[inaudible] [inaudible] >> coming up on c-span2, the administrator charles bolden on the commercial space travel. after that betterment versus montana, the case related to the sixth amendment right to a speedy trial. later, an update later, an update on the role farm credit program. >> friday, scholars and diplomats on the role of diplomacy and regional partnership in strengthening your pink security. you can see the event live from the atlantic council at 11:30 a.m. eastern on c-span.

wednesday, queen elizabeth spoke on the state opening of the british parliament. she delivered a speech written by the government that outlines the priorities of the coming year. sunday, we'll bring you bbc parliaments coverage posted by day no britain. by daniel britton. that is at 9:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. >> this sunday night on q&a, vanity fair fair columnist michael kinsley talks about his new book, old age, beginners beginners guide and living with parkinson's disease. >> parkinson's is a disease and so that the nonsensical question. but, what i really meant obviously was thinking is it going to affect my thinking and how i earn a living. so that became pretty important. i asked the new raleigh juice what's gonna happen. and he

says, while he was trying to tell me that there wasn't such a big deal and he said, you may lose your edge as if that was just nothing and i thought g, my edge is how i earn a living. it's why i have my friends. maybe why have my wife. >> sunday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern on q&a. >> science, business, technology pioneers gathered this week at the washington post transformers summit to discuss commercial space travel and the impact of online communities. that, discussion with nasa administrator charles bolden and the ceos of which and read it, this is one hour and 15 minutes.

[inaudible] [inaudible] >> it before the decade is out landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth. >> five, four, three, two, one, zero. we have a lift off. we raised a generation of science and innovators. contributed to immeasurable technological advances that have improved her health, well-being, satellite navigation to water for purification, to medical engineering. exploration will once again inspire wonder in a new generation. thus park on launch careers. >> when he was chris davenport a reporter at the washington post. our next panel is about

commercial space. it's really interesting time right now where to many people when the shuttle retired in 2011 they thought there is not that much going on, in fact there's so much going on at nassau and at the commercial sector, no sector, not probably to fill a book for one of our panelists here. let me introduce everyone here. next to me is charles philbin, a nasa administrator, julie, from air jet to, next to her is andy we're of the martian and finally we have george ceo of virgin galactic and spaceship company. all of these people are involved in space in various ways. something extraordinary extraordinary is going to happen in a year or two and i went to to talk to us about. you're. you're going to have a launch from a government space center,

were going to launch nasa astronauts to the international space station, but they're going to be launched on a commercial vehicle. >> absolutely. this is a very big deal. >> is a huge deal and it started in 2003 after we lost columbia. long story short, a decision was recommended to the present at the time to phase out the space shuttle for a number of reasons. number one as we wanted to explore. the shuttle was a orbiting vehicle. we felt that nasa had worked with our industry partners long enough and that they fully capable of providing transportation and cargo so we struck out. we did not invest in commercial crew initially and then president obama said were going to do it. when he and i came into office we started in earnest and now we are year or year and have away from launching an american astronaut from the u.s. soil.

>> can you take us back to the early point. even cargo and to rely on the commercial sector in that way, that's a really bold, do people tell you your crazy? >> yes. but that's okay. i get told i'm crazy all the time. and he may not know this, we talked about mars when i first came in and that was not very popular in 2009. that was sort of a topic in washington d.c. for reasons beyond my belief. it was not until the president actually said okay, this is what we are going to do. he did it in what i consider to be a major space policy addressed to the world at the kennedy space center in april, 2010. nobody paid attention to it but that is when he gave us two challenges. one was to put humans on an asteroid by 2025, and put humans on mars in the 20 thirties. we are well on the way to doing both of those things.

