his work was very influential. and in my finding a career path. i can't blame him entirely. it is accidental. he have doing a strip as a sports strip. and i was scouted in the first six weeks that i was doing it. and offered my current job. the story that my kids hate on every level. i had not put in the 10,000 hours. i put in maybe 30. was given an opportunity, so i would have to put in the 10,000. i ended up putting in the 10,000. but it was yeah. yeah. after the fact. and i was making all of my mistakes and full public view. so jewels was very influential for a number of us. his was the first strip that i was aware of where the main poifbt the strip was about the idea. and was about a subject.

serious subject and i imagined in jewels you may have a different explanation for it. there wasn't very much change in the artwork from the image to image in the earlier cartoons from the others and i thought well that is just to get my attention. pay attention to the words and pay attention to what is being said. so that i thought. you know. that may be came from the love of the theatre as well. and that you have loved, dialogue. and i really took all of that to heart. and of course. i of the counterculture and i was in college at the time when people were pushing against every institution. and so when i graduated from college. i thought that it was perfectly normal that i would take those interests. and those concerns. politics rock 'n' roll. sex, drugs and all of the thing that had bubbled up to the surface of my life during the four years and to take them into the comic stage. and most of the editors were unfamiliar with the subjects on being there.

and so there was a lot of crossing of red lines early. that is why i find it so difficult to be talking about a red line now where charlie hebdo. you know. i was with the debate over and over again with editors. at what within point. how clueless that i was, i was tired of getting thrown out of newspapers and i sent out a questionnaire to the editors. i do not know if i ever told new jewels and i said which of the following subjects should i not address in the i put a list of thing. a is the list for abortion and a whole long list. and i sent it off like to a dozen leading editors. amazingly almost all of them took the bait. and checked the boxes. this is forbidden this. is not. so, finally. i heard from a wiser head. and he said this is just

bull shit. this has nothing to do with the subject but how you treat and how serious you are as satire. and if you can convey that if you convey that seriousness and purpose that you are trying to move people to thought and judgement there is nothing that you can't write about. and one of the proudest moments of my career was two or three years ago when i wrote about the texas sonogram law. and transvaginal probes language that is not in the comics. i was kicked out of about 70 papers but all temporarily. that all of the papers. i built up enough credibility as a serious commentator that they said okay. this one is not quite right for the community. for a number of reasons. about you it doesn't mean that you don't go away. we can't hear your voice this week.

i am not entitle today have my voice heard in many communities all over the day. and that is a privilege and a lot of times i get that and sometimes i don't. and that is called editing and not sense or ship. i have always defended editors that the most despicable reasons to throw me out of the their newspapers. that is their job. there are dozens of decisions made every day. as to what will belong and what doesn't in the form of them pulling quality control. you are being affective. you know. everything that you do. you have to be doing something wrong. it shows that you are dangerous. a little bit. yeah. or that have you touch add sore point for the particular community. yeah. well. there is not all of my smoking mr. butts scripps made it. when the i wrote about frank sinatra.

i went dark in las vegas. and injury brown same in cal camp. they will be reege name. recently i did something about jeb bush and the dallas paper through it out. it was too political. too political. the man is running for president. [laughter] >> i think that one of the initial resting thing that we are seeing is the death of that context and the death of anything targeted for the particular community. if things move away from line and online. it will be a lot of what happens with charlie heb dome of the little tiny knockoff 1% of the paper i think awful often cartoons were made to stand in front of the american audience. and no one anymore is seeing the whole body of their work or reaching a particular community. everybody is speaking to everyone it is strange and doing something disconcerting to art i think and except for the charlie artists did highlight the specific things that they

did. and they said with redoing this for a very particular reason. yeah. and i this i that because you can see say something does not mean. agree. that you must. i agree with you. rights come with a responsibilities. and absolute agreement. i think if there is a huge difference between what you should be legally permit today say. everything in my opinion. and what makes you horrible human if you say it? the tabloid that exists to shame women for how they look in bikinis are things that should be legal and also the work of disgusting humans and mocked whether they go outside. and i do not think that they are contradicting at all. jewels you had fairly strong words to say about the state of american cartooning particularly newspaper cartooning in recent years. >> gary. better than i i think that we are down to something like under 200 eight editorial cartoonists. is that right to you?

more like 4 5 when i started there was 200 cartoonists that made their living from a paper x got salaries and benefits under other? well. >> fantasy world. if you are cutting a budgest the newspaper. and i would venture out of the 45 across the vast nation. maybe five of them are worth looking a you know? that it is always been a small minority. not everybody is as brilliant as paul conrad or herb lock and those in louisville. one the extraordinary and in the early 60s was doing strong cartoons.

in our midst on race and civil rights. that is on the paper. i don't know whether it was the dispatch or sun times at the time told them to go to work for will the daily worker. he was actually talking real stuff going on. and this was unheard of at the time. >> when you included in one of the thing that what i thought was a brilliant liberal hypocracy and lifl civil rights. can we see that now jewels? do you want to. into it is i guess the early 60s. black man he says. i love jazz.

so, among racists that every part of black culture that is available they will pick up. but not blacks. the music. and the wear hats backwards. get a sway to the hips. act cool. but acknowledge that there are other races and not just blacks. other races that are worth tolerating. that is a no-no. you plungeder cultures. in this case black culture

but down let them into the club that is a no-no the of and did you get backlash from the liberals that did not like to see hypocracy exposed? um, the answer to that question is that i don't know. i didn't get that much feedback. you get a lot of feedback. i did not get. the voice readers did not basically did not communicate with me. he accept for on very weird issue that's did not have anything to do with anything. i didn't get very much feedback. it was both disappointing to me. andal allowed for me to just pay attention to what i wanted to do. and i have attention from figure in the black community. that made me feel good. and when i did a collection of the cartoons on special rights and was with the interducks to it that i

found a great honor, this is a man that normally organized the washington for me. and on a personal level taught me out of the army. and the place to go. there is a fellowship. where an unknown speaker. i know everything about civil rights. thought talking in the way that changed my entire life. and looked at things. and the way that he i workeded and said. and that we will never resolve issues and civil

war. this is not about how white liberals should give the blacks a break. will affect everybody. and the faint of the negro as they called them then. and it is about all of us and what he had to say then is and it was radical. and revolutionary. and blew my mind a part. i got to know him. and real other affected. not just the cartoons on race that i did. he tried to figure out. what are they telling us? what is going on? how do i approach this in the way that communicates to a reader? something that i was thinking about this morning when i was watching the video of that black man scott who was shot eight times. while running away.

