas is one of the few states to have the board of education elected through partisan elections. so what the standards say is determined by a partisan process. and the factions within each party such as teapartier republicans and moderates the board is dominated by republicans and to some observers their current

standard teaches students to look their religion through a lens with a red stain sensibility. to illustrate what i mean i will first summarize how the current standards formulated in 2010 treat religion especially religion in america. with a current standards into historical perspective by investigating the educational guidelines. because of the sheer size publishers have been very eager to develop those that appealed to the states specifications as the textbook made its way into editions elsewhere. the state board of education attacks across the country.

the texas curricular standards are known as peaks texas essentials of knowledge and skills the current teaks or revision from 1998 that are often referred to as religion but most of those were general in nature as those with the current teaks have very specific agenda is behind them. the most obvious example is the portrayal of the bible as the wellspring of political pious it is the signature belief of what i call christian american is of america's founders intended it to be a distinctive station around its christian heritage that is a patriotic and religious

duty to return to the identity. then returning back to the founders paper this morning. when the board created the first teaks seven out of 10 members including the board chair worked very, very hard to work this ideology into the social studies of standards to get that dates person majority or even those of the democrats. that seven member bloc record the presented as indisputable historical facts with their comments and their ridings and amateur historians and the

boards experts to say what they should learn about american history. with those discussions of david barton amateur historians that were experts but the transparency of this agenda is illustrated by board members and the head dunbar pair in 2010. i believe no one can read the history of our country without realizing the spirit from the beginning from our guiding geniuses from the charter or the fundamental orders of connecticut's.

a christian land governed by christian principles. i believe the entire bill of rights came into being because of the knowledge our forefathers had and their belief in a. i would like to believe we're living today in the spirit of christian literature. in the context this was a very provocative prayer. what is ironic is that it was not her own composition. in fact, she was quoting a prayer by the chief justice warren the supreme court justice who presided over the warren court for school sponsored bible reading and prayer in public schools. even this hero she implied

really believed deep down was a christian nation. know i will say he offered a prayer at a private prayer breakfast other than dunbar who offered to devastate our education meeting. it is obvious this agenda was. and it was very successful with american history. >> host: t with references to the standards of religious revivals the moral majority, billy graham's with the new standard in the meaning and historical significance of the in god we trust and inserting into a standard for lead devoted to the indictment of thomas aquinas.

one of the most contested editions was the creation of a new high school standard requiring students to examine the reasons the founding fathers protect and religious freedom to guarantee that congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting exercise thereof and compare and contrast to a separation of church and state. the standard sponsors very clearly intended to suggest the founders never envisioned separation of church and state there is also highlighting the religious motives and they asserted in to the names of the founding sarah lung dash

era as the tide of parity. but the reason they're there is to say something nice about jesus. traditions other than christianity receive more attention than the 2010 teaks but not as much as christianity. those current standards is the only religious tradition to explicitly acknowledge internally diverse so protestants and catholics do not necessarily learn more than any of their tradition. in general the teaks were originating in asia received very low-level -- little explicit consideration thereof of other standards

but still require a study of buddhism and hinduism is lawman judea's some there also include a reflection of the successful lobbying effort of the texas community one new standard focuses on muslim into relations with al qaeda and other standard on jewish christian and muslim context in north africa. it is also referencing the holocaust the jewish holidays monotheism and the americas biblical roots some teaks refer to islamic history and the others are contemporary and focus. in general the contemporary teaks about islam associate with terrorism.

the most explicit for the radical fundamentalism for palestinian terrorism the growth of the al qaeda and and and 11. one standard a cheviots irresponsibility for ongoing conflict with israel solely to the arab rejection of israel that technically does not refer to is sambaed has obvious conceptual kinship to those that do. the overall impression of the teaks contemporary islam is the conflict of hostility. the board rejected the notion by two democrats to add a standard to the teaks for other acts of terrorism prior to september 11 not related to islam including