>> i want to jump to george for a minute. at emerging galactic and that sort of different this a entrepreneurial adventure and you have this new space. what he wants to do is create the world's first commercial space line for you and i just like saying that. it's amazing. talk to us a little about what the vision is and what you're going to be doing. >> what we want to do everything galactic is up in the up to the rest of us. i think that's an inspiring thing. an interesting thing is people know how many people have been to space? just guess. >> about 600. >> you can answer andy. [laughter] >> nobody upstage can answer,

the answers about 550. i'm sure you're about to say that which seems like a remarkably small number given that we have been going to space for 50 years. what we want to do is break that open provide the opportunity to travel into space for people and to also give rise to this new category of satellites, small satellites. that's an interesting area. we think that we think that by opening up that experienced more people into more satellites the benefit of spates can accrue down to earth and that's were hoping to do. >> can you talk as a leader in this entrepreneurial space that we're seeing, i wonder for going to look back on this time in ten or 20 years from now say this was really an extraordinary time when all of the space of flight that nasa and the government leaned over into the private sector. >> i think it is an extraordinary time. i think it a lot of credit goes

to administrator bolden and the president, but also the congress and others for taking smart moves to open up innovation in the american launch industry. the reason it's important as were getting started on the cycle of innovation that should feed on itself over time. that that is to say hopefully we can get the price lower but then it leads to more activity in space which then drives a lower cost and we start getting on this wheel of innovation. that is what is so excited about this with a reasonable launches and all these things we want to do, hopefully it will have a cycle to them that tries innovation so that we end up in a place ten times cheaper, 100 times cheaper in the future than where we are now. >> i should look to the business side of this panel and that is to provide andy with material for his next book. >> i did an analysis once and presented it at a convention in

the bay area. basically he said what if the commercial space industry have the same overhead as the modern commercial airline industry. so commercial space industry is in its infancy getting started. it's nice extremely expensive adventure in a cost a lot of money to work out the technologies. what if it ended up having the same efficiency is the modern commercial airline industry which is like decades and decades of competition and refinement stuff like that. i said i needed some numbers to work with so i said well let's say they have the same fuel overhead ratio. what percentage of all the money that the commercial airlines may, do they spend on fuel and how much do they spend on everything else.

it works out to be across the board every commercial airline company spends between 16 and 17% of all the money they make on fuel. some app that forward and say okay let's say that was the safer commercial space industry then you start to get down to freight cost in the range of like 30-$50 per kilogram which is unthinkable to us today. >> tell everybody what it is today. >> it's thousands. thousands of dollars per kilogram. >> the falcon nine is i think less than 10000 per kilogram. but if the falcon heavy is successful then that'll be the most efficient, non- subsidize at about $1600 per kilogram. >> ..

>> >> so that is very similar in feel and style in the real-life i'm sure the mission would be everything from commercial industry and government contract with the larger multinational effort

it will not look anything like the movie. >> making so many of the systems and the components the you guys are pushing the edge with technology which what today is all about. like solar electric propulsion but give us the sense of what you are working on. >> we support government and propulsion and engines in anything with power but today we have ion for pollution which is a form of electric propulsion and talk about bringing the cost down everything now has to go on a rocket so the smaller you make it cheaper it gets some of the electric propulsion on the next mission we're

working on those nasa contracts to be one-tenth the size that is one thing if you remember that glow from the old "star trek" it looks like that so we are printing rockets now 3d printing of zero rockets. >> does that mean i can legally download a rocket? [laughter] >> we shouldn't talk about that. [laughter] but it does get to that end you get a model for you can certainly do the smaller ones you can print a whole propulsion system in one pass not just brings down the cost of a product of their more efficient and all this just continues to fuel

the cycle so it is a true informative time to build on things that we put in place the last decades but now we can take the next up. >> talk about what you thought the martian would be like with commercial space look at what nasa is doing today a big part of me is growing international partners for nontraditional partners countries that want to be a part of the space program but don't have the technical knowledge resources but they can contribute commercial entities has been incredible nasa has never built a rocket that is a misconception she has been building rockets and she was a kid but they were built under contract but we owe the rocket. [laughter] so that is what george is

talking about so if i want to bring my astronauts to it by sen for i did talk to boeing today you have a vehicle for each of them because competition is critical if there is only one there is no more competition so the community is getting as competition and resilience which allows us to do what we did two years ago when we had three vehicles boom boom boom. under ordinary circumstances that would put us dead in the water but we had international partners so when they were flying the russians in the americans are getting themselves back on their feet. >> so now know they are flying with the lower orbit

