surrounded and the largest city, about 300,000 or so are trapped there. this isn't the first time the regime has used such tactics. they have used them throughout the country. these tactics that have been going on since the beginning of the war, where do they fall in the spectrum of crimes? has it been a war crime? if, and this is important, if for example, a country like russia is involved in that procedure, are they then involved in that crime or an accomplice? how are these things handled? >> i don't want to get too dominant because i give long answers but i will try to mick it as quickly as i can. atta attacking war facilities is a war crime without question. intentionally attacking civilian objects or population even if

you have given them warning is a crime. moving populations with force is a crime. these are war crimes under the geneva convention and customary law recognized by russia. russia was one of the leaders in establishing these. the question is who is responsible? the perpetrators obviously are. but as in the charles chase, the president of sliberia, we punished him and he is serving time. if you aid a group that is committing crimes and that aide is substantial. if you know you are committing crimes, then even though you didn't intend to murder innocent civilians or the specific crime,

you are responsible under international law. you build the evidence of their aid and coordination with the syri syrians are already in a situation where not it was easy to find a place to prosecute but there could be criminal responsibility. but certainly to the extent they become actively involved in operation to employ or to kill people or create this sort of idea that they are all combatants if they are not going at it then they can become involvedads -- involved as co-perpetrators. my answer is don't go there. today you might be safe but tomorrow you might not be.

you want be. i know we are trying to build a file on them and find people responsible. there are people held responsible tr the crimes. no question about it. we said charles taylor, 50 years at the maximum security prison in england north of durham. doesn't like it at all. heritage was convicted in march. there are ways to do this internationally and nationally so the day of justice can arrive and these are crimes under the laws of war. i should also note when you attack the civilian population it is widespread systematic campaign against the civilian population which can be on a political basis and that is a crime against humanity as well. so it can be a crime against

humanity as well. >> okay. let's see, we will take one more question. josh logan. >> thank you. wait for the microphone, josh. i know you don't need one, josh but... >> thank you. i want to follow-up ambassador rapp on what you just said. as you know, and you mentioned this in your opening remarks, the united states and russia are considering joining forces in a real way inside syria. there is a proposal that was given to the russians by john kerry to establish military intelligence cooperation with the goal of possibly establishing integrated operations in places. if the russians to be imp lik e implicating for aiding and ab e abating does the u.s.

government, by extension, if they follow the proposal open itself up for aiding and abetting and being perpetrating war crimes against syria? thank you. >> understand i am no longer working for the government and not speaking for the government. that is liberating. but the second point is in terms of everything that is involved in this arrangement i am not completely aware of. as i understand there would be positive elements in terms of the influence and susation of hostilities and -- and we would have more focused effort to go after terrorist groups. if you could get those conditions, substantially improve russian targeting which has been on opposition and now isis that could be positive.

but frankly we have not seen a willingness to go along with the cesation of hostility. and the fact they would be announcing last week the opening of the humanitarian roots which led everyone to believe why do you need that unless you are going do to intensive bombardment. something the united states wasn't aware was coming. it doesn't indicate good chase on their part. i think one has to be cautious about getting involved in any joint operation knowing at the same time they might be doing other things and that might be relieving their forces to go do those things. our responsibility? aiding and abetting? again, the law is, you know, your assistance to the war

crimes need to be substantial and knowing. it is not something, and of course, we have been attempting and in some cases successfully assisting proxy forces. are we responsible for all of their war crimes? not necessarily. we do vetting and other things that aggrivate people. so the dangers of us walking into simplicity in war crimes may be limited. but i think it is highly dangerous. it is also dangerous in terms of what i always try to steer away from the political accountability but as we show in iraq the only time we made progress in iraq was with the sunni community and began to be protectors of the people in

western iraq: if we get perceived as those that are targeting the liberators and protectors of that community, because the russian say these are extremist and we don't and we get into that issue, i think we run the risk of undermining syria and certainly our relationship with the democratic syria. so i would be careful of this and particularly with what russia was saying last weekend is something i am i would not be excited to see the united states pursuing. >> okay. we are out of time unfortunately. but i would like to thank all the panelists here today. let's give them a round of applause. this is not going to be the end of the road. it is just the beginning of a