u.s. calvary against india's the texas rangers against mexican-americans and by the kkk and supremacist groups but for some reason that did not end up in the standards. how does the place of religion compare to religion in previous social studies? >> i worked through 99ers of state educational documents going back as early as i could go with different genres sometimes mandatory but they contain enough information to allow a general comparison and it was interesting. sometimes you hear the idiot that religion was once prevalent in the social studies curriculum and somehow it has been taken

out for i would suggest this is not the case. historically religion has been addressed almost exclusively in world history class is that generally have been class's focused on christian and abraham religions and the predecessor of christianity and islam as a competitor during that medieval period. asian religions typically barely have appeared except british colonialism. the only real exception is the cold war era steady that emphasizes religion is at the heart of american identity. to be nostalgic from those noted religion remember the years of the cold war it is the only time but never showed up in texas standards.

in 1998 as formulated standards with the general reference for those groups for identity we had none of the specific references to america's christian roots and non demonizing islam. in 21st century with changing religious demographics at a time of uncertainty regarding conflict around the world islam is interpreted only as the other as the stakes are high to determine what the public schools will teach religion and in what sense of american identity social studies class is. thank you. [applause] >> i emhart team lead mr.

paige mississippi state university i can also call my paper things that texas is not wanted students to know. member of obama took office to celebrate his inaugural address like lincoln and roosevelt hoping he would emulate the latter. franklin roosevelt also ousted the opponent in the midst of the economic crisis and in the face of worldwide instability. then americans clambered to the federal government to intervene in then they celebrated the welfare from the church to the state heralding the new deal with the realization of their own reform efforts. when obama took office instead they operated as

private administrators as private funds relying on international relief and poverty efforts from the '50s after clinton signed off with the 1996 welfare reform religious organization claimed a more direct role of public welfare. by the time of obama is inauguration they simultaneously controlled in all federal support for perot the contemporary argument of federal and voluntary a bill designed to contradictory historical narratives that takes the new deal as a turning point. as a charitable institution. with the umbilical -- evangelical agency with day

voicing of the. >> with 100 years ago that social safety net was provided by the church for the government took that away. so the church -- the church did not just lose the public role without moral authority that was prescribed to behavior's. on either hand even as they seek to redress that story scholars of poverty stress a longer history of public aid if those agencies built on private charity work for the notion some pork got help and some did not to put them under a safety net that disproportionately benefits

white men even as a force minorities if it cover them at all. for many scholars but not do dismantle welfare but to look at a more equitable model. between these two scenarios is clear with that illustrious history advocates point to the necessary rules of public agencies for individual welfare. but both cannot focus historically an entirely on the north and the west republican private agencies prove the most powerful so basically with their best historical version based on the models. so what about the places where people rely almost entirely on a limited scope of church based aid all the

way through 33? who did they offer it to under what conditions? how did they find that or navigate? how did the work change in response to the new deal? i will use as my example of this tennessee with the delta regions where i focus my work because it is a region that gives an interesting set of answers for both the city in the country rely almost entirely on voluntary aid through the 1930's. by the time of this had 250,000 people a majority rights but 38 percent african-american. and then to receive some insights with southerners in the jim crow order her and

accounted for 76% of early expenditures in the 1930's. a 100 percent in the delta women's societies with full seventh houses serve only those they deemed deserving. concerned members are not a burden on the community and sometimes also reach people beyond the community. with richard orders to provide the only source of support for african americans in need to establish that facility to the countryside. they sought to alleviate and outpace those resources through the discussion then

disaster struck. it struck early a record-setting drought in 1930 parch the field as prices plummeted this was a region that entirely dependent on cotton. is actually relatively drought resistant crop. even though it set -- swept by the region they some of their savings disappear. but then to provide emergency aid after the parts of local politicians in mississippi. reporters traveled to the region to talk about women walking miles for food the feet wrapped in sacks begging for medical aid for babies dying of attrition and there are stories of children lying under trees and dying before age could

come to them for pro so if they say the depression did not hurt in rural places there is plenty of evidence to the contrary. to face three crisis that one's first the number of people needed help skyrocketed so to fall apart in the face of crisis and then to plummet to save anything they had that crushed farmers' churches and charities try to help memphis salvation army was the largest charity in the cities served 1700 reels that number ballooned to 6500 then it served 10,000 meals 10,000 more than the year previous it drained the

