the spring break recess. the presiding officer: the senate will come to order. the cleerk will read a communication to the senate. the clerk: washington, d.c., march 28, 2016. to the senate, under the provisions of rule 1, paragraph 3 of the standing rules of the senate, i hereby appoint the honorable susan collins, a senator from the state of maine to perform the duties of the chair. signed orrin g. hatch, president pro tempore. the presiding officer: under the previous order, the senate stands adjourned until 6:30 p.m. stands adjourned until 6:30 p.m.

currently out on a recess will return next monday april 4 at 3:00 eastern but as we heard another brief session expected this week you will find coverage of the senate right here on c-span2. >> this is my first election that i've been participating in and it's important to be involved. i know a lot of people have been voting and they said it was the most crowded it's ever been so i'm excited to continue to be involved and soon i'm going to vote for a presidential candidate. this season for most people has

been the most captivating ever and i feel like it's important to be represented in the process. >> i'm voting in this election because of the extreme disparity in the country as well as the economic inequality it is essential that we choose a president who will represent all of america. for a white house domestic policy adviser will talk about private philanthropy plays a role in keeping the communities healthy and the economy growing live at 5:30 p.m. on c-span. wall street investors believe the u.s. is sending more and more on seniors at the extent of young people and he sat down with the founder geoffrey canada at the university of california berkeley. this is an hour.

[inaudible conversations] welcome, everybody. it's great to be here. i'm the dean of the golden school of public policy. it's wonderful to see a full house for this wonderful events tonight. i want to introduce the two panelists but actually we are going to start with a short talk started outlining the issues with respect to the youth in america today and enter into a discussion with geoffrey canada. that will be brought up to me and i will choose questions for them to ask our guests. they founded the duquesne

capital in 1981 and closed at around 2010 but during that time did very well and had a career on wall street for his success with his organization and worked with george soros and helped amass a substantial amount of wealth as well. he is a guy that knows a lot about finance and part of what we are going to be talking about is finance budgets and issues in the future and part of what investing is about is thinking about the future and what's going to happen in the future so he is concerned, deeply and profoundly about the future of people in america and you will see the degree to which he is concerned about the investments and how they are crowded out by other investments we do make. geoffrey canada is an educator, social activist and founder of the harlem children's zone he

started in 1990. it was designed to try to help children, young people in harlem to get to college, graduate and get good jobs. it is an intriguing approach and it seems to be successful. it takes a while to evaluate some of the programs. we do know many people think this is a model for things we should be doing elsewhere and our president thinks that having put in some proposals and programs that are trying to replicate what's been done in the harlem children's zone. they both graduated from both in college and the other connection is over the years he helped raise the money for the harlem

children's zone and jeffrey provided the inspiration and the leadership to make it a success that it's become. remember the note cards. i want to turn to stand for has a presentation to outline the issues about the future of the young people in america. welcome. [applause] please turn off all cell phones. >> he mentioned jeff and i were at the college together in the early 70s. as children of the 60s, we used to think about protests and changes in the world but even back then i've never been here but berkeley california was

always the larger than life institution where things started [applause] and it's interesting i hear a lot today about how no one are not into movements were protests that i look at a couple of examples and i couldn't disagree more that when i think about how they moved the needle on what you've accomplished, i think it's ridiculous to suggest this generation has not been involved in political activism with results and i would say the same thing about this generation in terms of the environment and climate change. i look at the movement that has been made in the last ten years and i think it is directly the

result of this generation activities and focus. i guess i'm somewhat puzzled by the fact that there's another thing that you're generation hasn't focused on. it's important to gore future and the future of the country and it affects you directly. he said i'm going to give a presentation and i think we are going to have a conversation about this topic and we just thought maybe i would throw six or seven slides appear to get everybody warmed up with regards to the topic. we don't need to dim the lights do we? the line and read his federal payments to individuals or transfer payments so what you see is in the early 60s there

used to be 20% of all federal government outlays and it is currently 67% so over the years we have gone from an economy that used to have transfer of payments to 67%. to put it in perspective, back in the early 60s, medicare and medicaid were 1% of gdp, social security was 2.6% of gdp and the discretionary spending was 11.5%. today, medicare and medicaid are 5.6% of gdp, social security is 4.9% of gdp and discretionary expenditures are 6.5%. why is that important? because transfer payments are consumption and you don't get that much return on your investment is to highlight to

highlight the blue line back in the 60s investment as a percentage of the federal budget used to be hired and the transfer of payments. they were 32 and they've gone down to 15. for the republicans in the audience if there are any in berkeley california, i want to remind you that government spending can be a lot more effective than what some of you have been putting out in the press

>> this chart is pretty remarkable. what you're looking is the per capita spending on children and all the elderly as a percentage of the average worker salary per capita. what you will see is in 2011, which is the last year i've good data on, 56 cents out of every dollar that an american worker made went toward expenditures on the elderly, pretty much transfer payments i showed earlier, but only 8 cents went on our children. so just as they been crowding out other investments, the greater and greater allotment within making toward payment for things like medicare, medicaid for the elderly, we also of medicaid for children but as you can see it doesn't move the needle much, and social security, has been at the expense of money we might be spending on our younger generation. for some reason, well, this is

kind of sad that i will work around it. the chart you are supposed to be seeing is the united states poverty group, rates by age group. what you see in red, back then president johnson declared a war on poverty. since then the poverty rate for seniors has dropped to 30% to 9%. i think we can all agree that's a wonderful accomplishment. there's nothing worse than thinking at only person of poor who can't make it in society and all the that encompasses. the interesting thing is during that same time period, the poverty rate for children, i think we have it on, how clever. this is what happens when you're over 60. you don't know how to use technology. [laughter] the poverty rate for children has been an uptrend.

it actually pretty much flat to up but believe it or not we have made no progress in the last 40 years even though the war on poverty has been declared a success. it's all been for the elderly and, in fact, for children the poverty rate has dropped at all. it's pretty amazing, we now have a child poverty rate in this country of 24%. think about that, almost one in four of every child in america grows up under the poverty level. just to show you how horrific that is, what we've done is we've taken to 35 leading economic countries in the world, and here's the united states. we ranked 34th with 23% poverty rate for children. the only country we beat out is romania. we are worse than lafayette, and the other three countries -- latvia. who we are in the united states with all this wealth, with all

the things we have, and we have second highest child poverty rate in one in four children in america are growing up in poverty. we got this fancy thing again now. i showed you on the first chart how much we've been spend on our seniors and on transfer payments relative to investment, and the second chart relative to children. look at what that 40-50 years of spending more and more and giving more to the elderly has resulted in. this is a little complicated but i think i can deal with it. what you are looking at is if you take the average net worth of age groups in 1983 versus their average net worth in 2010 in constant dollars. for the first time in the history of america, we have a generation now where i'm net worth in 2010 was actually less

than their net worth in 1983. that's your 29-37 year old group or a 29 year old in 2010 in constant dollars is worth less than a 29 year old was in 1983. but look at the elderly with the most extreme case being 74 andover. not only is their net worth not less than it was in 1983, it's 150% more. as you can see for all the elderly, their net worth has gone up dramatically, i can also result of the first chart as we continue to spend or and more on the elderly at the expense of the rest of our society. so far i've only talked about the size of the economic pie and more of that combine soy from ththe proportion of al-qaeda split up it more and more has gone to the elderly. the problem going forward is there's about to be a lot more

of the elderly and a lot less of the working poor to support the elderly. so back in 1957 we had a growth rate in this country of 3.71. we have more babies -- 3.7 to one. read more babies born with 100 million less people than we have today. it's pretty incredible when you think about. we only had 165 million people in the country and in the last 15 years we have never had as many babies born as in 1957. this is what was called the baby boom. after we came back, soldiers came back from world war ii, 1947-1967. they did their business with their lives, a lot of babies were created. we had a baby boom. for those of you who can add, 1947 was 65 equals 2012. so in 2012 that baby boom for

the next 20 years becomes a great boom. let me put it in stark terms. for the next seniors it's been going on for four years, every day 11,000 people are going to turn seniors. we are grading 11,000 seniors every day for the next 16 years. we are only creating 2000 young adult workers at a to support those seniors. so what you have is over the next only five years, the people that are actually working to support the retired elderly, they are going to grow by 17%, but the elderly because of the gray boom are going to grow 102%. it gets even hairier if you look inside the numbers. the over 85 contingent is going to grow by 322%. why does that matter? because as longer life goes on, the more we spend on our elderly

and health care system. the average 85 year old, we spent two times on what we do on the average 66 year old. the point is we've been shifting more and more of the pie to the elderly. they are are about to be a lot more of the elderly versus the rest of society to support them. and their living a lot longer, and the longer they live the more they spend each year, it is going to cause us financial problems. i used to put a chart up, but it's so horrifying i just thought i would talk about it rather than put the chart up itself. if you take what we have promised our seniors in terms of social security, medicare projections and medicaid projections, what we promised them versus the tax revenues we have projected, you get a number which we call the fiscal gap.

