n we took over control of the senate during the last two years of president reagan's term. we moved -- we moved judges at a much faster pace than anything republicans allow us to do under president obama. this is wrong. this is petty partisanship, petty partisanship that hurts our independent judiciary. we're not asking for anything special but we're saying it would be kind of nice if republicans treated democrats the same we we treated them. madam president, i yes, ma'am and i ask consent my full statement be made part of the record. the presiding officer: without objection. under the previous order, the senate will proceed to executive session to consider the following nomination which the clerk will report. the clerk: nomination, the judiciary, kara farnandez stoll

to be united states district judge for the federal circuit. the presiding officer: the question now occurs on the stoll nomination. is there a sufficient second? there appears to be. the clerk will call the roll. vote:

vote:

vote:

the presiding officer: does any senator wish to vote or change his or her vote? on this vote, the ayes are 95. the nays are zero. the nomination is confirmed. under the previous order the motion to reconsider is considered made and laid upon the table. the president will be immediately notified of the senate's action and the senate will resume legislative session. a senator: mr. president? the presiding officer: the senator from nebraska. mrs. fischer: i ask unanimous consent that the senate proceed to a period of morning business

with senators permitted to speak for up to ten minutes each. the presiding officer: without objection. mrs. fischer: mr. president? this summer parents across the country will be preparing their children for the coming school year. whether unwinding on a family break, purchasing school supplies returning summer reading books to the library or finishing a summer camp, it will almost be time to go back to school. we owe so much to our hardworking educators. they are the role models for our children who provide invaluable life lessons that go well beyond reading, writing and arithmetic. years before i served in the nebraska legislature i served on my local school board. and as president of the nebraska association of school boards and on the nebraska school finance review committee. these experiences helped shape my views on education policy. as a state lawmaker and they

continue to inform my work here in the united states senate. nebraska is truly fortunate to have excellent schools. each school district has unique strengths and they face challenges that are specific to their schools and to their students. because of this, parents teachers school boards and communities are in the best position to know the needs of their students. they are an integral part of every child's academic success. and that's why i believe education decisions are best made at the state and especially at the local level. the role of the federal government should be to promote policies that will improve the ability of individual states to meet the needs of their specific communities. to that end i've worked with my

colleagues senator king and senator tester to offer an amendment promoting local governance in education. the purpose of this bipartisan amendment is simple. to ensure that our local school districts are not coerced into adopting misguided education requirements. it ensures that our local stakeholders have a stronger voice in both the regulatory and the guidance processes. this amendment would ensure that communities have ultimate authority over their school districts. it also strengthens the relationship among school board members and parents. these changes are long overdue. we must limit federal intrusions into local education policy. as we prepare -- as we prepare for the first day of school, nebraska is focused on providing

students with a well-rounded education. we must ensure our public policy enhances the classroom experience provides essential resources for student success and helps place our students on the path for successful futures. thank you, mr. president. i yield the floor. the presiding officer: the senator from maine. ms. collins: thank you mr. president. i rise to support the bipartisan every child achieves act. this is landmark legislation that would reform and reauthorize the elementary and secondary education act also known as no child left behind. this bill would improve our schools and strengthen the

traditional roles played by our local communities our educators, and our states. i am proud to have joined every member of the senate health, education, labor and pensions committee in voting to report this bill, and i applaud the chairman senator alexander and the ranking member, senator murray for their leadership. mr. president, congressional action to remedy the serious problems with the law no child left behind while preserving its valuable parts is long overdue. nclb was a well-intentioned law and its focus on the education of every child greater transparency in school performance and more

accountability for results were welcome reforms. but, mr. president some of its provisions were simply not achievable and thus, discouraging to teachers, to parents and students alike. the current system of unattainable standards and a patchwork of state waivers has led to confusion of federal requirements. high-stakes testing and unrealistic 100% proficiency goals do not raise aspirations. they instead disspirit those who are committed to a high-quality education for our students. responding to those concerns in

2004 along with then-senator olympia snowe i established the maine nclb task forts to examine the issues facing maine and to provide recommendations for changes in no child left behind. our task force brought together individuals with a great deal of expertise, experience, and perspective on the law and on educational policy in general. the task force included teachers principals superintendents, school board members, parents and state officials. it was cochaired by leo martin, a former commissioner of the maine department of education and dan cooler, a former professor and then associate dean at the college of education

at the university of maine. the task force completed its work in 2005. well mr. president our maine task force proved to be prescient in identifying the problems with implementing no child left behind and ten years later its report is as relevant as ever. chief among the task force's final recommendations was the need for greater flexibility for the state department of education and for local school boards. the members pointed out that the principles of improved student prrches -- performance and closing achievement gaps were completely compatible with according states more flex

ibility to design different accountability measures. reflecting that recommendation, the bill before us, the every child achieves act would remove the high-stakes accountability system that has been proven unworkable under no child left behind. our bill would give states much-needed flexibility over how to improve the accountability of schools through student achievement. recognizing also the critical importance of family engagement in education the bill supports school districts in conducting parent outreach and participation activities. the every child achieves act would also eliminate the burdensome definition of a highly qualified teacher which has proven to be unworkable in

maine's smaller rural schools. in such schools mr. president the reality is that teachers must often teach multiple subjects and are reassigned to different content areas because of low enrollments. for example on maine's north haven island, there is one school that serves all students from kindergarten to age 12 -- through the 12th grade. sorry. with fewer than 70 students, north haven community school is one of the smallest k-12 schools in my state. it's not surprising that the educators at the north haven community school teach multiple subject areas across the different grades because of the

