c-span. >> the c-span radio app makes it easy to continue to follow the 2016 election wherever you are. it's free to download from the apple app store google play. get audio coverage and up-to-the-minute schedule information for c-span radio and c-span television plus podcast times for public popular programs. stay up-to-date on all the election coverage. c-span's radio app means you at means you always have c-span on the go. >> book tv continues with a book about the dangers of cracking. that is followed by stephen moore and kathleen write his book "fueling freedom" makes the case using fossil fuels is of energy resource. >> after tonight's talk will have time for questions from the audience. after which will have a book signing which will bere right here at this table.

we have copies of "frackopoly" available for 20% off at the registers which are the next room.count is how w we want to say thank you for buying books at the harvard book store your purchase ensures thet end of tenant bookstore.questioi we are pleased to have c-span here tape in the event. when asking questions during the q&a please know you'll be recorded a please wait for the microphone to come before asking a question. please please silence your cell phone for tonight's talk. very pleased to introduce our speaker. and exec winona is the founder and executive director of food and water watch which focuses on corporate and governmentnt accountability relating to food, water and fishing. she has written on food, water and environmental issues including director of public citizens of energy and permit program and the environmental policy director for citizen

action. her previous book, food up up late the battle of food andd farming in america published in 2012 and been released in paper back. her latest book, "frackopoly" takes on hydraulic fractionating talking about histories that human healrted it and knowing that fracking is dangerous to the environment and human health. one of they praise of "frackopoly" as a manifesto about one of the greatest environmental sites on our planet today from one of its greatestts champions. the huffington post calls it a comprehensive history of fracking in america adding read for copley. it is well written, timely and very important. we're very pleased to bring the conversation to harvard book search night. please join searchlight. please join me in welcoming wenonah hauter.we >> [applause].okstore and all

>> thank you to harvard book store and all of you for coming this evening. so in the mid- 19 '90s i worked on a renewable energy project call powering the midwest.eally we knew in the 90s that renewables were ready, that energy efficiency was ready and we really needed to make a transition. so couple of years ago we had been working on fracking as student water watch for several years as the first national group to call for a ban on fracking and i started looking for at some of the statistics about how far we had come with renewables since the mid-19 90s 90s when i worked on this project. it was stunning. as of 2015 only 5% of our electricity is generated from solar and wind energy.

we need to do so much better. yet here in a state like massachusetts where you're nots, really suffering from fracking but you are suffering from all of the infrastructure to really promote fracking and to allow it to expand, so i decided to write this book because you really need to know where you have been to know where you're going. i wanted to see how we ended up with this monopolized oil and gas industry that has so much power over our democracy and over the future. so i started in the turn-of-the-century and i want to talk about that history tonight and i mean the turn of the 20th century not the turn of the 21st century, but before i get started on that history i want to know how familiar people are withacking. fracking. maybe i should start by defining

it and talking a little bit about the impact and why we care that there is so much oil and gas drilling in fracking across this country. come in, there's plenty of roomr so fracking is a science fiction like process that uses large amounts of water, toxic chemicals and very fine sand. it is injected injected deep underground in a while and then over multiple stages the fracking takes place. the wells are drilled about a mile up to 2 miles into the ground and that of horizontal tunnel is drilled. again it could be as much as 1 mile or two miles. then this toxic

mixture of sand, chemicals, and water is injected under veryry high pressure and multiple stab stages to fracture the rock, usually's shale and to release the oil and gas.g a lot and although were talking a lot about fracking being for natural ga gas,'s 201280% of fracking has been for oil, so what is this doing in the communities where the fracking is taking place? these are called sacrifice zones, there has been 140,000 wells fractured in the last ten years and today 17 million people live within 1 mile of a well. there is a lot of infrastructure to support fracking and the drilling of fracking for oil and gas. we're talking about thousands of

miles of pipeline, compressor stations and processingd facilities. now compressor stations the fracking in drilling itself, the processing facility, all of these have a lot of impact. they let a lot of chemicals, things like benzene, like benzene, methane, a range of chemicals are emitted into the air that makes the people living near those facility sick. there have been, since 201,362 studies written written about the health impact. 94% of those studies show adverse effects and health impacts and living near where fracking is taking place for th compressor or processingngfacil. facilities. let's talk about the water, fracking uses 50 times more water on average than

