proceedings according to the law of the land or what we today would call due process of law. there was another companion provision, chapter 40 which said that justice should not be delayed , denied or sold. there's no doubt that king john, a reluctant bargainer did not intend to keep his promise. he was going to turn his back on the magna carta and have the it declared null and void but as it happened he died the next year, 1216 and his successor was henry iii, nine years old. how long is a nine-year-old king going to live in the conditions of the middle ages? you've all seen game of thrones and you know what the environment was like so henry iii is regent william marshall hit on what i guess we would call a public relations device and that is he had henry iii reissue magna carta as a pledge of good faith to the english people and that started the tradition down through the

centuries of each modern coming to the throne reissuing magna carta. i'm going to skip over the two-door., we don't think of the era of henry viii as being a great age of constitutional government . let's test by that. a word on the 17th century. this was a century when the stewards came to the english throne with the notion of divine right of kings and it was , the king was therefore on a collision course with parliament area sir edward cook, a great commentator on magna carta, the chief judge of the court of king's bench was the leader in parliament against the pretensions of the stewart kings and he said that magna carta was such a fellow he would have no sovereign but magna carta was the central to the argument against seward plains. the 17th century it's a very turbulent period, civil war, the execution of charles i of the restoration and finally

the ouster of the stewards when william and mary came to the throne after the so-called glorious revolution of 1688 so a very chaotic. in english history resulting after 1689 in what i think you would call the foundations of modern british government. that in summary form is the english side of the story. what's interesting here is you can see why last year the english would be celebrating magna carta, that's where it came from but why would americans care? and why did it come to be part and parcel of american constitutional law? well, magna carta came to america with the very first colonial charters. the virginia company charter of 1606 had a provision aside from all the commercial provisions, there was one provision that said that those who emigrated to virginia would enjoy the privileges, franchises and immunities that they would have enjoyed back in england. in other words, if theypulled

up roots and came to this wilderness called virginia they didn't leave their right behind . and whatever those rights were were not spelled out in the charter but it certainly included the protections of the common-law and in particular magna carta. that was the origins, the other colonial charters of massachusetts and theother college had similar provisions . in the run-up to revolution in the 18th century, magna carta reappeared again.many of you will have read about james otis argument in 1761 when he was retained by boston merchants to argue against the so-called risk of assistance. they were serving general search warrants, you could go into a place of business or home and search for anything you like about limitation . otis in that argument in boston cited sir edward cook the 17th century commentator and in particular the 16th in case doctor bottoms case in which cook had said that if an act of parliament was against right reason then it would be nolan boyd.

the idea was that even parliament might be limited by the account of law. that doctor died out in england but my 18 century william had written a claim as commentary on the laws of england in which he made it clear that parliament is sovereign. paula calls the shots, that there's no way for a judge to step in and limit what parliament does so by the eve of the americanrevolution , that was established a doctrine anyone but in america you have people like james otis making the argument for constitutional supremacy so you can see the americans and english were basically talking past each other at this point and you know the history of the period, after the end of the so-called years war, in the stamp act was passed by parliament trying to impose an internal tax on america americans objected on the grounds that this was taxation without representation and also complained that these proceedings under the staff

at took place in admiralty court which denied the right to trial by jury. that was a complaint of the american side and then came the boston tea party , you had a famous event after which the british closed the port of boston, they ordered british troops on the american populace and close down the assembly in massachusetts. the other colonies rallied to the support of massachusetts and became a common cause for the americans by and large so when they met in the so-called continental congress, 1774 they wanted to articulate some basis for their claim of right. where did these rights come from and why do they exist? so at the continental congress there is delegates, some said well let's cite the colonial charters, privileges andfranchises and immunities of language , others said it's like the british constitution in particular the magna carta and yet

others said we think it's the law of god or the law of nature, natural law is the foundation for our rights. what the cognitive congress and very typically american equity approach they swept all these ornaments in together for the resolutions and said it doesn't matter what label you put on it, we americans have rights which view the british are not respecting. that was what brought us to the eve ofrevolution and then americans started writing their own constitution . the assembly in williamsburg in may 1776 but instructed virginia's delegates at the congress in philadelphia to introduce a resolution for independence on the same day set to work on the state constitution. they set to work on two documents the declaration of rights and then the frame of government.it's interesting that they took those two steps because the theory was first you declare your rights