school's size. mr. president, speaking of smaller schools i'm particularly pleased that the every child achieves act would extend the rural education achievement program known as reap, which i coauthored with former senator kent conrad in 2002. students in rural america should have the same access to federal grant dollars as those who attend schools in large urban and suburban communities. most federal competitive grant programs however favor larger school districts because those are the districts that have the ability to liar grant writers -- to hire grant writers to apply for these grants. if you're in a school district

like north haven which only has 70 students for all the grades, you don't have the luxury or the extra funds to hire grant writers to apply for these competitive grant programs. so what reap does is it provides financial assistance to small and high-poverty rural districts to help them address their unique local needs and also to meet federal requirements. this program has helped to support new technology in classrooms distance-learning opportunities, and pro proprofessional development -- professional development for educators as well as an array of other programs that benefit students and teachers in rural districts. since the law was enacted at

least 120 maine school districts have collectively received more than $42 million from the rural education assistance program. that's money that has made a real difference to these small rural, high-poverty districts and it is federal funds that they would never have been able to successfully compete for when they were applying against large urban school districts. mr. president, maine's educators are working hard to develop high-quality assessments that better track student performance and growth. i'm pleased that the every child achieves act includes a pilot program to support states that are designing alternative

assessment systems based on student proficiency not just traditional standardized tests. such systems often give teachers parents and students a fuller understanding of each student's abilities and better prepare them for college or the career path that they choose. the federal government should cooperate with states and school districts that are designing new assessment systems and this pilot project is an important step in the right direction. during the committee's consideration of this bill i offered an amendment with senator standards to allow more states to participate in the innovative incentive program and to give participating school

districts more time to scale up their systems statewide. our amendment passed unanimously in committee and i would like to thank chairman alexander and ranking member murray for continuing to work with me to refine and improve this pilot program. mr. president, the bottom line is that washington should not be imposing a top-down, one-size-fits all approach to assessment. what works in chicago may not be the answer for turner, maine which was named a blue-ribbon school last year. assessing the progress of our students is critical but there are many effective ways to determine students' level of learning. mr. president, 50 years ago and

alongside significant civil rights legislation congress first passed the elementary and secondary education act to improve access to education particularly for the students from low-income families. providing a good education for every child must remain a national priority so that each child reaches his or her full potential has a wide range of opportunities and can compete in an increasingly global economy. the every child achieves act honors those guiding principles while returning greater control and flexibility to our states to local school boards to educators.

again, i want to thank the chairman of the committee and the ranking member for their work in crafting this bipartisan bill. i look forward to the debate on it in the week to come and i urge my colleagues to support its passage. thank you mr. president. i would yield the floor. a senator: mr. president? the presiding officer: the senator from utah. mr. lee: mr. president i rise today to pay tribute to elder boyd kay packer, president of the quorum of the 12 pos he -- 12 apostles of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints, who passed away on saturday at the age of 90. he was a man of principle and a man who knew the power of principles. he taught that taughting about principles and doctrine changes behavior far better than talking

about behavior changes behavior. he claimed the principles that lead to faithful families, strong communities and ultimately better nations. trained as an educator, elder packer was truly a teacher. first, last and always. whether interacting with an individual speaking in front of thousands writing one of his many inciteful books -- my insightful books or simply spending time with one of his beloved children, he was forever teaching. and to be clear he wasn't preaching, he was teaching teaching principles that would instruct inspire and improve all who came within the sound of his distinct and powerful voice. boyd k. packer understood the important influence of simple stories in teaching. he masterfully we have priceless principles into powerful modern-day parables, keen observation from everyday living

and spiritual lessons that were meaningful and memorable. experiences such as tuning in an old radio getting his boys to stop wrestling in the living room. visiting a small church in denmark, carving and painting birds. learning about crocodiles in africa or observing the pleadings for help from an orphan boy while serving as a serviceman in japan. all emerged as foundational stories from which to teach lifechanging principles. faith and family were always at the center of elder packer's teaching and he often illustrated that intersection of faith and family. and that's where his critical lessons are taught. he illustrated that this intersection between faith and family is precisely where critical lessons are taught and learned and where children are prepared to live nobly and serve

selflessly. in describing how to prepare children for life, he taught that children should be formed with a shield of faith. and out of that was necessity, a cot an industry. in his own way we can teach about the materials from which a shield of faith is made -- reverence, courage forgiveness compassion -- we can learn how to assemble and fit them together in many places, but the actually making of and fitting on of the shield of faith belongs in the family circle. otherwise it may loosen and come off in a crisis. as a watchman on the tower boyd k. packer was perpetually ahead of his time. he could see around difficult societal corners and had a clear view of the blessings and benefits that flow from principled living. what some may have interpreted as a stern and serious speaking style was simply elder packer teaching out of both love and urgency because he could see and

he could sense what was on the horizon. it's been said that the ability to see ahead is both a blessing and a tremendous burden. it's a blessing because you can prepare and it's a burden because often the people you're trying to help can't see what you can see. elder packer's ability to see ahead was unrivaled. occasionally underestimated but always an unmatched blessing for those who chose to follow the visionary principles he taught. elder packer was indeed, a master teacher because he he studied -- because he followed, he studied and he became to know "the" master teacher. i'm confident that the principles boyd k. packer shared with the world will continue to impact and improve behavior for generations to come. thank you mr. president.