lessening paul so men could sleep on the pool for. the salvation army expanded most of the charities others cut back clubs and fraternal orders defended the work or disbanded altogether. many struggled just to keep their doors open. national income dropped by 50 percent through 1932. church giving help to steady as a portion of income but it is still a 60% loss for those churches to manage resources escalate they cut benevolent spending first as was explained in 1931 we're cutting off billboards cause what we try to settle with

their other competitors for car when the money ran out the church wanted to look inward snot out words. with paul and inability to alleviate leaders joined social workers and hungry americans to call for the federal government to step then. the legislation of the first 100 days included programs that directly your client with relief to replace hubert hoover with grants to this day and was the first program to not only have employed a relief but those suffering as state and local levels for pro also the program directly and engaged about private aid organizations.

to be stipulated as of july july 1st i am proud of those agencies that off to transition and many gained public certification. but still to establish a clear boundary between the public in the private realm for the programs for perhaps as significant as it sounds with though larger pool of resources that the government could leverage at the peak of private giving in 1931 raising a total of 88 cans per person $0.75 for 85% was private. three weeks later the new deal was in full swing the received a $7.21 but private contributions were only

$0.13 or 1.6% of the total that is a change over three years. from private aid to public gave. and then public aid and the delta of scarcely existed at all. but to provide direct aid people have finally begun to receive the help they head desperately needed but now they began to turn to the state for personal guidance it was a temporary measure only to help those devastated by the depression her expired 1935 replacing other programs at the heart of the new deal with the social security act they had

made permanent structures september erkhart all of 1935 we sent a letter asking what they thought to these two programs receiving 12,000 replies. 84% were generally favorable in tone to the social security act to the disabled the "journal" wrote above all of us is a social security program for the first time to realize practically all the objectives catholics and protestants and jews for religious leaders like best to have religious achievement it freed them to work on the vandalism.

travel express concerns that were spread by the late '30's with conservative white protestants. and a self-proclaimed southern democrat worried it would unfold with community members who had some place else to go when they needed help. now there will look to the government for everything. not possible that federal may aid made easier to disconnect when they felt out of place now they had options and were inclined to question the new deal. so that dissent grew during the 30's roosevelts programs remained enormously popular for decades after words. black-and-white workers as

they pulled them out of the depression then they lay in the future the memory of the inadequacy of private relief and its collapse in a moment of crisis the southerners in the '30's and '40's for the welfare state but institutions began to take roles that our integral after world war two's secular and religious nonprofits would provide overseas relief as the state expanded under presidents from the 40's to the '60s officials relied on subsidiaries to administer new programs. as conservative critics rose to power they push privatization of services but it was democrat clinton

who signed the reconciliation act into law in 1996 a provision that insurers religion would be a consideration for federal funds bush established of white house office of a and initiative not just allow them to receive federal funds as a welfare state -- state shrank that over 80 years to establish a safety net is hard to imagine without basic protection for citizens. libertarians call for that to recall of one never existed to ensure a robust economy. and receiving what they needed from generous private charities but i am not sure that money came from. but to become so deeply entwined in the federal

government but to dismantle the welfare state there now dismantling themselves. [applause] >> good afternoon. november 2001 first lady laura bush offered the first presidential weekly radio address she made a worldwide effort against women and children and the focus of our remarks from afghanistan cleaning all people of brazil including many muslims deplored the treatment of women and girls and mothers cannot leave their home unaccompanied and suffered beatings for lashing out loud and girls could not attend school and girls that have fingernails pulled out if they wore nail polish. this is bush compare the status under the taliban to places across the globe

affected by the terrorist network. her in seoul to protect foreign women and children have a long history in the united states for americans have decried rumors afoot binding would go burning burning, harems and abandoned orphans in central america percolate of also express concern for foreigners within u.s. boundaries including native american women and in the care and children -- immigrant children. they have argued for women and children demand and not only of our attention and sympathy but also see the action misheard --. this is called imperial domesticity and her steady kaplan found that female writers focus on problems of women and children around the world the have visions of domestic life to savages of the west and abroad.