the american government uses very interesting accounting. how many people here are 65 or over? maybe don't want to admit it. for those of you who are 65 and over, i would assume you would think you would get your social security check next month. according to the federal government, that's probably not going to happen because in their accounting system, they don't account for the fact that anybody over 65 is going to get any payments going forward. that's not considered a liability on the ballot sheet. there's not a corporation in america, well, maybe enron that they went by the wayside, who does their accounting that way. the way the government accounting works is that payments the seniors are going to get, they don't exist, and if they did exist and to put it on the balance sheet and you took the present value of the gap, according to an economist from the university of massachusetts, the present value of that gap would make our current debt at

$18 trillion by most accounts, it would make it $205 trillion. look, i don't know whether this is so much. there's a lot of projections. all i know is 205 is a lot more than 18, and you see the problem. so let me just wrap this up in a nutshell for you. if you look at what we promise current seniors and you look at the size of the fiscal gap, there's not going to be any money left over for future seniors. that's the young people in the audience. people might think i'm against medicare ad against social security but actually i love social security. i love medicare. the problem is i love him so much, i think the younger people in this room should be able to get them in 40 or 50 years. this is not young versus old. this is sort of smoothing out the generational transfer from the current seniors to future

seniors. so that's really what we're here to talk about. i realize 30 or 40 years seems like a long way down the road and this is not something we should be particularly worried about, but i take heart from their generation and thoughts on climate change because that's 34 years down the road. that's another ticking timebomb. there seemed to be an activism there, and i'm just hoping maybe i can get a movement started in the greatest movements are in place in the world is berkeley, california. thank you. we are going to have our conversation now. [applause] >> that was great and i think that sets the stage, and it also gives new meaning to the old vulcan phrase, live long and prosper. it looks like some people will that others may not, and that is the concern we have. it's not even just the case that

we are worried that young people eventually will not get social security and medicare. we are also worried that as various government agencies including the federal government but also states and localities which have large pension obligations, as they tried to have obligations for pension, benefits, medicare, social sturdy, that that's going to elbow aside of the kinds of investments that are necessary for the next generation to succeed. and jeffrey canada is the guy who's trying really hard to make sure we do in past in our children. i want to start by talking a little bit about why that's so important cog in first with the problem is. what the underinvestment look like. and did what we should be doing about it. jeffrey, tells all of it about what the problems are. >> i think that as i think about

this issue, it's really clear to me that the numbers that stanley was talking about, one in fortune and america are growing up in poverty is a disaster. i mean, all of the research about what it means to actually be in poverty, when it starts which is literally at birth, that you begin to see changes in these young children have done absolutely nothing but be born in the wrong zip code or to parents who don't have enough support for them. that we as a society i think have created really an unsustainable democracy. you can't continue this and expect that we're going to remain a democracy. i think it's quite on the a crisis. i've spent my entire life trying to prove that poor children, if

they have serious investments in them, can end up entering the labor market and being successful. that sounds like a funny thing to say. i've been trying to prove it but a bunch of people simply did not believe that was true. when they thought about poverty and the war on poverty, they said there's nothing you can do about it, nothing works. the truth of the matter is there are things that work, improving that i think is really important. the one thing, the one reason people should understand, after all of our work, stan and i've been partners in this recover decades, we naturally have got kids going through middle school and high school into college, graduate from college, being very successful. the point of the whole effort was that those young people a piece of the american dream. stan and i grew up in the same time. i was a year ahead of him in school but as a kid from the '60s i've always belief in

conspiracies. [laughter] that might shock those of you here at berkeley that is where this whole thing got back together for the first time. i was in graduate school and someone began to talk to me about social security in life expectancy. and that blacks, the life expectancy was a long for them to collect social security. and i said, of course, here's another, right, sort of rip off, right? and so as i became happy to see lacked life expectancy increased, then i got stan's charts starting to look like, they got us again, right? [laughter] but i'm going to tell you why you shouldn't laugh about this. stan, he makes his money from

understand things that most people ignore, which i respect and teachers can he knows i let them know what's going on. and quite a while ago he showed me similar data about housing in the united states. right? he laid this data out and he pointed, not just to the year, but to the month our economy was going to become undone. adult looking at this stuff saying, america wouldn't let this happen. this would destroy the united states if this thing happened. and we talk about it and decided we would go to washington together and say to people who should care about this, you are about to destroy the country. just destroyed it completely. they did nothing. so i just watched the crisis unfold which we are still living through today.

i learned a funny lesson. you should listen to stan. [laughter] those charts, but you have to understand, as clear as this debate is, the data on housing s not clear and no one did anything about it. i'm just determined that for my kids, our kids, and we've invested all this time and energy that we are not going to allow them to end up getting ripped off because my generation, i'm part of the baby boom generation. my generation quite honestly doesn't care what's left 30 years from now or 40 years from now. and i think that's a disaster. so all of this has come together for me. these it gets that we want to break into generational poverty. we have done that. we know what will happen to these kids if my generation takes all the money. and by the way, went stan didn't show you some of the charge that talk about this, i'd issued a

compound that had shrunk. but when you look at something like what happened in flint, michigan, and you begin to study how in an american city could we not only have children being poisoned in front of our eyes, but nobody doing anything about it and people acting like in america we can't find the resources to fix this kind of stuff? and by the way, flint is not even the worst place in michigan for lead poisoning. that are 20 to other communities. i heard that. it's even worse. this is going on all over the country. when you come to the policymakers they said was a we don't have the resources to do this stuff. a lot of it has to do with state pension to talking about come what's happening to state budgets and city budgets. this is also this other entitlement issue. i think as a nation it's disgraceful for us not to do the investment in our kids but given the same opportunities to stan and i had growing up.

so that's how i got sort of tied up into this issue. >> let's talk for a moment and outline some of the ways in which we might be under investing. let's just between the two if you can what kind of areas are we talking about? so clearly we have a poverty problem but where else? >> when you start thinking about medical support for young people, start thinking about educational support for young people and what's happening with schools, budgets across the country and while i'm the first one to argue that money is not the adjective failing schools, i will also say it does take money to educate. not that those of you from further would worry about money and education but it does take money to actually educate kids. we are just not prepared to do it. when you think about food scarcity, when you think about kids growing up exposed to

environmental toxins, asthma it causes come the other kinds of diseases, i think that health, social services. by the way, one of the things that we are becoming very clear about a young people growing up in poverty have lots of symptoms of mental health problems that simply are not being treated at all. when you think about it, it used to always frustrate me, what happens when there's a shooting in an upper-middle-class community, one of those horrible shootings. the first ever talks about his all of the mental health services are going to be there for all the kids and their families. these shootings are every day in places in this country and we do nothing. no incidents in the mental health into any of those kids, and if you're growing up underneath that kind of stress, which we know when we send soldiers overseas and they are exposed to a year or two years of violence, that post-traumatic

stress, what happened for decades afterwards, yes, kids growing up with this. at least as a soldier you get to come back home. they kids come in his home. what is that delinquent why are we not provide any mental health services to our young people? i think employment is an area come youth employment is an area that we underinvest. one of the things that disturbs me the most, stan and i were talking to some folks were visiting. we did a lot of kids to stick with a program because of those with great art, sports and other kinds of, what i would call high engagement activities for our young people. chess antennas, i mean, you name it, we are providing that. when you are bored that is seen as a luxury. in most places it's a luxury we can't afford. when you are not for you

consider that essential for your own kid to have these sort of things. it's another area i think we have massive underinvestment. >> just add, do you think you would avicel? >> i would just amplified, as this of course was unfolding, both sides of the aisle were not going to balance the budget on the back of our seniors. so then they got infrastructure spending. okay, that's all flint, michigan, is we are talking about infrastructure problem, bridges, roads. i've been on the board of memorial sloan for 25 years. we didn't even know really what caused cancer until the sixers ago and how it happened. massive breakthroughs. we can genetically sequence target drugs. now what's going on? we are having our nih grants cut to do cancer research.