series of forums throughout the hour around the theme of international justice in terms of war crimes and so on. but we have a number of other -- we are following the most recent developments in the region as well as the presidential cycle gets moving. on september 9th we will go quite for the last part of august as generally part of the vacation schedule. we are going to have a policy forum on the anniversary of operation inherent resolve and the beginning of that. we will be covering about the chemical weapons issue and where we are on that. and in terms of the, last but not least in a bit of self-promotion, bmy college ambassador and myself have written a piece in the new york times that will be out tomorrow

that talks about the russia deal and the cesation of hostility and what we talked about here. all of you who have been here today i know you hold the issue closely, keep your years open and let us know what is going on and hopefully we see you next time. thank you very much. [applause] [inaudible conversation] >> tonight on q&a, mary sara builder talks about her book madison's hands which looks a critical look into notes james madison took during,ber and after the constitutional convention. tonight on booktv prime time, memoirs.

juan thompson starts out the night and at 9 p.m., kelly ca i carlin and her book. then at 10:15 stacey dash, "there goes my social life; from clueless to conservative" all of this tonight on booktv prime time on c-span2. >> a signature feature of c-span's booktv is covering book fairs. on saturday, booktv is live at the mississippi book festival for the second annual lawn book party. featuring discussions on civil rights, education policy, mississippi state history and the 2016 presidential election.

john meechm is a notable speaker who has written presidential biographies. and trent long, former senate leader, discussing his book. go to booktv.org for the complete schedule. >> next, the "fight for $15" movement holds their first convention in richmond, virginia where workers call for raising minimum wage to $15 an hour and for union rights. [applause] >> i know. how are you all doing out there? hold on. you all are standing up and i can't hear you? how are you doing >> yeah! how are you all doing today ?

>> we have here from the "fight for $15" commission. >> >> i am here from st. louis. how are you doing today ? >> we are members on the national organized committee for the "fight for $15". [applause] [applause] >> i am 58 and i have three sons and work for mcdonald's. i have been there for nine years and only make $7.90.

>> hold on, mama. >> hold on. >> you said you have been working for mcdonald's for nine years and you only make $7.90. [applause] >> you know that ain't right. >> i am 27 years old, guys. i live in tampa, florida. i work at chipotle. i make only $9 an hour. i have also been in the fast food industry for nine long years.

we want $15! >> who else want $15 and unions? [applause] >> i hear you! [applause] [cheering]

>> all right. all right. >> come on, bro. [applause] >> we want $15!

[applause] >> how about new york city? [applause]

[inaudible] >> i am originally from charlotte, north carolina! yeah! [applause] [applause]

[inaudible] >> all right. how about harrisburg? is there a harrisburg in the house? >> i don't hear you harrisburg? harrisburg, where are you all out? >> come on, you all. don't do us like this. >> i don't think so.

>> check it out. what about greensboro, north carolina. greensboro, north carolina, are you there? i see you, baby. >> here we have the capitol of north carolina. where is raleigh-durham? yeah! >> all right. wait a minute. wait a minute. i know austin is in here. don't do me like that. portland? boston, where you at?

oh, no, wait a minute, boston. >> you all don't sound like you want $15. >> that is all right. [inaudible]

[applause] >> i know houston, texas is in the house. [applause] [inaudible] [inaudible]

>> we want $15! >> what about dallas, texas? where you all at? dallas, texas? all right. what about el paso? all right. all right. [applause]

>> we are in your hometown right now. [applause] [applause] >> all right. i love you. but wait a minute. hold on. wait a minute.

[applause] >> hold on. that is all the time -- [inaudible] >> all right. all right. that is who. come on, jackson. >> where they at? >> oh, jackson. >> all right. we want $15, too.