, those rights proceed and do not depend on government and then you right kind of the frame of government or the main body of the constitution. one person who wasn't in williamsburg at the meeting was thomas jefferson but he spent the next 50 years complaining about that constitution. my guess is he wascomplaining because he wasn't there . thomas jefferson couldn't imagine that anybody could do something like write a constitution without him. by the way, it's written into the contract at the university of virginia that i'm not allowed to make any public lecture or talk about at least one mention of thomas jefferson. so you have just heard my way through jefferson reference . jefferson didn't like that constitution, his arguments was that the body of men in williamsburg who wrote that constitution was also enacting ordinary loss for virginia and that was confusing to functions, you

can't have the same people write constitutions and laws because constitutions have been just ordinary loss, they can be made and unmade any other law so what we did do in virginia, our friends in massachusetts did or years later and in 1780 massachusetts had a convention elected by the people for the express purpose of writing a constitution which was then put out in referendum and voted on by people so actually remove the constitution from the ordinary wall making process and that was america invented the constitutional convention, it was something that had not been positive in england or europe at that time and those early constitutions were infused with many of the provisions of magna carta and the other english liberty documents such as the bill of rights. well, from the state constitutions then we get philadelphia. 1787, we write the federal constitution. now i may have missed something but as far as i

know the magna carta was never mentioned in philadelphia. which given the story i've been telling is really strange, why would it be that after all these years of sticking their claims of right on magna carta, why would the philadelphia delegates sweet magna carta offstage? if i could ask the federalist a question i think the first answer would be look, magna carta was a grant from the king to the people of england and we are writing a constitution based on popular sovereignty. we the people. and i think the federalist might also say magna carta was only a limit on willpower or executive power, we are writing a constitution to limit all the branches of government, executive, legislative and judicial and therefore magna carta is not relevant, however useful it may have been in earlier days, it's not relevant now. as you know the federalist made an almost fatal blunder in philadelphia, they refuse the motion of george mason and others to add a bill of

rights. they said we don't need one, it could be difficult, we just won't have so it was a hot muggy summer in philadelphia and they just want to get home but they didn't propose a bill of rights , they handed an article and the complaint to the people who became the opponents to the constitution , the so-called anti-federalist because they could go around the country and say look at these people, they written constitution and don't provide for our rights. james madison and the other federalist point. he was reluctant to have a bill of rights but he said i get it, but we will just ratify the constitution first congress will propose amendments to create a bill of rights so that is what they did of course and medicine was as good as his word and the bill of rights came into being so basically what we have in this story? we have a story that's part innovation and part tradition. american invasions like judicial review or federalism

were very american things. on the other hand you've got the tradition of magna carta and its teachings in particular in the state and federal bills of rights so how would i sum up magna carta's legacy in setting the stage for my conversation with my colleagues see her? first legacy i think would be simply the law. so we taught, american lawyers in particular talk about the rule of law, i remember being in leningrad and now st. petersburg when they were writing the first post-soviet constitution, comparing those with the drafters back in the days when we thought russia was going to be a little constitutionaldemocracy , it seems a long time ago today. i don't think any russian so we working through a translator and i discovered the translator was rendering the english language phrase rule of law as a socialist legality. i had to say that's not quite

what we americans mean when we talk about rule of law so whatever it means, it's clearly something that flows from magna carta. secondlythe articulation of fundamental rights, restatement of those rights through the centuries . early the idea of putting it in writing from charters to other documents to american state and federal constitutions, the notion that if it's that important to you, constitute a written document. fourthly the idea of constitutional supremacy, remember my comment about james argument in boston on this notion that even parliament was limited by constitutional principles but magna carta is a first tentative or distant step in beginning the process of thinking about some documents being superior to others, the idea of a super statute and that flows back to magna carta, it brings us to the supremacy clause of the constitution, this

constitution and all laws enacted in pursuance thereof shall be the supremelaw of the land , you may remember back your first year in law school when you first read marbury versus dennison, you might have been struck by the fact that marshall began with statements of general principle, the idea of a constitution.he finally later in the opinion gets around to the language of the supremacy clause but talks as if it's self-evident. you want to constitution, is now to be a superior document and that is a direct legacy of the teachings of magna carta. then finally i think among magna carta's modern legacies is the notion of organic constitutional developments, you can't really understand american constitutional law without thinking about its common-law back then. the notion that you work from precedent to precedent, from age to age in the continent