so much crowding out. just mentioned the of the main problems but hillary this morning talked about medicaid for children and the effect on toxic stress and other things on kids. they are getting a sense, the childrencome and the elderly are getting 56 and. can we just make it like 54-12 for something. giving him a little bit of the pie? because, frankly, to invest in a five or six or three year old company that health is a lot bigger than to invest in an 85 year old. i may feel differently in 23 years. [laughter] those are the main issues i would highlight. >> the other thing i would say which i think is germane here also, it's the sort of underinvestment that we've done in either education for young people. i'm actually, i've had folks,

transcend and i were having this conversation, say a college education doesn't pay when you have to borrow huge amounts of money and there's no guarantee that you're going to earn enough money to actually pay back. some folks are thinking maybe these kids shouldn't get a college education. my theory is maybe it should be so expensive for poor kid to go to school that went to the many they shouldn't go to school. [applause] that's a challenge, and again i think this is something that we should put of the top of the priority list. my generation, there were schools you could go to that you could afford when you were poor. when i was in college, right? one of those places, city college was very. new york city, not one time did you have to pay to go to city. because there was this idea that education was the great

equalizer pages should have wealth determine whether or not you had a shot at education. i think that's a real challenge right now and there are a lot of kids who i think i can't afford college or can't afford the loans to get the calls. i think that's not the kind of country that stan and i believe that you should have. especially we shouldn't be leaving that to our children and our grandchildren. >> we have a good question to which i think will clarify things. why can't we ask -- expanded economic but instead of carving out the one we have in place? so how does what you are proposing come is that distinguish it we allocate money from old people the people who is there something else going on that might answer this question? >> well, i don't know after but if you cut investment and put all the money into expenditures come into consumption of the economic pie will shrink over

the long term it over the intermediate term. so the first thing we can do is start investing in our kids and invest in productive things and not paying people like me into an f. years who is a billionaire social security check that it's ridiculous. i don't want to get into my ideas on expanding the economy, because probably sounds parts of the everybody has different views, but there is no question and i think both side sides of i would agree can't be to keep spending money on transfer payments and consumption edge at education and you cut investing in your infrastructure, your economic growth will unequivocally be slower. >> so, in fact, what you're proposing is less invest because then everybody will be better off. >> that's not just about fairness, it's not just about that, it's about growing up economy for the long-term and making them more productive.

>> to get back to the harlem's -- the harlem children's of the tell us what you see with individuals you invest in and what the results are. >> i think so for the folks who care about the research is probably the most definitive, just in terms of some of the real heart outcomes. but when stan and i begin this initiative, if you were in my office that i was trying to raise money from you all can which i told the dean i would not do, you should all get to berkeley. but it is a happen to stumble into harlem and tibetan up in my office, i would show you a chart of the incarceration rate in mice so that i would show you the manhattan and i would show you what's happening in my 100 blocks. and the way they try to let it come after certain number it

becomes red. so the harlem children's zone looks like one red sort of area. that's been going on all over america. these kinds of communities were spending huge amounts of money, not just on incarceration which, new york state a $60,000 figure, that here's a number that you need to keep in mind. in your city, you go to new york city jail, there are two estimates. the estimate is 115,000 comment top of the more realistic estimate is $160,000 a year. the r. 12,000 people in new york city jails. we work with 13,000 kids. when i think about what we have been doing in these communities basically has just been like a black hole for tax dollars. unemployment is sky high. folks are not working. folks are not contributing and

we are paying not just for incarceration, for special education, for emergency room come it goes on and on. right now our college graduation rate are not just our the blacks in this country and latinos in this country. it's higher than whites in this country right now, and the idea is that this is where you need, you would want to fight poverty, you've got to get the kids out there and give them a shot. i think that it's not only the education achievement, the latest data talk to incarceration which is almost zero. and teenage pregnancy, one of those teen pregnancy prevention programs in the nation when you look at the sort of the difference between kids into something kids outside. so on each one of these indicators i think this is really trying to take out of the kids at the bottom for the last 50 years and get those kids back

into the middle so they have some opportunities to become middle-class citizens. [applause] >> so what else can we do? what we do to make sure communities are investing in the future in this way? and that leads to the larger question of how did we get to thto asituation where so much sg goes toward the elderly, and why isn't there more for young people? what are the political issues that need to be overcome? >> it started with very, very good intentions. i showed the charred in the mid '60s when medicaid and medicare came on. those are great programs. it's also security is a great program, but if you want to get into the raw politics of it, there's an organization called the aarp which represents the elderly.

i started getting notices when i was 50. know, literally every month. you did, too, right? i can't wait until i'm 65 to collect. no, kidding. it's an unbelievable strong lobby. to be frank, the elderly vote. first of all children can't vote, but more importantly the young don't vote. for whatever reason, dean brady, the young have that focus on this issue by the elderly are focused on because because it's a directly affecting the pocketbook and the younger having trouble focusing on something 20 or 30 years out. i think that's the raw politics of it. the politicians cater to it. >> the thing that i would add is that we begin to talk to people about this, there is a belief that these investments that were made simply didn't produce any results.

we had a war on poverty and we lost. we spent all of this money and nothing happen. one of the things, i know other research is coming out of the goldman school, one of the things folks are really demonstrating is that you do get a return. sometimes it's not as sort of quick as you would think. sometimes it takes longer to sort of see what those investments really turn out. but when i go on capitol hill, which if you really want to see your government work, go to capitol hill and try to argue on the merits of size. you will be extremely disappointed. they will think different of stan it becomes with me. me, i'm just coming in for problems, right? [laughter] i'm not kidding about that. the challenge is that when you talk to people, they honestly don't believe in many cases that these problems have solutions.

they just haven't seen the evidence. the empirical evidence that says this is the sort of some liberal do-gooder, but this is a sound investment. i think further degree if we continue to have our social scientists sort of pile on the evidence that has to be done in a sophisticated enough way that it meets this skeptical audience, it gives some of us ammunition to begin to push back and say to our investment you can make the that actually do pay off and get a real return on the investment. >> just another example of those kinds of investments and why they really matter. >> the early childhood investment has been really clear. i think that increasingly we are finding that any of the sort of strategies that reduced poverty in families really has paid off

from other folks didn't believe that it did. i think now that there's a lot of research saying that the ability of families to get key services, health, mental health, and upon returning, i think it really does pay off. that evidence is becoming very clear. there is increasing evidence that working in a place, right, when we decided to work in our 100 blocks there was not a lot of evidence that this idea that if you improve the physical and other opportunities in that area, it would broadly i think allow children to do better. i think that evidence is becoming more clear that place matters and we should have places where there is a sense of despair and that there's no hope that this place is going to get any better. i think that's also becoming clear that this place-based strategy, there's evidence that this now works.