are there some thing that are too awful to caricature. casual terms and just i don't know to break out of the frame. as awful as it was, let's wait for the trial. see whether is he found not guilty. which is the american way. of the shocking thing is that they are putting him on trial in the first place. that is only because of the brave reeft guy that filmed it. there is the story of the guy. the young man, the dominican republic was at first. he thought of an erasing this. his first thought was in the free country of america. erasing it because he might get into trouble. and then he took it to the police headquarters and the way that they treated him. he got out of there knowing that if he turned the tape

over to them, that first of all he would never get his phone back. and that teach would never be seen again. gary are there subjects not necessarily this one. i will give you an extreme example of that. i am sorry. he is not here this. is his organization. when 9/11 happened. there was irony. that was dead. and the late night shows went dark. and all of us you know. were so stunned and didn't know how to respond in away that would be socially useful. the onion did a very interesting thing. they said. you know comedy is not the opposite of serious. it is an opposite of december pay.

oh you do we direct the response that will confront the despair? so their headlines. two days later. were i wrote them down. because like the jerry bruckheimer movie. life becomes a jerry bruckheimer movie. i don't remember that one. there was god claire identifies don't kill rule. hijackers surprised to find selves in hell. they have thousands of letters from people all positive. who weren't shocked that the response to a horror would be humor because humor that is the salvation. and the reason that it persists is because life is such a bitch. and this is a wonderful response and there was thousands of letters that poured into the onion. you know. david letterman and everybody else figure it had out a couple of week later and they came back on air.

and realized yeah. we have a job to do. we are apart of the healing. you can see the same thing throughout syria and lebanon right now. where activists are having their lives threatened by isis. and instead of you know. giving in to despair. and they have react today the vicious mock reechlt and vicious hilarious mockery. there is a series of actors making fun of him. there is a rock band in beirut. there is like an incredible tradition of parody in the middle east. and that is really been turned into a great effect to isis right now. and throughout the world. every stripe secular and of every type. they hate humor. and cartooning. it will get under their skin. there is something that is visceral about it.

the people. they decided to become author tearians it kills them. when hitler. when he was in power. one of the thing that he made a spets list of was cartoonists in england that had drawn mean pictures of them. he wanted to find people and kill them. they hurt his feelings just that much. when i had an interesting incident in terms of somebody i had anger and i went to guantanamo bay in the summer of 2013. can we show molly's guantanamo. great. when i was in guantanamo bay i was forbidden from drawing the faces of anybody that work there had. that is why i drew these. i don't believe in hiding the fact that you are being sense orred if you do draw the censorship. when i went to guantanamo bay i made a lot of fun of the press tour. and the way that you know of the they sort of tried to journalist. and you know. i pointed to the absurd its of the place much the military was so angry with

me. one press officer called up my editor and said that i quote made him look like a tool. >> it is interesting. do you think that there is something about the visual that is more gets under the skin or even then the best verbal satirist is it the fact of caricature to make them look ugly? it is the immediate. you have to read a whole essay. and you see it hits you right. and there is no barriers. no you don't have to speak fluent french to know that the picture that you had at the beginning of the thing was a really mean caricature of someone. you know. they laugh through time. and space. borders and they laugh through languages and go straight into your eyes. that is why they have that visceral impact. thomas nast. a her over the 19th

century. most of his audience was illiterate. cartoonists of america. tamony hall corrupt shonl. so in fact he the mayor. his nemesis fled new york. and was kept from spain of the wasn't he some right. who said that. you know. in his rage against, another he said. i don't care about what he writes against me. but the pictures. and nat's pictures. there was extraordinary people at the time. >> do you think that there is at all a fine line between caricature and

offensiveness or over simplifying and stereotype or is the best kind of visual represent send take that somehow evades a stereotype? well again. i this i that it would require a brain and an opinion, not just lyndon johnson had a big nose. and i got lyndon johnson and the best lyndon johnson was david levine. and the greatest character turz of last 20th century. and most often in noefrj the review of books. lbj had a famous gallbladder operation and a photograph of him. he was a famous as well as famous everything else. the picture. he is holing up.

showing his you normal. the scar from his global. and the new york review. it's a wonderful caricature. and the scars will be vietnam that he is showing. that seem to sum up the vulgarity you have the president. and his personal possession of the vietnam water that is why we kept on escalating and it sealed to be a profound comment on so many things that were going on at the time. it of all in one shot. it is. always a personal question. and i think that what you can do a good job touching

very much depends on who you are. i think that i would never myself. i would not have drawn him that way. it would be stupid for me and punching down as gary said. but someone in a muslim country did a picture of mohammed or published the charlie hebdo cartoons that is not punching down that is challenging the power structure it. is fundamentally different to criticize the community from within and without and it would be a bunch of germans doing that. and the all blonde german cast and crew. that would be a different feel to it. so yeah. i think that there is a what the first ten minutes are

and personal limit limits should be. they come from who you are and the place that you occupy in the power structure. >> agree with that. i don't think. i am not sure where your questions are coming up from. and subjects that will stay away from. of the subjects that i have not collided with. in on my drawing board are really a failure of the imagination. not of nefrment they are just. i can't think of anything that is either entertaining and insight full to say about the subject. nan i fear reprocussions. it is interesting you mention the drawing board. and many may be interested in what the physical layout of how you produce these. you sit at a drawing board. and you.com first drafts. and then you revise or. no. i do that. i do the work the same way that have i done it since i was in grad school.