for examplein france they have a civil code, the judge looks atcode, applies to the facts in the case, goes on to next case . different mode of legal reasoning . and i think the fact that we have this organic tradition as allof you know , it's an amazing protean effect to places like due process of law, cruel and unusual punishment, many examples would come to mind of how that process has worked out in the american constitution so there you have a nutshell, there's more to be said that time the permit some idea of how it was that magna carta survived all the centuries and has so much impact in modern times so now we turn therefore to some thoughts of the contemporary scene, first in the united kingdom with david hunt and then in the united states with william hubbard so turning first to you david hunt, thank you so much for being with us it's as if her majesty herself were in the room. in recent years if one follows events coming out of

the united kingdom the constitutional change had been very much in the air, probably at no time since the 17th century. we talked about the transformation of the house of lords, the creation of the supreme court's, the passage of the human rights act, scottish devolution and recently a failed referendum of scottish independence, a referendum about to take place i think in june in just a few weeks time on whether the uk will exit the european union and there are proposals floating around to codify a bill of rights and perhaps even have a written constitution so the question i would put to you this morning is given all these ideas story about, what place does magna carta and its legacy have? >> you are a very difficult

act to follow, may i say. thank you for your kind words. i want to say good morning to everyone here this morning. thanks for welcoming me so warmly to this conference. it's a great pleasure for me to be here us to talk about perhaps one of britain's greatest contributions to the conversation on law and human rights which is of course magna carta. now, professor howe said i will once again say for the record i'm not a john and i've never passed any bar exam so any impressions i offer of being well-versed in any legal language will likely come from howard spencer, watching the uk version oflaw and order , that's about as good as it gets. but i guess as a british system and from having spent 15 years in government i do have some firsthand knowledge or review of how this 800-year-old document we've been talking about has shaped the legal, civic and cultural

thinking of the nation in which i'm from. so i can give you a view from across the pond if i may. i'll say a little bitabout magna carta , the history. the document was originally called magna carta liberalism which translates to the great charter of liberties. whatever we call it, the fact are indisputable, 800 years ago it formed the foundation of our nation's freedoms and revolutionize the way that we sort of government law and human rights. and for the first time in history if faith very clear limits on royal power, today of course regardless idea that our rule is dispossess us just because they feel like it as a given it even hints as a document and a

principal that has caused a certain degree of friction between our two countries historically and that is of course no taxation without representation area that's of course unless you live in dc. [laughter] so it's no surprise that in 1776 a group of various wisemen in philadelphia decided perhaps one could argue to use some of the ideas dissented from magna carta to found the great country that we are currently living and talking in. by that time, you didn't need a king to sign off on those principles because they were held to be self-evident truths. and chances are the king would not agree with them anyway. indeed, the section between the magna carta and the portion of independence had not gone unnoticed for many years and it certainly didn't escape winston churchill's thoughts on the matter who said the declaration of

independence is not only an american document, it follows on magna carta, the british bill of rights and the great title deed in which the liberties of the english-speaking people are found now over the years we had our disagreements but we'vealways held those founding documents in very high regard . and so when war broke out in europe in 1939, the lincoln version of magna carta happened to be in new york at the time on display at the world fair.now to say it's a very precious document from bombs on its return to britain, your government very kindly offered to keep the charter for the duration of the war and it was kept at the library of congress until the united states entered the war then was moved to fort knox until 1946 now eventually, you gave the lincoln magna carta back but our exchange of ideas as

leaders in human rights lives to this day and there's actually a great privilege and power for our countries to be at the forefront of this conversation, we are two countries which have set the tone for the rest of the world to follow. now, when we say that magna carta is a crucial part of british culture i think it would be a classic understatement, very much like saying the constitution is a moderately important american document. but while parts of the magna carta seemmodern, there are parts that really show its true age . so it's really up to us now to reevaluate what magna carta means. indeed, as a professor has said the conversation about rights and balances of power looks quite different now in

