rather than sitting around all day to watch tv to get the opportunity to get the ged we know that works and you're absolutely right. . . the get tough -- put them under the jail -- that does not work. that does not make communities safer because once again, these folks come home. 95% -- i keep saying that because it is so important to realize. all of these, 2.5 million people that are locked up now, more than 2 million one day will be back with us on the streets, in our neighborhood, and we want them to have the opportunity when they are incarcerated to

learn, just like donna said, to learn a new trade. host: in 1985, 6 $.7 billion worth spent on corrections. 2013 26.5. caller: this is not what i talked about but since you brought up i will address it quickly -- it is not necessarily that we need more women, because the kind of woman that would shoot unnecessarily is the same kind of man, it is not gender, it is a mental tap. it is not that we need more women, but more certain types of people. what i called about is the bulk of the problem is the six-month to three-year sentences people are getting and that is primarily because of the flexibility fake hero judges and prosecutors are being given that they should not have are two

examples i would like you to address. i do not believe it is rational anyone should be locked up for any on of time if they were not paying money to a court for supposedly the well-being of a child i have a false promise of child support. it will not give productive value to that child's life for that person to be sitting in a lockup. some people are victim of paternity fraud. -- victims of paternity fraud. separate from that, i think legislators should be setting up a system so that if someone is locked up for something they should not be locked up for the police have no evidence, and the judges were consciously complacent, the system should be set up where they should have to go to jail and go to jeff for a certain amount of time where they are in correctional programs and not just sitting there in the joint doing time. i want you to address the first thing i brought up that you

should not be sending people to jail for long periods of time because it is not want to pay money to a court, but they were paying for the well-being of their child. host: todd. paul butler? guest: i am with you, todd. i think a lot of misdemeanors should probably not be dealt with through the criminal justice system. there was a frightening article in the "new york times" this week about public urination, and it turns out thousands of people in new york city get arrested for peeing in the street, if you excuse the expression, and that is a problem. a lot of folks agreed it is a public nuisance, people should not do that, and there needs to be some disincentive, but the problem is one folks get arrested for that, they, a lot of times, spent time in a

holding cell and they have an arrest record, and people plead guilty because they get caught red-handed, and and up with his criminal record. when we think about the collateral consequences that come from having a criminal record, and especially having a conviction, are those equivalent to the problem of public urination? so, again, being creative about ways to deal with social problems other than by locking people up, and the example that you used about if a man is not making his child support payments, that is a problem. again, we need people, obviously, to be responsible parents, but it does seem kind of counterproductive to put them in a ce for all -- cell for a

period of time because obviously than they are not going to be a responsible parent the same way they would be if they were on the street, and clearly they are not going to make child support payments if they are locked up. again, a great example of something that everyone would agree is a problem. again, folks need to take care of their kids, but is locking them up the best way of addressing that problem? a lot of the criminal justice policies, i think a lot of your callers are keying in on. a lot of the policies are not evidence-based, fact-based. a lot of the policy is driven by emotion. when i think about some of these deadbeat dads -- it makes me kind of mad, too. i know some children whose fathers need to be more involved in their lives financially, so i

get the emotion, but again, when i think about how to fix the problem, i wanted to be evidence-based, i wanted to focus on something that works, and for lots of these misdemeanors, there are better ways of addressing the problems than locking folks up or even giving them criminal records. host: edward perkins tweets in not just about the disproportionate number of arrests, drugs to be legalized and regulate. jamie in maryland. caller: hello, i want to address a couple of points and i will move through them quickly. first, hats off to the president, especially when it comes to compassion. to speak on subjects that, you know, to be so passionate about things that are not necessarily an issue of yours, i think that takes great strength. i like what he said when he said

-- what he said about redemption. i think that was a key point. i wanted to also say that a lot of folks that find themselves in prison, when you look at the man, you have to understand the story to understand him. a lot of these folks are the kids of addicts and that kind of thing. if you are the child of an addict, you are exposed to things everybody else is not. sometimes you found ways to take care of yourself because maybe that person, that parent was not there, and that kind of thing. so, you have a whole different expands altogether that other folks do not understand. another thing i wanted to say -- host: jamie, before you do, can you share your experience with the criminal justice system? caller: yeah. i am 36 years old now, but when

i was about 19 or 20 years old myself and another german got into an argument -- gentleman got into an argument. the argument escalated and we both acted in a way we should not have. host: what does that mean? what does that mean? caller: well, it came to a violent situation. host: guns fists? caller: we are talking guns. host: was somebody killed? caller: no, nobody was killed. caller:i was hit, but it was the fault of my own. host: how has that affected you? did you end up going to prison or jail for a while? caller: i was one in a million that caught a fair break and the reason i say that is because what i did deserved punishment and it just so happened that i had a very good family and i was

also in a decent position myself to hire a good lawyer. that lawyer cost me $20,000. i am 20 years old and i had to come up with $20,000 for a lawyer and i was able to make that happen, but a lot of people cannot do that. if i had a public defender or something like that, i would still be in jail right now. that was 15 years ago. the end result was the judge -- he was not really -- his reputation was not one of a lenient one. so i was definitely scared, but that judge gave me a huge break and the only reason he did was he saw i had no previous arrest record, had never been locked up for anything. he said i will take this as you made a mistake, but if you ever come in front of me again, i promise you i will make you pay for it. host: how has that arrest

affected your life in your professional career? caller: i will get to it. when i was in high school i was able to obtain my cdo license. i was a truck driver. i really had a good job before that arrest happened. so, it has affected me because it has been difficult for me -- i wanted to be a pilot and because of the arrest record, even if i went to school to be a pilot, there would be nobody i would be able to fly four. host: are you driving a truck today, jamie? jamie got cut off. i'm sorry about that. paul butler, and response to what jamie had to say? guest: yeah, so, it sounds like he got a second chance and he really benefited from that second chance and it is important to know that it sounds

like he is a very responsible contributing member of society and he was implicated in a crime of violence. i understand why now there is a lot of focus on nonviolent offenders, because that is, kind of, low-hanging fruit in the sense that it is very obvious period that locking up those people for long -- locking up those people for periods of time. it is important to think about people that have been locked up for round offenses, ways to help them get second chances and become responsible, returning citizens. in a i want to give a shout out to my public defenders. they have some of the most difficult jobs in our society.

so many of them are just the hardest working and must responsible citizens, lawyers good human beings that you could meet. i get calls sometimes from people whose kid might be -- have a case standing. they say, is there anyway you can find someone to help me represent them because now it's just a public defender? lots of times, the public defender is the best person to represent you because they have so much experience representing people with crimes like the ca ller was accused of. the problem is not public defenders. it's that we do not send enough money in defense in our system. i know a lot of times you talk about unfunded mandates on states are required to do something, but they are not given the resources to do that.

defense of poor people is a classic example -- remember that story case of gideon versus wainwright? in the united states of america, if you are being prosecuted by the awesome power of the government, then you need somebo requires that you have a lawyer to represent you. if you are poor, then the government has to provide that lawyer. sweeping grant announcement from the supreme court about the bill of rights and its relationship to an accused person. but who pays for that lawyer? states do. states have not been very forthcoming with the money that they have been allocating to that very pressing need. a lot of times when people are represented by appointed attorneys, those attorneys have

way too many cases to focus on anyone in a way that does anything to do with justice. it depends on the jurisdiction. if you are in a place like the district of columbia you're lucky to be represented by the public defender. in the bronx, new york neighborhood defenders san francisco has a great defender, you really have to think about where you are. public defense lawyers, people who are public interest lawyers who represent an accused person, those are some of my heroes. host: paul butler we appreciate you coming on and talking about this issue. if congress brings it up next week, the "washington journal" a look at it again.