i draw the pencil. assistant inks is in. and then thursday a color work on it. so the first draft. that's it. it is always in the nic of time there. is no time for revisions. you know. i this i that some artists need to have that structure. i need to have once a week when i can say that is good enough. is there a special room that you do it? >> well i do have a studio yeah. i have worked everywhere through the years. we have portable skills. we work anywhere. how soon after you write the script do you think that have you to sit down and draw it? do you leave time or any time to leave because of the deadlines? no. no i mean for that reason. i would have to take the ideas as they come in order. so say there is a story art

that will go from monday to saturday. i may come up with thursday first and then reverse engineer it so you create your problems. and the desperation is such. if have you an idea that you learn how to use it. so if you asked. what do you do with that idea thanks for not noticing. this seems like a work of much time. effort. i start out with rough sketch that's are ill ledgible to everyone else but myself. and they are an investigation of drawing. and a big piece of paper that i put on the floor. i soak that with water and i drip dye into it to get the texture. and then i start drawing. and a pen that they have the

steel that you put in. and i don't know. but it sounds interesting. and pen and ink bottle and like if you were looking to how they row in little house on the prairie. so i ink and i pencil same you will containous loochlt it is too distracting to sit down in ink. did you do this while gitmo? no i kept a detailed sketch at guantanamo bay. including the basis of this. i developed the smiley faces in the courtroom. an official court sense or there that would sticker and look through the sketch book and he was allowed to cut out anything that he didn't

like. sop what sort of things didn't they like? with anyone that worked there. oops! . so the second time that i came back. i think that they realized how grim it looked to only vp faces and they found me the most attractive soldiers i had ever seen in their lives and most attractive nurses in for feeding. they are not smiley faces. and they are smiley faces from the eyes up. from a nightmare of a sort. jewels. did you start with pen and ink from the beginning? or tell us >> i started with pencil. that was what i was most comfortable with.

and write something. to figure out the idea. for me it was always the idea that comes first. after a while, i discovered what worked best is not knowing when where i was going and what i was upset about. and would comment on. what i was pissed off about. is not how i would do it. and did look into the second city. and others. you start with an opening line. and sometimes that remains opening line. and sometimes not. and panel one. then panel two will follow. you know. and it will begin to right itself. it will begin to take you on this trip. and by the third panel. i figured out where i am going and it will take. it will go with them.

or it will have to be thrown out and start all over again. so this is a could not stan trial and error. but there is appoint in mind. and i kind of know what the point is. in my case the type of cartoon that i did. it often had to do with how the use of the language and the official and unofficial language. it's you know. distrust for government contempt for government. made hatred for government of that we would find for the tea party and on the right will begin on the american left. and it was that the belief of the american left that nothing that they tell you is the truth. nothing government says is true. and what i believed in part to be so. and there was enough evidence to back it up. at the time that i was starting there were nuclear tests. underground nuclear tests and the government would

bring out statistics to show there was no farm harmful effects of radiation coming from the leaks of the nuclear tests as sheep and cattle would fall over out west. hanging out there. you know. so, to do so i did a cartoon called boom on which the government is announcing as people know there are no harmful effects of radiation. so to take the language that we use to fool people. lie to 'em pa. mislead people. and to satire way out of hand to make it funny what was really going on in away that would make people i hoped to think about it and consider it:.

>> people feel that they should be protected from being reminded of it because it would cause. >> host: stress disorder and therefore a lot of dramatic things that happen to people, to this or whatever those who bring up the subject are responsible for warning people

who they want to leave the room or something like that. do you think that this is something that is going to eventually affect your work? >> as i have understood it my friends that would do work on these warnings, they have viewed it as having an ingredient label on food so if you know what is in it you can make appropriate precautions. but i think that is make sense for specific communities. for instance some people may have trigger warnings as people mentioned for their weight. but i have also heard very amazing critiques white people like roxanne they worry that it will be used by college students to avoid engaging material to make them uncomfortable. it's a complicated issue.

but the idea that in a college class you might warn students, it doesn't seem particularly bad for anyone. >> there is a phrase which assumes that after a time of years where you get kicked around and disappointed in this and that happens you arrive at a situation within yourself a condition within yourself where once you had to openness because someone said something and did something, you are able to shrug it off and say forget it and move on. and if we are so sensitive as to not hurt people who are able to be heard in so many ways. we did a generation several

generations, that never grow up and i'm looking at all of you. and i think one of the things that we have given up on is the notion of behaving like grown-ups. and in families we often don't -- there's something to aspire to the only way you do that i used to get better in angry and upset and not speak to people. and we will have a conversation with people that upset me 10 minutes later. i'm not into grudges or getting mad for very long. it doesn't make any sense and it doesn't win anything and the only one that loses his yourself. >> garry trudeau, i guess the you are asking for trigger

warnings or something like that with the boxes to check or something like that. >> yes. >> what are the biggest scary subjects they are these days? >> well i can only talk about my own experience because i don't know. but i know that that varies and is a double standard and i am not quite an editorial cartoonist. and i know that other things are held to different standards and i can't really tell you what they will tell you and what kind of constraints they are under. you know, i have not heard any warnings from editors for years that same ease shall not ride on a particular subject. and it's fine and the reproductive issues -- it's how you deal with it.

