so i would rather just focus on getting good performance out of our diplomats than morey and be envious of the agency next-door.

besides, they do have substantially different responsibilities. we need a small numbers with highly trained and experienced people. when you think about the heroes of our profession, charles bolin were people from that era after world war ii georgia, these were individuals whose careers were assiduously cultivated and studied russian and get critical assignments and were advisers to roosevelt and atkinson and george washington. we we didn't create these people by the hundreds. they were created by the dozens. i think that is still true. i i mean, i could name for you even now i had a i had a pretty good idea of who the best psychologists were in a state department and you the best russian experts

were in the best latin america experts. you get to know who they are in the intelligence community, who the best analysts are because there analysis bubbles up to the pres. and the pres.'s daily brief brief and they get to sometimes come in brief the president themselves. there is somewhat of a qualitative difference in terms of there turning out people in those kinds of highly professional, analytic situations' that is distinct from the larger scale military organization although i will be the 1st to acknowledge that the military has become a much more intellectualize activity than it used to be and that the level of skill required to be in the military is now far higher than obviously it used to be it has moved up the

educational scale substantial. and one has to be -- if i learned anything commit is there training budget, if you would just give -- we don't have a training for. there is no such thing as every so many years you take a year a year off and go get trained. the conventional wisdom is on-the-job training. i remember one of my great mentors and where the great diplomats of his generation i told them i was going off to a training assignment. he said, are you sick? we need to completely change our attitude toward training command i think that is happening. secondly, we need more money for that. time for one or two more questions. [inaudible question]

>> income and wealth inequality. do you say this is a potential future that? and how could we address the problem? >> the question about income inequality and its applications for future. you know, you are really way out beyond my area of expertise. like you i see the issue and i am a bit perplexed by. when i joined the foreign service in 1960 the salaries of starting training at the state department, and entering officer, like a 1st lieutenant in the army and the young trainee at national city bank were

roughly the same. i started out at 5,000 $280 per year or something's. and that was not that different than people starting in the private sector. the discrepancies today are huge. even at the beginning not to mention where they go from there. a the business school graduate or law school graduate basically starts out if they go to wall street or something like that with the same salary that an ambassador ends up with. there is something wrong with that. it makes you wonder whether you retain the kind of talent you want to retain in some of these professions if there are such discrepancies i'm going to have to leave that one for somebody else.

>> final question. >> very interesting. thank you for the speech. it was very interesting. we know that the united states has indiscernible. what do you think can the american government help ukraine to overcome the current crisis, political and economic. >> a question about the ukraine in our engagement there. >> and what do i think i think we can do to help overcome the crisis. well 1st of all we need to support the government and give. i think that they need economic help and we cannot afford to give them all the economic help they need. that has got to come from

europe ourselves commandos were. i think we need to work on the men's process and the cease-fire and the agreement that was reached in february which is not gotten very far so far. we will go and all the reasons but has proven to be difficult implement's. tried to accomplish the fulfillment of that agreement that was signed in february of this year. >> we are out of time. i want to thank everyone for your patience and questions. thank you. >> thank you. [applause] >> remarkable partnerships

iconic women, their stories and 1st ladies. >> one of the things that endeared her to the entire nation. >> ever could find out that was going to help sell papers. >> takes over a radio station. how do you do that? >> he exerted enormous influence. >> learn about their lives, ambitions, families, and unique partnerships. it's.

>> here are a few of the book festivals we will be covering the spring.

>> each year c-span has invited middle and high school students. this contest connect students in a debate a debate over public policy issues by producing a documentary on a specific theme. this year's theme was the three branches and you. asked to asked to tell a story that demonstrates our policy, law, or action had effected them or their community. c-span receives 2,280 videos

will almost 5000 students representing the most in participation in the competition's 11 competition's 11 year history with entries coming from 45 states from dc and i want. overall 150 student prizes were awarded totaling $100,000. the team of eight graders from lexington kentucky were named the grand prize winners for their video on the minimum wage. their cable provider is time warner cable. with. with that let me introduce you to our three grand prize-winning students. welcome to all of you. tell me about your school and what grades the three of you are in. >> we are all in the 8th grade.

>> how many students attend the school? >> about 300. fourth through 8th grade. >> how do you get to go? >> when in 4th grade or any grade you can audition. you basically if you are in art will submit a portfolio if a band play an audition. they they look over the additions and choose a select few students to go into that arts category for the next year. >> what is it like? >> it's interesting's. a smaller school that are almost always school in lexington command if you come in in 4th grade and leave an 8th grade he is is been five years there with normally the same people because when you go usually people stay. when you audition there's a lot of competition. a lot of people want to get in the school. it is very interesting.

the teachers are friendly. most of them have been teaching our long time and they like it a lot. >> it sounds like you might be making friends for life. >> everybody knows everybody. brothers everybody. brothers and sisters. we all trust each other, love spending time with each other. i get to work with my friends. >> what do you all want to do? >> i actually started out in piano and switch to art. it was more of a focus. i don't know what i want to do in the future but i learned a lot of artistic skills that help me with this project and putting it together. >> what are you thinking about? >> i auditioned in contemporary dance with the option to switch majors. i changed my major to creative writing and back to band's. personally i'm thinking that i want to go into some sort of healthcare.