about 250 miles above the earth but these entrepreneurs they think big end talking about going to mars does that put him in competition? >> no. nodded almost people are aware that space sec's recently announced they will have a partnership with us with the red dragon. we look at them coming back to the cape and landing on a mat somewhere that is hypersonic or supersonic retro propulsion we're not doing that right now or investing in that but we don't need to with our commercial partners do that as we talk reducing the cost to the taxpayer if speesix command vehicle on mars that is one of the most critical challenges to us so how do

you get a that big mass of the surface of mars? >> any be only three tests that we have to do. >> so that analogy just keeps coming up over and over like a hostess makes twinkies but every grocers store so clearly hostess should get to work investing in a truck. know what other people invent the truck. then they buy the truck. >> the complexity of going to mars all the things you have to do to keep humans alive you will need a lot of trucks and so there is no single entity it will be a collaboration and will take

that to achieve that. >> or the one way mission. the movie version is fantastic. but read the book. [laughter] but you find out they did not land on mars says exactly what nasa is doing we're flying the precursors for what we need to do with the orbit satellites communications relay those lenders to survey so they know where they will win and this is going on 2430 or 40 years. >> justiciar were they selected 50 potential human landing sites? >> i'm not sure the number

but they did come up with potential landing sites they still follow the water but you cannot make that determination that is the we had with the europeans and even the indians they were incredible the first time ever we feel we contributed and that was important the mars mission nasa has been doing this for a long time and now you have the new entrants and new innovation and new money so can you

talk a little bit how you work for charlie as the chief of staff with those cultural differences like a place like virgin or space sex -- space-x. >> he is the captain of the aircraft carrier and it is an amazing organization that has a lot of different capabilities. the new companies are trying to do one or two things well and i think it is the most exciting time to be a young aerospace engineer and i say that because there is so many different opportunities with nasa or virgin galactic or some of the other companies where middle-aged

and engineers can come on board to get involved with real hardware built we have new machines as well and what they can do is spectacular where before you go inside the company and work for five years but now you can build a whole item quickly by the way we are hiring. [laughter] something i required to say. [laughter] >> we're saving money for the taxpayer. [laughter] >> what is key is that sense of innovation the you have to move quickly a great thing to have imbedded in our community now competition and innovation

is what america is great at to have the inside the aerospace community it is not easy to design those entry conditions but i think we're doing pretty good and hopefully we can maintain that spirit going forward because he will innovate more if we do. >> from your viewpoint with nasa in the commercial space if you had his job what would you do differently? >> probably drive nasa into the ground. [laughter] if i was king of nasa nasa, charlie has to work with a bunch of people but i would concentrate on the

commercial space to get as much of my money into the commercial side as possible because they will very quickly drive down the price then that makes the extra the lunar and the of missions affordable to bring the price point them rather than going to the hill to ask for more money and in terms of the first mars mission i would go nontraditional the biggest benefit to having an astronaut on the surface is the astronauts has a brain and doesn't have that 5020 -- that 29 latency to communicate what they want to do on the surface and though the very few s - - first humans isis back we'll be a bunch of rover's on the surface then humans in orbit

>> he is absolutely right. to talk about in vision we'll talk about a lot because we get in trouble to be quite honest if you go too far ahead because people say nasa is the government agency. but you have to think 40 years out and he is right. in the first things on the surface of mars will be robots. with get the american forces we don't send the soldiers into a hot area first but we try to get in to make the environment safe for them but i imagine there will be a fleet of robots may be human waves they will establish the human -- the habitat we could put a fleet

of robots on the surface we may find we want to go underground rather than on the surface to be blown away by the wind that does not exist. [laughter] but that is a critical part it is a movie. a very important part but maybe they go subterranean to establish a habitat. anybody ever build houses for donations they are prefab we will do that we will print that. >> in addition to the pure science analysis humans in orbit controlling the robots on the surface with zero latency communication like driving the remote-control car.

what will we tell the robot to do today? if that is just a decision point. >> you want to have a human in orbit. >> we're all the way already we're building the systems now in a lot of different ways to do it and it is a lot closer than you think watching a couple years but put stuff around it for those controls certainly mars first but it is within our reach it isn't that far away. >> would get what is on the international space station rainout.