>> i think that the only thing that you're really not allowed to do in america for the sake of your career -- you know you're not allowed to say that he is soldiers are bad. >> not generically. in specifics for specific reasons. and among this include depicting behavior of armed forces in vietnam. so why can't we all get along and we had the vietcong terrorist that prevented some of the americans. and you know in an authentic view of what is going on over there. and that has been a very rich source of material for me is

trying to understand the military issues and obviously, if i make blanket statements about that come in at some point home in trying to deal with these issues. so i have written about this and many of the other sorts of things and wounds that the we warriors come home life. and it's just that for me it's always been this because i've been a liberal and i feel that there is no good reason for me to be welcome on military bases and such. but we have enough heat back saying that you know, i got a letter from the then chief of staff and the army saying this just before desert storm saying that we are getting a lot of good and strong response on the soldiers who seem to feel that

you are connected to their issues which i was because i had been getting a lot of letters from them. so i was invited over by a commander and at first i couldn't get out of the country because in those days you had to go through saudi arabia. and i had an adjustment of timing. and all the young men were in country clubs while we had 500,000 troops in the desert. and this went on for weekends. there were two journalists and i couldn't get a visa. i get this call from a guy who was the commander of the tank brigade and i said i hear you've been having trouble getting here and he said come on anyway. and so i got on a plane with no visa and i arrived in at

2:00 o'clock in the morning i got closer and closer to the desk and i thought this is not going to go well. and at the last minute a side door opened and a couple of gis came in and picked me up and took me out. and when 9/11 happened they had been given reasons, and everyone had sort of forgotten is and there was a military presence in saudi arabia. there was no question that they own the country at that particular moment. they could do whatever they wanted. and they acted like it as well. but i was flown to the space by colonel nash and he said that you know, i was reading when i was in vietnam when i was a lieutenant or it i was trying to wrangle these mismatched contents and keep them alive. and i was curious about you and

i said it might be good if you actually do something about it. and so here is the deal come you can play with the toys and hang out and enjoy all of that stuff. but you have to go into the facilities and spend time talking to these guys. and i'm trying to understand what they have and the real. and i think that you will find a very different than the soldiers of your era. so that was the beginning of the introduction so that when the character loses his leg in a subsequent war they said okay, imputation is a long story arc and that's not something you can just blow off in a week. come find out what that means. so long story short it they got me into walter reed and i kind of came and went for years trying to tell those stories of the wounded warriors.

and what they were suffering having performing this duty i thought that is an interesting balancing act because i was trying to keep things alive at the same time. >> a lot of this is investigated . you were sneaking into this migrant workers can't. >> yes. >> so i was doing an investigative piece on the migrant workers who were building these amazing cultural institutions. so right now they were all building branches on this island and i'll be dobby. and migrant labor has long been exploited in the gulf. a construction worker might make $200 a month to work for 12 hours per day doing just doodle physical labor.

this has long been an issue and known that these workers have their passports confiscated because they can't change jobs or leave the country. but what was happening to these western institutions, we were saying that we are different, we are not like that at all and it was not true. and it wasn't even true a little bit. they were exactly like every other company doing construction and so with the help of a local journalist and a young construction worker i was able to sneak onto the site leave your site and also into migrant worker camp and just talk to these guys and talk about their ambitions and what it was like to be a worker there. talk to them about whether or not they were happy. there was a lot of ideas that because these men come from poor countries that they are passively accepting of getting paid $200 per month, but

actually found that they were going on strike all the time and they were just getting arrested in and getting kicked out of the country when they did. until i tried really hard to get to know people and also with that story, a lot of times these guys were like cattle they were peasants that got taken advantage of and i truly believe that good art is antithetical to cliché and what that does is it robs people of humanity and so just by doing art that is good and thoughtful and rigorous, you are cutting away this matter.

>> you have revolutionized the comment world. did you invent the graphic novel reign. >> speaking of the graphic novel, what they have been doing for the last two years, doing a series of graphic novels, and in doing this in a world and day by day we will find out a little bit more about them is it going back [inaudible] and so once you put them all together and leave them all as one piece you realize that it's a novel. and day by day you are not aware of it. but it is character that is

developing. however satirical it may be or cleary as it may be or whatever the points are, it is a story that one follows. i love this from the beginning as a kid it ran in the papers and the 1930s. particularly those that were part of it and some others as well. and these guys i could not do this like them and so i kind of backed into as a fallback position. but a few years ago i just got tired of doing politics and i got tired of commenting on what i had commented before and i got tired of all the issues that

have been solved started from scratch and how we play the same record and the same issues and i said i can't do this anymore i am too old. and i began working on graphic novels and that is what i do now. >> what was your first work a maximum act it just came out and it's called kill my mother. [laughter] and it starts off in 1933 and ends during the war in 1943 and now i am at work on the people and there will be a third book as well which we hope to finish it up about the blacklist years in hollywood.

>> it's something i've always admired about your work. and i wanted to talk to you, not knowing you well is there something that you'd like to add or subtract. >> i was very moved and the level and even though they are very impressed with the different forms of humor and they didn't think of the degree of thought and seriousness and

the artists trying to figure out how i present this. and what is the best way of communicating it. and basically they like the same stuff that everyone else writes. so how i get across my different point of view and make it work with a combination of words and pictures and we think differently about it. and we think differently about it and what you do is just an extraordinary example of what is out there and there are some wonderful talent out there today as well all over the place and

it is terrific to me to see in a field that i have adored as a kid. and i'm really grateful for her. >> i am always grateful to be on the same stage as jules feiffer and my new friend molly crabtree. and even though it was cartoons, i was a theater nerd and i went to see three short plays that someone was putting on and they were hilarious and funny and moving. >> what were they? >> one of them was monroe.

they were cartoon stories that have been written. i do not know them as cartoons. i thought that you were a playwright and i was just listening to it. and what i didn't understand is that as i circled back to my childhood interest, how much these two art forms have in common. so i have been doing the last couple of tv show about this and the work that we do every day is such good preparation for that. his characters and dialogue story arcs. television now such a wonderful space to work in and it's so close except you don't have the absolute control that you do. >> but you have a great attitude. >> you have great actors that

make you seem funnier than you are. >> i'm honored to get to sherry stayed with them and i'm honored and that's all i have to add. [laughter] >> before we take questions, perhaps a round of applause for these people. [applause] [applause] >> so i guess that you want to wind up at the microphone here for question. >> it's pretty close. it is not going to register and lets you go to this. and don't be shy, people.

we will wait. [applause] >> [inaudible] >> my question is for molly crabtree. i'm curious as a woman when you try to sneak into these places, are there challenges that you raise because you are female trying to get into places that may be a male cartoonist wouldn't? >> you know everyone has been incredibly courteous and respect up to me. people in the middle east are some of the most hospitable and courteous people to deal with on earth. and i have never been in a situation personally where i felt that i was at a disadvantage since i was a woman.