i was thinking am i want to be some sort of doctor or pediatrician our surgeon. >> how will your our studies help you? >> i feel like it is less about the our studies. being there has given me so many different experiences. i am so thankful for how to work with the team how to know people and how to work together to collaborate. >> basic life skills. >> that will help me in the future with whatever i do. >> in band. >> no. i was in art. i auditioned for. before i came i had always loved drawing. so i have been an art major for all my time. when you are in sixth 7th a more 8th grade you have the option to have a finders class which is a 2nd

category which you can take a class in. you don't have to auditioned for it because you're already doing a major. add a creative writing literary arts they like them both. you have lots of options when considering what you want to do. i feel i'm multitalented's. i wanted to do different things. my future career is something related to technology and also added most of the technology side of this video. it was very enhance the experience for me because at the same time we also have

an elective class which we can take. and we have options there in the elective class i have is video production. that kind of health in both situations. >> let's talk about this project. when did you 1st year and have? >> are social studies teacher, teacher, we had to social studies classes. there's another class. mr. safe discovered the competition and introduced to and originally they thought, let's just do this as a class project and make it a great. after we submitted it be have the option of submitting it to the c-span competition. we looked into it and are interested the outcome was

amazing. >> before we learn about your reaction all your class operating. how many decided to enter the contest? >> about half of them. some did not completed. it's i think about half ended up entering. >> out of the three of you become a team? >> we learned about the assignment. i actually was not really enthusiastic. great. another assignment. but once i learned more about it as we learned more about it we have more interested in it and decided to take it seriously. and so we had the skills and decided to come together.

each of us to contribute a huge part of the video. that would make a tri- force is one of the classmates call this the tri- force of the class combined in may our video. >> if you were the technical part? >> i was the researcher which means are basically looked at all the sources going to be the substance of our video. it's. >> it talks to the interviewees, to the camera shots and then. >> the videography. use this shot. i like the facial expressions. >> all of this learning what shot to use a first-time experience?

>> i think yes. he had done it before. >> he makes a lot of videos. he used the small business under the name he would film lots of events like weddings so i was growing up as a child surrounded by all of his equipment and things. >> talking about equipment what kind of equipment did you use? >> we actually had a camera that was a very old camera. they wanted to use it. it was convenient for them and they were going to travel to do some interviews i had to look and make sure

that it worked in all that. you don't really need the most high-quality camera to do a video. >> a wedding video no less. >> the camera alone isn't going to help in the interviews. you need a microphone. that saved us big time. the camera did -- sometimes it didn't have any audio's. >> a learning experience. >> the microphone always has better audio and the camera. and then when editing we used adobe premiere pro which was a pretty professional editing software. that gave me a lot of options.

and obviously we use a tripod. we didn't use much more and that. so that was the materials and resources we had available to us to make the video. it wasn't something you need to invest a lot of money into. there was something that we already had an lots of people have cameras. if you want to do something with it pick up the camera learn how to use it and make videos. >> that's a good message. now that we know how you did, how did you choose the topic? >> i will take that. i was -- i love the idea of the project and was excited about it personally. you had to use some c-span

clips. i was going to the options available on the website's and saw some things some people protesting, people strongly protesting, people strongly against it. two very different.of views. i didn't see anyone -- there was no middle ground. ground. obviously a lot about human rights are rights abuse workers. that is what we are going to do. human rights that i'm passionate about and i no you are. this is what is going to happen. >> to the topic work? >> is sort of just was a new area. previously in our other classes we have been doing world history and geography and were just starting on us this year. so so as we explored more modern current events that were happening i feel like we learned about a whole new aspect of social studies and

history itself. we went way back to learn about some things about the minimum wage and the experience really the topic was so different. it was great to do something different. >> now that we learned how you did it show our audience your wedding video called the artificial wage and will come back and talk more after everyone sees. >> the federal government created the minimum wage in 1938 at the height of the great depression. it was designed to keep america's workers out of poverty and increase consumer purchasing power in order to stimulate the economy. >> and increase 22 times in order to keep up with inflation including seven times in the past 25 years. some say it is time to do it again. is that really in the best interest of our community? sidney jones single mother

with a four -year-old child has to make tough choices every week since she has to make ends meet. she says $15080 per year is not enough for her to get by >> it is hard because sometimes i have to decide if my son these underwear after the play, bill's. it is hard sometimes. >> sydney is not alone. 3.3 million americans make minimum wage will below. as 2.6 percent of all us workers. rosemarie gray makes minimum wage as a custodian.

>> we have to be able to take care of ourselves, pay our bills and pay for our housing and stuff like that. we can do that a minimum wage. all these programs. why do you need food stamps. you've got to eat. don't make enough to feed yourself and pay your bills. you just don't. >> the push is on to raise the federal minimum wage from 725 an hour to maybe $10.10 an hour $10.10 an hour which would provide a little over $21,000 per year if the individual works 40 hours per week. some in congress think now is the time to raise it again. >> things are getting better the problem is there only getting better for some. corporate profits have continued to break records while americans are working

harder and getting paid less. >> some like kentucky congressman andy barr say raising the minimum wage will cost jobs siding and nonpartisan study by the congressional budget office. >> if we mandate a higher minimum wage in those entry-level jobs we would lose 500,000 to 1 million jobs immediately. as that's the last thing we want. we don't want more unemployment. >> the keys to improving the lives of minimum wage workers. it's. >> policies that produce economic growth so that workers and minimum wage jobs can move into higher wage jobs opening up knew jobs for workers.