the uk, we of course don't have a constitution, a written constitution but in fact even that is up for debate among legal scholars who can't really agree to the entirety of whether one exists or not instead, i urge you to think of our constitution with a lowercase c, actually it's about our thinking on what is right and what is just and it's ingrained in our national character and our character and our constitution runs like a thread through everything we do as a nation . in the legal terminology, that translates into what is known as an uncoated constitution, rather than a broadly worded pronouncement of fundamental rights. the british system has relied on democratic process, the rule of law, the uk's complex

system of checks and balances to safeguard civil liberties. in practice that means that our values are woven into statutes, court judgments and speeches and that's resulted in the constitution that is not supreme law, it is both farcical and democratic, it's unity is sovereign. so this contradiction might seem moretrouble than it's worth . but i would argue, i would contend that it provided us with a living, breathing and quite flexible set of laws. and in examining those laws, we have a collection of legal instruments that we refer to as constitutional conventions. i'll give you a few examples about how our justice system works.for example, currently the prime minister is the leader of the party with an absolute majority in the house of commons but of

course it's not always been the case. the last government that i served before this one was in fact a coalition. or another example, all legislation related to money or financial means must originate in our house of commons . the sitting monarch has the right to royal dissent, giving consent to all pass legiation. however, queen elizabeth ii has only use or veto power once in her very long rain. which was to veto a bill which was against action in iraq, it was a parliamentary approval bill. we sought to transfer power from the sovereign parliament in order to authorize the strike against that country. we also have a very important document accompanying our bill of rights in 1689. which later lays down the limits on powers of the monarch and sets requirements of free elections, free speech and regular

parliament. others include the act assessment of 1701 which established the independence of the judiciary which i know will amuse all the judges in the audience. recently, we saw the european community act of 1972 which regulated but then fresh members of the united kingdom within the european union now adding further layers to this in the evolution of certain house of institutions there are insufficient within the european union as well as religious institutions in scotland,wales and northern ireland . for hundreds of years these documents and conventions of words in their own long-standing way , it is meant that rather than the herculean efforts that would be required to pass constitutional amendments, was the amended and revised but on occasion that system has been called into

question. most recently there's many human rights act of 1998, and it would seem from confusing the title of the bill of rights there would be little need for human rights act. however, the bill of rights of 1689 was not completely concerned about the plight of the common man. instead it dealt more with the relationship between the parliament and the crown. before the human rights act of came along in 1998 democratic accountability, checks and balances and the rule of law were favored over a more american-style rights but in the 1960s and 70s in my country the idea of a formal document wasn't seen. the us model of the bill of rights has however been rejected by most republicans because it would have required a massive realignment of power to the parliament and the judiciary. the human rights act which i

just mentioned draws heavily from the articles and protocols of the european convention of human rights and embed them into uk law. withdraws distinctions which contrasts radically with the constitution here, especially in unqualified rights. for instance, the convention includes the right to life, the right to liberty and purity, however most includes the right to free expression religion and privacy, counterbalanced against the vital interests of the international security and publication. now, when this act was passed, it was held as brilliant and a thing of intellectual beauty and not by those that drafted it. it was seen as particularly exceptional in the fact that it does not enjoy special legal status, it can be modified and amended as needed. for instance, now there is movement that took place in the human rights act where an updated uk bullet bill of rights, the aim is to restore

common sense quote unquote to human rights. and while the finalize draft has yet to appear, there has been much speculation in the uk media that such a bill could break the link between the uk, the european court for human rights. interestingly, this has not been in my government legislative agenda this year but rest assured that debate continues in the united kingdom. as the in the 800th anniversary of magna carta, my prime minister out to restore the reputation of human rights and in 2015, the conservative government added to its election manifesto. and efforts at reform were further led by the current chancellor. so in the meantime, we conclude that are those that would argue we should strengthen our current human

lights registration instead of wasting time glossing over. here a course in the united states, scrapping the bill of rights would almost be attributable to insanity if not heresy but on the 800th anniversary of magna carta, it was clear that the conversation around the uk written constitution continues area to the uk create a new magna carta or one that could bring the government and the government closer together? this question has been asked and examined by a committee in the house of commons which began his work in 2010. and the final verdict was that if we are to create a new magna carta and a written constitution, we should involve all the people, it should be democratic and process and not only dictated by legal experts and bureaucrats like myself but my young and old, rich and poor, the god-fearing and the