>> thank you. >> i have to say that i've always been treated with utmost respect. >> i have a question based on ethnicity. as well as politics. from what i heard earlier you seemed to suggest that most of the brilliant satire is in the political realm are leftists. and some seem to be primarily jewish even though the jewish people are a very small proportion of the population. so if mr. jules feiffer could comment on his jewish and left background. [laughter] >> i don't know what you're talking about. [laughter] >> i will tell you because i have your book your and i would like you to autograph it and it's filled with jewish

commentary. [laughter] >> i never saw that book. [laughter] and i've never been a jew. [laughter] >> well, you got me [inaudible] [laughter] >> many were irish catholic. there were a few jews but the jews were mostly in the comic books and they came from new york. >> i beg your pardon? >> cleveland. >> yes, they came to new york and i branched out in the notion many years ago that superman really didn't come from the planet krypton.

and in any case i don't think that that is true anymore and the comic book artists come from all over the place, but the generation that are for generations away from where i am and there's a lot of commentary about what happened. and there was a great depression and people form political alliances and they said that was a communist party and the socialist party and there was

the american labor party, i was 22 years old. >> i thought he would come up with more. i was new in the community and i also wanted to meet the girls. >> next question over there? >> hello. we can all do work in the field like going to all these places and getting hands-on experience. i've been wondering what news sources, or do you feel like because there are a lot of the media during one thing way or

the other, how do you feel like you're making an informed viewpoint on certain subjects remapped. >> is a lot of trial and error and failure in trying. the act of writing something is almost always here because reality can be complex but you have 500 words. what you choose to do takes this always speaks to your biases. in terms of what i personally read i really like the guardian for big long reads i like london review of books bbc is really good. but steve has really great reporting as well. and i tend to follow writers that i admire and easier now than ever to do that. the idea of this platform is pretty dead and i think it's

better to find writers that i trust. also sometimes you look at twitter and you follow people on the ground in those areas and that's not always accurate and very often there are things that are wildly inaccurate. but often it is the most unfiltered way to find out what is going on in a certain place at a certain time. >> thank you. >> next question. >> hello, i believe that it was during this election that the studies came out saying that denying a lie tends to increase the public's ability to believe the lie in the first place and the more that you try to fight a lie, less effective that you would be. and it seems that the only way to defeat something is to discredit it and that is where satire comes in.

do you feel additional responsibilities because of that, the importance of satire to discredit the ideas that are faults are harmful in your works? i mean does that come into play in your mode of thinking that you are actually are forming a service discrediting ideas that are harmful two. >> there is a lot that has to be accomplished. you have to frontload it with information that the audience trusts on some level and they tell a story that is premised upon what is contained in the first and sometimes second panel. ..

>>

>> but that is an interesting observation of the responsibilities with a reality challenged environments like now. [laughter] i have the character whose job is to supply the alternative set of facts to clients to meet a different reality that may have been observed. [laughter] so he calls this company and provides with arguments to beat your life into submission because it incurs the inconvenience. it is an issue that i grapple with but it is never in the intellectual coherence way it is more intuitive what i have admired we were talking

about robert altman's earlier i was on his show and it was entirely from the debt. sometimes it was unclear where the story was going. [laughter] but i do think that's not being as smart as everybody else or other people is part of the job description for behalf to simplify to reach a broader audience. >> you wrote 45 years long novel. day you have it in the back of your mind how events? >> i don't. id has occurred to me when that moment comes but thus trip started at iran the

moment of two kids introducing each other as freshmen. but it will end on something just like that but i don't see the need to tie it together. longtime readers could differentiate. i don't feel there has to be closer to all the story lines i just berated them together all these years it just tends -- ends with no particular you ben dor moment. >> any further questions? [applause] thanks for coming.

[inaudible conversations]

>> it was the mystery of who hit wilbur with a hockey stick and knocked out all of his teeth at age 18 sending in into a spell of depression and self-imposed seclusion in his house for three years. he was not able to go to college. q wanted to go to yale but instead he stayed at home and very seldom went out. he was reading and providing himself with a liberal arts education of a kind most people could dream of having all on his own. with the help of his father and the local public library. but it swerved his path of his life in a way that no one had ever had any way of anticipating.

>> working 28 years in the field of climate change energy and environment with the executive and legislative branches and ngos and consultants and to please join me to welcome our guest. [applause] thank you it is interesting

where you see those 28 years / before you with my colleagues in the audience. we addressed to broader questions in this study the first is using federal authorities with the state action what pathway would meet that target set by the administration? and looking beyond 2025 that the legislative authority is possible what pathway could the u.s. take to a low carbon economy 2013 and 2014 and beyond? i will start to give an overview of the key findings. the u.s. set an ambitious target but it is achievable. we can meet or exceed that 28% target set 2025.