>> on the next washington journal weekly standard online editor discusses developments in the 2016 republican race for president and former undersecretary of state for arms control and international security look so what is in iran nuclear agreement my how it will be implemented and its impact on the middle east. take your calls and you can join the conversation on facebook and twitter. live at 7:00 a.m. eastern. >> this sunday artist and journalist what are you so drawings to tell stories around the world. >> gang affiliation may be reading about the black panther were having a tattoo. the pelican bay incident, around the country you can land in solitary for art of the beliefs, gender status for sexual orientation of

. >> a lot of times that is not necessarily finished drawing. very often we have a big camera does it just as you and the person. looking for your face for taking images that they can see the taking. if they are producing beautiful things. when you draw it's a vulnerable thing. if you suck they can tell you. it's more of an interchange. most people about them from before.before. has a lot of times i just drop it because i like to and i like talking to them i i do it. >> sunday night at 8:00 o'clock eastern and pacific. >> c-span2 brings you the best access to congress, debate and votes in the senate floor, hearings and current policy events in

every weekend book tv with nonfiction books and authors live coverage of book festivals around the country in a behind the scenes look at the publishing industry. c-span2, the best access to congress and nonfiction books. >> nasa scientists held a newsa news briefing to discuss the latest findings of a knew horizons spacecraft which took the 1st close-up images of the dwarf planet pluto and itsluto moon.moon. from nasa headquarters in washington dc, this is an hour. >> good afternoon and na welcome to nasa headquarters in our nation's capitol. nasa's office of communications. following thecommunications. following the july 14 historic pluto flyby by nasa's knew horizons spacecraft the research team has begun sharing the unprecedented images and

findings with the world. today we have more. this mission has clearly been embraced by the entire world of all ages.di in fact, the numbers thatme are coming in for multimediaaboraty for social media, the internet, radio, tv is in the billions. we also want to give a nasa headquarters shout out to the johns hopkins applied physics laboratory for the unforgettable moments at there facility this week. we have now transitioned into mass over the future media briefings will here. we will have brief presentations and then open up for questions on nasap centers, social media andhi the phone lines. social media is absolutelyhe exploding with this mission. follow the conversation and

lu twitter, facebook, youtube and other nasa accounts. india questions, cinnamon. onl #asked nasa. certainly all of the information you have been hearing for here today and in the weeks and months be online. let me introduce you to today's participants. of first up,. first up, joe green, director of planetary science division nasa headquarters. allen sternqu new horizonsinstute principal investigator southwest research institute in boulder colorado. randy gladstone, new horizons court investigatoron c at southwest research at institute in san antonio.

new line horizons coinvestigator university of colorado boulder and new geoffrey moore new horizons coinresevestigator at nasa's with ames research center infa moffett fill, california. with that idi turned over use to us off. b >> thank you very much. today we will talk about tost talk about some of the fantastic discoveries about the heart of pluto. before we start that werehe like to do is really talk ath little bit about the heart of the knew horizons mission first, i want to thank apl for all the work that they have done making thishey mission happen. there are a whole series of contractors or industry community that has made this mission the spectacularinds success that it is. tha apl hosted a fabulous, historic event this week that many attended

personally but millions attended virtually, which has really been captivating. what an historic week. in particular the heart of knew horizons and is beating in pretty well and beating stillproduced by the department the of energy one of our majorgy. government partners. with hiswith hisar radioisotope power enablesystem us to move further out into the solar system and it isorizonst on the trajectory. currently if i can have our 1st pl graphic. here we see knew horizons past pluto.lion this is through the eyes on solar system that you canf get access to the web. as you can see it is more than 2 million miles away from pluto.ar for ten years or nearly ten years the knew horizons teamre are always talking about each day with closer. well now it's syria further

away but here is where it comes and that is important to remember. it is during this time of her going to w feel to obtain the data froms the flyby. right now we havercent. only received one to 2 percent of the data on the ground. by next week we will have tday grasped as much as five or 6 percent. some of the discoveries that you are going to be hearingt about today it has only been the tip of the iceberg. the few percent that we were able to get down to the encounter occurred. and so without further ado>> let me turn it over to the way to introduce our next speaker.free throw i >> allen. >> go for it. all yours.t. >> introduction.re fantastic. where have you here. on behalf of our entire team we have just had the most fun communicating about exploration and just how

exciting solar systemar explosion is this week. t but i think pluto is becoming a brand that sellsl th itself.itself.nt we don't really have to work, hard. i do wanmet to recognize the team members who were here. we have quite a number of members of the knew horizons team. stand up and be recognized. th [applause] [applause] >> we also have some knew audien horizons mission educatorscetand up who are in the audience. stand up and be recognized. [applause] and finally i would like to recognize one of our science team collaborators who is,

over from europe to help us ro work with the data a littlea little bit. some of you may no doctor brian brian. [applause] >> you make you andyour probably not. i am the guype i am one of those people who has been following your every move on our laptops and tvs and offices and bedrooms. it is a pill to be here. what an amazing achievement. you have inspired the world. thank you. >> thank you. [applause] >> while you enjoy thisoy beautiful eye candy, the twitter sharing system is you revealed in color.ell enjoy that view.

the spacecraft is doing well. they are a little over 2,000,000 miles on the far aren side of pluto. forpluto. for me according to plan.paure we exited the nine-day post approach just yesterday. the 1st of our departure science votes,loads, so we're looking back at the t planet in a special geometrynd looking at the nice side and doing various experimentsti dow and down making data.ot we have been downloading ata. lot of data.edn we have big news and i expect to live more next friday we have downloaded the even more.. i we will have to tell you i am biased, but i think the solar system save the best you some for last. [laughter] [applause] >> am going to show you some things. i'll start off with a little news and pass it on my colleagues. if i could have the next time stamp the next graphic. let's seegraphic. many let's see if we can do now. they're it is.