so do you see the day with the international space station. >> is inevitable. in working feverishly to build this infrastructure so nasa does enough to maintain this were a bit infrastructure that is the vehicle to go to deep space that should not we nasa commercial entities have full capability to do that today and that is where we are at purdue ask for bids and ideas. >> with that inflatable habitat because for the

first time to escape the tyranny of the launch vehicle right now everything in space has to fit inside a launch vehicle but if it is inflatable the trouble lot of volume for your service area. >> talk about launch and habitat but one of the biggest things that is happening now is it is the a revolution of satellite bin now it is satellites the size of a shoebox so tell us about that. >> we're actually printing and tires subsystems typically satellites have used toxic propellants now they are greece propellants so people can be around and like those that we have to

fly today so it is revolutionary. the smaller the mass the smaller the launch vehicle to drive down the cost so then you get into the cycle where it is necessary to have commercialization and so it is an interesting time. industry does build a lot for nasa but that is a very different type of model and now they are richer enough to be purchased as services it is cool to be a part of something that is transforming like this that nasa can still sponsor the hard stuff with the technology within nasa pioneered the technology but mr. bigelow picked it up and it is amazing.

>> that is a great way that this can work. >> when you talk about the small sets or cubes sets i don't know if anybody is out there has a child goes to the first elementary school to send a spacecraft into space elementary school launched off the international space station it was skewed set off of the space-x vehicle because we have room to do that so there is an elementary school that can now say my spacecraft is up there and once you get that into the kids with my seventh grade science teacher i never looked back i can guarantee these kids will never be told we can do that because there and say i did that in elementary school.

>> this is an area where math does not get enough credit because to a certain extent they have really push the ball forward in has been looking at the market but you cannot launch into all the different orbitz so what we can do with our vehicle launcher is to put the satellites into other orbitz but the u.s. now leads the small satellite sector and we will see tremendous growth in number of geostationary satellites launched into orbit really is a growing me you'll see a huge growth of consolations over the coming years to establish new information

skean for planet earth to help with navigation and communication and whether and will serve a permit new skin around the planet and that is by the work done inside the nasa labs. >> in your talking about hundreds of not thousands of satellites in orbit. >> we have a company that they aspire to build the initial deployments and 800 satellites that will bring broadband connectivity. >> we keep using different terms. is an adm whose time has come that we take a vintage

of the effects it is possible because of your cellphone the miniaturization of computer technology because of market demand a now absolutely they could be the brains and even just go back in time 15 years before mobil oil -- mobile phones had to be standalone computers even computers were clunky laptops this is why it is great to take advantage of to leverage existing technology rather than reinvent the wheel i have heard people from nasa say the apollo was the best and worst to ever happen to the space industry. >> going back to a minute

with the idea to democratize space to make it accessible to the masses you have 700 people who bought tickets for those who have actually been to space but what about the demeanor and d.c. there is a market for that. >> i do think the demand outstrips the supply for the foreseeable future of the height one dash hard to find a vehicle we want to do it carefully and safely so it will be a market for a long time to come more people will want to do with man seats available so that is good to take our time and fly safely and have a very profitable business with the people we fly customers are amazing is successful who believe they're hoping to

bring about something new because of little but their money down it will not happen but where does ago? that is an interesting question it is frustrating to all of us were released to meet we're still going mach .8 with commercial air travel and have been going that speed and the average piece has gone down slightly so it is conceivable to start thinking about what enables us to go transpacific in one hour or two or across continents will that happen in one year? know. is a hard technical problem but the technology is that we were conned will feed into that habit you fly people safely? had you bought one build or

reasonable propulsion systems for guided systems this is what integrates into airspace how they fit? those are the questions that we will be dealing with and then in a much closer place to reach a we have been dreaming about like getting into asia in one hour. >> can we take a few questions from the audience? >> on the commercial side with demand, the truce bass boom will happen when the price point going into spaces within the reach of middle-class americans major hand if you could go to spend a week in a hotel $10,000? very sure market. [laughter]

we are working on a. [laughter] i want to take advantage of an opening because in the president's budget proposal a critical part is the aviation horizon nasa will not build the supersonic airplane but on the regulatory and because today it is illegal to fly supersonic over the ground but we now believe we have worked with industry to design a vehicle to break the speed but instead of the boom you just get a rumble because he changed the shape we talk about energy so sound is nothing but energy so we think because we have demonstrated that you just get a rumble that is part of