conventional drilling. so were talking for one well, anywhere from 1.7 million gallons to 13 million gallons of the staten like texas.used. lots and lots of water's use. fracking of course is going onin in some of the driest places in the nation. hit places like texas that have been having a drought. california and in a state like colorado, fractures are actually competing with farmers for water and auctions and having a real i impact. now when you are using injection to send all of this water and chemicals in sandeep and underground. a lot of it comes back to the surface. is. is bringing not just those not fracking chemicals that we know

how those companies do not have to disclose exactly what the chemicals are, we we know there are over 400 chemicals that are used, many of them carcinogenic or with other health effects. a lot of that water comes back out the wells. on average each on average each day about 10.5 billion gallons of water. that is a lot of wastewater. it has to be dealt with. one of the ways it is dealt with is by injecting it deep underground, is called deep well injection. we know that has its own impact. earthquakes and this is not something that i just made up for the book, this is something that there is geologic service and a lot of authorities have now confirmed. fracking wastewater wastewater injected deep underground causes earthquakes. in the state like oklahoma it has been really shocking.sh before fracking shorted there were one or two seriousne or twi earthquakes over 3.0 magnitude.

today, there's as many as 5400 earthquakes, that is a recents t figure annually that are picked up on seismic equipment. huge number of earthquakes. this is this is happening to multiple states, ohio, arkansas there are a lot of other impacts but you can see this is something that if you live in a community where fracking is taking place you're probably concerned about it, your family members may be sick having rashes, nosebleeds and even more serious impacts. that that is why there is a bigmovemt movement that has sprung up in these communities against fracking in drilling which i will touch on in the minute. n but now i want to turn more to the story of how we ended up

with an extreme energy practice like cracking taking place. why we are continuing to use fossil fuels even when our global climate is threatened. as i was saying earlier, that story does begin at the turn of the 21st century when jd rockefeller who you have probably learned about in history class had rolled up the oil and gas industry, controlled 90% of it. he used he used a lot of useless and unethical practices to drive otherti companies out of business and to really control a resource that was very important at the time, originally it was used for kerosene which people depended on for lighting their houses. now, run the turn-of-the-century other companies formed.

texaco and golf were formed around oil in texas and in europe there were two other companies, i'm going to call all of these companies by their modern names because with the mergers and acquisitions through history they have gone through dozens of changes. so were talking about some very important companies that have done a lot of bobbing and have a big impact on where we are today. so the european european companies are shell and bp. u.s. companies were formed after rockefeller's standard oil was broken up. you will remember from history that teddy roosevelt challenged the oil industry under rockefeller and there was a proceeding and they ended upp s, breaking up standard oil,

rockefeller's company into about 30 companies.ause standard now that is usually the end of the story. but actually that should be the beginning of the story because standard oil was not really broken up. standard oil got to write its own plans and each of those 30 companies with exxon actually getting about half the value of the original standard oil company rockefeller maintained an interest in each one. and the three rockefeller companies were exxon, chevron, and mobile. of course course we know exxon and mobil have been surely were merged and actually texaco and golf actually merged into chevron so were actually talking about for companies today but for a good chunk of the 20th century there were seven companies that were really

almost dictating public policy and the american companies had a huge impact on our tax policy, the research that was actually done for the oil and gas industry. the whole system of energy that we actually used today. and this got very traumatic in 1928, kind of the beginning of the oil and gas industry drilling in the middle east. now you will remember that the middle east was created really at the breakup of the ottoman empire by france and britain. and the oil industry was already there and interested in resources. >> host: 1928 when oil was found in iraq the big oil companies, the the seven, there called the seven sisters named after a

greek mythological story of alice's daughter who fought amongst themselves, but if there was ever an attack on one of them they all gathered round and protected her. so they were in nicknamed the seven sisters and that is kind of how they behavee so in this oil was found in iraq there is a lot of overproduction. so the seven sisters got together in one of their areas through redlined around the middle east and made an agreement amongst themselves that they would only go in and drill for oil jointly. they would never go in alone. this is so they could watch one another. and they would actually limitths production fixed prices and great basic antitrust laws. soon after this this agreement was made the three largest of the