that is pluto satellite in its 1st we will result image. now, let's set of expectations properly.e as little as three months didn't hav ago we deid not have pictures p of pluto is good.luis this is actually about twice the as many pixels is the bestplut -based views of pluto. we arewe are able to determine the size of about 25 miles across able to ab measure its brightness, it'seasure intermediate and brightness between sharon pluto. looking roughly down the bowl of an elongated object, not as long as this plan, about twice as narrow and one direction as his long and we're looking down the barrel of.e have more disabled me give a more imagerybo on the ground.. aa fascinating satellite. moved to the next time stamp this is a overlay of data from the ralph instrument

from the competition that -- competition mappingt spectrometer that for the 1st time identifies the location of the carbon monoxide rich region on pluto that have been observed from earth for quite a long time but now we serv can overlay on the map. a knewa knew horizons map overlaid with contours for the abundance of his monoxide. andand you can see that the peak is on the western side of tomball reggio.de the very nice to be able to do that.retty it is pretty concentrated spatially. we not sure we understand theerst origin. in it could be they're is a source region. looking for it hard for the could be another explanation. either way it definitely catches i. across theacross the rest ofmonox this does they're is no other carbon monoxide concentration or anything like this. lt

we already no that. a very special place in the planet.in randy we willplanet. randy we will surely show you some pretty profound th results concerning the atmosphere. in.f in fact, the 1st results will share of the atmospherees thethe detection of escaping ions made by a plasma instruments. w and jeff isand jeff is going to talk about knew terrain image and high-resolution. i we will give you a preview. the next graphichave have a have a look at the icy frozen plains pluto.f cox who would've expected this kind of complexity? and the scene is essentially t adjacent, neighboring the mountain ranges that you saw a couple daysa couple days ago. we can see that there are stark contrast in terms ofit the geology. jeff will show you more, my washer you something else. your going to show you the graphic. it is a flyover me is if you i was 25 miles over pluto. if we. t we can start that. the flyover for faraway enj mountains and plains. they can go ahead i think

you will enjoy seeing it.e probably can't lower housethere lights given the television.whatou is that graphic available? we cannot see it back here. they're it is. what your looking at is thecr total width of 250 miles across $400. is no source high aboveth their local terrain as many of the mountains and the rocky mountains do hear in the united states. pretty impressive. the 2nd flyover is theed plane that i just shows youre which we're informally calling sputnik. sputnik was an explorer. just as wide,ooking 250 miles across giving you a feel for the scale of theot features you looking at. th. a beautiful surface see a lot more of this.much. 400 m per pixel imagery. byave

next week next week we will e have more than twice as much. and we will share that with you as well covering more terrain.u with that going to turn it over to randy gladstone to tell you about earlierdy mr. results. >> thanks. if we could go to the 1st to the time stamp and i will showstamp and you what the atmosphere team is looking at. w we had to wait until we gothe past pluto and looking back toward the sun to get our best data set. this shows you on the left and animation of what it's like the pluto goes in front of the sun. and the curves on the rightlaus show you two plausible atmospheric models for those f atmosphere. here we show you the data ely

that we have got coming down. each one of those points is ten seconds, but for every.on their we get a whole spectrum. on the way out only for the green line goes back to exactly the same spot. the atmosphere is very symmetric opposite side of the planet and seems to be more consistent with the redd line line which is a more. sluggish atmosphere or stagnant. we have already eliminated from this little bit of datahat eliminates a couple miles that were contenderse of tom now. next line shows you on that was in and thenthen at the surface. we see the atmosphere way far out. this is how our count rate went from the beginning on the left to the another right. wa a red or white curves and pluto in the middle.hat we see the atmosphere all the way to the ground. the inner circle is the highest vacancy. and they tan

cannot see the ground. they can only see 30 miles aboveis the surface or so, how topl hundred and 70 miles. we see after a thousand miles and surface.s you can see this is not a straight simple curve the drop slowly and then picks up as another bend where picks up again. atat the highest altitudest that is molecular nitrogen, the main component that starts to absorb sunlight. lower down methane kicks in and even lower down that isn heavier hydrocarbons knew the surface observing the sunlight.et like i said, each.on this graph we will be a spectrum of colors and ultraviolet light that we are getting a signal from. we are looking wit forward to getting that data in a month or two.t it is tantalizing right now. already able to do science. that nitrogen atmosphere because pluto is a smallped i states directly in the space ds >> we have had nine and a half years of this flightt whe wi out to pluto think about

what privacy with the plasma instruments. and we have seen all sorts hav g of things. lng we have not gotten all the down data down, and we're looking forward to getting it down. i in the meantime let me tell you a little bit about whatpping: we think is happening. already discussedalready discussed we no the answer is nitrogen and suspected is escaping because of the wicked gravity. it's about -- is a lotogen we weaker than earth and mars. and so we no that it is going away. we will we think is happening is that the solog when that comes from the south with protons and electrons, charged particles streaming out at supersonicharging speed will eventually crash in, interact with the escaping alister, and this will then produce probably suspect a shark upstream. maybe it is not quite sok.

soft. we know therewe know there is an upstream amount of nitrogen irons. they have already observed that with the instrument well upstream.ths andand that was energized by the silhouette and carried t away by the solar wind. buty the real question is what happens as it interacts withs. the denser escapinggr atmosphere that was beingt talked about.ll what happens is -- and this graphic gives you a sensible we think is happening. as itf escapes the atmosphere is ionized and picked up by the solar wind and the size ofite. this interaction region actually fills out beyond the scale of the satellite. it's a large volume. now, you have actually flown have through thisfl. and the next slide will showthk it i you what we think is happening is that they have

detected the ionized atmosphere. was they're ionized they get interest in the solar wind and carried away. willaway. what we see behind pluto is. a tale, and iron tail of this ionized escaping atmosphere is being pulled and carried away in the solar wind. now, when we get the rest of the data back in august or so we really we will be able to quantify what we havehado the data that randy in the atmosphere team put backre together. and we will be able to quantify the amount of the escaping atmosphere. will we think it is based on models and a pretty good guess is that by 500 tonspi per hour of material that is escaping. and this is for comparison, we no the escaping

atmosphere from mars which is being studied by nasa's mission is about 1 ton per hour. the this is substantially more schil because of the wicked g gravity on pluto. now, what is the consequence of that? well, if you have that upmethin roughly over the age of the solar system, over the age of pluto, this is going to be equivalent to something on the order of one to 9,000 feet. it's a substantial amount ofsu ice nitrogen ice is being removed from this is operation and escape the atmosphere. and alan stern has worked with people predicting what this we will do to thewo geology. t they have a prediction. ge but the geologists are going to look at the geology and tell us what a ctually