[inaudible] >> that is all right. that is all right. >> i can't hear you all. $15! >> all right.

we hear you. >> what about roanoke, virginia? where you all at? can't hear you all. what about phoenix, arizona? no phoenix? >> i can't hear you! [applause] [applause]

>> watch this. i am watching this. >> are you listening? [applause] >> all right, y'all. >> how about mansfield? [applause] [inaudible] >> all right. all right. all right. >> how about chicago? [applause]

>> chicago? [applause] >> what about oakland, california? >> $15? [inaudible] >> what about san diego? stay out there. >> come on, big boy. [applause] [applause]

>> how about minneapolis? come on, you all. >> what? what? what? what? [applause] >> all right.

so what about [inaudible] >> come on, y'all. [inaudible] [applause] >> what about columbus, ohio? and las vegas? [applause] >> and i know milwaukee here. where y'all at?

>> i want to see 'em. >> and i know portland in the house. they better be here. [applause] >> and last but not least we have seattle, washington in the house. >> wait a minute. we have one more. i know they are going to show up. milwaukee? they don't want $15 today. >> come on, we want to hear you. >> they don't want it. >> all right. cool. cool. okay. so one thing you cannot forget. we have community partners and

union members. these are the folks that we have to think about. they are here in the rain, sleet and snow. i am going to set y'all straight. we have a proud tradition of fighting. am i right or wrong? and another thing i know is when we fight we win! i said when we fight, we win. when we fight, we win. i look around and i see all kind of faces from all walks of life. different sectors, kids, adults, but one thing i do know is that we are all in the same boat. [applause]

>> look, i wouldn't do that. we work hard all day and i would like for all the community partners and our union members to please stand up. >> please stand up. >> everybody give them a round of applause, please. [applause] >> there they go. we got teachers union in the house? ufc in the house? communication workers of america in the house.

[inaudible] >> i can't help but notice that sure says faiu! faiu! faiu! >> we would like to welcome you guys on -- >> i have been working here at mcdonald's for about four years and working in fast off and on for about ten years. i get up around 4:30 in the morning and i try to catch the bus from about 5:30. i have to be to work at 6:00 a.m. i have to catch the bus because my car is down and i don't make enough to pay the rent, pay the bills, fix the

car, and get the gas and get to work. virginia's minimum wage is $7.25. it is past time we raise the minimum wage to a living wage. me and my family members, my son and daughter, we got back together because i am a full-time worker and can't make ends meet. we have a two bedroom apartment and are working on three bedrooms. i believe that richmond, virginia needs a raise because a lot of us are at the poverty level or below the poverty level. you have a lot of people, whether you are black, white, latino, doesn't matter your race, most of us are locked in low-paying wage jobs. so that means that the majority of us are struggling. my dad, i am not sure he had a minimum wage job, but i know he didn't have a high powered job and he was able to pay all of the bills.

he was able to feed us three meals a day everyday. we made it. we were able to get a house. as you know this is the capital of the confederacy and you can see it and feel it. jefferson davis. he was the big man. this city holds up high and mighty statutes of the confederacy and those are people who wanted to keep black people in low-wage status, people who were racist and they didn't want, you know, equality for everybody. we want more. we want more in our neighborhoods. i am so excited to be part of the "fight for $15" because i know that i am helping me, myself, as well as my family and helping others get the same thing so they can help their families as well because this community is suffering.

not only this community here in richmond, virginia but all over the united states. these big corporations are taking advantage of the communities and we are tired of it. we are fighting back and we are not going to let it go and back down. [applause] >> fight for $15! >> welcome to richmond. [applause] >> i am velanda. a fast food worker at mcdonald's here in richmond, pa! i have seen economic changes in our city. for example, my dad herman, may

he rest in peace, didn't even have a high school education. he was able to afford to take care of me and my whole family. all by his self. we had a house, we had a car, and we had food on the table. [applause] >> here i am with a college education and i am forced to live with my children in order to pay the bills. that makes me frustrated. [inaudible]

>> i am frustrated because i cannot support myself by myself. and it also makes me afraid because -- for my children and my children's children that they will not be able to take care of themselves. we work hard! [applause] >> we deserve better! [applause] >> but let me tell you about winning at my store. for years we have been dealing with low poverty wages and disrespectful managers.