seven sisters exxon, bp and shell met at a castle in scotland and decided on a set of principles for how they wouldnd actually accomplish this price-fixing and moving forwardm together to break basic antitrust and monopoly laws that we have in this country. they met periodically after than meanwhile there have been a big effect on the rules that were being written in the laws thatec were being decided on prior to world war ii and then after world war ii. let me step back a minute and talk about the utility industry a little bit because today we have this the oil and gas industry, the big utilities and

actually the banks which i'll get to a little bit the oil industry was rolling up and dictating the rules around oil and gas drilling and discovery there is a man named samuel insult it was doing the same in the electric and gas utility industry. he did something similar to what happened with the housing market in 2,082,009. he had an ownership in about 5000 gas and and electric utilities including the state. but there is a holding company structure will call it a multinational corporation today. and the parent company milk these utilities charging them big rates and fees for services

meanwhile, if you had an investment company a number of them and he sold the stock over, over again to these different utilities. this contributed to the crash of the great depression.y so i am i'm telling you this because it had a big impact on policy today. when russell came into office there is a lot of activity among trying to curtail what the electric utility industry was doing and what the financial services industry at the time a stream. there are a couple of laws passed that i want to talk about. when they were repealed it really allowed fracking will gas industry to block them and created these giant utilities. the first one that actuallyw

regulated electric and gasted g utilities that they couldn't gamble with ratepayer money thao they can have continuous service operations. so it really dictated the structure of the industry keeping it from getting too big to fail. that was called the public utility holding act of 1935. you don't really need to knower that. they were not able to get natural gas included. in fact the law that i just talked about was probably the most controversial law in thera early years of the roosevelt administration. there are 600 lobbyists in washington lobbying against it. large sums of money were spent. it passed by one vote. they managed to keep natural gas out of it. three years later they came back

and were actually able to pass another law regulating the natural gas industry because a lot of consumers had been really ripped off and there were urban cities that were angry and organizing to try to do something about consumers not having access to affordable natural gas which was very important for heating and electricity generation in some places. so this law did something important. it regulated the price of natural gas and they gave the authority to governmental body called the federal policy commission. they use the cost of what the oil and gas industry had to pay to get the resource on the ground. the men a process they added to it which was between 5.6 and

6.5% over a 40 year period. that was pretty good for the time. this is called cost -based regulations. the natural gas industry despises. they all said the electric industry natural gas act also regulated pipelines. you just just cannot go around and build pipelines and get to approve it. there is actually process to see at the pipelines are necessary. if people could be involved in the process. there is a lot more democratic. then there was a big debate for the next really to the 19 seventies. in the book book i talk about a number of characters who played a big role in this. many of them are big characters. one that comes to mind is bill

kerr, he was first the governor of oklahoma and then the senator elected in 1948. whoever has a 10-gallon hat on i had some pictures of him, he's actually the great-nephew of audrey mclendon if any of you actually follow this industry he just died mysteriously. he was a big phrack or ateake ae chesapeake and driven out of the company for bad behavior. this is a relative, of audrey, but actually every year kerr introduced legislation for the oil and gas industry to do away with natural gas act. every year until he died in 1963 for a heart attack while in office.

there'll other characters like john j mccloy who is a favorite villa. he worked for the rockefellers chase bank and he worked for an advisor for nine presidents. he is part of that government that exist but it's not elected but had a major impact on public policy in a lot of different ways that we don't have time to go into. he was the antitrust who time and time again stepped in to get the oil and gas industry exempted allotted time surges sneaking behind the scenes to do this. you know it matters, this is been a debate since the beginning of the country. remember thomas jefferson wanting to have part of the bill of rights the right to be free of monopoly.

he will you care about the price of gas to the price of food. what what he cared about was the political power that you get when you are such a large company that you are bigger than most countries. that is what what happened to the oil and gas industry industry. especially after world war ii they could just dictate public policy and then remember that the amount of oil drilled for and consumed after world war ii doubled and part of that was its use for plastic. to make sure also course the industry wasas able to make sure it was used for lots and lots of other things and other sources of energy that may have beennthingo developed.ther they really were able to dictate a lot of power tax dollars wereo used. so i want to fast-forward because we do not have that muc time.