happens. >> indeed wethe we will. still having to remind myself to take deep breaths. the landscape is justhis astoundingly amazing. amazing.amazing. in fact, let's go back to this picture we talked about a few days ago and remind ourselves that some surfacesiv of pluto are peppered with impact craters several million years old whereas other regions such as the interior which we have known them to him by virtue showf no craters at all. obviously younger and indicates pluto hass experienced along and complex geological history. and so this means that there are active land for creatingti processes operating in the geological time. some of the paper -- saw the craters appear partially destroyed, perhaps by erosion. and they're also hands a part of the cross thatcourse that have been fractured. indicates there been some

forms of tectonics. i have seen mountains. mountain building forces operating a pluto. also some of the higher resolution images show there are craters which may have been partially eroded away.g so erosion processes are operating. and then the next time so please. next line please. let's zoom in to our image mosaic of the pixel emerging imaging we're taken c and here you can see a 2-mile high mountain which we are now calling for a plot they which originally left. there is extensive large-scale pitting that you can see in the lower right and then they're is anpls extremely young plane this makes of the northern half of the image. this image is oriented north the south. i kind of like that. and this is just a taste

i'm sure, of the unsent data. the next line please.s and so you see the names. we decided to name sputnik t after the 1st artificial satellite lost in the space in the screen this message. and of course after the sherpa who went up mount everest with aetna hillary is the 1st have a name on any planet in the solar system. okay. let's have the next timee stamp please. let's look at this regionk here in the middle. we have thewe have the next time stamp please. i saw this image the 1st time in the silo: not easyspk to explain terrain. i [laughter] so this is the frozen planesis of pluto. you know, so when you look

at this you can clearly see the have discovered a vast,o credit was pla ying. strange story to tell. t for convenience which i dogeical think about various types of geological metaphors which target to the moment. but judging from the impact craters is clear that sputnik cannot possibly be more topic around them, the a billion years old and possibly still being shavedlogil to this day by the geological process.process. this could be over they're we go from now. in this image you can seemall things as small as aha a mil half-mile across. and then let's talk about some of the things we see.s next line please. the surface is broken up into segments which are listed as irregularly shaped segments that are roughly 120es to 20 miles across. the border, as you can see

but what appeared to be troughs. some of these have dark material that seems to be collected they're would deposited there i don't know. but some do have what appears to be just darksee poin stuff.te much more enigmatic of these clusters of cells which i think you can see pointed out in the upper right of the frame. they appear to be elongated comps which trace out thecircle shapes. about the only thing we can say except there is smoothness the hills are i higher than the surrounding terrain. the lower value for that yet but as part of the biggest stereos sequence with it. we can tell youwe sha exactly how i lay out how there shape which we will go a long way t wo help usha interpret the created the cells.

we haveth -- speaking of the o hills they may have been pushed out from underneath along the cracks. alternatively acracks. alternatively a different su explanation is that they arerf erosion resistant knobs that are standing out as the surface is being massively eroded and lowered. we don't no which of those two excavations is correct. a we can go either way. popping up for emerging fromion an erosion foreign process lowering the entire plane. andplane. and the terrain of the lower right think you can see polygons appear to be etched the fields of small pets. batch now, thispets. now, this is a little.th tentative because there are still compression artifacts in this batch of data. r the compression, the same abo images and i think the issue whether it is indeed last scenes of bits we will

be verified pretty straightforwardly. similar features can be seeny. for instance on the surfacesn of glaciers around the earth terrestrial glaciers this is caused by erosion from wind and sun. from pluto the erosion mechanism without a processnd called sublimation was really ice turns directly from saw the gas in the way opposing carbon dioxide addressed is in the earth.es so what do these features tell us? one possibility of many is that the polygons size -- ag with source of convection the curving within a surface layer. judging by the modestyhe hea creating the same sorts of patterns you see if you lookself. at the surface of a boilingin pot of oatmeal for the blobs creat

and allow a map. alternative is to be analogous to my cracks they could be createdo t by the contraction ofe ids surface materials. we have various ways to test those ideas. and as i said before, we will learn more about these features and terrains in much higher resolution stereo coverage which is still up on the spacecraft and going to come down themonths next few months. twenty years from now people look at the coverage we have in the plan the whole encounter. that is. but that is just a coincidence. worked out that way that the base of space exploration favored us to put the most interesting places directly in the sites are highest resolution, highest quality data. this is goingthis is gnoing to be fun. okay.

to be a little more speculative we saw one other thing. next line please. this area just northwest of "that . they go.ay okay.unning these dark smudges appear topper be a line running from leftr r to right and may have beeny produced by wind blowing across pluto surface. next line please.d and so on both mars and earth similar features of when what scientists call the streets that are produced when prevailing winds cut erosion or deposition, not sure which one material behind obstacles. and those obstacles are. we will be of the tell you. the rest of our data down. alternatively moredown. alternatively more speculatively community will deposit -- depositst, associated. the plumes themselves existen

on and have not been spotted. yet. we have not spotted plumes are guises or anything like that. of course, we will be looking for them in imagesy yet to be received. we hav you know, let me conclude by. saying these are the early days of post- encounter analysis. as extraordinary anddaffs cooperative wecaveat the s preliminary stages of investigation and still we are entertaining the widest range of hypotheses and are acutely aware that jumping to conclusions comes a great perilhy. r of with that caveat i'll pass it back. >> thank you all. let's. let's give this team around of applause. [applause][a

>> much much more to come.ee if now we transition in the q&a. start here. nasaquestis fr headquarters with the media be and audience and see if wemedia. have any questions from the nasa centers from bridge and of course social media. if you canif you can wait for the mic raise your hand. you can give your name and affiliation please. >> stephen young with astronomy now magazine.hi b we heard about how this is just the tip of the iceberg eber and also in these images you can see are compressed. can you quantify how much se data you have on the ground right now versus how much is on the spacecraft waiting to come down? and what is the difference going to be in those images we see the uncompressed version? >> am happy to. we have a very round numbers and 50 gigabits of data that. was made about ten days will before closest approach. by the way that is the full

amount that we will store the end of this month as we look back on the systems.al that includes a live not quite yet taken. all that we will ultimately gro come to the ground with less compression, about two compression, but to the one compression that doese. not introduce any source of noise.put compression can exhort the ability to get data to the ground with the expense of some noise. some we will compressed and want to better. it's an efficient process to saddam we will we, browse data set. the concerted effort to do everything to the ground that can be compressed willcurrentl begin in september which we will take about ten weeks tse 5 maybe 12 weeks depending upon ds and schedules and other factors. we currently have on the ground less than one of those 50 gigabits. probably around one gb. i did not check this morning. we can get you a more accurate number.