>> nutrition affects brain development right from the get-go. that's been proven now. and toxic stress affects brain development right from the get-go. that's been proven. you can absolutely invest in those areas to reduce those. >> say a little more about the sense of despair. i think many people don't understand what it's like to be in some of these communities. >> i think at the very beginning, and he came to harlem today you would not have a clue what i was talking about, but we have pictures with to show people what the community actually looked like. it was a disaster but it looked like some bombed out place after a more have happened. people have this belief that children growing up there will get used to it. no, you don't. you don't get used to do. fifa taken would to that. fiis indicating which rather the you're a rabid in this nice touch all the kids said i would

rather be over in that nice place to instantly kids don't know they're going up in a place where kids don't make it out of those places. i was speaking to a young man, i don't know, samuel, i don't know if you still here, but he was talking about growing up in an apartment and now it was just normal for kids to go out and get involved -- environment -- and hustling. hustling looks different but it's all the same stuff. doing something illegal to make enough money can not that you ever get rich but enough money you can take care of necessities today and maybe tomorrow. when that becomes the culture in the place that that's what the expectation is, it goes with the lower to believe that you're going to live. so kids are 14 and 15 and believe they are probably not going to see 20, they do a lot more risky kinds of things thank you to think they have a future. it's much easier for girls to not care if they get pregnant or they don't. adobe they have a future there's

nothing waiting and thinking you're getting out of this place. despair is infectious. i got it and you come in and after a while, guess what. i keep telling you why, no, not in this place. these places have names that people give them to suggest this is one of those places you don't get out of. and harlem was certainly one of those places. this is what we learned. hope is also infectious. when people begin to see, first of all, we said we were going to change the conditions. do you know how many different entities have come into harlem say we're going to change things before everybody's eyes? when people begin to see the physical change and begin to understand that this thing was really happening, at first we had to convince people to work with us, then people begin to come to us and say can you come on my block and help us with this? that sense of growing up and

having to i will give you one last example. harlem was the kind of place that if the kid ended up at a place like this, they might get on the front page of "time" magazine. this big story, kid makes it out of the hood. so if you asked somebody back when we started, do you know anyone going to college? they would probably say i think there's this go on 117th street. i think she's in college. you would have to be genius to go to college. stan and i have over 940 kids in college right now. when they come home, which they all are coming home for spring break, do you know what looks like to be paid in a place we have got 900 kids from your community and college? if you asked them if you believe you go to college, they would say he's in college. [applause] that's what changes come is what changes what the norm is. is the norm, you would say i'm

normal. if the norm is, that it is in college? i know i can go to college if using college. [laughter] that's real. when that becomes the norm, then people just have a different sense of what it means to be hopeful because even if you're trapped right now, if you're in a house, struggling to mental health issues, maybe drugs, maybe a brother is in jail, you see a path out of this that doesn't involve you risking your life or risking imprisonment. because you see examples of it. you say this hope right here and she's got hope. that kind of sense of opportunity i think is what has made america great. at in these places we've got to bring that sense back. >> so let's just talk about a few things that some people mentioned. some presidential candidates are telling us about the issue is immigration and if we just stop immigration we would solve the problem.

how do you think about immigration? is immigration a problem for america or could it be a solution for america? >> i think all of us are the product of emigration. it might've been this generation. this country built on immigration are with regard to the specific issue, immigration is a huge help because you bring in more of the population can you get more economic growth and you've got more suckers to pay for the older people. this is the way the system works, is when you pay a payroll tax if you are working, it's not going into you. this is not a pay-as-you-go system. you are paying for someone who worked for years ago. so it's a minor point but immigration with regard to this specific issue is a help, not a hard. but immigration in general, this country was built on immigration. i don't really understand, there's not a candidate out there was only an attempt some point didn't emigrate. that's what it's just ridiculous. [applause]

>> so you see this differently in like new york city, right? we just see this sort of energy and economic energy that all of these immigrants bring into the city to alpha anyone thinks that's a bad thing that we see going on as folks try to figure out sort of what the niche is to climb the american dream. i think when you look at countries that have failed totally to bring new people into their communities, you have it, think about japan and what's happening as that group grows older and they're not able to sustain a populist. you've got a problem. this thing really has consequences and i think that right now, immigrants are a scapegoat for the fact that we've had a problem growing and sustaining our middle class in

america. that is not an immigration problem. it's a real problem and i think an easy way is to find a scapegoat and say, they are the reason that this is happening, as if we stopped all of them from coming in, suddenly we would have all of these jobs appearing back. i just think that this has been one of the more horrid kind of conversations that we've had in this country and quite a while. and it reminds me of a time when it was okay to billion eyes -- villainize others come how open people were disparaging of that group. this sounds a lot like that to me. i think it's a real problem that we haven't addressed fully. >> here's another solution. just lift the cap on capital

gains, increase tax on capital gains and with enough money to solve the problem. true or false? >> i happen to think they should normalize capital gains and dividends, and it will bring some money. so i think it will be helpful but it's just a pittance in terms of solving the problem. the funny thing about capital gains begin tying it to this issue is the average of 60 year old has five times the net worth of the average 30 year old. so taxing old people and rich people at a lower rate than a 30 year old plumber is a direct transfer of wealth, again, from the young to the old. i don't think that's what it was intended. i've invested in businesses for the better part of 40 years. i started a business, and the idea that somebody sitting around collecting dividends and

clipping coupons is some kind of great job greater relative to some guy out there working i think it's a joke. so you're talking to somebody who thinks they should raise our normalize capital gains and dividends, not give them preferential treatment, it will not solve the problem. it will give you some money but it will not solve the problem. >> important to understand and that's one of the puck cities is the magnitude, the amounts of money we are talking about. >> let's talk about the defense budget. so the defense budget is $700 billion. it's a lot of money out of don't even think that's like equal to three years of the growth in entitlements coming up. like if you took defense spending to zero, okay, you would make up for three years at the upcoming growth in entitlements. so again should we have a defense budget greater than the 18 countries in the world

combined? that's what the equal to just us. probably not. probably you ca could find a wao get a little bit of the defense budget. but i will say that poverty county. those charts i should come defense used to be 6% of gdp it's come down a lot. again you could do a little defense spending but these are tiny little snippets compared to the big problem. if you want to get at the big problem, yo you are going to hae the means test social today, means test medicare. and yes, since they've already gotten so much of the pie, i don't have a problem with stopping the coals. it's not like they haven't already increased their share dramatically in five and 70 olds are suffering because of expenditures we put on their future. >> how do you start, the questions here from, published and how do we start a movement? we want to make a -- >> that's what i'm here.

that's their job. [laughter] >> but once the levers. which we focus on. aggregate young people to understand and also avoid a war of all against all? we don't want to end up with more young people against seniors. >> the first thing you do start voting. [applause] >> start voting, young people. >> and i would make this issue a priority. i talk to young people. i have daughters in their early 20s. i was thrilled when gay marriage went through for a couple reasons. i thought it was great, i thought maybe they could move on to another issue now but that problem was solved. so i got a twofer when that happen. i mean, if you look to the chart i put up and you're willing to think about your future, this is a big deal. one thing i know about young people in this country, when

they show in force and they vote on an issue and they are loud about it, like they were on gay rights and like they had been on climate, allocations eventually listen but they've got to vote for the politicians won't give a damn. >> the voting rates among young people about half of the voting rights of those 65 and older. so young people are simply not voting. politicians are not stupid or they never votes and they are going to focus on the concerns and the needs of those who vote. it's that simple. >> i don't want to put this young versus old. i really don't. want the things i wanted to talk about seniors and future seniors. what do the things i want to do is preserve these programs so they are viable for our young people when they are 65. that's all. >> soldier and let's talk more about the harlam children's zone. what would you like to see, geoffrey, if you had a way of expanding it around the country?