as noted there is so wide range of actions already under way that the u.s. will need to expand and strengthen some the of the policies in the pipeline and to take action on emission sources not yet addressed. looking at the second research question actually deeper reductions are necessary we have a pathway to get us there while maintaining a growing economy. and found wicked have a mission reductions of 20% 50% by 2014 all consistent so we will come to both of

these. first we talk about the analysis on the 20% target and it always begins with a reference case of projection or business as usual what happens with the current policy regime and in each case we take an approach of a reference case level of sequestration we rely largely on the case of projections from the panel -- general energy all look ahead and the eta projections. so the reference case includes various standards and policies that were finalized before 2014. the referenced excludes standard setter in the pipeline like the clean power plants. so we have a historical 2005

levels 6,200,500,000,000 metric tons and we'll look at current emissions of 6,000 with fairly slow growth headed into the future. by 2025 the referenced case projection is a little under 6,400,000,000 metric tons. so to head a target of 26% below that we would need to reduce emissions about 1,600,000000 tons below the number by 2025. so what are the pathways' we could explore to hit that target? the first pathway we called up for ambition pathway. we assume the epa will implement the clean power plant as proposed but then had a portfolio of other policies covering almost every other sector of the

economy. when we ran that through the model we could reach the 26 percent reduction. to other pathways we explored but first a power sector that we assume the epa finalizes a stronger power plant or strengthens it over time to reduce emissions to a greater extent capturing some of that additional renewable energy potential and efficiency at as it remains as proposed. in may pushed harder but maintain the other core ambition assumptions we could get as high as the 30% reduction by 2025. the third pathway could we also get to the range of 30% even with a clean power plant as currently proposed?

there we pushed a little harder in four areas of transportation with the efficiency and travel demands with industrial energy efficiency and national gas consumption of residential commercial buildings. with that extra push we could reach 30% reduction by the year 2025. when reran the numbers out through a 2030 was 34 percent reduction below 2005 levels there is nothing magical about those pathways that we have examined. where does it come from? in this figure we showed up

percent of contribution by various sectors you will see the three largest contributors to the reduction of the power sector and in the industrial sector. the other is natural gas systems coal mines and other areas to contribute significant slices. how do we get there? we've put together the 10-point action plan to reach into the 26% range. it addresses almost all sectors transportation, power residential commercial industry and covers the non co2 gas is not related to fossil fuel. one important area we did not develop policy options

is agriculture and forestry. to enhance the sequestration and force in the soils it was said defected to note that although recovered much of what is possible we did not cover that area but just last month the administration announced a smart on agriculture forestry initiative that they estimate they can reduce the emissions when hundred 20 million tons through that. there is different ways to reach these low carbon pathways including one sector we did not look into. so the 10-point action plan is covered with the coronation pathway with the

power sector but there is still some potential left with the rebels. so the first action item to fully reflect that potential with energy efficiency both of those combined with deeper reductions in the power sector. the second sector is of hydro fluorocarbons it is growing relatively strongly than to replace those substances that is causing problems the epa is taking

action through the snap program but there is more to do here. to expand these programs to reduce a jesse emissions. and to talk about industry strong growth is expected with the rebirth of manufacturing due to abundant natural gas returning to economic growth levels that creates potential for reducing emissions that has tapped didn't to the sciences that has been identified as possible in the industrial sector. epa has brought the clean air authority to address industrial emissions but states have programs so the

fourth action item is to use that authority to set emission standards to ramp up voluntary programs to our improved industrial efficiency for that sector. so now let me turn to that second question so we go deeper reductions are needed. there is a limit what could be done. eventually congress has to engage on this issue to become part of a solution. we also know there is growing support for putting up prices on carbon through capping trade and serious people on the left and the right and they know putting a price on carbon is part of the long-term solution.

we no carbon prices reduce the mission and it is compatible with economic growth because there is evidence from our experience as well as other countries also from independent incredible modeling of what carter pricing can do and the effect on the economy. we explored car ben price pathways. we explore them combined with targeted complementary policies in other sectors and those letters similar to the social cost of car ben estimates from the administration has put out of what the prices will look at starting a tour to $5 and accelerating. we assume there would start

2020. we could reduce emissions by 42 percent by 23 increasing 50 percent by 2040 that is beyond what we can do with existing federal authority and state action. the gdp and employment impact is so little impact in your term virtually non long term and that is consistent with other credible modeling efforts that have addressed these questions. also some pathways the combination of energy efficiency programs can result in the lower sector and overall transportation expenditures consistent with the analysis that epa did for the clean power plant.

so just to recap the u.s. has put out an ambitious target. is achievable if we were car we could meet or exceed that goal. a lot is going on already based on the climate action plan and other initiatives announced since then we need to expand and strengthen those in and take action on emission source is not yet addressed and we can get there. beyond 2025 there are deeper reductions that our necessary carbon pricing is key and we know that we'll be done while having a healthy economy. i will stop there. thanks for coming i will take a couple of clarifying questions before turning it back over to sam. it was so clear there is no

clarifying questions. [laughter] >> [inaudible] you did not mention who would pay for it. >> under our low curve been pathways to reach 26 percent there is a variety of standard setting that will occur in different sectors under the authority of the epa or other agencies and non regulatory programs that will be financed by the federal government. none of these two we find excessively expensive from the economy point of view so many of these measures save energy and natural

gas, electricity, gasoline and reduce leakage to have a more stable commodity for the pipeline industry. many of these, at a dash four o cost -- dash four o cost. >> with your policy i work for green strategy. >> with the scope of what we are undertaking and the capacities we did not explore that area. >> could you say a few words about your modeling for mark? >> call details are laid out in the report but briefly we have an internal model to project the missions and we

also used collaboration with duke university i will also take this minute to think to a university also georgia tech that helped us with the of modeling. >> we'll have more q&a after the discussion. thank you. [applause] i would like to introduce our moderator who will call up the panel to provide more of of bio. the correspondent for the guardian based in washington d.c. and is known as a tough incisive reporter. she has won several awards for her work in the middle east and in 2003 cover the invasion of iraq from baghdad also author of

madame president about hillary clinton's historic run for the up presidency. thank you for moderating and for being here. [applause] >> thanks for coming i think it will be a great panel is an exciting year for climate change and for those of us that live in the space it has been busier than ever because of the prospects of the climate conference in san the idea that we're now very close to reaching a very important deal on climate change that could limit the internationally agreed is safe limit for global warming. a very busy year and i am so

excited we are here with some of the people that are in the thick of things to help determine what happens with paris if it has a strong agreement to keep the world safe for -- or whether it falls short for i will bring up the panel now and i will start with iraq who works on energy and climate change at the white house and is deeply involved with every aspect of the up residence very ambitious climate plan rolled out two years ago. coming in at the extreme left. [laughter] strictly to the left of the up panel as to just heard from you have the vice

president of governmental affairs at johnson controls if you're not familiar with them they are deeply involved with producing the next generation of technology especially car batteries that will change the way we live to also determine if we get to this space we have richard kaufman who is the chairman of energy and finance for new york state you heard about california being a leader on green issues ben york is doing a lot. we hope will have a chance to hear for up -- from him and then we have the director of federal and international programs at the sierra club who is monitoring the talks with the actions year by government and industry for the past several years.