>> many business are is agree today it has $120 million. >> raising the labor mandate, a higher labor rate force them to raise the marketplace. >> vp joe biden says increase in the minimum wage will help all workers earn more and spend more. >> lifting millions of hard-working families out of poverty and in the process produce a ripple effect that boost wages for middle-class and spurs economic growth through the united states of america.

>> extra money will make them less dependent. saving taxpayers millions of dollars. >> help them get my apartment. they don't have any more money anymore. if i had my own money i could made that. it's it could. >> but even some minimum-wage workers believe mandating a pay hike will cost them and everyone else in the long run. >> if you raise the minimum wage everything else has to go up as well. pressing for 1010.

employees have to pay more money. and they also make money work even more than it is now. >> minimum-wage jobs should be considered entry-level jobs. >> congress should not mandate higher wages rather invest in programs that help workers advanced tire skills and higher-paying jobs. >> these actions would benefit our community because more people making more money we will create more tax revenue for government which would result in people being able to invest more in positive community changes. >> there you have it. the artificial wage. so one requirement for was

interesting for we were judging this is that you did not just explore the.of view you came to a conclusion that presented that's a viewers. i get the sense your.of view shifted. >> yeah. >> how that happened? always going on? >> we started out thinking let's raise the minimum wage it's. it's a human thing to do. you want these people to make more monies. it seems like the obvious choice. once we were doing that we found that was our pro side. we look at the con side and there was just so much more evidence for why we should raise the minimum wage. once. once reluctant long-term effects raising the minimum wage did not seem to help

us. short-term effect it would help, but long-term is more important. so in the end our conclusion was more the con. >> did you get into a big debate? >> well, well, we had different opinions, but i approached it from a neutral standpoint. if there are two arguments against raising the minimum wage there obviously has to be some merit to both sides. so i came at it from a neutral standpoint. it's all very political. people have lots of opinions we tried to find a conclusion that would make sense for both sides. what our conclusion essentially was is that minimum-wage jobs should be considered as entry-level jobs where you do a

minimum-wage job and then programs that the government will invest in will lift the mouth of the minimum-wage jobs and make them move up. we decided that the government we thought that the government should invest in programs that help people move out and move up in the higher-paying jobs which ultimately would make things better because more people would be getting into there higher-paying jobs and people who don't have jobs with an employee because the minimum-wage jobs are open. it would make a cycle that would benefit our economy. >> to clarify your position is that the federal government should not raise the minimum wage for your okay with states approach it

individually. >> i have not i have not looked into that. we did discuss more of the federal government raising. in our own committee we are definitely thinking about raising the minimum wage. i personally that's not my.of view. we should all consider the long-term effects and really look at where that is going to put us. if these jobs are worth that much money you know, are they doing as much work for what is -- how much are they making. >> actually interview people >> a wonderful program called jubilee jobs. my dad had done some work with them. i i was like, hey is there a way we could interview some of them here the story, what they thought about it. >> my mom also works for a company called just for

success which is connected with jubilee jobs'. there are opportunities there. it was convenient it was convenient for us when we pick this topic because we have those options. >> how did you connect to connect with the congressman? >> that was more on an as part. >> my dad used to work in state government with congressman barr. we were able to e-mail some people in his -- in his inner circle and coordinate that interview based on where he was. >> what was it like doing the interview? >> i did not go. >> who ran the camera? >> my dad. hey, let's to this angle. he would get a little over the shoulder shot. >> worked my way through editing. >> am sure. what was it like?

>> it was relaxed. just a conversation, to hear his points of view. here's what i think about that. it was interesting to be able to hear who is representing me. >> where were you when you got the news that this video won the big prize? >> we learned about two days before. we were in one of the rooms in our school. our principal and other social studies teacher with her. when the phone came on mobileme her that we were the grand prize winners we were ecstatic with joy. it was unbelievable. i can't really put it into words how it felt. the 1st thing i did was cry. >> zero, my gosh. [laughter]

>> you are the core customer in the group. your 1st time documentarians. were you surprised? >> well, the time that we put into making it we knew. i mean,, we could get something. >> you knew. >> he was very confident. katie and i. >> humble. >> we could go nowhere with this. we worked really hard. there is definitely a possibility. i don't know. maybe. just for the next year's entry to the contest. never sell yourself short. you don't know what your capable of accomplishing. >> several different stages. one is the recognition by school. we bring the c-span folks down and do a presentation. >> it was pretty interesting

>> we were in our schools multipurpose room. every on was excited and their for the ceremony. and so once we get there the principal took us up and would say a little blurb about each of us. then we were sat back down to my social studies teachers gave speeches. then the c-span people came and presented us with the award. i like to think of that ceremony as less something for us as it was for everyone in our class who had entered the edition. >> and people will of the future. >> i felt like we were just recognizing our team's effort but everyone's effort

>> why do you mean people in the future? >> with that ceremony it inspired by believe it inspired the future people 7th in below people who will eventually do that competition's is. i'm pretty sure they will. i think it inspired them know that it is possible. >> and achievable goal. >> with someone you know who you spent years at school with accomplishes something and you know that somebody from the school did that it gives up to other people they can achieve the same goals will. it's not like some 12 greater in high school who had a bunch of money and capabilities to do that and

connections with i don't know, some crazy things that were given a huge opportunity normal people normal people who worked really hard and produce of the with the same opportunities that people at our school have. >> clearly and other part of being grand prize winners coming to washington. >> well, i came in a day early early because i love washington dc. it is a wonderful place. we're learning about everything that has gone on. obviously i went to see the white house and the lincoln memorial. one of my favorite parts of the arlington national cemetery the changing of the guard you see it's.

it was amazing. the precision and everything >> what has today been like? >> we did. we met here. went on a tour. we walked around the capitol that was really awesome. i think i have been they're before another trips to washington. you just learned so much. if anyone comes to dc they should stop by and take a tour inside the congress building. you get a sense of american pride. is established, beautiful and you get to see democracy where it is.