atheists. because the magic of the constitution is that it says as a symbol of what we are. and what we believe in and that is something that i think we should all hold in question, thank you very much . [applause] >> thank you very much. let me ask you a follow-up question, we are aware of this forthcoming record referenda next month on whether or not the uk should exit the european union, supposed to vote is yes. suppose the voters of the uk to decide to leave. what would be the implications are some of these domestic constitutional arrangements, we also have to change the cause of that boat? >> i think you raise a question which is on so many people's minds in the united kingdom and it's the topic of the day as we approach referendum, clearly there's a lot of discussion about the very question you ask. my prime minister's been very

clear that we would be safer, stronger and better all than the european union. for so many reasons, not least to incorporate so closely on important security issues of the day like counterterrorism but also from a prosperity viewpoint because it means we have access to a single market of 500 million people which is an important thing for the uk in the same commerce. i think the phrase has been most commonly used by the government which i serve is to leave the eu would lead us in the dark so whatwould it mean for the way we govern ourselves, the way we interact with our european colleagues and partners ? these are unanswered questions with somtime to work through. because at the moment the government i serve is very much focused on making the argument to stay in the

european union because of the importance to the uk in doing so. so there's been speculation but really the debate is revolving around the pros of staying in david, thank you so much. let return to william hubbard who will turn some of the english side to the american side and as i've mentioned you were in england last year conducting countless interviews and presiding over the proceedings there. you were interviewed by bdc, matthew lessons about magna carta and as i recall they ask you questions about squaring magna carta and the u.s. constitution with the detention practices at >> they did. the reporters there are quite crafty and insightful and were well prepared for all of the various interviews. one question in particular was the issue of the detainee rights and how to square that with magna carta.

the general proposition engaged in a discussion about , we have these words on the document and we have courts and lawyers have to argue about what are the limits, how you apply this particular document to a specific set of facts and that's why we have a court system to make those determinations.in fact there have been four cases since 9/11 that deal with rights that have been decided by the us supreme court and in all four of those cases, the court has held for the detainee and into of the cases magna carta was cited as authority in holly versus rumsfeld of 2004, justice souter in his concern decided to process must be made available to challenge his detention. he was an american citizen captured in afghanistan

>> >> contrary to though lot of the land for go live principle was the day prescribe no specific legal process to aforesaid but the writ of habeas corpus is the means by the which the magnet carter was distilled. >> chapter 41 of magnet card is the one that says they

should not be sold bordelais a board denied. of the american scene i think the counterpart has questions about judicial independence. in what respect would you say that we are falling short of promises of chapter 40? >> go back to speefifteen justice shall not be sold or delayed. and it is not highly thought of in of separation of powers in judicial independence but specifically held in the 12th tee version that common pleas cartoon be held in what takes place this was supposed to the king's court

as having confirmation of the king's decree is in chapter 17 we see the foundation laid for separation of powers separating the courts from the king himself and the separation from the king's court made it clear if the judges would said in debate -- operate independently so we see that it's a combination

>> >> it was important because it dealt with prohibition that limited the ability of

judges to actively seek campaign contributions in support of reelection campaign. chief justice roberts that was in favor of the bay and of personal solicitations those charged with strict neutrality and independence cannot suffocates campaign donors about diminishing public confidence and integrity. he went on to say this principle dates back at least eight centuries for magna carta no one will be refused certainly justice so he upheld that limitation on the judges speaking campaign contributions.

so it was noted with "the washington post" that all three of the remaining presidential candidates have indicated with a litmus test and with those judgeships so it is a matter of some concern of those who are best qualified to have our political situation with the with this test is in the central part of the process. >> chapter 39 in the according to the law of the land battle law clerk

glackens self was a great student of magna carta. one of his playwrights that the state appointed counsel and i am wondering in your judgment. >> in us the major participant in that case in a recent statement with vat in 63 of the 50th anniversary he stated very publicly and forcefully in the criminal defendants are not adequately and competently represented as an unfulfilled promise.

in last couple of months there has been the u.s. supreme court decision and it came down this month and in that case justice beyer acknowledged with an adequate counsel in cited a recent department of justice that only 27 percent of county based offices have sufficient attorneys to meet caseloads standards. to be across the country in the most recent budget proposal of the state of louisiana so will underfunding except the caseload to become a greater issue going forward.