today a bite to consider the operation of domicile domesticity in times of war mrs. bush's remarks interest not only as a statement of proper organization as an example of wartime rhetoric she offered her radio address as a obama campaign to follow it with a ground invasion that drove the taliban from power. of u.s. was at war with the country populated by women americans -- to save. because they are considered noncombatants the opponents have argued for protecting them from harm that the same time the discourse of firms and foreign women and children have terrible lives and require liberation american religious leaders and representatives to invest were fair and the

nation's regard have created an important role to blur the line for calls and projects of liberation. i will explore this pattern into historical situations with the 19th century interest -- indian war in the present were bonterre. writers unconsciously obscure the difference between protection and liberation in ways that classify native americans and muslim women and children as innocents requiring deliverance from their high style extremist relations. in november 1864 living edges of the encampment one of the most infamous attacks on the unsuspecting indian committee his men killed scores of women and children of the cheyenne and arapaho tribes. he testified he punished

indians resisted american authority and had attacked innocent white people he will suggested they killed but few women and children one militia captain offered gruesome details'' mecca was present as a massacre lowe's the women and children it was a horrible scene and would not let my company fire. the other soldiers did. the capt. recalled it looked too hard for me to see little children on their knees begging for their lives. this was 1864 not long after the union army order to establish criteria for violence against civilians president lincoln commissioned a new code of conduct just as the union was about to initiate it against the confederacy. it included noncombatants'

to affirm advances require the distinction between private individuals and a hostile country itself with men in arms. while establishing it also included a clause of military necessity. sometime security and of for you only had to target other persons that is unavoidable. while it would shape the new engagement in the south the state is impacted in indian country most did not concede they also reviewed indians as cultural the as others. officials argued that indian style of warfare is difficult to defeat them and officials invoke the doctrine of necessity which

often would cause higher rates of casualties'. even so the protection does detailed reflected the ambivalence americans felt and responses to use sand creek show the response to the conviction and within days critics have leaders of the christian and organization added their voices to a rising tide of condemnation. publishing report field indiscriminately slaughtered indians and the paper printed that india's murdered by ever troops national since the demand punishment. calling it a disgraceful act unfit for the age that we live. over the next decade it came to symbolize an assault on women and children and tight

indian writers would write on the attacks and religious leaders acknowledge the attacks but typically attributed them to fail policy improve actions by immigrants the willingness to condemn offenses to contextualize the indian was reflected many american sense that they were civilized enough to refrain from killing innocent by standards. in this way to determine moral forms of warfare is the classification of savagery. so did domestic ideals engender norms. americans circulated a variety of images from pocahontas to the promiscuous squad envisioning women to the lazy has-beens for overworked indian wives confirmed the notion that native women belonged for

freedom from there savage has been and writers focused on indian women as they articulated concerns about an is an noncombatants and at the same time they argue for the transformation of indian domestic life. the identified indian women as quintessentially friendly because they did not associate them with our resistance. they assumed they would form a new kind of marriage free from the domination. outcry over casualty's the sand creek focused on difficult question is but relied on imperial domesticity to categorize indian women as a kind of innocent. similar to the indian wars the all cried over the president obama is thrown the program to increase as the rhetoric to liberate for women. critics point to high numbers of civilian casualties' despite the

reputation for precision and targeting. the press also criticized high casualty rates to invoke the war of law principle to argue that it must be altered if not ended altogether. canterbury lob includes regulation for conduct with distinction and directing belligerence and like his predecessor he has invoked of lot of discussion of the war and terror and drone policies specifically. anticipating the possibility strikes might harm noncombatants officials have stated it would not be consistent with a lot of war to continue in operation with anticipated civilian casualties would be excessive compared to the advantage. but where they overlap of theory the fourth century theologian articulated these

that with systematize and the 13th century and they settled on two sets of principles criteria to go to war and measures for the wartime conduct some were necessity in distinction a proportionality were accepted by the international community as part of a lot of war and in its public discussion president obama but even vote language to insist that drone strikes are undertaken only if there is near certainty that no civilians will be killed or injured and his acknowledged deaths due to american drama strikes and call them haunting but they were necessary if the u.s. was to reduce civilian casualties if they operated without restrictions the is central is part of a just war a war waged proportionately as a last resort in self-defense.