i want to talk about what happened when these important laws were under attack and repealed. i guess the story really begins we will with the nixon administration. there were a lot of people in the oil and gas industry very concerned about the environmental laws that were beginning to be passed in the movement, student movement, the real changes in society. the oil and gas industry were concerned about the environmental piece of this but you will remember there was the war in court extendingo rights to people. categories of people who had not enjoy the rights before there is a youth uprising. there is both a conservativeorps social interest and corporate

interests that did not like to see how the country was changing. they helped a lack richard nixon and after nixon was elected he promoted some of the people who would weaken our democracy. people like lewis powell who went on to be a supreme court judge. he was a supreme court judge that wrote the first opinion saying the corporations have the right, the same rights to participate in elections as people. he also wrote a very important memo. if you're not familiar with it google it when you get home. it is called the power memo. some people call it the power manifesto. he's a very savvy man. he wrote out a plan for how corporations could take back the democracy.

it is a long-term plan around how the most important institutions were actually going against corporate interests. he talked about the media, the university all of the major institutions were actually were helping to support this new writing of the rules in the u.s. including the environmental loss. so this laid out a long-term plan for how ton do this and hap lewis helped raise a lot of money to help make this happen including money from the the melons, the a lot of the conservative economic interest groups in this country. they did in fact weaken our democracy and our political

system by creating this. i i talk about this in relation to the oil and gas industry because they were key to this. when president carter came along there is a lot of pressure on and democrats to receiving corporate money at this time because campaign finance laws began to change. one thing he began to do is you will remember there is an oil problem because opec was upset with u.s.'s foreign-policy. so there were long lines for gasoline. when carter came into office one of the things he said he was going to do was have a new energy policy. together a plan he put together a plan to do away with the power commission that was regulating natural gas pricing and pipelines.

he created a new agency called the department of energy thatha brought together all of the different federal agencies thatg were working on energy and he created the federal energy by r glitch or commission. that now oversees pipelines, electric wires on a lot of the infrastructure for energy. it was getting more and more power over the next decade. that's really how how it began. also under the carter administration the rules around natural gas prices and pipelines were rewritten. they called it natural gas to regulation. what it actually did was rather than having the process to look at the price of gas and see if it was fair for consumers andne see a pipelines needed to be built. now this was all deregulated to what the market

what the price would be. really what it was was rewriting the rules to benefit the oil and gas industry. that natural gas deregulation was finalized under the reagan administration and since that time we've had more than 93,600,000 miles of pipeline bill. and we have more pipelines being built all the time. and a lot of the pipelines today actually are not, we do not even know how many there are because states now govern this and a lot of pipelines are not regulated at the state level, the the smaller lines call gathering lines. there many more pipelines if caught the ones that were built before deregulation states that

we have about 2.5 million miles of pipeline in this country.oun. it's enough to circle the globe 100 times. now we are building another 40 years of infrastructure which is really hard to justify considering climate chaos and what we face in the future. the next thing that happened was electricity was deregulated or the rules were rewritten. they were were rewritten in a way to actually incentivize natural gas and smaller natural gas plants. recently 2005 you have seen a lot of other rules change to really incentivize fracking and actual gas.gas. under the bush administration in 2005 the energy bill regulatory bill of 2005 was passed.

it had three benefits for the oil and gas industry. one one b most of you are familiar with, the loopholes which exempted the gas industry from the safe drinking act. the other two benefit are less well-known. one is the repeal of that bill i talked about, the public utility utility holding company act of 1935. i was repealed and its repealie means utilities could get is because they wanted. they could get engage in any activity included the trinity speculation on the stock market that was for ben before. in fact natural natural gas is a really, really traded before the 1990s. today we now have 20 giant utilities that operate in this country and provide more than 50% of power.