so i will take my place in the middle of the panel i thought there is so much said is gloom and doom in this space would be great to hear that this is a clear path for the u.s. to reach the climate goals and i want to start off that to ask you what the administration can do now to defend the actions that have been taken already from what we know are coming from congress from the uncertain future. how can the white house defend and what more can we

expect to move to the clean energy future? >> thank-you. good morning. is important to step back to have a context about the action on climate change over the course of the two terms. when you go back to the beginning of the first term at that point our mission is were projected to grow indefinitely and instead to except that ambitious goal to cut emissions by 2020 it started a series of actions in the first term to deliver those results brought the beginning of the second term he came forward with this strong statement on climate change in his inaugural address followed by the historic climate action plan in june 2013. poll after poll shows americans support climate

action or strong action and measures like historic fuel economy standards delivered during the first term or efficiency standards to use double electricity and other measures under the climate action plan are cutting energy waste saving money to deliver reduction and public health benefits. our intention is to continue to deliver what we promised to hit our targets accordingly and we think the public is with us. >> are there any specific actions? how can we ensure that they are safe from challenge by republicans in congress? >> when you look at the full set of things said motion --

in motion it is important to recognize it is a comprehensive approach across all sectors so in that sense it is diversified. we have fuel economy standards methane action the power plant to cut energy waste to deliver consumer savings and economic growth at the same time. anyone of those may be subject to one challenge or another but will continue to proceed with its progress against all different measures and we are confident they will be successful. looking at the specific question around litigation it is important to recall the agency has a multi track record of success with 80%

reduction over a period of decades and yes there was litigation and a challenge but ultimately they have ben successful as the economy expands robustly. we think we will see similar success going forward across the board. >> from the presentation lined up is there any specific measure? you think though white house can embark on to get to that 26% target? >> it is important it is already the 10 part last number 10 is the one i would mention because that was the

everything else bucket. it is notable that just a few weeks ago secretary bill sack put forward a comprehensive plan to bring down the emissions to the agricultural sector through voluntary efforts with their robust engagement that we see contributing up to 2% a countrywide is that it is an example of the comprehensive nature across all sectors the president has challenged each of his secretaries to look for a stone to be uncovered and we expect to complete a robust set of measures on our watching and the secretary of agriculture of leadership is a good

example of what can be accomplished. >> as someone who has followed the progress, i hear people say they are not sure the u.s. can deliver based on the white house or the plan. are you confident the administration can deliver on these goals? >> is a tough question. [laughter] what we see here and where is i think they have the commitment that is required to achieve the commitment that they have set. but to take steps back to see that incredible opposition and that potential for a delay is not strong. i think countries should recognize every country has

thrown circumstance and political problems. the united states is no different from any other country that we have seen from every election even the u.k. has challenges. my reaction is the u.s. is negotiating is positive they have no intention to put numbers on the table they don't think should be met but also they have robust standards with some difficult goals to which even that is what everybody wanted. so the fact it is hard to say how we get there and there is the question as to whether or not they are achievable or if legislative authority is required is a good thing. and countries should feel emboldened they did not put those same standards we

apply it on the table in the past. i don't know if you remember the intensity based targets of the bush administration but then we counted all the work the states were doing. we're in a very different place but we have a lot of challenges in front of us put in a country has to recognize that. >> one of the things in the lead up to the talks is the importance of the business sector to reach these goals. how important is it to seek strong direction from the administration on climate issues? >> leadership says critical to follow through on any of

these with success. we are a global company when i look at the recommendations i find we are deeply involved in five as a business we are working with states right now with the epa to find innovative ways for energy efficiency as a compliance option. we're scaling up building energy efficiency programs. we make airconditioner sand are committed to reducing the refrigerants. we are using in our own manufacturing with industrial usage to reduce our emissions from our factories. recommitted 25% over 10 years we're halfway through that and already 21 percent

and it is achievable. making advanced batteries lithium ion and start stop all over the world to reduce the emissions from vehicles. so any number of points as the business community the policies drive the technology. >> especially areas like automotive? >> exactly. yes remake lithium ion batteries for a the hybrid and electric vehicle but also in in europe we make the start stop which when you put your foot on the brake the engine stops to reduce idling 60 percent of the new cars are that it is now coming to the united states where you see more new vehicles will be that like the chevrolet malibu.

a lot more cars are using or switching to that of. not only on the hybrid side of the equation but looking at those that are being produced year over year 95% our internal combustion so that start stop could have the emissions by 5% and that is a huge chunk. >> how engaged has the people ben? how big of a priority is it what is the shift of public opinion? >> i was a colleague of bricks at the department of energy per now going to the states one of the things i am concerned about is i'm

here from the federal government and i am here to help. one thing is that states have a tremendous amount of latitude how to implement the proposal. we really appreciate that at the state level because as justice brandeis pointed out there often in laboratories of democracy so there is a range of policy innovation going on so we have a little bit about what we are doing so governor cuomo called me right after hurricane sandy and said the electricity sector is still operating as the of vinyl record days.