the first vehicle we built in this program reorder the contract to lockheed who have plans on the drawing board a disney the regulation and that is nasa's job to give them data tuesday gave mullen. -- date:then nasa does its job. >> do weld manage the satellites or the country's or the micro satellites? if there is the failure? >> the critical role that congress is playing several very important commercial

pieces of legislation one is mandated that nasa will come together to decide how we put into place instruments for the orbital traffic management like the faa and nasa provides them those tools we will work for the commercial entities to come up with orbital traffic management in the works right now it won't happen this year by the time we have people ready there will be a system in place to manage in the traffic. >> that will affect hundreds if not thousands of satellites. >> international air travel you want them to crash into each other so with a bunch of independent countries falling their own planes over international waters

but still collaborate and cooperate. >> one of the challenges is they are free fliers the propulsion companies are working on the micro jets the cubes that from a telephone and the camera will have a little microinject and they can maneuver but comply with the law when you put the vehicle in space and has to be controlled for a controlled reentry and we can do that. >> and a teacher from the apollo 11 program we need a lot of help in some areas. >> they can talk about how

they contribute but i tell people nasa has a $19.3 billion budget focusing on student education on a single thing we do with whether space technology flight that we don't get into the classroom some house of the teachers can use that material for the kids getting kids interested science and math is that education? technically no but does it promote? you bet. i tell people all the time i don't care what it says i have space for education but we improvise again our company is involved with education and it is both

grass roots that we talk to local schools in the area we don't let them in the test area but they can come to the plant and for all programs that we sponsor scholarships at colleges and high schools because we want those employees we're always looking for those people to be the next generation of rocket engineers so the counterparts are very similar the key thing going to mars is a hard to sell back. you talk about that you get a good following the senate the marshes and classroom edition now available. [laughter] >> the same as normally it's

for sale. get it for your classroom you can get several copies per student. >> i have three kids to enjoy science one never liked science with me bin she saw the martian and said he might like this she said i read that in today's it was so cool so that is the kind of thing now that it is teaching people about space again with the space industry is a lot more excitement. >> but you are right team a new book. >> yes we're big into education we just did a thing where we got all the sixth graders in new mexico

to do something with their engineers it is fun to do and get our employees excited and the right thing to do as well we do scholarships in the organization that we have focused on that. >> now we will go by all the books. >> it takes place in the 20 '80s timeframe in a city on the moon came up with an economic reason why there is the main character is a woman as a with a low-level criminal and that is the archetype with that narrative style that i do.

>> [applause] [inaudible conversations]

it would seem daunting to anyone want to renounce the existence how would you do that? and more reportedly i said is very lightly and with communications but what is communication? visit the word or the grammar? so imagined we have uploaded the consciousness to we supercomputer with wanted to percent identical let's say that my mind wants to learn something and in this case

and what to do to ask his or her consciousness how to do it or do i? communication may be unnecessary if patriots for that there is no loss with a complete understanding. at its heart is the transfer efficiency to decrease the chance of misunderstanding like that bootle a copy of lemonade and it is dropped with inaccuracies we can never have won her to% light speed the communication never achieves efficiency

but that advances the suspicions -- but how to preserve over eons of time with organisms for don't speak at all. to opaline of the universal language of mathematics. and we can apply, but how to send mouth? specifically we send a thing with math and the bang for the but is the speed limit of causality with some of the year's seventh rationed as much as we can and not

far from earth to become with the cosmic course. with that cosmic microwave background. and now we want to send ourselves but water is heavy and it is expensive so we are just water. in that famous astronomer? dr. carl sagan he tried to

said radio waves and the record. but the problem is with the promise mathis universal concept not language. like a storage unit of the universe we need a language that is tangible. and then we send it all over. and what is dna. it can currently fit into a data farben the state are delaware instead of sending

our cells we will fish with dynamite we send the basic operating system and that transfer loss could be minimized. how? and space is very empty as potential future life impasse life into theoretical make the journey unscathed. is that most to be deciphered with these. so as a genetic engineer dna