>> my question is for randy. you mentioned that you think you have this turbulent model for the atmosphere and f that is bit more sluggish orre a stagnant. what arewhat are the implications of that for transport of materialsdica wer around the planet and does it have any affect on what you are starting to see on the surface? is this an atmosphere that may glows around old-timer maybe not so much? >> good question.d we still don't have a good measure. it is complicated. we think tinds all of them is room for those compressed into ae up family or near the surface with the wind can be of to a few meters per 2nd easily.

and those numbers are good enough to launch or loft particles off the surface, micronsurface, micron sizes. it is not inconsistent evenwe with the sluggish atmosphere to be able to move stuff around still. we think it's consistent so far. >> right. >> aviation week. at this time have you learnedt anything that we will helpthroh you understand what happens in terms of you as a goes to low earth? >> anyone else to japan. we have understood the physics of volatile transport those who escape very well for a long time, tse we have not have the way we boundary conditions to be onike to be those models in a way that would like to because weknow don't no and have not knownnow, until now the details of where the bright areas are and where the darker ones are for and iplan that can relate to the way areas you don't. particularly those places

that might be devoid have a higher swing.in theomin in the coming months we will see composition maps, topography maps and some t thermal maps all of which we will make tremendous import to be able to inform us howe about those models. really living in a data rich rich environment because knew horizons pill that was selected to be able to make comprehensive answers about those kind of first-order a questions.nd -- pluto's orbit is elliptical and the planets poor vector is tilted over. it's obliquity is higherus. than uranus. it is a pretty complex situation. we no how to model it and was forget the state on the ground at the spectacular results show is not just what happens around 248 -year-old the purchase office pretty interesting, but over much longer timescales. i am very interested in how the volatile transport over

a long time around theterial mov planet and whether t sufficient material loser in the planet to actually ore see potentially bury structures we will be removed from structures so that we seein the at different times and pluto's seasonal cycles. the climate cycles have very long time. someone -- everyone is aware of the 240 you cycle but the poor vector circulates over 4 million year cycle whichcle. averages of many orbits. i running these models we will be fascinating command we will have the data on the ha ground to do itve.th why were the nail on thea head. >> okay. i'm going to go to the phone t go lines. all the. wld the media, like we have had lots of media from all over i the world will try to asko questions. i want to try too get to as many of you as possible somalia questionsia and to one.

phone lines social media commitment come back here. here.ws on the phone line of 1st from nbc news alan boyle. >> thank you. this might be for jeff frown. i am just looking at thatg terrain and the potential for plumes. can you see anything further at about whether this isimilars trident lecturing? what sorts of similarities t wh do you seeat to the folks have seen on trade and how do you hope to resolve the issue about those plumes always drinks. >> first of all, as i said as before we are not seeking an announcement that we have seen plumes in any way. as far as trying to compare it, well, the sad story for triton is it did not have a knew horizons encounter. the data set we have for triton is about twice as -- well the very best images we ever took the triton, o jus best of circumstances hergood

only just as good as the picture. so you so far. almost all trains image has much worse resolution the images we have shown you and in contrast, the middle resolution pictures roserest compared to a really good stuff we haven't seen yetot .__the problem, it's hard to compare them in some sense because we need to see plum triton better. having said better. having said all that, notpe only do people see active with a plumes on triton, tritonk appeared to be covered with a number of just darkd aligned markings which were interpreted as when streaks. and so to the extent that we can compare our good data with triton data and the best rate data was not actually over the with structuring, we think they are comparable.comparable. am sorry that was a long! that is what we are.>> >> worthwhile to speak to the comparative differences to do with our protection of mountain ranges right offtectio

the bat. >> right. for one thing people have since for many years since the 1970s at least wondered whether these very involvednderhether young to raise you see on the giant icy moons of the gas giants remainfor me that tid way because of a processheat called tidal heating with the moons interact with themselves in the body they are orbiting around to basically heat of there interiors. people see isles volcano erupting volcanically of jupiter the process of title tour kidding. the question was, my name out business not orbiting theit giant planet geologically active, and the answer is obviously yes. pluto is every bit as ologically act geologically activeiv as a ans replacement solar system.

this enters a fundamental question about our ice worlds able to do there thing in there own right or are or other dependent upons the the help of the big players still around.st next up in spots christian science monitor. >> thank you very much.ink but this is america more. a detailed question when you about are talking about the height of these hills as beingathe t above the surrounding terrain. just to be clear is, is that the terrain trenches or the interiors? do you have any sort of demo for those in his homework? >> the height of the hills appears -- and we don't havetl any quantitative data to sayh much more than this appears to be a little higher than the surface of the polygon.

we don't have any direct measurement of shadows and so on. you will be receiving data o that is six or seven timesata higher resolution. there's hardly any.in speculating too much about the height of the hills we can give you the answer explicitly soon. >> next up to grammar university they. >> congratulations. great results. my question also was about these polygons. i wonder, phoenix landed on polygons a few years back. i wonder, is that a reasonable comparison of all? in a relationship? of a totally different? lge >> you are right they're when youwith you look at large polygons elsewhere in the solar system the surface most reminiscent of the surface we're looking at is the high-altitude -- i'm sorry, the high latitudes of

the north -- northern hemisphere of mars. indeed it did land on suchit d la polygonal terrain near thers arctic mars. having said that asas ienteni said earlier entertaining to alternate explanations. i think right this 2nd we may -- the geology team a weekly favor the idea that some form of internal connection may be responsible. as i said, we are still very open to the idea that this could be due to contraction. a contraction, thermal contraction about is the polygons and is essentially responsible for the polygons on mars in combination with several.atin so they could be more -- the process can be more analogous to the process operating on mars. it's just too early to say. >> we're still on the phone line. three more calls. on

social media and then comeand then back here.and next up dave mosher. the last anywhere from business insider. >> thank you. congratulations.e in you mentioned the beating heart. there's only so much of that material left. i'm curious what is the status and how is the current supply crunch limiting future missions? >> currently we have our ut plutonium being managed by the department of energy. we do have a fair amount of the proximal a 17 or so or kilograms.o that is available to us to give these right away. we have additional plutonium that does not have quite the energy density we need to use of these missions we

have also been given the approval by congress supporty by the administration to be able to start generating plutonium238 which is really good news. the department of energy hashat isod created a process that has -- and they verified it to take the attorney and irradiated with the trans- and in some of the reactors and the reactions of providing the byproducts of plutonium 238 and that can be extracted and stored. so right now we feel really good that we're in aa to position to be good stewards of the planetary program foror many decades to come. we have adequatewe have adequate reserves ofoniu plutonium on the ground and indeed we will be making starting with this decaderly n o early next on a regular a basis. >> kelly be. >> thank you very much. i'm afraid i we will jump ahead

we will the playbook for >> either alan randy.ex do you see anything in theo s data set to suggest that there is an atmospheric?? >> we do not have data on the ground yet. there we will be coming down in the next threethree to five days.daysism yeah. sunday. we'll get back to you on that. >> last question before we get a social media. .. >> are crater rates lower than they are closer to the sun because of the different ball game out there? >> well the way we estimate that

that. we obviously study the belt down to the few tens of kilometers and by looking at the crater records of saturn and looking at the numbers and objects and distribution objects in the belt there have been several studies which derived what the approx approximation is. we can tell if the surface is old or young it is harder to tell you if it is intermediate age. we think and under the crater rates well enough to say you see a surface with no craters and that is difficult to under how it could be older than a hundred million years.