i note the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk will call the roll.

quorum call:

mr. mcconnell: mr. president? the presiding officer: the majority leader. mr. mcconnell: are we in a quorum call? the presiding officer: yes, we are. mr. mcconnell: i ask that further proceedings under the quorum call be dispensed with. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. mcconnell: i ask unanimous consent the senate proceed to the immediate consideration of calendar number 102 s. 286. the presiding officer: the clerk will report. the clerk: calendar number 102 s. 286 a bill to amend the indian self-determination and education assistance acts, and so forth.

the presiding officer: without objection, the senate will proceed to the measure. mr. mcconnell: i ask consent the amendment numbered 1471 be agreed to, the bill as amended be read a third time and passed and the motion to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. mcconnell: now mr. president, i ask unanimous consent that when the senate completes its business today it adjourn until 10:00 a.m. wednesday, july 8. following the prayer and pledge, the morning business be deemed expired, the journal of proceedings be approved to date, the time for the two leaders be reserved for their use later in the day. following leader remarks the senate resume consideration of s. 1177. finally, that the senate recess from 12:30 until 2:15 to allow for the weekly caucus meetings. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. mcconnell: senators should expect votes in the morning in relation to amendments to the every child achieves bill. prior to the noon recess. if there is no further business

to come before the senate, i ask that it stand adjourned under the previous order following the remarks of senator cotton. the presiding officer: without objection. the clerk will call the roll. quorum call:

quorum call:

mr. cotton: mr. president? the presiding officer: the presiding officer: the senator from arkansas. mr. cotton: i ask unanimous consent that the quorum call be lifted. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. cotton: today on july 7 we've seen yet another extension of the nuclear negotiations with iran a terror sponsoring anti-american outlaw regime with the blood of hundreds of americans on its hands from lebanon to iraq to afghanistan.

this extension is yet another folly yet the president and the secretary of state act as if it is cost-free. these extensions are not cost free. first, iran repeatedly violates the interim agreements, for example, by enriching murray beyond specified limits or exporting more oil than allowed. second we've repeatedly taught iran a very dangerous lesson which is the window for diplomacy never ends with this president and the united states. they can get extension after extension after extension and we will grant concession after concession after concession. just three months ago iran reneged on its deployment send uranium stockpiles overseas and close its underground fortified military bunker. now, again they've taken that lesson and introduced a new demand into these negotiations. they are now demanding that the west lift its arms embargo on

conventional arms to iran at a time when iran is destabilizing the entire middle east. and that we lift sanctions on their ballistic missile program which had been explicitly ruled off the negotiating table at the beginning of these negotiations. well here's my proposal -- if iran wants to introduce new terms to the debate at this late hour the united states government should leave the table, we should break off the negotiations and we should say to iran if you want to knew new terms you will release american hostages within 24 hours. bob levinson and amir heck maddie and jason les yen will be ribless policed in 24 hours or the negotiations are over, we will reimpose sanctions, the united states congress will impose new sanctions. it is a disgrace that we are

letting iran add new negotiations terms when four americans are still held hostage by the government of iran. mr. president, i yield the floor. the presiding officer: the senate stands adjourned until 10:00 a.m. tomorrow

>> whether it's called the gig economy the sure and economy or the on-demand economy at think most can send us the fastest growing part of our economy and it's happening in front of us. the policymakers know and nobody is that looking at it partially because it is a whole new transformation this technology to segregate between the employer and the worker to these platforms to think about the gig economy is somebody who drives their uber 20 hours a week has their own i.t. consulting or start up business and then also rents out their house when they are gone for their apartment when they are gone to air bnb. it's a combination of different

revenue streams with the freedom of not having to work 9 to 5. heart of this is people doing this by choice, part of this is people that have been disrupted from the recession. i've got a lot of my college friends who are making good livings that after the recession their jobs disappear and now by necessity have had to say i'm going to cobble together two or three different revenue streams to make ends meet. this is a transformation taking place and made possible by these technology platforms. >> how big is this economy? >> the department of labor and the government doesn't have good data so i have asked and some of the others have asked via well let's drill down and find out how big a piece of the economy is. mckenzie which is a well-respected consulting firm has said the contingent workforce economy which includes people who have a second job along with her full-time job or have traditionally worked a couple of different jobs part time could be as many as 53 million workers which would

be about a third of the economy so if it's five or 10 or 20% the one thing we do know it's a growing percentage of our workforce and some of it i economic necessity but many people by choice or saying they don't want to to work 9 to 9 to 5 9 to 5 are they suddenly see an opportunity to monetize things that they had those assets their car so how can i try but occasionally it pick up books, their apartment or house how can i rent it out or their spare time but company task that has somebody to finance jobs started because the founder was having a party and needed.food and tobacco but there is somebody in the neighborhood who would run them by dog flu for you. out of that simple idea came some employer 30,000 task rabbits are doing these one-off jobs on their own terms and their own rates fundamentally transformative. >> would the these workers have

in the gig economy that the traditional worker has? >> in the traditional definition you are either employed unemployed or a contractor. many of these workers now are falling into the contractor definition that really doesn't fully describe the relationship hate these folks may be making a good amount of money and remember they and their connector or their employers don't pay unemployment. ..