>> are going to finish up the day by going back to the capitol complex's. >> for the remainder of the day we're going to be going back to the capitol to meet mitch mcconnell the majority senate leader which will be amazing. that makes me feel like their 50 states. as kentuckians we can come together to be something special and one person. we are ecstatic for that. after that we go back to the hotel and get ready. >> busy 24 hours. what do you plan to say? >> well, i thank him for supporting us. we actually got a letter from him when we won. that was very personal and interesting. he said he was proud to

represent kentuckians like us. i think i will thank them for that. >> when you and i talked on the phone it was the announcement day and was recorded a short interview by phone to tell you the one at the time i asked you if you plan to have had the plans for spending the prize money. it was too early. >> i have. >> how much will you be getting? >> we will each be getting about $1,600 each. i personally thought of going to take about 250 to $500. i did donate that. i initially thought i would give some for letting us and get those interviews. and that another maybe give to my school or give to

another charity that i'm passionate about. >> a little bit for you at the end. >> going toward my college fund. >> plans for your money? >> i plan on keeping it until i no what to do with the. when you were younger usually do not make the best of decisions that you worth you make them later. i plan on keeping it and maybe i'll do what katie's doing and donate some to the school or charity's. lots of people are joking well, you have $2,000 now. just by this. if i didn't i still wouldn't buy it. i would want to keep it for i don't know. maybe an emergency. something special. >> i want to add to the congratulations you have been getting. you are only in middle school.

there are more opportunities we hope you we will. congratulations to each and all of you for your wonderful effort. thank you for sharing your stories. >> thank you so much. >> the students have obviously been hoping to inspire future participants. we help participants. we help young people out there watching will think about entering the contest in the future. we will announce the new contest theme in september's you can keep sending back. it will be a different theme for the knew year and we hope you will get even more student participants were on the country. >> c-span2 providing live coverage of the u.s. senate for proceedings in key public policy events and every weekend book tv for 16 years the only television

network devoted to nonfiction books and authors >> the senate energy and natural resources committee holds a hearing tomorrow on wildfire management and communities prone to wildfires. the the agriculture departments for service chief will be among those testifying by 10:00 a.m. eastern. later in the day the director of the national institutes of health joins other medical doctors for a hearing on efforts to improve disease treatment through what is known as precision medicine being held by the senate health committee with live coverage beginning at 2:30 p.m. eastern.

>> good afternoon and welcome. i am an editor for bloomberg first, are breaking his desk. the pres. of the national press club. we are club. we are the world's leading organization for journalists, committed to our professions future through programs just like this command we fight for a free press worldwide. for more information about the club visit our website. to donate to programs offered through our close journalism institute visit press .org/institute. on behalf on behalf of members worldwide any to welcome members of our audience. i would also like to welcome our c-span and public radio

audiences. you can follow you can follow the action on twitter using the hashtag mpc lunch. remember, the public attends our lunches. applause is not evidence of a lack of journalistic objectivity. it after our guests speech we will have a question-and-answer session. i will ask as many questions as time permits. our head table includes guests of our speaker and working journalists who are club members. let me introduce them to you now. i ask each person to stand briefly has names are announced. from the audience is right tender mccarter retired public relations director for ieee. former presidential innovation fellow at the white house fema command gsa.

bill yarn off, vice president of business development at the diplomatic courier. technology freelancer technology freelancer and chair of the national press club freelance committee. jonathan fisher, senior editor at slate. susan molinari, vice president of public policy and government relations and customer speak. elephant -- alison fitzgerald. skipping over our speaker for a moment managing director at stanton communications and the speakers committee member who organized today's lunch. thank you. haley sugiyama, technology sugiyama, technology reporter for the "washington post". tom rising, technology

reporter for u.s. news & world report. washington bureau chief. joshua higgins technology reporter for inside washington publishers. [applause] 's a little more than 40 years ago the 1st international conference on computer communication gathered in the basement of the washington home. attendees witnessed a demonstration of the technology that enabled advanced applications to run between computers here in washington and others around the country. a network created by the advanced research projects agency was the earliest version of the internet. one of those involved in the demonstration that they is

today's speaker. since then in 1972 he 72 he has developed in advance the architecture and utility of the internet, i should the continued spread of the web and become one of the most widely respected authorities of internet policy and governance. many many call him a father of the. since 2,005 he has served as the chief internet evangelist for google. he says he took that moniker because they would not approve the title of the arch duke. obviously well-versed on the value and capabilities of the internet. recently recently voicing concern that the 21st century could become an information by call unless we find ways to preserve photos' content which is hard because we don't know how computers of the future will function. his solution,. his solution, if you want to make sure some important information survives printed

out. the current project is the interplanetary internet. a computer network for planet to planet communication. his list of awards and commendations is quite lengthy please give a warm national press: welcome. >> first of all thank you very much. my favorite the arab.