>> the first question is how do we know pluto's atmosphere is escaping? what is the measure? >> we have not measured it yet. it is currently based on under understanding the gravity of pluto is weak and we expect to to be escaping. we know methane is there and that is a greenhouse gas that absorbs sunlight. it is the energy deposition of sun light that is giving the sunlight to escape.

it will compare to the alex and rex team. >> jason asks what kind of material could be responsible for pluto's dark stain? organics? >> want to guess? >> why not. the least crazy idea which i think we are working on and i think it would be determined by the eradiation of methane which

can be eradiated as particles in the atmosphere slowly rain down to the surface and the streaks of the impact turning out to be wind streaks are particles that fall on the ground and the wind sweeps them along and they get caught behind in the prevailing winds. >> one more and back here. >> lots of questions about elevation. this is from george who said will the data collected be sufficient to create pluto and charon elevation maps? >> absolutely. the surface you can see in the picture on the screen that is still up we will have although they will be at the same resolution, top graphic maps for both worlds. >> okay. i want to thank our social media

audience. we will answer the question and get them in at #asknasa. let's come back here. let me see your hands out here. let's go here and we will talk our way this way. name and affiliation. >> steven park with space flight. i know you are not prepared to make an announcement about giz geysers and plumes are there indirect means of finding this? >> there might be. but i am old fashion and i want to see unambiguous evidence something is rise up to the atmosphere.

if we see it don't worry, we will come tell you about it. >> alan for a long time you have been a proponent and supported by the amateur processing community and realties released the raw images but they were halted this morning. i am wondering if you continue to that? >> we intend to continue to release the images. however, as we are winding down from the peak of activity after the intensive fly-by activities we will move to weekly removals and that is a manpower thing and we't the a the really to in tfall. before y t week or of t things we ma tamateur co knows is

we'rturn the d a othe will be a it is we'repping haring i notsendingmages to the ingust and er. ll again a will aly basis and you le to countkea clock. morequ leo of irish televists absolutely because it is he speed of journalism.nd who could pike at. bill i i ant this week king that firetary flyby in american

mission yu has not been >> means. >> i don't know about that from the dutch air force but he was our link with the imaging team for my entire professional career and i did not want this to pass without mentioning him. he was a terrific guy and i suppose has made would say he was say mensch. [laughter] >> you could tell him your

name and he would kill you pictures of the latest encounter. >> i knew him unfortunate folks during this time that we work very hard but we care for each other very hard in the lost some people and others at the jet propulsion lab so our thoughts and prayers go out to them. to bring in the image of carbon dioxide rich terrain how thick is it? is it more than just the figure orris is it here or is there other ice mixted and how does it get there? was it deposited from above or could it well up from

within how would you approach from distinguishing from those to? >> we specifically brought along our composition team lead because we thought we may get a question about that. it could be a deep layer. >> you said it exactly right you only need a centimeter to have an absorption of that death so we know there is the lid that has a lot of carbon monoxide but how that interacts is settle is soluble and widespread on the surface and the methane is also soluble in the mixtures of how they combine we don't know yet we will have to do some detailed modeling and like the idea upwelling from below but a

figure anywhere near proving that is what is happening. >> can y tell me if you see any signs of atmospheric structure? >> yes the profile tells us one atmosphere species has absorbed out and the other picks up but just from the shape we know how extended the atmosphere is and maybe a little cooler than we thought that we will get that later. civic ladies and gentlemen pluto story is just beginning you can follow the story. thank you for witnessing history and space exploration another press

conference is coming up with a time to be determined. science never sleeps. [applause] eleven when we walk with what route six when warned.

>> cry during we have a program for europe. we have colleagues here from "the new york times" magazine from the group in england. we are here chair talk about the shootdown of malaysian airliner 17 on july 17 last year. i remember that day vividly because within 20 minutes of the shootdown of the year later -- of the airliner i saw something on the media that the curve ball announced the satisfaction of shooting down a military

plane. and of course, there was no report of a military plane it is clear what happened. i was in berlin of weaken a half after that. i learned a new phrase that people understood the policies. up through the summer of 2014. and the conversations of the germans at that time has made discuss that aggression and east of the grave.

someone to work with three in moscow that the public was becoming quite concerned surrounding the remainder of the airliner slow lifting of the bodies of the bodies were left four weeks is she said this is how the authorities there in the russian occupied parts of eastern ukraine how they treat their dead. that highlights the shootdown of mh17 was a turning point in the war of ideas and understanding about the kremlin lead aggression.

>> talk about moderating today's events but working for "the new york times" magazine and "the new yorker" also and the colombian journal with "washington post" and the fords and elsewhere. >> thank-you for coming and inviting me to participate. we can all remember where we were one year ago and we are feeling this morning it is hard to believe it has only ben one-year we saw the

bodies coming down that were part of an active war zone with the lifting of the of bodies and the meddling of the crime scene and then one year later this seemed like a game changer at the time that something so horrible and seemingly random could not change the course of events and one year later the situation does look profoundly different. i would argue that helped shape european resolve to get behind more robust sanctions coupled with a precipitous economic decline in russia froze that

conflict in place and russia was willing to go further and may be hack though land route to crimea but instead we have a strange conflict with of a no-man's land that nobody seems to want this region any more. the way that conflict stance could be traced back to one year ago or just shot at of the sky. as part of a fight to over what happened we will hear from speakers whose diligence has tried to keep people focused on the actual

images to keep that narrative focus on what actually hall at - - happened there devolution into no-man's land. so i will let you take over. >> good morning. is an honor to be here today. my name is iggy i am a contributor we have been doing some investigation into ruth mh17. one but with a report from last year on the fly you can see an image produced this

is a missile system and this was the starting point for something from last year as well that we used in the investigation. the video taken by local people but to deal locate these images through video to compare their location with open forces like google satellite you and they have book on that day. with day missile system with

asking about the attack turning back to russia. september last year i started to do this investigation was to evolve and to report will when we have zero men had actually comes from a specific measure. this is one of the first i could find and what it shows what the end of june last year there were military very vehicles -- a military vehicles traveling the had

books in it. by a narrowing down a particular time frame showing the same thing in different areas there was a chronological area. this led me to find a video that was uploaded to the russian website equivalent of facebook last year. there was of books similar to the paris march in rich - - image. and from what we know they have been sending them into ukraine with the numbers

painted over. this led me to find this particular image which was the important high-resolution image that came from instagram and was uploaded by a local to show that was uploaded and wittingly weeks before it had taken place. so it is possible to make comparisons from their. of the lf to see the image and on the right you see the 17th of july. and numerous markings not just the presence of the number but identifying features that shows this is the same book. it is evidence coming from

russia. then to analyze the plates was useful because it actually lead to an area that uses the same area codes. and it was possible to go and find a russian facebook page for russian and shoulders -- soldiers from the brigade can look for the profiles of those soldiers and was possible then to get a confirmation with those seated in the column.