is a wonderful tool in the toolbox but it is not a great predictor of a person or plant or bacteria in the also the dna of the silent digital link rich. and now i have an apple pie to bake. video. >> it would go great three-year then all we need

to do is build the platform. >> is there something we should do? >> say what you want but it never told me to build a box [inaudible conversations] >> end with two chief executives better currently oversees to the most vibrant communities. the co-founder and chief executive and the founder and chief executive. so first things first a couple of people in the audience and to explain what

it is that we do. >> restarted originally as a platform for gamers to share any one can share their games streaming over the video platforms and realized accidentally there is a way that was a way to bring people in then that turns out to be packed fold because we became a place where people would connect with other gamers in the

micro communities. >> reddit has a similar story starting off a little different from where we are today we were just one community but then top 48 floors of the internet links. now is a collection of many thousands so what we focus on now is where people can be themselves committees for sports or video games fashion relationships pretty much everything in between so the notion of communities that can express themselves betting is representative of what is going on in the world and on the internet. >> you both mentioned that

has changed from user behavior. case speak to the attention to that platform that is controlled by the users? >> and as the those of the cannot predict to sit back and what is the next move? level is ben and comfortable to take credit and we tried to shepherd this and it has taken a circuitous path but

there is an evolution and try to build this platform. >> but then it is the budget people better there voluntarily in your role is more like a garner to sunlight and water to thrive and grow if you can forcibly make that higher than you will have a bad time and those who engage with each other and it happens in a good way. i'd like that guarded metaphor because that can become very problematic.

and decided the fertile environment. >> it is easier to use pesticides to kill the weeds but then they killed the plants. >> and the rest of the garden was not roundup ready and then it dies that is a lot of communities for they get overzealous to stamp out to many hurdles with interesting good behavior as well. >> to have some pretty high-profile incidents in a

moderating that type of speech and how that has changed with your respective platforms. >> given the early days we didn't think too hard about a. we just have zero tolerance. no big deal to be largely accepted over the years it has grown to be much larger so now we have moderators. in any way they want so as long as there within a certain guideline there is

no harassment or bullying. with the ability to enforce them and to make sure that reddit overwhelmingly good people doing good things. and have a good time so we think of ourselves as a platform and that makes us very uncomfortable. that we are getting better and certainly we had our ups and downs. >> i had the benefit of watching reddit from dave

number one we are justified to remove anyone from the community and that is just how this would be as the community tends to except that is evidence. >> what we found problematic over time we have value intention the first value is it is a platform for the creator. with the viewer and the broadcaster there needs to be a whole long line for a broadcaster to have control or the creative process and what they want to do in that

works great as always deal with broadcasters who have excellent taste but the problem is we want good behavior with excellent content this through neglect and you get a lot of that action severe spending time recently on this problem and we know how to run our own community. >> i like you bring that up as some moderation that is

old school internet. so do you feel any moderation duties. >> something to think about that we could never do that because what you get a on an reddit if you don't get anywhere else so people come out to reddit all the time if they are nervous in front of friends or family become for support. we think that is important that they can express themselves. that is what makes us special so there is a trade-off but where we focus

our time to not negatively affect others we are very heavy handed to open those walls of the community is we see that more and more and in the election-year always pops up i have seen this three times now where people is very different viewpoints collide so we allow them to grow by abiding by our rules but the view to express our generally there's. >> a full-time paid monitor staf24/7l covere we realized we had all english language monitors then we

realized needed a german and now we your global and most countries if it has an internet population we have a presence. but the problem is if you have 2.5 million people per day posting messages asking staff to moderate that ended is real-time not like facebook it will sit there you have to be on it 30 seconds later because that is the entire window, now we will not have enough staff is not practical solution to the moderation route to because there is no other way to moderate a real-time

chat community so our role in back was to go build excellent tools that amplifies the effect to identify those who were good reporting bad actors in those or force to win power them with tools to amplify whether reputations gore's so they affect not just your presence in the one chat room but to give more powerful tools in more chat rooms. >> we spend a lot of time focused looking at a systemic issues who are harassing other users like

spam we have our community to focus and identify the bad actors who without them everybody would be a defined within their all these negative behaviours so we are heavy-handed behind-the-scenes to identify them to get them out of the system but we do believe people in the real world are fundamentally good they have a fundamental desire to share and grow and that is what we're really trying to protect. >> i am curious item know how many are aware but there is any york magazine headline that says you're trying to save read it from itself deal thank you have done that were to speak to the systemic issues?