critic have regularly sounded their displeasure with his strong policy and the cycles from 2009 through 2014 including bloody descriptions of women and children harmed by drone. writers of the religious press employ eight or language to express their concern and a 2013 anti-a drone video christian and jewish leaders criticized obama to claim that drone violated necessity in distinction embodies from the conference of catholic bishops to the national black church initiative have publicize their descent even the leaders who have expressed support for the war on terror have criticized the obama drone policy for failure to distinguish between

combatants and civilians. conversations about supplies forms of warfare with commentary on the domestic pattern since the beginning of the war and terror americans have claimed afghani women not only need protection but also liberation. the full body and face veil required by the taliban has occupied america is imaginations. president bush required -- stated his support for afghanistan's women of cover for other commentators have not been among those critics in fact, the debate is played out is a new ones on the question. roundtable of christianity today has a typical case. with their need to listen to muslim women about their

choices but at the same time the question if this law requires by a questioning the interpretation of male leaders they expressed their concern without criticizing though women themselves is seems the muslim men of the problem. concerns about imposition can be found in many christian and periodicals including a feature of the american fighter pilot who refused to follow stipulations or off base in saudi arabia. they express their deeper concerns of the muslim women freedom and choices. as has been observed westerners presume agency requires independence and freedom and conclude that muscled women share this conception of interconnected to men who restrict their freedom. reflecting these assumptions

christian and periodicals highlight muslim women to engage activities as americans view as independent and free or feature rows of women who run modeling agencies are trained for the olympics. my favorite is a piece about a pakistan meet television show that a schoolteacher by day puts on the tight burka to fight for education these are women who value beauty and freedom and bodily expression and independence. depictions of foreign women living under real constraints to desire liberation and freedom have a long history. to defer celebrations of the burka of venture was in the missionary pamphlets about indian women who have not yet met the domestic potential.

well scholars have identified the trend the rhetoric is pronounced in times of war. but these conversations about who was friendly or hostile or who was a good or bad muslim religious leaders and writers take for granted children decide your liberation from wooden stairs them if they're not forced they would not at the very least the sentiments have unconsciously shaped arguments to protect innocent civilians from destruction and i would argue that as time there have also kept americans from recognizing what the attacks have done to foreign women and children even if their bodies have been scared. afghani women and children have lost many things they

hold dear as bombs have devastated their land and too many family members have died violently in their country has been thrown into a period of turmoil. in times of for domesticities requires us to focus of gender transformation to shift days away from the tragedy of for to think of fishes of liberation to avoid reckoning with the violence they experience with the landscape they love are legitimate targets toward death and destruction. thank you. [applause] [inaudible conversations] >> they give for inviting me to matt he wins the prize partly i would win the prize

but this time i think i have to cede that to match. thanks for the invitation for the conference and death in the staff for going with a wonderful events with your hospitality and the hard work to put this together. my topic is the religious influence of american foreign policy. especially to provide a sense of purpose for american and foreign policy but there is no surprise that they will be touching on religious freedom and it struck me so far that those themes keep popping up again and again. not just mine but now to

discuss america's mission with the foreign policy but america says mission in the world and how that is changing in the age of obama. but today we're getting key crossroads where a powerful source of ideas and ideology that is changing as the may price of a hostage to fortune in the book that kathleen mentioned to the present i finished an epilogue discussed briefly george w. bush and barack obama did not wish to save much of either i did not want this history but even the briefings i said of the epilogue are now hopelessly out of date but i will try again to argue with myself.

traditionally there to basic sources of religious influence but still diplomatic history and are quite controversial. the first source of the religious influence is top down and it should be fairly obvious to say that the with the secretary of state and secretary of defense and how they bring that to bear on foreign policy and as i say that i am sure instantly you do a laundry list of religious presidents and secretaries of state reagan and dulles and others but the top down influence could be routed and political calculation in your use nixon who invoked religion quite a bit not as much as

bush or truman or eisenhower but mostly for political calculation because the private record does not match to his statements. the second is a bottom-up of people called ordinary americans to bring pressure on for a policy even when politicians wanted to ignore it found it difficult because of the pressure from a wide friday and of groups comprised of five the motivated people who don't wield power for political office or emphasize the importance of values. , deceit.