what kind of investment do we need inner cities but that is mostly the cities along the lines of what you have pioneered? >> the biggest challenge, when president obama decided to replicate our work and create promise neighborhoods, if you look at his original announcement before he was president, he talked about putting some billions of dollars, which was very modest sum. if you look a was able to actuay get through congress, it was relatively small. it was much less that any of us thought was actually sufficient to get the job done. i think that the big lip moving forward is to do a couple things. one, we are doing good work at the harlam children's zone but their other folks around the country that's doing good work also that's giving evidence that we need to be celebrating that work. because i think one of the real challenges, at first they said

couldn't be done. it couldn't go in and eliminate generational poverty in a in tha and the kids were not going to college in significant numbers. those people didn't see a pic of him to come as we have evidence. you can do it but you are the only one who can do it. it was actually not too. we have someone else running the harlam children's zone right now. this idea that we not to do not a minor invest in kids but actually the real dollars in, i think this is really worth fighting for. there are folks who are continuing to get the evidence that these kinds of programs matter and we were talking to some of those folks today. i think that's one partner but i would love to see politicians is to look at the evidence and say great, thank you very much. i will tell you this issue, and stan has been a major player. i'll tell you the issue i've learned actually am the guy that

i used to work for, george soros. george very much on the left wing of the democratic party spent just to the left of berkeley spent yes, he is. george is left. when governor pataki a republican was governor, i had to try to convince both the democrats and republicans to do some investments in youth development and intuitive look at that mandatory minimum sentences before all this stuff came up about incarceration rates and other stuff. i was an organizer and activist. people knew me and i was yelling in march at the augusta. we got nothing. george called for a meeting with the pastors, which was at george's office. remember george is a democratic pataki as a republican. i'm in a meeting. it's me, george and the governor. i'm in a meeting at george's office. firsfor civil george shows up 15

minutes late, right i was like, how is this going to work? does not apologize. doesn't even say sorry i'm late but just sits down and says i want three things. pataki gives in two out of the three. i understood, not because they should any political beliefs, so but because pataki thought gobbling up the good i didn't get upset the billionaire s. i'm just going to do what, power matters. here i have an activist yelling, screaming, marching, how you figure out what the power levers are. public paula desutter i think we need to focus on. i've been thinking, right now have a real crisis in this country. you see it in the electorate. i think the establishment didn't realize that a crisis but i think people are starting to realize they have a crisis.

what i firmly believe is that they would be an opportunity to talk to folks would never listen to you before and say there's an answer to what's making everybody so angry, and we have the research to back up why this would be a good political event. and by the way, it's going to cost some money to get this done. until we can get folks with allies there is money in the budget, right, that we could free up to do some of this stuff, i think will continue to think way country of scarcity. nothing could be further from the truth. nothing. this is a matter of whether not we're going to do the investment. i think, i'm kind of a foolish optimist in the midst of all this but i think there's going to be an opportunity to have some of these conversations that and i think this time we've got a lot more evidence, near scientific evidence of what works and what we had before spirit back that's a heck of a note to end on.

i think if we optimism. we appreciate it, given the presidential campaign we are all watching right now. i just want to end by saying these are two remarkable people and i just feel honored that they came across country to be with us to tell us what they're thinking about. and i think what's really quite remarkable is that they come from quite different places, do quite different things in their lives and yet have come together with a concern for this issue. i think that's a wonderful and i think it's indicative of the kind of creativity that exists in america to try to solve problems. and i think the harlem children's zone is solving problems, and i hope that we can work here at berkeley and around the country to solve the issues we'vwe have discussed today with respect to the future investment in young people to make sure that we create a future for them that is worthy for them in america. so thank you for coming. thank you so much, geoffrey

canada, stand drunken miller. -- stanley director mueller your. [applause] [inaudible conversations] >> former white house domestic policy adviser and author talks about private philanthropy and what it plays a crucial role in keeping our committees health and our economy growing. five at 5:30 p.m. eastern on c-span. >> tonight on c-span the supreme court cases that shaped our history come to life with a c-span series landmark cases, historic supreme court decisions are 12 part series export real-life stories of constitutional dramas that some of the most significant decisions in american history. >> john marshall in marbury v. madison said this is different.

the constitution is a political document. it sets up structures but it's also a law and if it is a law we have the courts to do what it means and that's fine with the other branches. >> the fact it is the ultimate at the presidential gave. exactly what you don't want to do. >> who should make the decisions about those debates. in lochner versus. the supreme court said it should make the decisions spent tonight we'll look at the case that established the constitution as supreme law of the united states and from the supreme court's power of judicial review. marbury v. madison tonight at 10 eastern on c-span and c-span.org. >> lieutenant colonel bradford car is the operations officer of a special-purpose marine air ground task force, crisis response africa command. he talks of his most recent deployment at the potomac institute in washington, d.c. this is about 35 minutes.

>> okay, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon to our behalf of mike's wetten and general great, welcome to the potomac institute for policy studies and welcome to the center for that patient innovation sponsorship of the returning commander series. today we are happy to have with us the operations officer of a special-purpose crisis response africa, colonel this year because the girl is often an important meeting at the pentagon but we have the operations officer who knows how this deployment would end is going to share with those the lessons learned and experiences of the debugger so colonel, come on up. >> good afternoon. i'm lieutenant colonel brad carr, operations officer. with me today major, logistics officer and also captain.

the agenda, slide completed during the next 40 minutes or so we'll build a conduct a brief and hopefully a photo broader discussion on how the is being deployed to our current agenda, i'm not going to read you but as listed, slide. marine forces europe africa deploys a land-based rotational allocated and deployed with air ground capability across second marine expeditionary force. to provide crisis response capability and conduct security cooperation activities. the key to this is the expeditionary support to crisis that also limited contingency operations enabled by security cooperation. next slide. area of responsibility. based upon lack of u.s. naval

amphibious warships, the breed was developed a concept which runs expedition crisis response support focus on north and west africa. it utilizes secure locations, presentation and as required or based upon days of the out of spain, the locations which constitute the spokes which are located out of italy, greece, senegal, cooperative security locations is essentially companies and austere location meant to be able to serve as an expeditionary state space which magtf can predisposition as directed. slide. disposition and location. so the spmagtf is, consists of about 85 850 personal. spread out over four separate locations through spain, italy,

romania and bulgaria. the four elements of the spmagtf or the command element which provides command and control assets throughout the spmagtf. the aviation combat element which is consists of 12 ospreys and also c-130s to provide additional maneuvers. the ground combat element consists of an alert force which provides a quick reaction force or a track which is a topical recovery of error craft and personal and also the security force which provided a museum enforcement capability. the force protection company provides fixed site security as directed. also within their web logistical combat element which provides all logistical support to the spmagtf. slide. for executive overview doing our interpretation from july through january 216180 day to plummet

time period. we conducted a number of events. within that we conducted one validation of cooperative security locations we also conducted site surveys onto of the security locations, 62 bilateral defense and on this one of the biggest things with those with four different countries. so with the british, spanish and the portuguese and french basically being able to retain our capabilities of readiness and accessibility working with our bilateral partners. we also conducted 17 feet are secured cooperation events in 10 different countries throughout the operational environment. we continue to support africom topical recovery of aircraft personnel and quick reaction force mission since throughout our deployment. we conducted a transfer of authority with 16 at one which

consisted of the regimental headquarters. slide. operational role out, the top right hand side, we conducted some exercises that we continue to exercise and work throughout. we conducted senegal co-ops security location, a great opportunity to work with the country teams and also strengthens our relationships with the american embassy personnel and also basically created a newly developed concept of a scale rehearsal which gives us the opportunity to work with other locations and to be able to work through some of our tactics, techniques and procedures. moving over to the left inside some of the major development in some basics with a publisher high interest embassies and also level two throughout the rotation. pushing down to the lower left hand side, we actually had 23

distinguished visitors events during a rotation which was quite a bit. to continue to finish the level of interest on behalf of spmagtf. throughout the deployment the distinguished visitors, the visits were tailored and pretty much refined based upon the audiences we were focused towards. we also conducted six u.s. embassy and ambassador visits to provide an opportunity to educate and also to demonstrate what i spmagtf can provide and support to the embassy. there will be continued engagement that occurs later this year with our embassy and personnel and partners. pushing down to the lower right hand side we also have the opportunity to create a special-purpose magtf plan. this is rotational force, continuity is for essentially being able to maintain the efficiencies that we able to

gain to provide that to our follow on herself so they're able to continue on. next slide, please. bilateral role. throughout our entire rotation the conducted 62 bilateral events in four countries. spain, france, uk and portugal. the bilateral engagements allow us the ability to sustain trained, we can access, capabilities and proficiency and currency. training consists of live fire maneuvers, aviation sustainment defense and enable the readiness of the entire deployment. next slide, please. theater security cooperation rollup. this includes 17 teams from 10 different countries. this slide attempts to capture the operational reach of the

spmagtf antidote to operate and command-and-control. at its peak 15-point to his success able to operate across 17 countries at once the senate country. so it is quite challenging and quite exciting time. theater security cooperation program provides experience, working knowledge to working with partner nations and enhance access possible for future operations. next slide, please. security forces company and force reduction, role. is a thing called out specifically because it disappear from the rest of the force. the alert force operations are included in the overall operation role. it's important to ensure the security forces and force protection companies were provide opportunities to maintain their skills and also to maintain proficiency utilizing organic and opportunity air lift to a multitude of locations throughout european continent.