i'm not going to use any presentation charts. you will have to listen. i worked on something way back in the 1980s. among the 1st people to sign up for this electronic mail service we will reporters one of whom was william f buckley. i maintain a lovely correspondence before he passed away and remember had come and gone. around 2,003 was clear that charging people for e-mail was not exactly a great business model anymore's. we shut down and made a bunch of angry e-mails from

reporters who senate have my e-mail address is 1983. it was time for the service to go. i have to themes. first one has to do with technology. i want to talk a little bit about policy. eight points or eight points or so on the tech side and 45 on the policy side. i'm really proud of the fact that the internet continues to evolve. this is not a design which was fixed in time but rather one that has adapted to knew technology become an important element of the smart phone. one of the things that we did not quite get right was the amount of numerical address space needed. only designed to four years ago we did some calculations

and an estimated at 4.3 billion terminations ought to be enough. the version of the network most of you are using is called ip version four which was designed back around that time. we got it wrong. around 2,011 the ceo you can with them. he's began to talk to. we need it. ♪ which has 100 28 bits of address space. it's a number only if congress can appreciate. it is absolutely vital that we get all the isps to turn on. the the software is in your

desktops and laptops and mobiles. so you can give me to favors as individuals talk to your isps and demand an answer. second as reporters kindly do the same thing. why do i care to make the next wave of stuff is the internet of things'. this is real. on every appliance your shifting from electromechanical controls to programs and controls. program controls. once you put a computer inside of anything as an opportunity to put it on the net. the good thing is everything is connected. the bad thing is everything is connected. we really need the address space in order to collect this explosion of devices.

it may not be as crazy as this sound. and. every label potentially have its own ip address. some of them already do. made by phillips. you can control the color and light intensity from your mobile. to do that any minute address. we need to get them implemented. implemented. the 2nd one is even more obscure. you might think okay. when you're watching streaming videos notice that sometimes they give jerky. you sit there waiting for

banks. it turns out that it is not true and it's always a good thing. let me explain the higher geek to do it. this thing has memories. imagine that your running a local network at home and it's running in 100 mb a hundred megabits a 2nd or maybe even a gigabit. the connection that you have is not running as fast list you happen to be limited google fiber network. the program you have running is pushing data like crazy. the data rate is lower than the rate's that which you are pumping it in. an increasing amount of delay waiting to here acknowledgments coming back. at some time the program inside the same my god they did not get what i said.

you keep retransmitting you keep retransmitting and pretty soon you create a highly congested transition. what you have to do is design the system so that it does not put to much buffer space in the past. it should put only enough to deal with the differential between high-speed of low-speed. so the letters that you want to refer to are called coto _-dash avenue q co del _ avenue q and that is the kind of thing the technology that you want in your routers. while you're powering on the table you can say also, also i want coto have q on my router and a pony. next next, all of you are familiar with the fact that we are really bad at picking passwords. some of us still use password for a password because it is easy to remember. you are told to please make

up gated complicated passwords with punctuation and other stuff and keep changing them all the time. he put it in your wallet. so you reported that you were attacked in 2010 and penetrated. we decided we needed to do something about that. in addition to username and password which we still has people to change on a regular basis we also have a peace of hardware called a gnu bb why. ..

>> >> so this is called encryption for transmission which once all transmissions so they ought to be interrupted for confidentiality. so we see that as a very important technology to be incorporated. i know i don't have very

much time how to design and build a secure internet but it was secured at the time but now we have the technology available but we think it is important to the crypt data so the disk drive the immobile of we will a encrypt data and the atlantic is the data center so even if it lung is it penetrated our telos your laptop there would be hard to extract. you all know what good demesne system name is because you use those all the time but a security extension which percolates new look up a domain name

the computer says where is that i need a number and it looks it up it gives back the it numerical address said these are very important so somebody could change that addresses the issue with the domain name you think your body into a bank of america but if someone has hacked the system there by using your name and password. so to use a digital signature. they can do to release nine in the binding with the it address. said they you can check the binding the by checking the date initial signature you

can verify has not been modified. briefing kit should be implemented throughout the domain name system but we need more implementation but the last saying is the best communications practices number 38. basically if you are operating a network to except traffic from people that is sent out to the rest of the internet first check the source internet address that comes from whoever gives the traffic is coming from a legitimate source is a responsible for that

space? so don't let them in to the net it is possible we don't want people to do that so the eye is we should execute see you can tell lab of very strong message i ask you to a amplify it is time to get on the stick to improve the safety a and confidentiality. now let's switch to policy. they told me it would tell me when i would -- when this would die. i have 80 minutes left? three and a half seconds? seven minutes. [laughter] so with a ntia can transfer

whenever it retains to the iana transition so those bodies of the internet becomes part of the operation and policy development rather than having a specific agency taking responsibility for that. when i-cam was created 1998 it was to be a to a three-year period then it would relinquish responsibility for any further direct interaction it has been some years it has passed the community to benefit with the ntia oversight i am a strong believer the government

should step away from the of responsibility since its inception. second, i cannot imagine that freedom of expression is fundamental to our democratic society but that the internet continues to support that. freedom from harm widows speak about that but unless people feel they are safe they will not use it so to be undermined so is very important with the freedom of expression that we do everything we can to protect everybody from harm. number three is with nondiscrimination nine of

the isp should have anything to say where the traffic comes from or where it is going to you should have the ability to go anywhere they want to do whatever you want to do if it is illegal that is a different problem but none of the providers should tell you what you kiev or can do. sova to preserve user choice and similarly equal access to performance features because you play a video game you should have access to that. it should not be possible to pick in and choose but to

have access to these capabilities. a and finally it is important with the adoption of policies with the creation of more internet but at google my job is to get more internet built all about though world. talking to eric schmidt he said u.k. and to retiree age you are only half-dozen three -- julie have 3-1/2 billion people and have another 4 billion to go. i can do is help to recognize countries of the development of internet infrastructure for the benefit of their citizens so that is my last point on policy and i am over thai man will stop there and turn the floor over to you. the key oh.