there are lots of seats to the front. i will not bite or single you out again. i promise. then those who did not wield political power were not always tied to religious freedom of the:religions and an example is the fate of the jews in eastern europe as a story comes through the 1870's with the real change that i could use and in diplomatic history where historians want a very clear empirically based case of direct impact of cause and effect a something like religion on foreign policy and i can use the example to protect and promote the religious freedom of jews

that to bring about change despite what policy makers themselves wanted or did not want. i would argue the influence has always been there but the strength is the 20th century phenomenon it pre-existing but as of force of america's mission in the world the dates from 89 to nine per but it isn't a coincidence the religion became prominent when the united states became a global power but for the most part was rarely under threat of attack so the moral justification or a sense of purpose in the world for this new level of engagement. and they can the was the founding father i'm sure you know, this story how he was undecided what to do when the philippines and he got down on his knees and prayed for guidance and god told

him to annex the philippines. . .

it struck me that there were echoes of fdr.

essentially it was an iteration of franklin roosevelt's 1939 state of the union address on the world crisis in which he said the religious freedom is the foundation of democracy for international piece. the religion was the foundation for the democratic piece because in religious society tolerance and pluralism were necessary for democracy and in turn to piece both domestic and international. there are other instances. mostly from mostly from his 1st two years, the other most famous example is his nobel peace prize acceptance speech in oslo which a lot of commentators nicknamed the good negro policy. and as time went on the religious presence in american foreign-policy became to fade and

eventually all but disappeared. the ambivalence of the speech is indicative of obama's overall ambivalence certainly when it came to the application of religious principles to american foreign-policy. it is nicknamed the good neighbor policy because it is where he is pushing realism as a way to justify the waging of the war on terror he says people like martin luther king and gandhi would not have had an answer to hitler or bin laden, and sometimes we have to wage war in order to pursue a greater justice. now, however, religion's role is limited to islam the familiar mantra of islam is a religion of peace not terror, something obama has repeated in various guises quite a few times since he

became president including recently but is a formula devised by george w. bush in the wake of september 11. after hillary clinton's departure she gave a lot of encouragement to the notion of international freedom and how the state department would pursue international freedom -- i'm sorry, religious freedom internationally. after hillary but unless it is hard to think of another high-level national security official in the obama administration has deployed religion. the bottom-up aspect is also changing by changing in ways that other people who have already presented and are going to present are discussing and analyzing in ways much deeper and more profoundly than i list some of the obvious ways in which the bottom-up pressure changing our thanks to things that demographic change, the rise of secularism and greater religious diversity although i am less certain. furiously typing notes based

on what kevin was saying about the myth of contemporary american religious diversity. the acceptance of this diversity has certainly changed how religion is used in a a political sense and obviously it applies to foreign-policy. that only does this remove a great deal of pressure but it increasingly makes it unprofitable for politicians to use religion before domestic audiences which is how most presidents abuse religion and american foreign policy. diences which is how most presidents abuse religion and american foreign policy. religion is too controversial and divisive to be a political use. it used to be conventional but now divisive. this is the case internationally or american power is ebbing.

if all this is changing, and if the change is structural and enduring i would argue it will significantly change the terms of america's ideological engagement. thanks. [applause] >> we have some time for questions. before that i would like to have another round of applause for very intriguing panelists. [applause] there are people with microphones, i believe. raise your hand if you have a question. right there. [inaudible question] >> say too much.

specific questions. i think what you are saying is -- there we go explicit symbols and texts from religion is diminished. the 2nd half of the obama and administration what is it replaced by? is it pure presence, pragmatism? what then comes in its place? can we had always see those things as religious and away? >> that is a great question. i don't know. i am an historian and am not good at predicting what we will happen in the future. i proved my incompetence. i will probably prove it again with the chapter in this book. i do not mean to be glib.