they use all of the above strategy and they are ar encouraging fracking and a party to it. changed in do the thing that changed in the energy policy act of 2005, did not, did not have the name quite right before. it gave the federal energy regulatory commission that was created under the carter administration new and big powers. it it put it in charge of the environment, putting it in charge of our most important environmental law in terms of building new things. that is the national environmental policy act that requires that environmental impact assessment study be done to look at the environmental impact. . . to look

at the environmental impacts. so this agency that has almost never seen an oil and gas or electricity project that it does not love now is in charge of doing the environmental assessment. it also gave it the power of eminent domain, superseding what states and localities can do and giving it the ability to condemn land for pipelines, interstate interstate pipelines for transmission lines. it has really spurred the development of pipelines and fracking. so i have spent a lot of my time tonight talking about the bad things. i want to end by talking about the hope and the good things. i think in the election you have been able to see that her that's why we have candidates for the democratic nomination for presidency debating fracking it's because the huge movement has grown up around the country. people are saying we don't want

to do what is just politically possible. we want to have a future. we want to keep fossil fuels in the ground and we don't want fracking and there've been some big victories. a very hard-fought ban in new york, a moratorium in maryland and they are going back for a band this year. you are on senate has passed a moratorium and we will see what happens in the house andhe hopefully you will have your own moratorium. there have been more than 500meh measures either band moratoriums with some local measure against fracking across the country. there are major campaigns taking place in about 15 states including states like colorado and california where there is a lot of drilling going on but

there's a citizenry and i think it's really exciting that the movement is growing so big. will be have to do for the future is really keep organizing and keep our eyes on the price prize. we really need to stop saying that renewables didn't come about to coast the market is going to do it. if the marker was going to do it would have already happen. we need to fight for the public policies that are going to bring us a renewable future and are going to allow us to use energy efficiency, that are going to save the planet for future generations.was going we don't need 40 more years of them for structure and a climate that is threatened and local communities that are threatened so we look forward to working with folks to keep this movement going because i do know that we will be successful in the long term.ep this movement

so we can do questions now.so w [applause] and if you have a question, okay, yes. >> is it also true that the price of natural gas is climbing to the store" x. the energy companies are mostly on the verge of bankruptcy? >> i think when you look at the history of the oil and gas industry this is one of the things that has allowed the consolidation. i don't think i mentioned that exxon is the largest rocker andd for remaining oil companies that i mentioned from the beginningou chevron, shell are amongst the 10 largest and their history really is room, boston when there is a host they pick up a lot of smaller companies. so i predict and would place a

bet on the set within the next two years the price of oil and gas will go back up unless we can relate pertale what is going on now. the industry wants to export oil and gas.nts to first it was for energy independence and then there was too much of it they advocated for being able to export oil which has been illegal since thh 1970s and they are lobbying to 7 build natural gas plants that would also allow the export of half.la so prices will be going back up. [inaudible] >> that is the history of industry. they will export it and they will get ahold of it. that is kind of the strategizing that they did throughout the 20th century.

they weren't always able to stop production but i would predict that. soon based on history the price will go up. i have a graph of the actual ebb and flow of the oil industry and it really is, it goes like this. another question? i >> i live between cambridge and tulsa oklahoma and oklahoma is the tornado capital of the world create just in the past couple of years it happens almost every day a 3.0, 4.0, it's nott anything like san francisco but it's amazing. san fran few people know from st. louis through texas you have the

metrics fall. apparently the last time there y was activity on this was -- so even though there were eight and nine rick or type earthquakes it was like 1814. knocking over tp didn't matter but there a lot of problems out there.e. you are talking about the water and the thing about it is the industry is very powerful and there are so many people who are being deadly impacted. i didn't realize, knew there was a problem with the fracking. i didn't understand why the water was getting bad. a lot of these places you talk about farms that are using well water and this is getting into the well water. >> thanks for your comments. >> i'm sorry, i have had friends

involved in the anti-fracking movement and ever friend who's involved in separate pumping stations that what i found in the rural communities that is not just an issue of economic justice.s we go to farmers markets and we talk to farmers. it's very difficult to survive in rural communities are disappearing. there has to be a long-term strategy for economic liability of these communities. >> my last book was called foo.bali where i addressed how are rural communities and agricultural areas have been left with basically no hope for the future because of corporate agriculture and that is how they'd -- to go in and sell leases.in and sel they prey upon people.