>> telesco less well known but chapter 48 is the one that punishment should fit the crime. ended recent years and whether they are consistent with the chapter 28 of magna carta. what is the prospects for those proposals and adopt a sentencing reform and ended 2010 it was adopted at the state level. those admissions to the state prison system to save $5 million with those of untold amounts with the teaching in capital spending

interestingly those percentages of the non-violent prisoners and to be convicted in the bipartisan efforts of sentencing reform with the federal criminal laws that they have been added for several years and it hasn't moved but there seems to be some optimism. in den chapter 20 stated a free man is not to be immersed except in proportion to the nature of the offense. saving to him and his livelihood right to the question of excessive fines and penalties that has been used recently in davis

situations to support the court system. in it creates a pernicious incentive that we need to be very careful of and in many circumstances particularly the state and local level there is incarceration of those who cannot pay the fine that means but to provide a livelihood which is inconsistent. >> when there are 63 chapters in the magna carta if we try the patience of the audience we could walk through all 63. that is relevant to each of the of questions but we don't have time for that so one last observation so what about the copies the al

magna carta himself? there are 17 copies from when magna carta went on to the statute. those of the lincoln cathedral and saul's very all 17 copies or more in england except to. one is that the national archives back in the '80s ross perot for the family that is a copy of bag jakarta. and that was that the cost of 1.$5 million.

end of that ownership until very recently when ross perot decided he did not need magna carta anymore so he was quick to auction it at sotheby's in new york. and with a copy of magna carta paid 21.$5 million. if you think of that ross perot has many. national archives said professor would you give a lecture? i would be happy to do that i said.

to mention three or four things you might need to know about that would happen in the next week it said something it in with the university of virginia to talk in his book as the copy of the purchase of magna carta. [laughter] so i told my wife that night we can start getting very interesting phone calls. because most people realize they did have 20 1.$5 million to spend.

so to give you a sense of how magna carta survived 800 years we are not worried about the monarchs or king john that the despair to say that magna carta is very much with us as we pursue the search for order and liberty. so thanks to the fourth circuit in toothache all of you for being with us this morning. [applause]

[inaudible conversations] >> now we need to rearrange the stage there are plenty down front we will start back as quickly as we can. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations]

next we have a date conversation with reuters correspondent if officials are concerned for olympic athletes. >> training is now is the science correspondent from reuters joining us from chicago with the latest update with the zika virus with the efforts to prepare for a the olympics in rio. >> thanks for having me. >> host: here in florida we have 15 confirmed casesa of zika what is the updated how things stand? >> guest: there was a press conference yesterday but no new cases., with that 1 mile square

radius that they have isolated it miami-dade county that they have have sa cleared out than blocks going door to door to test people so they are really going systematically to find the virus. can in to humans are the only food source. so a kiev survive with a tidy capful of water to eliminate the breeding sites and then they started the aerial insecticide campaign

with these droplets from the air we have found out to set up those mosquito traps we feel we have made some progress there. >> host: be reported that aerial sprayed that says the campaign will cover eight ted mile area includes the 1 mile square area just north of downtown miami that health officials have identified as the hub of the julie steenhuysen -- zika transmission. so we're focusing on this 1 pos mile so how likely is then virus to spread for officials to keep it within the 1 mile radius? >> it is interesting it could only fly 150 meters

which is what they did day it sprayed dash radius around the area but 1 mile square is a lot bigger so they are to create a buffer zone. know th en they will not fly out but zika is a virus many people don't know that they have that only one other five have symptoms worsen the problem and the challenge the people that are infected will visit that area it to become infected in then they will transport the virus to another area. athe i think that is what they're trying to contain.

>> our correspondent has herl answers to the zika virus. speaking of the geographic regions, what are those if it was to spread with the mosquito that carries the virus could live? >> so miami is the most likely place for it to rise but it has that philosophy's or tropical conditions of the gulf coast states or areas of texas. also along the eric populations in the lawsuit angeles area so they

are along the east coast there is another one that has a larger range so far has not been seen as much but it is believed to be competent of carrying the m zika virus.s it is called the asian tiger mosquito but this rages in the midwest but they have not seen that with zika so it is not a concern but the biggest concern is the gulf states those other areas in florida and in north angelesrick just the warmer parts of the southern andes turn states.