the last part of your question is what i would answer. it will be replaced, not with pure pragmatism because i do not think that is possible and democracy. some people, even in varying perfect democracies you have to be able to explain and justify. what might happen in the american context is that this overtly christian, judeo-christian or religious, whatever you want to call it influence will be replaced by a broader moralism as you hinted at has obvious religious roots but may not be couched in overtly religious terms, and i can think of the foreign-policy of the country were i live right now which is as moralistic as americans foreign-policy. in some cases certainly in 2010 1st syria last year more moralistic than that of the united states but not in

religious terms at all. a sort of obvious keyword sense, but in a deeper meaning it very well might. that moralism will continue to have some kind of religious impetus for religious shape even if it is not explicitly couched as religion or christian or whatever. i am time myself in knots. >> yes. also for kevin. i mean andrew, sorry. he probably has a better answer than i do. i am wondering among 20th century presidents can you think of someone for whom religion cannot be

translated almost 100 percent into morality? some notion beyond morality. and morality. and i wonder that same question from the bottom-up. >> well. i thought that you were -- at 1st i thought your asking if i i could think of 20th century presidents for whom religion was not really a source a source for their foreign-policy other and moral or pragmatic terms of any answer is, yes, there are quite a few. those those for whom religion was not a source of morality it is a great question that i will answer but you start getting into areas that no historian or scholar would be able to answer with any kind of banality or even definition, to give for definition.

from the top down the 1st person i thought of was jfk and i think, again religion was absolutely not a part of the kennedy administration foreign-policy. in fact they expressly tried the sideline policy when he created things like the peace corps. obviously you already have one operating for over a century, missionaries. the kennedy administration so we want to have as little to do with missionaries or faith-based ngos. this is a government armed that will be secular and we're not going to be promoting are dealing with american religion. the question is not that but how it informed his or any other president sense of morality. >> am wondering if there is any religion operative that is not itself collapsible

into morality or moralism. >> it is a great question but a difficult one you are talking about an abstraction is difficult to think of. off off the top of my head, no, i would say cannot. >> i have a question. a fascinating discussion. the social safety net arrived and things are better and now we're in 2014 going back to the arguments from the 20s and i want you to tell me how this happened. >> this made me go to the present, which i do not do a lot of. but i think that part of the explanation is in the

blending of church and state that happened in the 1950s that has been referenced briefly the way in which they became administrators of state aid, and in that sense developed this confidence that they actually could do this could regain the moral authority that they had lost in the process they forgot that they had done it badly before. so those contests. >> i have a question for mark. andrew went and put on his prognosticator, i would like you to come if you would. tell us what you think the impact of changing demographics will have over time which we have for so

much about in the run-up to the selection certainly after the last that did not necessarily seem to play out in terms of shifting the political map from red to blue or at least a purple how will that play out on these issues? will there be a changing demographics that might change the tone or tenor of the culture war in terms of how religion plays a part in the correct construction of curriculums? >> on that specific issue curricular content, board of education politics, i think it will continue to be bad. in terms of conflict ridden. i see this tension. pluralism, success we have heard some, and resistance to pluralism command we will continue to see that tension at the state board level. i think a strong emphasis on american identity as quintessentially christian

judeo-christian it will continue to be influential in board of education politics as well as great uncertainty about the other, particularly as long. and yet at the same time while you have a conservative board they worried about islam there willing to run there understanding of religion. pluralism success. you bounce back and forth. think it is the changing religious and perhaps more importantly in this regard ethnic demographics is the giving rise to this. it will not be the majority. until we see that flip we will continue to have a strong reaction against multiculturalism in any form

that will affect what ends up in curriculum, but the debates will continue to be heated for a while. >> i would like to 1st of all thank kathleen and mark for trying to introduce some scholarship to this discussion with the texas board of education and in regard to their arm wrestled between religion and politics. you are in there actually doing it. you talked about a 99 year look back. is it possible that there was not a lot of reference to religious standards historically? the bible was a textbook in the classroom. >> i want to be -- thank you for the question and the kind comments about the education work.