presents number was close the recent number was close to 200,000 in america driving at least part-time or full-time. i have seen some of their data that says nearly 80% of the drivers are giving this by choice because they like the flexibility. so this is a fundamental change in our economy that's not going to slow down. >> are they employees or

contractors? >> writenow but is undecided and there was a recent decision by a california labor regulator that called them in. i am not sure if you just drive two hours once a month. it seems to me that old notion also works if they are working virtually full-time and there is no safety net. there is insurance for the car insurance for the department. there are other models that end up working to have a public-private unemployment exchange order workmen's comp

exchange and others where people can shop for different types of benefits. is there a model that i looked at the old building trades used to use in the 40s, 50s and 60s from one contractor to another. they manage the social insurance fund and maybe ought to look at that and what to look at a consumer driven model as we think about many of the people that are in this economy or melanie mills. they are now 80 million strong or the largest age cohort in america. they want to buy from and work for the social response in the country so when you get out of the next ride you add a little gratuity that doesn't go directly to the driver. i think the idea that we would leave this to the courts would be shortsighted.

>> a reward of traditional the reward of traditional economy. >> one of the things a policy maker takes me a while to wrap my head around. he said his parents generation our idea of success was on a car, house, and if you did something you could get a house at the beach saying the melanie owes now don't want to own something. they are happy sharing the car and want to collect a series of experiences they share on instead ram and they are the values that may be different and the tax code in the and policy making for the last 50 years has been about how we promote home ownership and the interest if there was a change going on

there is there's a serious policy implication and one of the things i asked when i did a town hall usually is what you trade the home mortgage reduction for the student debt and as you can imagine these are parents of folks with student debt to say i would take that credit against a student debt and they would cost the government a certain amount of money. i am saying it is a series of questions i don't think policy makers -- >> if washington doesn't stay ahead of the wave then what? if washington comes into early to legislate a solution you can see this growing part of the economy come to a screeching halt. on the other hand if we turn a blind eye we can see people put

upon public benefits to the taxpayer rolls because we didn't think about the social contract. they are the micro- entrepreneurs. working with companies engaged in the space and the industries as well and then trying to start conversations with my colleagues. i'm not sure this is a democrat or republican issue but the new social a new social contract for the economy i sure know that both political parties ignore it and avoid it. >> thank you for your time.

>> and his sister mary arthur mcelroy fills the role of the first lady and establishes the social etiquette used by the future first lady for decades. this sunday night at 8 p.m. eastern on the c-span original series firstly be implemented in edge examining the women that filled the position of the influence on the presidency from martha washington to michelle obama sunday at 8 p.m. on american history tv on c-span three. earlier tonight florida senator and 2016 presidential candidate marco rubio talked about economic policy and the use of technology and innovation to help job creation and economic growth and also talked about immigration, healthcare and the national debt. held in chicago this is 45 minutes.

>> thank you very much. i want to thank you for hosting us here today and being a part of this. i want to begin right pointing out the fact that it's been 15 and a half years since the 21st century and it was a century where in which our nation overcame and lead the world against evil multiple times and recorded some of the greatest advances in human history. airplanes in the sky, boot prints on the moon the scot david code knowledge brought on because we build built was no civilization has ever built before. a vibrant stable broad and accessible middle-class which our people drove the affairs of the world. my parents were two immigrants

with little formal education. they did so through humble jobs. first as an assembly plant and then my mother went to work as a cashier and finally stock clerk at kmart. my father was a bartender for hotel banquet. they never got rich. but my parents achieved the american dream because through these jobs be reached financial security at the family in a safe neighborhood. more people achieve this american dream in the 21st century than any other time and any other place in human history many jobs like the ones my parents held no longer provide a viable path to the middle-class. their jobs assembling lawn chairs or a cashier job my

mother held have likely been replaced by mission. other similar positions have been outsourced or have paid the same wage for a decade or more. most of those impacted the lack of qualifications to move into the better position into the higher education they need is to expensive and requires too much time away from working families. the result is that the path of the middle-class is now more today than it has been for generations and the american dream so many achieved in the last century is now in pair wrote. this hardship is not the result of an economic downturn that will naturally collected salt. it is born of a fundamental transformation to the very nature of our economy. the descriptions of which have been compounded by the failure of our leader, our policies and institutions to transform accordingly. there are two primary forces behind the transformation. the first is radical

technological progress including the development of the internet, information technology, wireless and mobile capabilities, robotics and order and the second is partly from the first and that is globalization. from where you said you can sell a product to someone on the other side of the world almost as easily as to the person on your left or right. this pulled us into competition with other nations for business, jobs, talent and innovation. over the last two decades not a single industry has been untouched by these forces and they a they triggered eight cascade. fewer americans believe in the viability of the american dream today than during the worst of the financial crisis in 2009. many outlets felt that which automation and outsourcing continued to shatter but history isn't silent on the subject. it tells us the future is

sprayed by the actions we take. generations of americans before us face disruptive periods of transformation. for example in the revolution they automated tasks people have built their lives around for centuries. like today the beginning was rough. jobs were lost, wages were static and new wealth was concentrated at the top. fears about the future were widespread. but then something changed to read by our children learn about the industrial revolution today they learned it was a period of progress. yes, jobs were lost. but even more jobs were gained. the middle-class expanded and laid the cornerstone of the american century did they overcome the challenges against new technology to resurrect the job it was through adaptation