>> i will preface this by saying the number one value right now is that reddit the company in the community was in disarray i had no intention of coming back when i did but i was not certain it would survive. when i came back it was a big push to look towards the future and that meant reminding people that although with an extreme libertarian route that anything was allowed that was not the intention but but we just didn't know where we were on those issues so coming back we had

a larger community that got mad at the moderator's a.m. the company and some communities are very toxic and stirring this up to make it worse in to squash that group of users that the company is but a lot of culture rebuilding bringing in new values to remind everybody of our purpose to bring everybody together to provide a place. are redone? no. have we made great strides? yes. >> it is hard to see from the on site that if you look at a community site there is

almost no one you can come in morley to change the direction other than the owner because then you have the moral authority to say we are about this and they're ready is forced to listen but steve jobs with apple he could change direction because he had the moral authority coming back there is a bunch of things reddit has done and maybe wasn't possible if we didn't have the moral authority i have a lot of sympathy for people who come into companies not as a founder to do course corrections because it is very hard. >> there is something unique to that area where your product is a community but it is possible for them to

develop a myth about itself as reddit did as free speech is concerned today virginia direction may be not the one you plan for it isn't profitable or viable hub you deal with those issues? >> reddit is the first thing i did out of college so it has been an incredible learning experience we have made a lot of mistakes but we just keep learning these lessons so the notion that the community won't exist in then grow is funny because i don't know what our intentions were but we have

gotten more savvy over the years pass -- to learn the pitfalls the big mistake i made when i return to thinking reddit he did very clear content policy so we went through the whole effort to learn to very important lesson it is impossible to draw a line river you draw it there will be some [null] standing with their nose. [laughter] and i met some smart people in the process who said you need to be specifically vague give yourself a little room to move around for

those lessons but i had to learn the hard way in there are many we have gone through together over the years there are many nights i thought how are we going to work through this? >> with that issue literally we had to deal with the porn issue that is just how it is retried to define it. somebody said i know it when i see it there is a reason to try down to write down the formal definition there were good things you want to welcome there is self expression or if you're

allowing pornography on your web site. [laughter] i didn't think we started an internet company i would deal with fundamental questions like what is creative expression but that is a huge part of my job as it turns out. >> this is fascinating want to make sure you have a chance to talk about your future plans may you have expanded east. >> recently added up accretive category we had a bunch of broadcasters that wanted to broadcast themselves doing creative work and we thought that was in line with our mission so we opened a the platform for creative broadcasting bob

ross lettuce to a marathon of all channels that five or 6 million viewers in then julia child with the food channel but light beaming generates people painting or blacksmith or making costumes and that is a vibrant community how we empower the creators to share passions and make a living? so the hundreds of people doing carpet cleaning or lawyers in now streaming video games.

that is cool to enable somebody to do that so we want to do more in the future. >> what are your plans for internet domination? >> we're in interesting position of users who loved reddit and loyal to the end and will have it tattooed items certain there are more reddit aliens tattoo then facebook or twitter they're extremely loyal then we have hundreds of millions of users who don't have that loyalty and/or know what it is after hearing this you'll see is he talking about the same thing because it is not representative.

but the big challenge we have this had remake the fact that it is broad and deep obvious? we have a ton of users with think they're the center of the universe for the nfl but they don't know we have all the other stuff so connecting the users for relationship with vice ehrlich the world's greatest collection or find a kidney manage. that is the message for the average person to understand as fast as possible we have a lot of work to do but that is the fine work. >> i look forward to that

that is all the time we have today but thank you for joining me. >> we will free you for lunch we hope you enjoyed the morning please be back in one hour and take everything with you we will see even one hour. [applause]

>> madam secretary we will pledge our 72 delegate votes to the next president of the united states. ♪ ♪ ♪

this bill neck your argument next. >> mr. chief justice may it please the court this pre-trial costs as clause applies to the culmination of the sentencing but not if he leaves or is found guilty