>> host: we have a caller from florida. >> caller: good morning. i actually have a question about containment of the zika virus as well as north florida. was tested so what i understand that we found over 13 people and that. affected so it sounds more about pandemic they an epidemic and for us i don'tonce understand why a that is as serious as it is. a >> host: we will let her

respond. >> you are right is a global health of urgency the wa show declared it a global bulk of urgency since february because it has a particular threat to pregnant women in this is why we are concerned about zika pregnant ltd. has been shown they can cause of birth defect micra so fully and a number of other birth related issues in the fetus of someone who has been infected during pregnancy so it is a major concern he mentioned concerns about w containment it is very likely someone traveled to

the neighborhood and it became infectious then it started to bite the otherselm in the area.orida that is why the focus of this area is possible so they will travel in floridata or others with the mosquito als population in the area is very important for people to c pay attention. day you have symptoms and there is a role that people c can play.u can located your own backyard. you about containers of water. do what you can to eliminate breeding sites if you are pregnant you need to be wearing insecticide or thatct repellent so take the precautions that the cdc recommends that is a whole

other issue that zika has become politicized because there is a risk to the unborn babies. >> host: let's look at what obama said about the threat in the united states. >> we now see the first locally transmitted case of the zika virus in the continental united states. this was predicted and predictable so far we have seen 50 cases in the miami area we take this extremely seriously our experts are on effortound working shoulder to shoulder there is a very aggressive effort underway to control mosquitos pretty women have been urged to stay away from the neighborhood we're focused on. we would try to slow and limit the spread of the virus i want to be very clear our public health experts do not expect to see

the widespread outbreaks of zika here the we have seen in brazil or puerto rico those that our most likely are limited to certain regions but we cannot be complacent because we do expect to see more zika cases even though most symptoms are mild they may not know that they haven't but the complications fromamerio pregnant women are serious and '03 one every american to see what they can do to stop the spread by going to cdc web site. by a that cost money helping teeeighteen fight cost money research into new vaccines it is now the first clinical trials that cost money that is why my administration proposed more funding back in february not only did the

republican-led congress will pass minimum request they cut it and then left for summer recess. meanwhile bader experts on the front lines at the nih and cds your moving funds from other areas that now the money that we need is running out as the situation gets critical. >> host: that is the president speaking in a little bit more on that the president said those 50 locally cases were predictedrs and predictable and blame congress for not approving the request to fight the mosquito borne virus. >> you say the issue is

politicized? how essential is this funding? >> the funding would go for research zika has been around since 1947 in uganda but it only presents itself as a threat very recently first in brazil then it spread rapidly in countries of latin america so there has been very little research on the virus because of the recently that it made the connection between zika and microsoftr only. otherwise it is a fairly mild illness there hasn't ben much for develop datan

vaccine if a person has been infected the but is similarll to others like chikungunya virus but they have to have a special test to sort out which entire body are you really infected with? to assess the threat in that way if there has been thees. progress as they continue toey v develop new ones but the nih says they reached the point they have run out of money they have carte as much as they can if we develop a vaccine we need money it is a major issue.

>> host: massachusetts go-ahead. >> caller: whenever we have a crisis it is we need money. everything needs money.never her second, when you say one of five people i never hear what the symptoms are.thank yo what are the symptoms? i will listen to you. thanks for taking my call. >> guest: the incentives are fairly mild generally people develop a rash the developed a fever and body aches you feel kind of crummy and it lasted for about one week and that is what zika is.

there are some people who do develop that's developed gillian's barr syndrome but if it does cause us a temporary paralysis and people have to be on a respirator because they cannot breathe gore worked their lungs because the muscles are paralyzed. that is very serious and itch is very rare. the biggest concern with zika is the impact of the unborn child.are not sure right now they're not exactly sure when a woman is most at risk to find out the maya infected in the first trimester q i have a severe birth defect? chi

that they need to understand some people have estimated a child who has micros a fullycelh -- micro supplely that the brain has stopped growing in the nurse also developing has been attacked it in some cases the parade will shrink back depending on how severe the injury is a key cause blindness or stillbirth so maybe the baby wouldn'tth survive there is a deformity m in the head. they cannot swallow properly or hear or see there areremicroc estimates over a lifetime ove cost $10 million.