learning new skills and leaders and leaning in a new direction. today's technological revolution carries extraordinary opportunities. even more i believe in the industrial revolution that we haven't yet seen these opportunities. whether we do or do not will depend on the actions we take, the leaders we choose and the reforms that we adopt. for the first 15 and a half years of the century washington has looked to the path. our economy has changed but our economic policies have not and we have learned painfully the old ways no longer works. washington cannot pretend the world is the same as it was in the 1980s. it cannot raise taxes like it did in the '90s and cannot grow government. the race for the future will

never be won by going backward. it will never be won by hopping on hillary clinton's time machine to yesterday. she seems to believe as many do the pumping up more of today's money into yesterday's programs will bring prosperity tomorrow. it will not nor will thinking small. hiking the wage by a few dollars will not save the american dream it crushed small business. we need in this country a new president for a new age one with original ideas to unlock the great doors to the future, the doors of innovation in the vegetation. in the revolutionized education

system can we eat with all of our people to build these better paying jobs. prosperity in our time is likely if we act to increase future. we have opportunities that never existed before and the chance to see them that will never exist again. i come before you today to discuss my ideas to display that innovation onward to ensure the rise of the machines will not be the fault of the worker and to create a new american century by the revitalized american dream and capture by the vibrant middle class. and they will transform the world. cars may soon drive themselves. good news for me if you've read some of the newspaper articles.

>> who are they going to give the red light camera to ask the technology robotics and more will impact us in ways we cannot get imagine. devices will grow powerfully and bring capabilities to the masses. the question isn't whether innovation is coming. the question is whether america will develop and produce to create to build the most innovative friendly economy of the world we must build the most business friendly economy in the world free of right now we have quite nearly the exact opposite. the united states is the highest corporate tax rate in the developed world. we have a tax code that punishes american companies competing in the global economy and a regulatory system that prevents small businesses who are the primary engines of innovation and job creation from competing against established players. the results of the approach are in. for the first time in 30 years, we have more businesses die in

the band being born. in the first quarter of this year our economy shrank for the first time since our recovery began and over the last decade the united states has lost $179 billion worth. i will empower innovators rather than punish. it's to the developed nations that we have done this ten years ago. we could have acquired $590 billion worth of foreign trust and i would also establish a territorial tax when an american company earns money overseas it is taxed in that country and the country that he earned it in if it is earned in america. we are the only g8 country that was he that second tax and the

understandable impact is that many companies choose never to bring their money back home. apple, for example has $171 billion sitting overseas. that money would be an immediate economic boost that because apple would be punished for bringing it back, they choose not to. my tax plan would allow 100% for businesses. this means a more -- the more a company invests the less they go in texas and the more they pay the workers the less they pay the government. i will put a ceiling on the amount of u.s. regulation advocate can cost the economy. just since the year 2008 federal regulations have cost us $771 billion. many of the regulations are the result of an alliance between big business and big government. she's right but what she won't

tell you is that the big government is doing the rating in the everett is that because the instrument of those layers and lobbyists that are necessary to implement it. the government should work too work to empower and protect the private sector, not to control it. i sponsored a plan with a senator to modernize which has long been a leading source of resource and science and medicine, energy and technology. my legislation would increase the flexibility to partner with the primitive streak. we must also recognize the industry that needs special protection in the 21st century. in its short life committee internet, the internet has become one of humanity's greatest treasures which is why he belongs in the hands of our people, not our government. in the senate by fox to safeguard and reinforce internet

freedom in the digital opportunity and will continue the fight as president. i lead a coalition opposing efforts to achieve internet regulatory power for the telecommunications unit and i will also advance the comprehensive wireless plans is into the amount made available and the result for an estimated 350,000 jobs were 500. finally to win the global competition for the innovation, we must win the global competition for talent. this requires reforming the legal immigration to make the skill rather than family-based which will protect american workers and also attract more talent to grow the economy and create jobs.

innovation is the first door to the future but even once we pass through it a second door remained shut in front of us. innovation will create millionaires and billionaires did we must ensure it also creates a vibrant middle class and that can only be done through the modernization of the higher education. as our technological capabilities grow, it is true that we will see more low-paying jobs replaced by machines but that's only part of the story. with the innovation economy that i just discussed with them we've also see the creation of higher-paying high school to jobs only humans can perform and history backs this up. for example when the power loom was invented many feared that it would eliminate all textile jobs. the truth turned out to be the opposite. it increased production and as the production increased, so did the demand and as the demand increased so did the need for skilled labor that could operate

the machine and manage. jobs in the textile industry increased for 100 years after. but these drops to not immediately. before that could happen workers needed to learn marketable skills that could be standardized across the industry. only then could the methods learned in one factory become useful in another to increase and give them leverage to demand a higher wages. the lesson of history that is clear to empower today's worker we must equip them with today's and to do that we need a higher education system to innovate at the same rate as our economy. in the next ten years, 3.5 million manufacturing jobs will be created if the higher education but if the higher education system remains stagnant and stuck in the past 2 million of the jobs will be left.