[applause] >> the internet was created and now it is:nobody owns it is impossible in multistate colder governance inquiry can actually work? >> you are right to initially, this was sponsored by iana we turn this on the 1983 how long ago was that? thirty-two years. who'd you suppose was actually running it? it was not the defense department actually my colleagues or at

universities and in the private sector running and building and operating pieces of the internet and it has been that way ever since it has always been the private sector role of course, it has pieces of its own so does the national science foundation and nsf. actually started it 1986 then shut it down because they did not needed anymore because there were commercial services available but the civil society and government all have a responsibility to be apart of the policy-making apparatus the themes that you do to affect the because the few become an avenue that attacks can be made

then all have a shared responsibility to make policy decisions about the internet. it could be their responsibilities the policy-making should be stakeholders and that has been working for the last 32 and can continue if you just let it. >> several questions about hacking with the white house in the state department will there come a day that they're not possible and someone else wonders who is responsible for cybersecurity? >> the answer lies in the of previous response because we are responsible for improving the safety and security your own choices

are all part of the fabric there is the visual model in my head whose backyards that imagine there is a nincompoop and he let somebody into the interior after ready locks their doors so there is the character that we all have a role to play. there are different places in the architecture were attacks can be launched. of so those mechanisms so suppose somebody says the solution is we should decrypt everything as long

as we encrypted the e-mail everything will be okay? okay. analyze this. the source of the e-mail which is affected somehow maybe they went to of web site with now where so this composes eight men that has malware it is great. nobody can see it then is decrypt did then it has so that does not necessarily solve the problem we have to put prevention into various layers of technology so it is sort of the report is responsibility but each layer and provider of service has a responsibility

just as we do in the application space as we protect poughkeepsie layers of architecture that contribute to the safety of. >> right now we use social and credit history to verify the legal identity as social security numbers did not exist what would verification of look-alike is there a better way? >> the short answer is yes. would you like me to elaborate? first of all, social security the embers were not intended to be identifiers used but they are. or the last four digits which is almost worse. second there is no way to tell if it is valid court

invalidated is just nine digits we could do a lot better with today's technology one would be to issue a certificate that identifies a public key that belongs to you alone. then you have the private key to go with it. this is what you come up with in 1977 you have to appease one unlocks the door to the one locks it so you have to do different cryptographic key is that work together to create security. imagine having the identifier that has been digitally signed by the authority that would issue those identified errors that could be a state government

as a state issue these does anybody knows the insert? in the issue to those certificates as long as the digital signature works you could validate yourself and only by the private key. so we could verify so that public and private key it is more prevalent than that we don't have time to go into details but that is the essence. by the way here is another

opportunity for policy if we could agree of what could be shown before you get their credentials that is as significant as a lecturer today. so what could be presented with a digital signature and certificate? that would encourage the commerzbank give us protection against the use of social security numbers. >> it addition to printing out photos what else should we do to preserve information and to preserve our culture for future generations? >> i really did not say print everything but some people decided that is what i said. [laughter] you cannot blame them.

so here is the problem of. when you create complex files. if you have editors the file that you created is pretty complex. this code to allow the document to be edited but the year 2150 in your doris kerns goodwin is great great-granddaughters' and you want to read about the beginnings of the 21st century. she wrote that wonderful story of lincoln and the tv of rifles. then a dialogue seemed very plausible.

in then to have that physical correspondents so now imagine it is 2150 in trying to write about the beginning of the 21st century and you cannot find a daily thing because all e-mail has evaporated or worse you have these gigantic risks that represent the e-mail but the application programs and operating systems and though hardware don't work anymore. nobody supports them you have a pile of rotten disks on your hands. iowa to prevent a few ways i have lectured on this with my party's just last week at

stanford. but to develop a virtual machine capability that can emulate hardware then run the operating systems on the machine then run those applications and it works. he showed 20 different emulations a hint he wished away we 1987 turbo tax running on of mcintosh including the crappy graphics it was a phenomenal performance so to preserve software applications and emulate the hardware is the best to answer so far. can you imagine running those in the cloud?

this is not the trivial problem how do i get ahold of the software? what is somebody says you cannot do that because they did not pay? it has been a hundred 50 years since you did anything with that software. give me a break you remember when xerox machines were created in library and said you could copy as much as she wanted. the publisher said know they will xerox of book but rita preservation like that. so it is not only sanctioned but to encourage. there is the law in answer to that question.