they were specially able to do it before people even knew about fracking. people are trying to save their family's farm but it's really brought harm to the communitiesp you look like a state -- look at a state like north dakota that is have booms and busts from agriculture and oil too in the 50s and so there is a lot of development when the transientnt workers come in and their population triples and quadruples in some areas. hotels and restaurants in what they call man camps. it also brings a lot of crime and the lifestyle is also really affected. when the price plummets all that investment in some of his is public investment firm wrote another of the structure is gone.ll it's not really a long-term strategy for economic development. even though some people do benefit in the short term.

also one of the things that we see a lot of in these communities is the division. the people who have the ability to sell leases and made money and they are affecting their neighbors and the anger., theres there are a lot of sociological effects to this. obviously we need reorient our economic system so that we have people in rural communities able to make a fair living.es it needs a complete word reorganization of our food,o policy, our economic policies but one of the reasons that i wanted write about energy is because of the short-term threao and because we need to get energy right and we can create a lot of new jobs if we are doing and energy platform that's really about helping people and

not helping a few dozen companies. that's because energy-efficient city has huge potential. we need to retrofit just about every existing building.fit just we need actually to have several funding to get some of this underway.di we have to reorient our political system obviously to be able to do this but we decided to engage in this food and water watch because there's really -- no choice if we are going to save our local climate. we find that people really want to fight for what they want.av they are tired of incremental changes that might have some effect and so we need to talk about what the policy changes are and then fight for them. i'm excited that we are even talking about fracking during a presidential election. we know how difficult it is to get this issue to arise and i

have big hopes even after the election for millions of young people who can be energized by current events. we are really added historical event meant. it includes having new policies for rural areas too. >> my question has to do with, then part of a group in massachusetts that has worked diligently for the past year and a half stop one of five fracking pipelines one being close to where i live and i've personally gone to unions from the conservation, personally written with about 40 e-mails as well as meetings in their offices. thousands of signatures

collected and hundreds of others organizations. what it always comes down to is the local gas distribution companies and ferc which is made up of mostly oil and gas lobbyists. i have been looking at articles from these closed-door meetings ever held by the energy siting board and it's a complete revolving door. i would like you to delve into that as much is that as you possibly could. they refuse to meet with us but will meet and closed-door meetings with oil and gas industries and former cohorts so please delve into that as much as you can and what can we allhe do to combat this system because it is so thick. >> well you outlined nature

meant as problem in our movement and i think we are going to overtime have to fight to not reform ferc but to eliminate the agency and to start over again with an agency that really looks at these issues and not doing the oil and gas industries business because what would we have found and with our 16 offices where a involved in a lot of local battles. what we have found is that you can stop pipelines in states that have some kind of local process. it could be local permitting you greater noaa new york state there have been an lng plant and pipeline stops but that's because the decision was made by the state. when you have ferc making the decisions they are not a democratic institution. they are doing the business of the oil and gas industry. nobody really knew much abouttr. them and tell this fracking

debate started. i would say that the problem you have with your local lug or city market and he mentioned the isos the deregulation of electricity creating that wholesale market so electricity could be bought and sold to date we will have to get rid of that system and put into place actual mandates. i know it's not a popular subject that we need to speak the truth about this through the way that the system has been created today, there is no way that you can really get through energy editions the development that you need. it's probably get rid of ferc. right now while we are having this discussion there is actually a coalition of some of the pipeline groups having meetings. i think it's going to have to be a much broader coalition of all

of these. there are people fighting pipelines all across this country from the northwest downey in texas, not too far from el paso, all over the country and need to get together to first of all take away theirn power of condemning land and to begin to build the political power to have a different energy system and actually get rid of ferc. we need the department of energy that actually creates the plan to get us off of fossil fuel and nuclear power. we don't need an agency, i mean about 80% of what they have. >> at the department of energy over the last 30 years has been for dirty energy. we really need to have a whole new plan for energy. i think a lot of it is beginning with the movement today on begig

fracking and the global climatej justice movement that will keep fossil fuels in the ground. gro. >> in terms of the relative balance and trying to find a silver lining in the whole system of fracking i wonder what you think of the fact that for all of its problems the factct that it has thematically increased the u.s.'s stores of natural gas seems to be an accelerant in the demise of coal. >> with that things that i didn't talk about is the threat of natural gas, we know oil and carbon but there is a lot looking at natural gas.that natr natural gas is mostly methane, about 95% methane. turns out that methane is a more potent greenhouse gas. the first 20 years after its emitted and of course the next