the same skills gap in the industry nearly one out of every american records have difficulty finding skills that we still tell our students that to get a degree they have to spend four years on the campus content of thousands of dollars on tuition and books and room and board and hundreds of hours in the classroom often learning subjects that are not relevant and the result is today many young people are graduating with a mountain of debt or a degree that will not lead to jobs and many who need higher education the most such as single parents parents and working adults are left with options that fit their schedules in their budget. the problem with with your education a unification as many but the idea from for the clinton and other outdated leaders are narrow and shortsighted. we do not need that weeks to the old system we need a holistic overall on how much the access

costs and how the costs are paid and even how the payments are determined. as president i will begin with a cover for the simple commercial simple reform. our higher education system today is controlled by what amounts to a cartel in the colleges and universities that use their power over the accreditation process to block the innovative low-cost competitors from entering the marketplace. within my first 100 days we will do this by establishing the new accreditation process that welcomes low-cost innovative providers. this would expose higher education to market forces twice and composition of what prompted the revolution driven by the needs. just as the needs of consumers drive the process of other industries in the economy. other reforms can hasten the transition. i woke empower them to choose the right degree at the right

price from the right institution for them. i proposed an idea called the student right to know before you go act which requires an institution to tell show students how much they can expect to earn with a given degree before they take out the loan to pay for it. i will make them more manageable by making income-based repayment automatic for all graduates so the more they make the faster they pay back their loans and the less they make the list of loans will cost. i will reduce the risk associated with one's and ease the shadow of death but for future students we can also create an alternative that avoids the problem of debt altogether. an idea in the student investment plan would but with students partnered with investors who would pay their tuition and return for a percentage of their earnings for a few years after graduation may result in a process for the investment ownership not but

unlike with loans, none of the risk lies with the students. as president, i will also make career and vocational education more widespread and accessible. this can begin as early as high school so we can graduate students august with a high school diploma but also with a certification to work as a mechanic plumber, boulder or electrician. by allowing the students to earn methods from experienced workers had been spread throughout the industry. this is not an exhaustive list of ideas but i've seen have seen how they begin to open up doors for the middle class. in miami icing high schools graduate of a certified to begin high-paying careers as bmw technicians. i've known single mothers whose hard-earned degrees translated into this long for financial

security for themselves and their children and i've seen higher education shape my own life in terms of the cost we must remedy and the enormous payoff we must extend to all. my innovation higher education agenda for my segment but it's based on a simple concept to new opportunities cannot be seized by old ideas into the future must be embraced with enthusiasm and in the 19th century the generation did exactly that. they face challenges similar to ours. the steam engine made it smaller. the tigris opened the new age of communication. new machines created new industries and upended a century-old economic status quo. just imagine what the world would have looked like if that generation had resisted these

changes rather than embrace them. imagine if they refuse to give up the old way and allow the promise of the industrial age to pass by. the loss would have been suffered not only by their generation but others after. the stakes for our time are just as high if we fail to capture the new age it would be a weaker america behind but if we succeed we will lay the cornerstone for the new american country. we will not just recover economic around what we will grounder but we will gain it and see the creation of higher paying more exciting jobs than ever before. there are those today and have always been whose a prosperity is impossible but the future is lost. it seems for a while you have to do to become a best selling author is rated with predicting a post-american world one driven

by china or europe or some other power. many of these forecasts come from people that rarely leaves oceans in dc. if the city is will they see it's no wonder they think america is in trouble so i say to them go to boston box with the most innovative square in the world and fair they can see through the working looking glass. go to the florida space coast see how private and public partnerships have put new adventures and achievements into discoveries in reach of humankind and how an american flag on mars turned to and achievable american dream. go to reno nevada can see the 1.2 square-foot distribution house opened by amazon and the

5 billion-dollar factory being constructed that will transform and create as many as 9000 good paying jobs in nevada alone. go to new hampshire to visit southern new hampshire university which is named one of the most innovative organizations in the world on the list with apple and google for help pushes against the odds to bring higher education to the 21st century and i also say to them come to chicago the 50,000 square foot facility that serves for digital innovation in the midwest providing the township in the and the risk of image worship, training, programming and educational resource potential investors in the community dedicated to pulling the businesses into the new age. these examples are not outliers

they are a pattern and anyone that sees these things will understand that nothing has changed. we are the inheritors of the american spirit and american dream. in our games so the blood of men and women who refuse to accept the lord of burden of the past were refined way of doing things. as we pay respect to the americans of the industrial revolution solo can be written by those that have not yet. let them write that we did our part and in the early years of the century we elected leaders for the time and adopted the policies that encourage americans to invent a product of tomorrow manufacture them and sell them throughout the world and we designed the higher education that allowed the middle class to perform the great work and reap great rewards of the century. tim has brought us to the future

but whether we turn was the cost threshold in of the new age and whether we graced this entry with challenges and opportunities its adventures and dangers are that decision is ours alone. we have lingered long enough and i invite you to step forward with me. thank you. [applause] >> before we get started i know you love the miami dolphins but i want to remind you you were in the home of the nhl --