i want to be careful our talk of a public education because it is the case that there is an assumed shared protestant christianity permeates state educational documents. if we're going to have her to religion are going to refer to the church as the unit of religion. and so we do not get inclusive in that regard until does the past few decades. but in taxes at least the state documents although the bible was read in may texas classrooms it was never universal practice and 21st century. although there were definitely bible forces beginning in the 19 teens to my great surprise bible courses never took off.

at least in the 20th century as i guess my thought of that. there just was not that much religion emphasized into state documents. and it was assumed to be a christian nation. we did not have moses of the 1st american teaching specific historical claims with those direct line from the ten commandments at least not in state documents highlights are important issues are to certain constituencies right now. we are at the peak in some respects of treatment of religion in taxes, social studies documents at least which is not necessarily the same thing as classrooms. >> i i have a question for

jennifer. maybe it is pushing you 19th century historians into the 21st century but that it was fascinating the kind of patronizing attitude toward women and children and other ethnicities that foreign-policy seem to invoke so frequently, and i wondered whether having female secretaries of state made any difference whatsoever. >> i have to look closely at the record because i do not know as much. laura bush made a lot of things about. it it was not so much about hillary clinton but my guess would be that she might have pushed education, the issue of education in a way that might actually polarize what someone my calling for. this to me was one of the

interesting parts of this research. many things that were assumed they often had to do with western notions of beauty and vocation were many advocates coming out of afghanistan talk about education. for their girls to go to school but i would have to confirm that. my guess would be hillary clinton would not talk about nail polish. >> this does not answer the question. the three secretary of states we have had have all three of them been unusually religious. so i am not sure but it

occurred to me right now. much more open than you would normally get. i don't know that has a relationship. >> interesting. >> thanks for a great panel. my question is for allison. you made a comment about how social services, religious institutions can no longer afford to pay for social services and the federal government and then you talked about some of the changing dynamics. i don't need them for basic human substance. i was wondering if you could talk about what happens to the churches was there no longer seen as providers.

thinking in the context of the great religious depression. >> well, let me start with sam 1st. a good religious concern. and more of a concern than a reality. but what happens to the churches depends on the church. a lot of churches found ways to work around. the institutions that they built still stood. so a lot of churches those whose clergy and members were happy to embrace the new deal they kept up the work and did so happily and

to credit for the new deal. on the flipside the churches did not really wanted to be done anyway. they became critics of the new deal which became there thing. and so they don't have many of them in this part of the deep south where i work. they do start to emerge especially in arkansas and the late 30s. that becomes a thing. the expansion of services has, in fact, taken away the authority that they had to take care of people. reality people who went to the church changed very little.

wanted them to go to church maybe not theirs. so the very wealthiest churches tended to be in the proponent category. the middle class churches were a little more in favor of the new deal. >> thank you all for your questions and contributions. [inaudible conversations]

[inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] >> tonight documentary filmmaker talks about her movie last days vietnam was such that the final chaotic days of the vietnam war and the massive evacuation of us personnel and south vietnamese in april 1975. the film tells the stories of individual americans and south vietnamese who took matters into their own hands to execute the evacuation and save as many south vietnamese as possible. ms. miss kennedy talks about

his career as a filmmaker and her family's history. tonight at 7:00 p.m. eastern. >> tomorrow kentucky republican sen. rand paul will make an announcement about his campaign for president. live coverage tomorrow. sen. paul will be the 2nd republican to officially enter the race. texas senator ted cruz announced two weeks ago. next the pres. of cornell university of the heading up this mystery and institution in july interview last october as part of the washington ideas forum hosted by the atlantic council. [applause] >> good afternoon. a pleasure to get to no briefly but i hope a longer process from cornell.

the announcement was made in march. you will not assume the position until next summer. has your thinking clarified at all? >> not really, but that is a fair question. i'm carefully enthusiastic and excited about being able to work at the intersection of culture and science. i spent my life in science and medicine but i think the humanistic disciplines art and culture are unbelievably important and we are living in a stem oriented age. so it is a fabulous opportunity to work at this institution. that is a way of sidestepping your question. i really do not have specific ideas of what we will happen yet. >> one of the things you did say. i think your as though one of my col