so this was an important link to show that this had originated that was verified by other things like for example, the first chronological video that i could uncover. it is possible to look at certain servicemen and analyze the images with there was a link. so the team eventually we started to look at all the similarities with the damage with the bits of rubber over the track and to confirm 100 percent it was the same vehicle.

we tried to use other things as well. for example this is an image from a russian phone for the of wives or mothers of russian soldiers there was posted related to somebody who posted a and they say they were sent toward ukraine to a the russian border once they were showing the units had gone there at that time so a number of different things that could verify that they had traveled toward ukraine at that time weeks before mh17 was shot down. and then to look closely it was impossible to find images boosted by soldiers

from the union that this actually happened. in the end to build that chronological order when it took place to know that a celt the - - the exact route taken by the convoy that would allow us to look at the dates after the attack tuesday there was movements from exactly the same unit to go back after the attack had taken place. i feel tremendously privilege to have worked with the team to uncover this. and i am proud to present to this work to you today. if you have not seen it i hope you see the reports that we have produced and

hopefully this will add to the narrative of what happened. thank you so much. >> host: -- [applause] >> now we will be in into ruth the investigative journalist groups who helped to put out the rest. hooked -- hi david. we are on. >> thanks for inviting me. of a like to explain what we were trying to do as a

nonprofit investigative news room and we are funded by a german foundation created as the legacy of the founders from the foundation better in the public-interest. we do stories when there is something important to say about where the readers will say i did not know that and we try to create a positive impact for change. when restarted this story what could we say that would be in the public's interest? we thought we could do this story that way because there was a war it eastern ukraine and part of that was a war of words in which mh17

played an important role. we thought we should try to fact check the information to create information that people could rely on. so we started to review statements initially by the you create - - ukraine government and the investigators, the u.s. government, and nato and the german government of course, and initially will look for the facts that everybody agreed on and surprisingly one of them was if that was shot down by ground to air missile it had to be a type that initially was built in the soviet

union. everybody said it had to be. the russian government said if there was and had to be that. everybody seems to agree on that. so we're looking for different information but we also discovered something very strange. because we realize there was somebody else we had to do fact check and that was strange because here we have a bunch of countries toward government institutions with a strong reputation now to say we have to look at a fairly new internet web site and to our astonishment we discovered this information that was put out was really

to a large degree refusal than any of the governments because they were making their data very transparent so anybody could check it and one of the first things i did is iggy went to the netherlands. i said houri putting this together? how can i believe you? he pulled out his tablet and conjure up a tablet with a keyboard and started to do the different stuff to put his information together. i very quickly realized i had to take him seriously so we put them on the same pedestal as these other institutions to decide if

there is a weakness that is new and people are prone to say with anything that appears so we began to look at what everybody was saying in the russian government would say first of all, they put out two different versions and said it could have been from a misdial -- missile but the two versions basically exclude one another so we felt they basically said we don't know. the americans said it was the missile but they did not say how they knew but that they had intelligence

information that they believed but that does not help the discussion because for a lot of people they would like to fact check themselves. so we began to rouge tried to look at other sources of information to fact check and we did some of the similar stuff and we ended up to download an entire web site of social media website of the brigade we just don't lew did the entire web site. recollected the profiles of as many people as we could to put them into a database that include that addresses and telephone numbers of the soldiers we could call or e-mail because we thought that could add value to the story.

we also began to look at the military logic that was something we thought was missing. why are they there? brief talk to military experts aircraft investigators and air-traffic controllers reviewing satellite pictures to create a map of locations where ready to visit. one of the things that the military experts were telling us that those missiles only have one of function that is to protect the russian tanks and they don't go anywhere. i decided to call the german ministry to ask them what they thought about that period the spokesman said you don't need to tell me this he said i am from a tape unit as a lieutenant

colonel from a regiment. hays said rigo go anywhere without air defense either it is a basic rule of the military, that strategy that takes cannot protect themselves from air attacks unless they have a ground to air missiles to take with them then we begin to look at that. what are their strengths? what we've learned is basically the russian version cannot differentiate between friendly aircraft your enemy aircraft except anything that is a russian military aircraft with nothing else it whether it is civilian or a an enemy military they all look the same and air traffic

controllers said when they start work each day go into a room and stand there for five minutes to get the three-dimensional image when they think they have the picture they say i've got it bin day takeover but talk to operators or people who were trained in the soviet union or ukraine that the only have 40 seconds to get that picture because you cannot have it on more than 40 seconds because the enemy plane can see your precise location and you will be destroyed. so they began to tell us about a duel in the wild

west with an airplane and it takes bebel's know they're looking at each other with the exact location of the other and whoever shoots first has a much better chance of surviving. so you have and a situation with little time with opposing interest both groups want to survive. end there is very, very little time to make a decision. retail to the conclusion this is one of the big problems you have the system that it -- that could not differentiate it would both like an enemy plane and people who had to make a decision very, very quickly.

this leads to mistakes and we came to the conclusion of mistake like this was bound to happen at some point whether the three weeks before or five weeks after, we did not know but it was the situation that would lead to a disaster at some point. but how do they make their decisions? we had to look at this because talking to lew soldiers in the unit because we were phoning people and talking to them, when the herd a missile is only made to fire by officers the people who run the systems have for years of a military

college. they are engineers. and normal soldiers are not allowed to fire one person said he had four months of trading even before he was allowed to drive one of the trucks that pulls the system around with them. so they're very technical and how they work close together with stiffer units that is mounted above the back and radar systems mounted on the back and the control within the tate -- the tape fell 1/2 to coordinate together with constant practice.

this could not just be outsourced to the separatist fighters who have not been through the university training constantly for months using that system. to using that logic if you have a team that is dedicated and in you know, those tanks are expensive with lives at stake in you will not outsource that to those who don't have the training could decide this is something that you don't outsource in that is important.