[applause] >> but since the "fight for $15" there has been a change. [applause] >> me and my co-workers ain't taking it no more. [applause] >> for july, 21st 2016 we organized, we stood up, and we went on strike and we shut it down. [applause] >> if we don't get it, shut it down. if we don't get it, shut it down. if we don't get it, shut it down.

shut it down! >> shut it down! >> but there is a lot of work that still needs to be done. but we are not afraid. we won't back down. we won't give in. we will win! [applause] >> we are winners! and you know why? because the fight for $15 isn't for the faint! [applause] >> and now please give a warm welcome to my sister miss lau n

lauren. [applause] >> welcome to richmond. i am honored to be here amongst all of you. i am a home care worker at the chapter of siu, virginia, 512. [applause] >> both my parents were union workers. they marched with dr. king on washington. the reason we are here in richmond today is that this is the former capitol of the confederacy. a place where people were thought of as less, the work they did was thought of as less, but as a black woman we always did the grunt work for low wages.

white babies drank from our breast but we couldn't drink from their fountains. white families relied on us to care for their elderly parents but we couldn't ride the bus with them. we cooked their food but we couldn't sit at the table. well now we say enough is an enough! [applause] >> our governor restored the voting rights of 200, 006 felons. we want those voices heard in november. we want to live in a country

where we can earn a living wage, pay our bills, feed our children, and possibly save some money for retirement. [applause] >> thank you. [applause] >> hold on. hold on. keep your eyes on the prize. hold on. hold on. hold on. hold on. [music]

>> i am an adjucnt professor. >> my life would change tremendously if i could make $15 an hour. i no longer have to piece money together in order to get the utility bill together. i would no longer have to reach out to agencies to help with the utility bills. those needs would be met because i could pay them on my own. i wouldn't need food stamps in addition to the wages, the little wages, that i am getting in now. >> i work for childcare and i make $8.05. i have no children and i am not married yet i am unable to take

care of myself. i cannot afford to live or move out. >> i have four kids and i can't feed them off $7.25. >> back in the '60s, they said we could not win and couldn't get a civil rights act, couldn't get a voting right act, couldn't get a fair act, but we did. sometimes you have to use your marching feet and sometimes you have to make a little noise. i have spoken on saturday and said we need to make some noise. it is about time.

we have too quite. sometimes you have to find a way to make a way out of no way. sometimes you have to find a way to get in the way. i know some of your co-workers -- but you must tell them don't be afraid. we must remember that dr. martin luther king, jr. on april 4th, 1968 died trying to help the sanitation workers. that is what this is all about. some people are getting richer and richer and doing better and better and others are getting poorer and poorer. that is not right. that is not fair. that is not just. so keep walking, keep marching, keep talking, keep pushing and you can count on my help.

♪ >> it is time for mcdonald's to make the right decision. we know the company spent $30

billion and so they have enough money to pay us $15. >> under pay workers have taking to the presidential candidates to drive home they are a voting bloc they cannot ignore. >> as we gather just outside -- picketers are gathering and demanding an immediately hike of the minimum wage to $15 an hour. are you sympathetic to the prote protester's cause? >> i can't be, neal. taxes too high, wages too high and they will not be able to compete. i hate to say it but we have to leave the way it is. >> so you would not raise the minimum wage? >> i would not raise the minimum wage. >> $15 an hour is --

[inaudible] ♪ [applause] >> wow. who would have thought we would

be here four years ago? hi, i am 20 years old, i am from los angeles, and i am a mcdonald's worker and part of the national organization. [applause] >> you know, there have been someone who has been with us from the very beginning. someone who believes in us even when people call us crazy. she has marched with us, and when we got arrested at a mcdonald's shareholder meeting she was there with us. i know that i believe that she believes that we believe that we will win. repeat after me. i believe that we will win! i believe that we will win!