the force protection company also provided site security and also theater security events in eastern europe and into scandinavia. next slide, please. in summary, the spmagtf as a rapid, self to point crisis which remains viable, relevant, and also ready and unpredictable environment. africom expects and requires the spmagtf to be ready to go on day one. so some way and issues that we continue to provide for our follow on estimated focus on high interest, post and locations throughout the africom continent. also seek opportunities to work with and integrate marine corps and the department of state, opportunity to prepare for reinforcement. also departure exercises. the full mission profiles that he felt scale reversal will and

jerky relationships and critical skills are honed and sustained over a period of time. as this a good cooperation program effort remain integral and able to gain and maintain access and mutual benefit for our host nations. at this point in time i will pause and stop for questions. this is the end of it. >> colonel, you said -- [inaudible] magtf was a size 12, 1800. kind of clarify what your numbers are speak with yes, sir. the entire force of our rotation of special-purpose magtf consisted of 1850 personal. what i would tell you is that the marine corps is fantastic at is being able to task organize as required. we have the ability to shape based on mission requirements.

so there will be times the element is shifted and adjusted based upon their actions. >> another question. [inaudible] said they would like to get special-purpose magtf shifting because any nations that you performed her that we could have done better more efficiently? >> absolutely. what i would tell you is that the marine corps is designed as a maritime force forward deployed. we are marines. we go on ships. so being able to have that is highly essential. i think what i would allude to is that they spawned the lack of naval warships come our ability to put marines on board the amphibious which would be the preferred option it would make us more responsive, mobile and be able to move in other locations. [inaudible] >> well, i think trident

juncture. if you're aware of the trident juncture is a pretty expensive nato exercise. it's the largest in 10 years, had over 35,000 personnel, and we unincorporated multitude of inspect had a trilateral force that was on the spanish national in portuguese and spanish and u.s. marines on. and also during the time period that we had hms, the british ship, we had a bilateral force with four or five commanders with the company. >> yes, sir. [inaudible] -- foundation. the question is general miller has talked about the increasingly close relationship with so, -- socom.

what kind of relationship do you have with the commanders in the theater and also what kind of interface those africom and european commands because i would tell you just leaving socom previously to come to this job, we have a very strong working relationship. it's very close needed. i think working with the g. sock and also with other elements within the sock network, the our mutual benefits being able to nurture and continue to refine that relationship. and, obviously, africa is a large continent. we have tyranny and distance at being able to handle the mission. we wor worked very extensively i know myself personally, daily if

not multiple times a day continues to mitigation and also business with g. sock and our higher headquarters, being able to continue to bolster that relationship. >> i'm familiar with that in africa and the spoken daily but to create location is new to me. when was that established? how is that they use? >> i can't provide information to you right now but i can try to do that public affairs officer and he would be able to answer that for you. so sorry. >> could you talk to the deployment plan was is there a standard plan for all of the different rotations was the 20 the a unique one?

could you speak to the command element? >> i will tell you, i could do in delivered a detailed. i think that's one of those areas this continuing refinement. there's always areas we can improve and continue to get better. the command element specifically for six marine regiment that formed a nucleus of the command element conducted a multitude of department of state come into agency preparatory and some other areas to be able to better understand the environment, to prepare that were also conducted an event of an itx, basically out of twentynine palms, california, and basically it's a multitude of exercises that basically challenge and stress the force to provide the capability to exercise mission sets that we would encounter under the spmagtf rotations. there's probably a look at more detail on that. i unfortunately do not have the

opportunity to go through, i showed up very shortly before we deployed based upon the global force management, so that's kind of the way it works. i could get more details for you to the public affairs officers. >> could you explain how you come was the more than one command at the same time out there and how that worked for command and control? >> i would tell you, bring forces europe africa, the spmagtf is a unique beast. because we are based out of europe and we operate quite extensively in africa and also conduct events in europe. so just this past year there was a consolidation of a higher headquarters under marine forces under europe and africa that

basically support to gcc commanders. geographical combatant commanders. so you have the european, euafricom and africom who's been able to serve both targets in the able to provide armor reinforced support the it's very challenging but it was i want to do with exciting and very unique opportunity. thank you, sir. >> tell me what was the most critical lesson learned you have from your deployment and what you passed on from that to the force that was relieving you. >> the most critical -- i would say the continuity. i think anytime you have a rotational force, you have the challenge of learning a lot of lessons. and like i alluded to earlier, they want and expect you to be ready to go, been able to have a continuity of effort, campaign continuity that's highly essential but we spent a lot of

time on operational planning teams to understand the environment. went events would occur on the constant in africa. we would focus a lot of time on trying to understand what our capabilities, operational reach, what we need to do, what restrictions we had pics ihink by developing a two-year campaign plan can be able to provide that at the spmagtf level, there is obviously africom theater campaign plant and component campaign plan, but being able to be able to provide that lessons learned. and also like books and desktop procedures get things that are highly essential, especially having a limited duration of turnover and being able to provide the. they've got a warm start to continue moving forward, sir. yes, mamma. >> i notice one of the slides talked about planning conducted with u.s. embassies. could you go into more detail on that? also are there any new lines of

effort -- if you talk about that spent a great question. one of the things, decoration of the force specifically is focused towards that with being able to provide a force that's closer to area come to be able to provide that response. so by doing actually being able to provide the cooperative security locations, cynical basing out of there and flying into mali came to double to work with the embassy were able to execute 48 hour exercise. we worked with the rso. we worked with the detachments are we worked with the other elements of the department of state, security ending able to integrate. if we had to do an embassy reinforcement come if we had to actually conduct a direct to

withdraw from industry, to pull u.s. personnel out, how would we do that. we are refining that. so based upon that i will give you two examples. would've been specifically developed was to happen to do a scale. so basically for our time period working with other indices, explaining the goodness and the benefits of being able to do this and being able to work in process but there was a lot of favorable response from the master outlet mall and also out of senegal with do this effort to try to work through those procedures. obviously, with relationships matter ending able to establish this is really, really key. so i'd say that's probably one of the bigger aspects that we are able to do. also to fall on recommendations that we provided is to be able to do different levels of assessment are so not all of us going out to the embassies but having periods of time where the different embassy personnel,

regional security officers and their designated person to actually come in a collective manner where we are able to review the emergency action plans, able to work in construct with our department of state partners and being able to figure out how we can best maintain relationships and improve the process. so does that answer your question? >> yes. [inaudible] >> i think we've done before but just being able to make sure we maintain that. so it's a trend to maintain and continue. yes, ma'am. >> given the span of your all a our, how critical to where you had to conducting your mission? >> i will tell you the ospreys were absolutely critical and i think being an infantry officer, understanding the importance of ac-130 was even more reinforce. the air to air refuel capability to the flexibility specifically

the ospreys are phenomenal. i think our commander was absolutely phenomenal and i think it usually, it reinforced the design of the magtf the way it is designed come it works very effectively. >> with ospreys were built they didn't have a good -- [inaudible] using a package on the c-130s that can then come to the ostrich. did they have to use those? >> what you are specifically talking about is digital integration, and we continue to find better efficiencies with the technology and also find improvements on it. so we have the capability that works the communication. obviously, you're talking about, it's a large area. the amount of time it takes a unit, and incident response

force to be able to fly to a crisis area come it may take a couple days to get to their based upon time and distance. so in that process being able to pass data and also communications is highly essential for command and control efforts. whether you're trying to integrate isr our current integrate fires were trying to do any type of normal command and control. it's very, very essential. .. go in any great detail good i'm not sure.