>> there are not a lot in the nhl. they don't play hockey in cuba. the >> welcome to chicago and thank you for being here for hosting this event. let's start by talking about the economy more broadly. unemployment is down and yet -- what is the problem? >> that is a great question. what's interesting is the traditional markers of economic health don't mean what they once did. so, for example the unemployment

rate. the problem is a lot of the people are underemployed and they are earning wages that haven't kept up. a graphic example of that is within 31 states in the country, child care is more expensive than going to college. so imagine if you are a single mother thinks $900 week you are employed at 300 or 250 going to child care that is a huge chunk of your budget and he that is indie that is an example -- millions of people have dropped out of searching for work. they've given up and become the moralized. they are working part-time for different jobs coming into that of course the nature of the economy such that there's a lot of people that will not work if one company for 25 euros. you are doing jobs as opposed to working in the firm depending on these factors into the result of all of this is the unemployment rate no longer means what it once did you take into account

the number of people participating in the working force is as slow as it has been over 40 years and then you add to that the wages that have been stagnant while the cost of living has increased and the only way you are ever going to close that gap is to create better paying jobs and then help people acquire the skills they need a. >> let people to talk about income inequality. the top 1% is getting rich while the main street is being left behind. >> it is a symptom of a broad problem which is the opportunity the primary one is the high-paying job in in in the 21st century the careers that

are economically fulfilling in the 21st century just say a lot more money than the similar careers in the 20s but if you are not in one of those fields or one of those industries than you are stagnant and for the results of that gap. first you have to make america the best place in the world to create jobs and give people the skills they need they grew up during the time when they make enough money to afford homeownership to raise a family and retire with dignity. jobs like that simply don't pay enough anymore for those cost more. in order for my parents to be able to see today that they did 25 years ago by dad would have had to become an electrician. my mother would have had to become a dental hygienist apparently the. and that requires higher education which many people have no access to because they have to work full-time and raising

family. so we have to make it the best place in the world to create those better paying jobs and then make it the easiest place to acquire the skills for those better paying jobs and you have to do both. >> how much of an economic drag is the national debt? >> it's being dedicated into the lessons available to invest in the private sector but beyond that it creates the specter of the debt crisis and the debt crisis isn't a good thing for the country that is trying to inspire in the future. and nothing changes. we continue doing the things we are now at some point we will have a debt crisis. there is although reserve currency and so many other places are unstable. eventually, investors people that that love and money by loan the money by buying the debt will insist on a higher yield

and higher interest rates, higher return. when that happens, the interest payments alone will trigger the debt crisis and the results will be catastrophic for the most important economy in the world. the only way to fix the national debt is through the combination of dynamic economic growth for the things that i outlined here today and by reforming social security and medicare. and i want to reform the program without making any changes. my other is on social security and medicare. i want those programs to say exactly the way they are for her and people of similar a similar age they're already retired or were about to retire. that will require my generation and people younger than me to accept that the social security and medicare is going to be different. it's going to be the best thing in the world but it's going to work differently. we have to retire a year later than our parents did. our benefits may not go as fast as we see with security as our parents did.

our medicare plan may involve choices. that's the only way to bring control to the balance long-term. the national debt isn't being driven. it's not being driven by the defense spending. it's not being driven by food stamps and welfare. all the programs i mentioned are in need of reforms the driver of the debt are these important programs that are spending more money than they are taking in and will continue to do so at an increasing rate in the foreseeable future. [inaudible] most republicans in the field say -- >> it needs to be confronted. but it's largely done including those that were previously

insured and the government mandated plan the plans to be affordable have had to do two things. they've had to make payments very high so you have individuals going to an emergency room or doctor and getting a bill and the bill will be two or $3,000 depending and they so we don't have that kind of money. so as a result of the providers are not getting paid so suddenly the plans are not only expensive in terms of the bills you are taking on but it doesn't have the number of providers to give you the traces you need. why? if they can't collect the detectable they are not going to get paid the full amount so more providers don't want to participate so now you have an entrance into the premium is subsidized and you have a limited number to choose from. the better approach would be to

say the 21st century every american will be in charge of their own health-insurance decision. every american whether it is a tax credit or your employer's money will be given the opportunity to purchase for veterans from any company in any state in america and will be given the chance to purchase the kind of insurance that you want. that may be a health savings account or out-of-pocket expenses in the catastrophic hospitalization. others may require more comprehensive care. my point is now un power private sector to compete for your business on the basis. i know it isn't a perfect analogy but you can't turn on the tv without getting five or six commercials. your employer and the government doesn't tell you. they will target and marketed to

do on the basis. that is a better approach than we have now. >> you mentioned immigration reform as a part of the immigration piece of the plan. part of it was to protect american workers. did i hear that right and that immigration puts down on the wages? >> would protect american workers if you go to the system of education you and i are bringing people in on the basis of whether they can contribute economically. the evidence shows that creates jobs for america because it makes companies more productive and allows them to open more lines of businesses and that creates jobs for people already living here. that's why it's what we need in the 21st century. we are engaged in a global competition not just for investment organization, we are engaged in a competition into

the higher system that allows us to attract the best in the world as opposed that it's virtually built on whether or not. >> was asked about cybersecurity. we've read about the personal management pack and files stored it's important for the government to become infused with practice. we have multiple agencies each with their own chief information officer and sometimes the generations out of step in the latest practices and so i think that it is important for the government to become infused into best practices and to add some unitary standards all agencies to comply with.