we could comfortably conclude this operation could only have sped run by regular soldiers and when we were fact checking looking at other information we were also finding the information in the various governments or the ukrainian government were the russian endeavor mitt both agree -- both agree that they were actually in the region they disagreed on the exact location but they agreed with his and 30 kiloliters that this ramp was within the region and we went to

the location and were able to determine that the location and that actually was is correct. we also talked to separatist leaders who told us that they needed air defense systems because of the fighting going on there. with the ukrainian government to put out information and one of the separatist commanders said they have to put the air defense to the north and to the west because russia was

to the south and to the east. so we did and we found a group of houses. the town was traumatized everybody knew what had happened and the missile was launched from their. a lot of people gave bits and pieces and we pieced it together and people could tell us a lot more what they saw the object flying past them that looks like an airplane but it had no windows and one person could say this was the missile that destroyed mh17 we also

pointed - - posted this on the web site we also saw one of the separatist leaders taking us inside the mind that they said was firing but the closer you got them more separatist but the soldier was sitting there he was frightened and he only had a few seconds. is its and finally he decided he had to shoot.

this was but he was in a position as one of the senior civilian people to say i want to a report done exactly what happened. we never got to the bottom of whether a story is true, but it fit in with what the military people are talking to the same about what they thought had happened. i'm

not going to go and all of the stuff that he was talking about. we basically looked at the sites and found what he was saying about them was true. wetrue. we also looked at other sites and found that the russian said there was a missile launched from they're or at least we were able to determine. we talked to the people but no one had seen what the russia's report was they're. so what we basically tried to do was get feet on the grounds to actually go and talk to people is much as possible part to talk to people outside of the ukraine but also in the ukraine to try and pieces together is much as possible, and then we try to put the information out as transparently as possible. if you go to our website you can see the great majority of the information is available to be downloaded, pictures, videos, audio.

it's all they're for people who want to fact check us. we invite anybody who wants. the exact address we will be found. anybody else can go and talk to the people like we did. that's the way you have to verify was going on. i thinki think i will finish up here. thank you very much for listening. >> thank you so much for joining us all the way from berlin. i would likei would like to say a few words about the particular group. i think our great examples journalism, investigative journalism work together. these reports are available for you to pick up right outside. they were able to cheer locate the positions of the watch site, just the movement of the group and able to complement the work,

send people on the ground of verify information. and these three reports together provide an incredibly compelling piece of evidence of what actually happened on the ground and who was behind the shoot down. now i would like to ask michael to come up. michael is a spokesperson for the osc for one of the 1st responders on the ground last year during the shoot down and i would like to remind all of you watching online to join the conversation with #. with that please. >> thank you very much for that kind introduction. i introduction. i would like to thank the organizers for inviting us here today. it's a privilege. i also want to start off by taking a brief moment to pay

tribute to the families of the victims. just a few minutes ago the special monitoringa special monitoring mission came to a standstill. we took a moment of silence at exactly 4:20 p.m. 9:20 a.m. here to commemorate the 298 lost souls. excuse me. also in a statement today issued for per chief ambassador, he said that this tragedy into the lives of 298 people most of whom left to do scar on her loved ones in the netherlands, malaysia, australia and all over the world. this is a stark reminder of the heavy toll borne by civilians in armed conflict. the memory of the victims will stay and remind all of us of our important task to contribute to normalize the situation in ukraine.

we're just going to pause for a moment. three or four minutes of video from canadian broadcasting corporation done by a dear friend and one of canada's best investigative journalists who is one of the 1st on the scene on july 17 and 18th command i think it's a good setup for the work of the special monitoring mission did. i will be back after the video. >> the wreckage was still smoldering with a small team from the osce after. michael butcher, a ukrainian canadian was thrust into the heart of the disaster to observe and report back to 57 countries including57 countries including canada team ended up doing much more. no other officials arrive for days.

he became the eyes and ears of the world. we crossed paths many times. we finally found a place and time to reflect. >> michael, you have been here almost daily for more thanten days. what stands out for you amongst your observations about what happened? >> what really hits you is a people's lives have been tragically and abruptly interrupted. a lot of people on the plane on the way to vacation. the other day i found a peace of literature that looks like it was being carried to a news conference. the saddest thing i think i saw was a note written by someone to themselves. one of the things i want to do is have a good vacation not, budget but have a good time. i mean stuff like that

really stays with you. if i can say on a personal level we have become almost intimately familiar with the site. we look close up a personal belongings. if the.out some differences. for example, don't -- going almost daily to the cockpit has been the dark part. we 1st arrived the horrifying stench of death. the carpet appears to be slammed down into the earth bring much intact. over the days we have seen that peace of carpet spread out. day two i believe it was they were many in uniform hacking at it. they could have been involved. we don't know. i was in the past

three days, it has been spread out even more. the other striking thing, of course we arrived today after they're were a lot of bodies lying there exposed to the elements. it was a horrifying scene for just horrifying. >> no one was sure who was in control of the bodies left in the fields too long. finally they were collected and placed in refrigerated train cars for transport. >> the site was difficult but the train was cold and lonely quex: lonely and dark. the duck the duck fringing -- forensic experts, they did the best that they could to increase the level of dignity if we

can even put it that way. it is very difficult. very difficult indeed. the one thing that has powers through this is knowing where doing this for the families. in the conflict over they're is no security, anything we could do to provide some semblance of order that no bodies of the loved ones but there belongings and documents to back was really important. ♪ the days of them on. we have seen horrific things that i would not talk about anyone else. >> more time than anyone debris. over 35 square kilometers. reeling from a recent kidnapping. all of this in the 1st three months on the job. >> to use of back sometime and wonder how you landed in this spot?

>> i do. you know, i do go back to ukraine. a been here many times. i sometimes feel like they never be the same again. >> thank you for watching the. it still sends a chill back to watch some of those images. the full report is available online if you want to have a look. now, in the statement by ambassador i just read he did mention the heavy toll borne by the civilian population. i think it is important to give you a quick snapshot of the current security situation in eastern ukraine as reported by our monitors. excuse me. violence continues unabated, and the situation has deteriorated. heavy weaponry continues to be moved around and utilized

this is really a stark statistic. in the past week alone almost 2000 explosions of been recorded by our monitors. by the way we have file photos. also alsophotos. also our monitors on the ground, monitoring the movement and use of heavy weaponry. monitoring logistic capabilities of rebel groups involving more concentration of ammunition and military vehicles close to what appears to be a functioning railway station. as most of most of you know, we have drones, unmanned aerial vehicles. they notice a large concentration of military hardware and around the areas.

you know, we're talking about things like main battle tanks and sophisticated weaponry such as surface-to-air missiles. also they're are many challenges cooperating in such a conflict zone. over. over the past few weeks have been subject to systematic jamming of our video and gps and we are talking about sophisticated military grade jamming. also in terms of people on the ground we will we have been observing is the so-calledthat the so-called bpr and lpr have seemed not really able to provide basic hu