>> one more question for you. i've done a lot of training with national forces, martina, senegal. the good news is you had very successful engagements. at invention, it is all about good relationships. what is the new demand signal that you see coming from the fact that you gave the training to somebody, now somebody else wants to train. first of all, could you comment on relationships he built a nice evening is demand and be the one in training because of the success of how he conducted the training. >> yes, sir. you're absolutely correct good relationships to matter in maintaining and working together to be able to find efficiencies. the biggest thing is being able to provide an honest assessment that is kind of like the episodic versus the persistent persistent engagement of being able to work with our partner nations.

you know, the ability to work with the same unit and progressively improve over time to be able to provide the basic intermediate and higher-level training capability is our obvious way very beneficial to both nations to be able to do that. so i think the challenge is even able to find a process of what working with the osc's, opposite security cooperation with the regional planners in the gcc up in africa, marine forces in europe and africa and been able to make sure we are able to prioritize the essentially what happened is we find ourselves operate and we can't be everywhere. 50 plus countries in the continent of africa with a large span of control, large area. being able to prioritize and focus is one of the key things we continue to refine the process and work towards. does that answer your question? yes, sir. thank you.

>> right next door we have our bed. and technical solutions and communication for cyber. >> the gentleman upfront talked about the communication aspect of the aircraft in working through that. technology changes so quickly and being able to find efficient these and being able to continue to refine the spirit darpa is a fantastic organization. they do a lot of things that try and work at the future and it's fantastic. isr is always -- there is never enough and everybody wants a and that is not anything shocking especially when you talk about a continent that essentially you could put three continental united states.

being able to prioritize efforts and being able to look at those areas and associated to the american taxpayer is very important. >> talking about the community outreach efforts in spain and italy. >> with the community outreach obviously, we are very busy. outside we made a concerted that are to work with partner nations into a number of different things. during our rotations we conducted over 160 community relation again. within that, we had over 8300 man hours that was focused on being able to work with the community. we basically constituted a number of different things. whether its chapels, facilities, innovation, reading to, a number of different events are really focused a lot of that data to in spain and italy primarily.

every time we try to do it and is that we look at opportunities to work with our community outreach. >> what are your isr capabilities? do any of your one 30th have that capability? >> we basically have an organic capability that are included within the opportunity to leverage the joint now for good by doing that, we align a number of different efficiencies. there was not a time where we didn't have the ability to leverage the network to be able to synchronize efforts, but even the joint network has certain limitations and capabilities. yes, sir. >> when you talked about being spread out over the multiple

countries, how did she handle logistics? >> had really great to just six officers, sir. >> how did she do that because that always been the ability that comes with its own logistics. [inaudible] >> most event handled by contract mean within our service support agreements where we are located in spain and italy and romania. i think operationally, for instance, the cfl in senegal was done through the army program managed by floor. we basically use their network. they then i forgot for a while. they have an extensive network of contractors and vendors they use. contracting for a chat when those things is under a contract. we stand by logistics combat element in a handled the power generation in the ring that are more expeditionary if you will.

the things we generally -- i do once they have the capacity in those kinds of things but that realizes on those that do an pregnant chemical toilets, showers, things like that. it is heavy on contracting. it's not what we often in the marine corps when i look at training and whatnot. we don't do a lot of movements off base because the post nation restrictions. see if your not the contractor vehicles. a lot of what we do know that the aviation. does that answer your question? >> while we are doing that, how about if we talk about the aviation combat element and the location of ben versus how distributed they were at any one time. >> i will tell you the readiness

and specifically the enzi 22 are very challenging. the rotation were about 75% throughout the entire rotation. the c-130s were a little bit more predictable. traditionally have been 100% is not uncommon. there were times that have specific part, maintenance required where you have to pour an aircraft off line. usually for very limited durations. obviously the ability to maintain the flexibility with the 1222 years provide that. it provides you the ability to conduct dual spokes to be able to push out a multitude of locations concurrently, which is scary -- provides a lot of flexibility. obviously that is one of the things they somewhat newer aircraft. i'm not a pilot, but i've seen enough to have a good idea as far as the challenges we have to

deal with. i think part predictability and aircraft matures over time. it's got an historical kind of marker to give it a figure every 5000 miles of four or five need an oil change and that sort of thing. we continue to make refinements. like i said, i can't say enough on our rotation with a fantastic job. >> just a follow-up question i'm not. did you have a playbook for how many of the split 75% is a pretty good readiness for aircraft. how many could shoot it out at any one time in a playbook? they you could be obviously cap keeping the squadron together. was it two, three? >> traditionally be pushed out about four packages, pretty

normal. obviously, we look admission criteria and also readiness of what her current readiness rate was and also any future impacts of confliction issues. being able to figure that. i was flexible on how we did it. but it was pretty normal to be able to push out. >> yes, sir. >> in one of our questions with the crisis was not, there was a lot of talk about casualty evacuation if you're committed to one of the embassies of something else. a lot of unresolved issues. did you iron out some of those procedures and can you elaborate a little bit about how you or how much of the support elements we will handle casualties if you took them? >> anytime you've got a large continent like that, medical evacuation is very important, very challenging at times in

being able to work that. our medical planners did a fantastic job with being able to provide the capability of doing an interaction with afrikaans and also tpm rc -- tpmrc to ask if you if we could do that. we routinely do medical assessment that facilities in the area we operate in prior to go in. we have a level of assessment to figure out what their medical capability kerry is and also work in the aviation that would come out of a couple different locations to provide medevac of those required in an emergency. does that answer your question, sir? >> colonel, on behalf of general granda potomac institute, we want to thk you for coming this afternoon. we can only report back to your colonel that you did a better job than he could have done.

>> i appreciate that, sir. thank you for being here. [applause]

>> today is a little bit bidders need for us because this is the obama administration's last easter egg roll. yeah. and if we think about what we've accomplished over these past seven years, it's pretty incredible because when barack and i first got here, one of the goals we had was to open up the white house to as many people from many backgrounds as possible. to open it up to her kids coming musician, to explore our culture, to expose families to help the living and to just have a lot of fun. and also to our military families. i've got the peanut crew back you reminded me of stuff, but i can't forget all of our military families with love, honor and respect for our service and sacrifice. [applause] and since we started having easter egg rolls, we've had more

than 250,000 people come to this lawn every year. it has been amazing. today we are going to have 35,000 people who will come in and out of the south lawn over the course of the day. we couldn't be more excited for this last easter egg roll. we have dance, yoga, soul cyclers here. we've got some tremendous athlete and entertainers and artists who are going to read and play games with the law. we've got a little whip and the little maid may, however you do it. something like that. which is why it have fun. the theme this year in our final year is pretty simple. it is let's celebrate. let's celebrate all the good work we've done, all the great messaging with god, all the amazing change we've seen in this country. and we want to celebrate our families. we want to celebrate our nation. everything that makes us strong. it's our diversity, our values.

that's a makes us strong. me and this president, we have been honored to be here as your president first lady to host you in our backyard every single year. i hope you guys have a terrific time. we will be out there doing a little bit of egg rolling. we'll have a fun run. i'm going to be running around the white house with a bunch of kids and any adults who feel like they can hang. you guys can run a lot with me. don't feel shy. so just have a good time and know that we love you. we love you all and we are grateful for the love and support you have shown us all these years. thank you, all. happy easter. [cheers and applause] let's celebrate. >> white house press secretary josh earnest's press briefing. we'll take you live. until then, part of this morning "washington journal."