that is a lot of money for one child.go. >> covering health and science joining us from chicago with the latest breakthroughs with the infectious diseasesway, north including zika good morning from north carolina. >> caller: good morning. i heard you say early that zika was transmitted from mosquitos but initially was transferred from mosquito to human and back. which is correct? >> guest: if i said mosquitos to mosquito i made a mistake.son it will take of blood meal from the infected person it takes a couple of days to process to get it back into the salivary gland in they

will pass that to another human being. so they in fact, to the mosquito population. in those mosquitos become infected by the human being who has the virus as it works its way through the mosquito body then in fact, another person.damage. a dozen just bite once it could buy several times a day so it could cause a lot of damage. >> thus scientists are studying right now there is just one case there is a man did you talk that has said

very high load we're not sure whether conditions but he died as a result.he d we don't know if that was the cause but he died effected but with zika and a person caring for this person with close contact also developed zika since they have survived but they keep marveling at what they don't know about this virus that they are still learning >> host: you are on with julie steenhuysen from new york. >> caller: good morning.cure if they leave the of money for the control of the zikaionsd virus in the vaccine? we required can other sources of funding come from?

foundations or besides the federal government? to read they can contribute the funds are limited so the amount of money that it would take to do these research projects that it could come from private funds as they contribute to this effort. >> good morning you are on with julie steenhuysen. >> caller: as a whole this country will have to do better as a whole.ave to these creatures they live in the same world that we live in it and we have to do better as a whole country.

i love it when the president is blamed for everything would ever happen to is president of of this faulty have to stop looking at one individual we have to work together hiv has been around for years did years it is getting better but not there yet it is something had been done before a time it wouldn't have gotten out of hand. let's do better. >> guest: it is interesting that you mention hiv and it was found in the monkey but said new virus

but there was a lot of researchers have had to go once a big theme is that it is under appreciated because it can cause severe birthse defects people realize we have to pay attention. and we have been talking to a lot of people who'd killed mosquitos for a living and they say there is no limit to what we can do with chemicals. people like to have an insecticide that takes care of all the problems but it lives in your backyard you have reservoirs' of water then dump them now. for s. over what everett is you can't contribute to to eliminate those breeding

grounds in your own backyard and that is where experts say we cannot do this a long read do need a partnership we need to do better and do it together. >> host: talking to science and health correspondent with reuters about zika virus we do have regional alliance -- lines set up. >> there has said clinical trials under way as they announced the launch of the experimental vaccine the second such study to begin

providing the first dose of the vaccine july is a possible to develop a vaccine in time to prevent the spread further? >> guest: certainly notea this season but it will not travel very far. a reg hopefully they kiev contain it and it will not become a regular thing like west nile. but it takes a couple of years of testing before a vaccine can be proven to be saving a defective. right now they just guardedtheyl trials they have a good candidate vaccines it worked with the monkeys and now they try them with the humans.rt of th

but this testing can take two years or maybe three so it will be a while.lot of so we need to get rid of those mosquitos unfortunately the district's don't have the budget mosquitos of our fox andnd funded by local communityan dollars there are some that don't find that at all some don't even have those control programs so it will be a while yet. >> up next call from new

orleans. you are on with julie steenhuysen. >> caller: i would like to ask miss julia that i believe that zika mosquito transfers the virus to humans. i know that mosquitos eat mosquitos a wise and the possible to eat another and to pass on to humans. >> that is just not the way it happens they are in need of blood mitt meal said the females are biting so that

is what is going on. so we will all the feed on asian humans there are those that kerry west nile it would bite your dog instead of you. it isn't that picky. >> host: talk about the region's it is a tropical muskego so they are in a the takir part or the more southern part to the northern states also be concerned about this? there were certainly mosquitos bear. >> there are everywhere but you have to have this particular kind.

the common mosquito that you remember there are a lot tota do lots of fighting. dave -- biting the make it uncomfortable that there are some states in the north that don't have mosquitos that all. there the concern is addressing issues with travelers that brought the infection back and the interesting thing with zika natalie transferred by mosquitos but an infected person can pass this sexually to their partners so that is a concern to everyone in the united states. if you try to get pregnant and your partner becomes

infected now you are pregnant with zika that is very concerning and that is a risk for any of the state's.

>> first this morning case 141468 in related cases. >> thinks mr. chief justice