>> it is to share with the government without being close to lawsuits or government interference or things of this nature because this is an ongoing threat. the balding quickly. you come up with a solution in the potential threats that have been created that you have to confront. you have to have more collaboration especially because there is no such thing as the government's technology sector and private technology sector. they are all interwoven. the government breach would lead vice versa. it's important to pass the legislation that allows there to be more collaboration between the private sector and government. >> who is the biggest economic challenge or? >> i'm about overtaking our

biggest threat is america. we are the biggest threat to ourselves and the great news about the 21st century is that it's not a zero-sum game. it doesn't mean someone else has to be worse off. it doesn't have to be that way. especially in the globalized economy for prosperity can also lead to prosperity somewhere else and vice versa. we need to stop thinking about it in terms of the win and you lose whether it is in our own domestic economy or the world at large. that is one of the most promising things. technology has flattened the information. so it could be shared within seconds with someone halfway around the world. knowledge is a shared commodity controlled by a handful of people but the benefit is at the expense of everyone else. that being said there are other nations that would like to replace us on that power. i believe that china has that ambition. it doesn't mean that people necessarily share that view in terms of an adversarial relationship and i do think that in any respects, how america and

china interact with one another will be the single biggest geopolitical source. it was determined with what else happened in the world. i think russia has a significant domestic problem. their gdp is only $2 trillion. it's not an economic power but it is a military power and buy it and that is determined as a great leader and a great country for hundreds of millions of people around the world is ultimately we wanted to be hundreds of millions of people and planet that can afford to buy things we do and services we offer and products we manufacture.

>> i also realize when you mentioned in a speech that you can't continue to grow the government like we did. >> congress had a big role to play on that as well. with the founders even people in my own party run on the promise of limiting the size of the government that the negro is themselves. if you look back at period of time we have the tax reductions in america and historic growth in revenue that would overshadow the historical increases. so it's important. we will learn that as a nation.

>> it's interesting there is a populist strain on the left and the right with what is going on with the bernie bernie sanders and elizabeth warren and occupy wall street folks look at it as crony capitalism and big business to rig the game against maine street the average guy. how big of a problem is and it and what would you do about it? >> it goes back to the point that the more people can influence the government at the expense of everyone else. so i tell a story in my book that i teach a course at florida international university. my students were complaining that they traveled somewhere and how to use this new system. nobody had heard it before. and they were upset they couldn't get it in miami and they couldn't understand why.

here's why. the reason why you can't use it in miami is because of the established industry. they raise a lot of money and have influence and they haven't convinced them not to allow anyone else to offer the service that they offer using the power of government in that space. and i'd made that connection because i think that happens quite often in american government and american politics. you have established industries that have rules and regulations only they can come play with knowing that it will crowd out those that would try to enter that space and the result is for everyone to see. after dodd frank committee consolidated to the point they were bigger than ever and while 40% of the banks have evaporated either brought out were closed. imagine if blockbuster video when it was brought about some people in the room don't even know what it is that if they have been able to convince the federal government to pass a law

that says that in order to rent a movie you must rent it at him in person retail facility you have to show your id and the argument would be the only way to ensure that is making sure they come to show the id when they rent the movie. that would have been an argument >> they are kicking themselves for not thinking of it but that's the sort of thing you see quite often where established industries use their connection to the government to create the parameters that only they can comply with meaning they limited the amount. >> last question you are headed to iowa to do retails. what do you hear from the voters on the trail with regards to the economy or anything else? >> i would describe the state of the country as uncertainty about

today into the future and there's two reasons why this happened. on the geopolitical level brings news of something happening in the world that makes it seem more dangerous than ever. there is a terrorist attack somewhere. russia, china building islands in the south china sea and then at home they know something has changed. all the things we once told people they needed to do don't work as well as they once did but no one has explained the new way of doing things or why it's no longer works and what it should be and that is what is embedded in all of the questions that we get. go to college, get a degree. now they are working somewhere they could have worked without the $50000. to start a family or do anything else for that matter you have people working at the same job

they had ten years ago but ten years ago they save money. now they live paycheck to paycheck into the refrigerator breaks down there in a lot of trouble. that is the sort of anxiety people are confronting and the leadership hasn't taken the time to explain why it happened and the new way of doing business. >> we could have one last question. this race is remarkable and wide-open. 14, 15, 16 candidates and a big debate coming up soon. what is it like to be in this moment of the sort. >> i have nothing to compare it to. but i think part of it is the symptom of the new economy in the new age. not long ago you had to have a

big organization accessed millions of dollars up front just to get the message out. now there are so many ways to launch a campaign in the hopes so that is a factor. it is an incredible opportunity to have a debate about the fact that what we are facing today isn't a cyclical downturn. it's not just the normal up and down of economic life. we would embrace it or we would be left behind by the future. ultimately in the hopes of serving as president. [applause]

[inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations]

garfield went to her friends as an educated woman and be a leader in women's rights. when her husband president james garfield was assassinated she returned to ohio and and ensured his legacy by making their home into a earlier version of the presidential library. chester arthur a. widower becomes president and his sister fills the role of the first lady and establishes the white house social at the kid used by future first ladies for decades. this sunday night at 8 p.m. eastern on c-span original series influence and image examining the women who filled the position of first lady and their influence on the presidency.

think back last year increased numbers of unaccompanied minors arriving at

the united states from central america prompted a reevaluation of the border security and treatment of under hdtv is. the testimony from immigration and justice department officials, senator ron johnson chairs the homeland security governmental affairs committee. this is one of her when i were and 45 minutes. [inaudible conversations] >> good morning. this hearing will come to order. i want to first welcomed the witnesses and appreciate your testimony which i have clearly read and studied. the hearing is really called to take a look at when you look at the humanitarian crisis we

experienced last year as on a company of children stream across the border in record numbers. the flow has been reduced but i still say that would still say that it's almost at the humanitarian crisis levels. ..