>> could you view is there enough technical expertise with those to craft technology policy? is the breaking trust consulted. >> the answer to the last part is no but to the first part is the original group the internet configure ration and control board in then i appointed those that are though lead researchers so they morphed into the activities board that became

the internet architecture board and now at the task force that are now housed in the internet society are the braintrust for the technical evolution. this is not disenfranchised with those entities that develop new protocols and applications i have lived here is in washington since '76 it is the privilege to their responsibility to help policymakers for those that make sense. so that it is accurate enough you will reach of

right kind of conclusions. the last figure want is the policy to abandon the law of gravity. ever job is to be helpful to provide a clearer explanation with how this works the worst thing in the world is to have flaws that cannot be implemented it encourages disrespect for the lot. >> over the past two decades what are the water to developments this is most pleased door disappointed with? >> spam is a disappointment. [laughter] we have done a good job to filter out alatas period if

you ever look at your folder is amazing how much you did not have to look especially with body parts for coated is the a knowing side effect give there are crazy 80 is. sole spanish is a knowing that there are ways to filter it out. what i was most astonished by some of you have kids don't take too much credit for what your kids do well so when they screw up you don't have to take too much blame. is the wrong word to use but i am just grateful but with

regard to surprises nobody really noticed the when the mosaic browser showed up this was astonishing because it turned the internet into a magazine on top of that the browsers had a featured you wanted to see how the web page was built you have it show you that ht about. this was open and everybody could copy a web page to and they found ways to make it interesting. so one was of role that did not exist before the web and was enhanced that every eddie shares the web pages

somewhat astonished the was the amount of content with web browser is it html was available it is astonishing how much people wanted to share to know that their information was useful to somebody else if you hear information is power it is nonsense is this information sharing and we will see that over the next 20 years or decades. what i like the most is it evolves and scales there are not too many protocols it has invited creativity we use that permission lists very creatively and it should stay that way.

you are said to lebed a candidate for the chief technology officer but the larger question is would you consider moving to the government side to sort out these issues and a senior role if offered? >> this is a hypothetical. [laughter] so there are news reports i may have been on the list for i don't know by consulted with my friends and eric said just be the chief technology officer best friend. so with his successor i thought that was good advice. i did serve in six years at darpa it was a towering four

made a and a period of time where i worked with incredibly smart people but my whole career has been that way at google i am surrounded by smart people smarter than i am and i learned that every single day. and i sit here to think we tried that 25 years ago but then i remember there is a reason why. made the computers are cheaper or faster or maurer every it is economically feasible for i have been forced to rethink my own views over and over again and nothing keeps to younger so i don't feel the need to become a part of the government but i want the opportunity to provide support and help if i can

and i will if i allowed. >> iana to see congress pass the u.s. say freedom act? so with the back door into cell phones what should congress do? >> first of all the back door idea is indicative of a real tension with the global system to be used and abused there isn't anything that determines that is constructive toward destructive. we have to do something to protect the citizens of our country from harm. how can i do that? said tension in is if you use cryptography there is

the question of the law-enforcement people and what kiev they do it'd is reminiscent from the 90's i was adamantly against this idea. if you have a back door that somebody baby a bad guy so that technology is super risky for quite don't think that is the right answer but the question is how oh do you do that? will live in a society where there is no privacy receive plan to do is known and it

may be a safe society of the other hand what about an absolute privacy in and bad stuff happens you feel is protected but not your safety is diminished there must me of place it between it is a the same place every culture were nation but our job is to figure out the balance. and congress is forced to struggle with as about protection and safety on the one hand i am not persuaded back doors is the right way. >> the way the sec that neutrality rules are written that they offer equal opportunity speeds to avoid

government overreach like content regulation. >> "this is it" interesting problem. i think tom wheeler did not have a lot of choice the fcc has asserted that neutrality rules to protect users choice is essentially they were told to enforce those practices so i think he had three possibilities which was to nothing to the extent people agree there helpful and useful that simply would not succeed because of the legal basis because of enforcement but second is to get congress to create a new

title. some of you remember the brand x decision the cable companies say we are not regulated in the same ways but yet they were both providing internet service but they said it is under different ground rules and it is not fair so could we get the congress to adopt the choice instead is to treat the internet if it is the structure with adjusted information and service and a story but that led to the unregulated title so the sec will was completely removed a and so he chose the third path that the fcc did have

the authority it my view to have equal authority to decide it is title to but to be constrained significantly so now there is the basis to take action that the neutrality laws have been violated but there is a potential forward-looking risk if they decide to invoke all of those complexities designed for a system for voice communication which is of far cry from the internet of today and tomorrow's internet at some point this has to be redressed if we do anything at all it needs to be tailored to a network

that still must we evil little to add new products and services we should not construe the network simply in order to regulate but to make sure it treats you fairly to incite the sec that is right-handed assailant i hope i could straddle that a reasonably well. [laughter] >> i mentioned at the national press club we fight for freedom worldwide part of your job is to analyze the internet worldwide would use aid to governments to consider the internet a threat and what can you do to shake that loose? >> i wish i could say get over it.