10 to 15 years, surely by the next 20 years would need to have a new energy system. so natural gas is actually, when you look at the threat to the global climate, and this is not me speaking, this is scientific cornell, it's actually a bigger threat to the climate in the first 20 years after its emitted since it's 100 times more potent carbon is than the first 20 years. and so we need to get off of natural gas. it's actually a bridge to nowhere and it's a bigger thread to our global climate. you know what upsets me so much as the idea that we were have another 40 years of this infrastructure.. the banks are literally investing in learning billions of dollars to build all of this infrastructure that's going to last for decades. that's why we know it's not a

bridge fuel. this is just an excuse and a way to buy people into it. we can to stand up and say no. it's a bridge to nowhere.. one more question. >> you talk a lot about the methane but can you cover the oil subsidies in the control it's had and what can we do locally to tap into to raise the awareness? into raise the the power vacuum owns the media. big oil, you can go on and on but they keep getting the subsidies. that is one peace of it.so that we all know that 30 years was

called global warning -- global warming back then.e gases and how do you address the subsidy and you know who we could workio with and the broader pieces of getting the messaging out there besides your web site? >> there's a whole social media and i won't call it underground. it's an alternative media system because we know the consolidation of the media, in 1984 there were 50 major media organizations that was arctic consolidated. today there are six and i have a chart in the book shows the interlocking boards of directors.was already cons there is an alternative and i think we can give you a lot ofi bad information if you talk to one of our organizers. there is a movement and it has to be directed at building political power to those people

who are elected and we can't let them get away with this. even here in liberal massachusetts, you have liberal members of congress like your senator warren and senator markey. we have tried to get senator warren to introduce the bill bill that we were able to contribute in the house the 37 sponsors in the house. it's a bill to ban fracking on public lands. we haven't had success with that with either of your senator or so i think one of the things that you need to do here in massachusetts is trying to create some leadership that could be used to begin with and the democratic establishment. what we find is a lot of the states where we working with democratic governors from rhode

island to pennsylvania to colorado to california, they are supportive of fracking so we need to get you no more liberal democrats with the program and then we can start working more broadly. we need to do it right away. the subsidies are shocking and they have been going on for decades. i talk about some of the tax benefits like the golden gimmick that has been around since 1948. american companies get a tax benefit if they produce oil in saudi arabia. arabia. it's a lot of outrageous stuff that goes on. i will say that fracking itselft and the technologies that came together to allow fracking, many of them were protected and paid for by federal tax dollars. so we do have a lot of work to do but let's get these elected

officials, especially the ones that say they are really representing to us to do the right thing to begin with. i'd also like to invite you all to get involved with food and water watch.h. there a lot of local groups but we really pride ourselves on fighting back and creating the political space to actually do what we want to do with our future. we have a lot of opportunities to get involved in local organizing on these issues and we would love to have you join our list. in fact if you aren't familiar with food and water watch and would like to get on our list right away i could have you take out your phones and check "frackopoly" 69688. i'm supposed to have a peace of paper in front of me.

69866, taxed "frackopoly" to it. okay, thank you. [applause] >> thank you very much everyone for coming. as to mention the book is for sale at the registers in the next room. we will form a stunning line inv the center aisle and also i havn a quick announcement thatri someone left their keys in a cab and the cabdriver brought them back. if you think you lost your keys in a cab, thank you.

the prime minister of singapore is in the u.s. this week for an official visit that includes meetings with president obama and members of his cabinet as well as a state dinner in his honor. the white house will hold a welcoming ceremony for the prime minister tomorrow on the south lawn. you can see that live at 9:00 a.m. eastern here on c-span2 three shortly after that watches the president and prime minister take questions from reporters at a joint news conference.

that's live at 11:40 a.m. eastern on c-span. >> state allegiance went as far back in june elections and i think one has to keep that in mind. slavery is without question that -- of the war but you can explain the actions of good decent men like robert a. lee and stonewall jackson. they fight because virginia needs them, not that they supported it. neither one did. >> booktv continues next with stephen moore and kathleen white