[laughter] and that is true not just with resilience but in many respects. so climate is a central part of what we've tried to do in new york state, the good news is there are a lot of other reasons why we are embarked on a significant change of the power sector because not only have we not then on the path that is sustainable that is economically sustainable because it has a high cost for electricity so while a generation and costs have moderated with the transmission and distribution continue to go up. it cost with aging

infrastructure we spend $78 billion over the last tenures going up at $30 billion the next 10. two have that grid of today or tomorrow with a grid of yesterday that has very low capacity utilization it is only 55 percent did is built for the hottest couple of days touring figure. as well as capital inefficient so there is a question to will pay for this? we have a cost of elope to have the energy system to be more energy efficient in to be more resilient.

>> people followed the decision the york state took for the moratorium on fracking and new york state will not allow fracking. how does that work in which your energy picture? >> that was day recommendation by the public health commissioner. but generally it is important to think about the electricity sector we have the system to attack the power sector with that largely central station was

built at a time when electrons only flowed one way is to date is 85 indent to generate power on a forecast as opposed to what that technology permits when johnson controls and others has a network grid more like a i t system with the mainframe and the cloud. but that type of grid is the type we should be building which is the benefits of the central station plus the resources to support the grid to make it more space

efficient. >> so what could you tell people about that decision on fracking? >> we want to have the system that better match is supply and demand and that is the system that is it just production lead but one that is more energy and capital efficient it is supply and demand based. that is the key element of policies. >> is up threefold room -- it is a full room so we will start of the question process now.

wait until all the microphone reduce you start off to identify yourself rand asking a question rather than a declarative statement. that would be great. >> first so you noted natural gas has been a huge part of reductions that what assumptions have you made going for bird and wider those implications for scaling up rubles and methane leakages? >> thanks for coming, peter. our assumption and assumes

the referenced case projections 2014 in sao we don't assume changes from those trajectories clearly there will cause of mixture along with three goals energy efficiency. so consistent with the epa projection there will take advantage of all for building blocks so we don't have the explicit renewable additions beyond that but rather a clean power plant projection to show a significant increase with no disruption or price pressure

>> one of the stories of natural gas but the impact of natural-gas so you will put a local plant next your factory but you could play a power unit or if he will sell. one of the things we have done to take away from another large power plant will lose that energy content because of the chimney. >> then they have to use more coal? >> we don't have much coal and know we will not have to use more.

so the point i want to make is using natural gas for solutions you use the energy content that is a distributed solution and ties into other submissions of energy efficiency and puts more pressure for policy changes like batteries or so other. so it is a positive for a reduction of emissions. >> good morning. i have two questions. one is pretty generic and it goes directly to stimulation

of the economy. we hear from the industry about the potential of lost jobs to promote green jobs that our available to consumers and inouye of sets one of the questions the increase of prices. >> is that directed to anyone? >> anybody that can answer it. the second question is what is coated on in new york? to make that is a great question may well start with that. >> it is an important topic just to have a broad context as we have seen a 20 time

increase in solar and wind the same staying with the efforts throughout the economy to do the retrofit to do what is required to cut energy waste throughout the economy. so we see opportunities for renewable sector energy efficiency sector as the state's move to implement the clean power plants so to echo what it richard said a key part is that each state gets to decide how they want to implement the clean power

plant someone to focus on renewable others are a combination of other technologies so we will see jobs come with that transformation 3/8 weeks of policies. >>. >> but they said they will not. >> so in the process the epa so with that process with the power plants to have them but to have a strong legally robust rules that is appealing for the states to adopt to have latitude with

those priorities to limit those standards set by the epa. we are confident once the rules are finalized they have a strong interest to accelerate the momentum that is already out there. they will have lots of latitude. >> is notably the epa analysis it projects a net job gain with implementation of the clean power plant with energy efficiency in

the field you have project engineers for those that have a large facility and to we have heard of local subcontractors. they're jobs are where the of buildings are. also don't forget the manufacturing incentive we make the air conditioners in the united states that our efficient that replace the outdated and inefficient ones. and of those companies so of those products that are out there and those that will be treated as well.

>> my name is james bond i am with the green climate fund. with the policy actions but what is the up price sensitivity with the energy price for fossil fuels the second but with the smart kids of energy generation. >> what is your question? >> it is a question. so this margarets are available and in europe. >> get your question please.

>> so what are the up policies measures to rick celebrate the deployment to achieve the vision? >> it is beyond the scope of this study to see those trajectories but it would depend on the scenario. some parts would become easier as prices go up with them backing out of cold becomes more expensive. i don't think the results are highly sensitive so low that that dia analysis last

week that shows sensitivity on energy prices that is what we're looking at. >> what about the smart grid question? >> some of the grid is a shared responsibility between the state and federal authorities much of the grid how that relates to buildings and customers is that the state's level that is up to each state so what we're doing is profoundly -- profoundly changing regulatory incentives for utilities so their job is to do a few things so now to

become more space efficient their only paid for the profit they aren't paid based on what they conserve it is just a physical capital while we are deploying the best technology given the choice for the piece of software they have no profits on what is not capitalized they said they'd need to be more space efficient where it makes

sense for the grid and to make investment in the networked to enable robust third-party competitors if you add those together it will lead to greater investment with the network infrastructure they tried to urge described but it's more than their courage grid that we have today. >> so a lot of what we see is customers are starting to install projects in these facilities after the hurricane went through in those two could produce their own power.

with other efficiency measures but the resiliency some point. it is much more interest to the customer but i always like to say the smart grid needs smart buildings but with management capacity with that 100 degrees 3:00 in the afternoon it is of large institution. . .

example nurse plant matter that the utilities must do. >> maybe we can bring in rick to talk about some of the policies were suggestions that could help bring the sin. >> sure and i will say this is an area where the dynamism of the u.s. private sector is clear in my money is on the private sector for delivering solutions that are going to make this an important part of how we deliver our low cost low-carbon of the structure going forward. richard is actually -- he