everybody picks on china but they are an example of the attention actually have some sympathy for the chinese get rid there is 260 million intered -- chinese on the internet right now. so this means the chinese government has been investing in the enormous amount very early into the space so this is even better so they make this big investment as they come from a long history of authoritarian practices so they're scared rate of the large population of people becoming happy i am told the last several times there are major regime changes

preceded by a peasant rebellion so you can appreciate things are scary even if they tried to do the right thing. some of the countries that seek authoritarian control will discover that if they do that they shoot themselves in the foot potentially inhibiting the creativity of the population which is what they need and second to inhibit the ability to explore world markets i don't care what country you are don't cut yourself off from access. that this a&m accidentally

preventing them sells from participating in letting the global market participate. my message is always economic it is in your interest to invest in the internet to keep it as open as possible and allow your population to make work -- use of it nobody has a corner on creativity or invention it is just that they don't have the over with all to explore those ideas. how many people come from india to do spectacularly well? gary d. is where the save they just didn't have the infrastructure or the willingness to take risks we know there are smart people out there if the rules could

be made similar to hear in the united states. >> we're almost out of time before the last question i will remind you of the upcoming speakers for the first woman to lead the air force academy will address a luncheon on friday. ceo of american and delta air ignited airlines will appear together. and karen said keeler will address the press club may may 22nd i will now present our guest with the greatest gift of all the national press club mugged you care and treasurer for decades. [applause] and now the final question

this almost sounds like it could have come in over the internet. you have fewer than 5,000 viewers for dash followers on the twitter and you were not verified. what is up with back? [laughter] >> i don't tweets that match i have better things to your do. besides i get more than enough visibility as it is. i am stopped by to autograph guys today what it you have to do to get verified? said your blood type? i ask the head guy of twitter what is his title?

twit? >> why isn't there a nobel prize for computing? >> he is long past. you cannot ask him. the story is his wife ran away with a good mathematician and in consequence he told the committee under no circumstance will any branch of mathematics be recognized and unfortunately computer science is associated with that so we are not eligible we might be for the peace prize but it is political but there is a prize offered for competing machinery that has gone global with the chinese said european council in former president

in the middle of 2016 that many of you would know from the of movies made is funded by google and we are proud to offer that every year. and i did get that prize so i feel more than adequately compensated in not doing it retroactively yet. it is a high recognition to the computer science community is more than enough. [applause]

>> aeropostale like to thank a the national press club staff for organizing today's event for curfew was like a copy go to our web sites they q very much. we are richard. [inaudible conversations]

>> [inaudible conversations] and could add morning. and mac your adviser scheerer and i am pleased you can enjoy us our also like to welcome our online audience we're broadcasting this defense live individual video and audio will be available following the event and you can follow ouessant twitter the ninth round of negotiations for the transatlantic trade

agree membership concluded last week as part of the commitment to meet following each round with the european commissioner for trade is in washington and we welcome the commissioner to our forum this morning before becoming commissioner for trade of the european union prior to that was up commissioner with so long career is in this field a and most importantly was say and in turn here also. [laughter] so this is a welcome back for the commissioner. thank you for joining us and please help me to welcome commissioner mouse from.

[inaudible conversations] [applause] >> good morning. it is nice to be here especially at csis where did that internship. and it is good to be back again. i.m. here from the transatlantic agreement we're here to assess where we are. it is the third time that when i meet the of members of my family and why a do we

do this? apart from the formal negotiations to exchange the viewpoints in to see those possibilities that is strategically important that is why we will continue to have this and tell the very and. but we also know the be all and end all of trade policy the biggest is to the trade pacific it is the indispensable part of the dpp has been a negotiated land is very close as well.

to go far beyond one notion it changes all the time we're trading from today's realities to very deep discussion hear it is interesting to hear our discussions on trade that is not an easy task because it means planning for a future that is unforeseeable so if you focus of the decisions you have to make every day in my country we talk about taxes and death that are taken for granted. so with that temptation and you should day -- resist as well.

if you don't ever you were going you end up somewhere else for pro his right. so what about that trade policy? we're looking closely from five years ago in the question is that those changes raised real policy helps us to protect europe some of the overalls largest exporter of goods area of services across our continent foreign re-exports to the rest of the world but those benefits are our own

part because not only do we get cheaper goods but to the more competitive almost 60 percent of that value is made up but the imports of energy that also supports jobs we oh the economic benefits to roger for new workers with the open trade policy of course, that is a lot to an almost 70 years we have greater openness end we continue to do so today. these efforts creates a framework with the benefits

that it delivers they were essential with the international crisis of 2008 is using bilateral negotiations for the european people. last year alone we concluded negotiations with canada and ecuador they are effective at opening markets through a public procurement through traditional barriers than they work. in 2011 the agreements with south korea mitt is 35% in the exports are up so we have evidence policy works helping to create prosperity of the ground that they are

demanding people to promote european values around the world with democracy and human rights and free know that this works also. with your trade preferences muir though world's largest importer because we have a market because we have a duty to the world's poorest countries because of those valuable trade preferences to the economy we use that to strengthen labor rates and have a program to give

better access to the developing countries everything combating racial discrimination sadly we see results from innovative tools like they anklet dash between you and the when and employers. a terrible of tragedy in bangladesh were people lost their lives and have seen some important improvements in workplace safety. the pressure can and bring change and this is just

three examples. but there is room to do more. so we must change in the reason is they are important because the world economy has changed to be more integrated period mergee economies like china need to find ways to connect economically. so we need to engage with others. the trade isn't physical but electronic. and to be a confined to the private sector to come up

with creative types of trade bias with the content requirement is subsidies of energy and raw materials. there is a positive mood in the wto. . .mprove -- this would bestromly important to reach an agreement by the end of the year, specially for the poorest countries of the worlds. the most dramatic trend in the world policy of trade is the proliferation of bilateral free trade agreements around the world. so it's not an option. that would put u.on exports to a huge disadvantage as others improve their access to markets. another change is the politics of trade in europe. it may not be obvious in washington but is there an intense public debate around the