>> host: joining us now is drink now is douglas holtz-eakin, president of the american action forum and former director of the congressional budget office from 2003-2005. good morning. thank you for being here. we want you to talk about the report you put together on removing all undocumentedrail. immigrants. for in the united states. and of course it is something we've been hearing about on the campaign trail, particularly donald trump and senator tedy ag cruz. remind us and our audience what they are saying. >> those two candidates are saying we should deport all of those here illegally. mr. trump said we should do it two years and he will do it in two years. that's a campaign promise.s andg we decided to do this study because we've been involved in economic and budgetary and locations of immigration with armed for quite some time. looking at changing the visa system to be more economically oriented, impact on growth in the budget.

look at the question originally by sam will put a cost to enforce current law, to deporton everyone illegally. we concluded it would cost a lot and take 20 years. i was quite surprised to hear the claims that could be done in two years could be done cheaply. >> remind us how many immigrants undocumented are in right now? >> guest: 11 million. something like that. >> host: the key findings of your pores. what else have you loud? >> guest: there are four steps involved. you have to apprehend someone of the goalie. you have to detain them, the facility which detain them. step number three is to go before a judge, an administrative law judge and have the judge fined them to be here legally. the last step is to deport them. what we did is follow our noses and walk through the forest depths and asked the queion, what does it take? it takes about 85,000 newthat's

apprehension officials, police if you will. we had 85,000 new on top of 100,000 federal officials at the moment. with a 300,000 beds in detention facilities, an enormous increase. another 1200 courts and 30,000 lawyers on the payroll to process everyone. and then to get out of the country, you look at some thing like 31,000 charter buses and 17,000 chartered flight, all sorts of logistical alterations have to be made. 100 to $300 billion to do this. >> guest: here is donald trump on the campaign trail talking about this issue. >> let me tell you that dwight eisenhower, good president, great president. moved a million and a half illegal immigrants out of this country, just beyond the border

they came back. but then again beyond the border.k. they came back. didn't like it. the same way south. they never came back. dwight eisenhower. you don't get nicer. you don't get friendlier. they moved a million and a half people out. we have no choice. we have no choice. >> host: douglas holtz-eakin, reaction.s >> guest: that's a million. there's a lot in million hereenn illegally. right now the immigration and customs enforcement is detaining about 250,000 illegal immigrants each year. only about 11,000 of those arere situations where the federal officials said they someone here legally. the vast majority are someone gets stopped for speeding ticket. they won their information to the system and find out they are here illegally. a lot of the detention and

deportation being done almost by accident. our estimates, assuming you get roughly the same mix, a small fraction are let's go get them. we think this underestimate the scale of the problem. it takes a lot of consciouswo effort that will change the character of america.. if you think about the rates they would take to find peoplet. come intrusions into schools and homes. the social fabric would be different. a big budgetary costs.i'm an people forget this is about 6% of the labor force. we take 6% of your working capacity out of the economy and have a big decline in gdp. do it in two years. this is a serious proposal. dramatic implications for budget and the character of our country. >> host: let me remind viewers of the specials that appear on the bottom of the screen. you will see the numbers. democrats 2,027,488,000.

the public can. independent -- and a fourth line for undocumented immigrants. (202)748-8003. we look forward to calling in and telling us what you think about all of this. we do have pat on the land for bettina, california, a democratic caller. go ahead. >> guest: >> caller: what is the cost of keeping immigrants here? naming landscaping, that type of thing. it is spiraling because we see a surge of lots of immigrants here. it is becoming very unaffordable for us to buy houses are venting their own communities. education costs are going up. i recently saw a graph talking about the district student , onlation. 500,000 students in this area

and only 100 or 3000 worldwide. i knew immediately the mexican people coming up here in our schools. i would also like to know about the section eight housing. and of course they haveare thos american-born children associated with that. are those costs being studied? >> guest: there are studies that those costs are that's a good question. it's not the subject of the report be. what you typically find is a very mixed picture. the budgetary stress is our biggest on the state and local governments. we've seen that pretty consistently in the studies.os it's not a big issue. they are actually paying taxes and not collecting benefits social security and the like. there is some economic net gain in some cases on a budgetary stress, especially for those who have young children and iran the

education system. >> host: let's hear from maria and vista, california. you are up on the republican line. >> guest: good morning. thank you for having me. the federal government has failed to keep up with thehe amf senses that is not keeping a than with the amount of people that have entered the united states illegally. and that has decreased, many to continue getting the immigratiot status. we would like them to move forward and at least try to be an american citizen and be an american and take the values that we've offered them and not take advantage of us as a citizen. >> thanks, maria. again, two different issues. one is the question of crossingg borders, overstaying he says, per se.

and in this naturalization, and the civilization into culture. one of the deep concerns is theh assimilation part with every great wave in american history has been kind to earn over those people who might like us, are they going to become like us? that's a pressure throughout our history that we've ultimately dealt with. >> host: let's hear from ted cruz, presidential candidate senator from texas. >> we should enforce the law. yes, we should deport them. we should know that while, triple the border patrol. federal law requires anyone illegally apprehended should be? deported. >> mr. trump would look for them. but you do that if you were president? >> bill, of course he would. we have long force meant that looks for people who are violating the laws. >> when they get this straight because this is very important. all use the same example., tommy o'malley from county cork

in ireland is over here. he oversees his visa in it had a couple kids settled into long island and newcomer president ted cruz will take them out and put them on a plane back to ireland? >> you better believe it. >> guest: that is a really good example because most people think about legal immigration is crossing the southern border.de roughly half is coming on the student visa, stating and often exactly in that situation. among working, kids are hisac goal, you never know. actively going to find them is going to take a lot of resources and a t of effort and it'sb going to take long island where the person was living. >> host: from the american action forum, it details of your report, they can retake her website. >> guest: yes,, american action forum.org. >> host: the number ofof federally attorneys process for

undocumented immigrants would increase from 1400 to 32,000artt class. at a minimum of 17,296 charter flights and 30,701 chartered the straits each year. the beginning part of this i wanted to point out is our guest touched on, this poem would take 20 years at least and cost 400 to $600. does congress ever prove that money? >> guest: i don't think so. in particular to ratchet it upat to where you get it done in two years, the ramp-up that wouldhag require. this is an enormous budgetary stress at a time when we really have the problems already. it's an enormous expansion of the federal government at a time a lot of people say the government's too big already. >> host: bill o'reilly asked senator cruz on isis and personnel. do they have enough. the report says to do this federal immigration apprehension

personnel would increase from 5000 to just over 90,000 positions. immigration detention beds to 48,000, 10 times more than there are now an immigration courts would have to increase as they touched on 58 to over 1300. wanted to touch us on the of the economy it would be most impacted if this would have been to make and put this on the screen as well. agriculture construction, first. >> agriculture construction or seasonal industries, typical magnets for those here and documented. immigration in general, legal and illegal has concentration of low skill, low-wage workers. it is also retail sales in the restaurant, bars, that type. >> retail and dining establishments, drinking establishments would be affect it. as far as the economic cost come

into your searching the labor force by 10.3 million workers and reduce gdp by $1 trillion. those are hefty figures. >>gain, these are all ballpark, doing our best to get a sense of how big a proposaln this is. taken at face value, that the bigger decline in production and in him that we had in the greatf recession of the financial does. >> elizabeth is an independent called in as an undocumented immigrant. elizabeth, good morning. >> good morning. >> host: toaster situation give us a comment or question for our guest. >> guest: okay. i am from columbia. i am married to an american guy who brought me here and i understand the illegal immigration. i know that people are paying,

especially essential american from el salvador, honduras, guatemala, they are paying tord train $10,020,000 to bring 1000 to the borderline with mexico.t and my suggestion for the government on immigration is who don't the immigration authorities provide a temporary visa that cost.amount of money, 15,000 to $20,000 that thee immigrants to leave her two years temporarily without visa to improve that they can work and observe the laws here. if they don't succeed with that, they should be deported or simply tell me and come back

their countries because they are here. a lot of people that are working and doing things the illegally working. they pay taxes and you don't believe they pay taxes, but they are not allowed to buy even -- >> host: thank you for calling. douglas holtz-eakin. >> guest: common story coming using across the border, one thing that highlight and the caller's proposal is something that congress has contemplated several times to doing big immigration reform bills. if peace is always a temporary visa system.re most analysts look at the borde. and think i guess there is a security piece they are, and forcing physical security at the border. but there is also a strength of economic attraction another

reason to get in the united states. if you have a temporary visa program, you have something that allows a release for those pressures. most of the proposals have something like that. >> host: the opinion of james at twitter. i'm opposed to deporting them, but the penalty should be forfeiting the right to vote forever. that is according to james at twitter. we will point out that douglas holtz-eakin is present at the american action forum, headed the cbo. 2003-2005 and also served as director of domestic and economic policy for the john mccain presidential campaign edwards for president george h.w. bush as part of the national of economic advisers. >> guest: i worked for george h.w. bush and also george w. bush. >> host: republican, good morning. go ahead, nadine. >> caller: hey, than