i am sure we will win! i am sure we will win! i am sure we will win! i am sure we will win! i am sure we will win! we shall win! [applause] >> now it is an honor to introduce the president of the service employee international union mary kay henry. [applause]

>> thank you, anggie! good evening, sisters and brothers. i am so proud to be walking with the leaders of the "fight for $15" and the union movement. [applause] >> you are the heroes and heroines of the most successful workers movement of our generation. give yourselves a hand! i am very proud of the two million employees of the international union to report for the "fight for $15" leadership that we have your

back and we will have your back until we win! [applause] >> and just as auntie told us i believe that you believe that we will be the most unstoppable force for change that this country has every seen in our lifetime. [applause] >> now let's take stock of a moment, for many of us who have joined this movement over the course of the last four years, it is kind of hard to believe what has been accomplished in what is a very short time. you heard anggie say that back

when those brooklyn fast-food workers had the audacity to strike and make a demand for $15 and a union people laughed, people said they are crazy. you know, those fast food jobs teenagers do them. they need pocket change. what are they talking about $15 and a union for? but we understood nothing in our country is going to change for the better until people link arms and start fighting for something better. it is about people sticking together and fighting for a better life.

$20 million. 2-0. 20 million people now have more money in their pockets and wage increases for the first time in their lives because of this movement. [applause] >> people in seattle, california, and new york are already on the way to $15. this group made that happen. [applause] >> real change is happening across this country. [applause] >> and tonight we are gathered in richmond.

yolanda welcomed and described their determination. it a beautiful city in richmond and important to understand the capitol of the confederacy, the southern states. ...

[applause] [chanting] fight for $15. >> are you serious, you're going to do this right now? when all of us have trouble, do you guys know what it's like to get paid $500 every two weeks? do you guys know what that is? no? i have struggled to pay for my son's school and that is so unfair. you guys get paid enough. you guys have a chance to get the union. i don't. i'm out here fighting. and you're going to do this right now?

around people like us question mark who know what the trouble is. walking our shoes. walking our shoes. $200 weekly check isn't enough to care for our families and you're doing to us? you don't know what it feels like to be a worker. you don't know what it feels like. you all get paid. you all get salaries. >> go ahead. >> i know that we got workers . we've got workers in this room who left this convention and left their families behind to come here and make a better way for america and for us. and i know that it's workers from kansas city, from st. louis, from detroit. from virginia, richmond virginia and every county in virginia and california and florida and texas and

connecticut and boston and new jersey and new york. it's workers all across the country that are fighting for 15 and a union. do you know what it's like to have your kids homeless? waiting in the back of a man? you'll never know what that's like. you'll never walk a day in our shoes and we're fighting for 15 for all workers in thiscountry . if you love 15 and the union i want you to stand up right now, right now. everyone in this country right now, get on your feet . get on your feet. 15 and the union now. 15 antiunion tomorrow, 15 antiunion or ever for us and for our families.

[applause] >> 15 antiunion. 15 antiunion. 15 antiunion. [chanting 15 antiunion. >>. [chanting] 15 and the union. >>.

[chanting] [chanting] [chanting] we work, we work. [chanting] we work, we fight

for $15 pay. >> excuse me. could i please have your attention we all know that we are one family here. [applause] and we all know no matter who the dental sends in they can't win so i asked just one thing, don't give them what they are looking for. we have already won the victory let this can you to the team votes because we know we win. show me what democracy looks like. show me what democracy looks like. [chanting] show me what

democracy looks like. [chanting] show me what democracy looks like. show me what democracy looks like. show me what democracy looks like united, united will never be defeated. united, united, will never be defeated. our workers, united will never be defeated. united, united, we will never be defeated. united, united, we will never

be defeated. [chanting] [applause] we can see that from the leaders gathered in this room that everybody is committed to fighting for 15 antiunion in this country. [applause] and tonight i wanted to talk about what yolanda and quarreling talked

about about why we are gathered here in richmond . the capital of the confederacy. where southern states many moons ago fought to maintain slavery inour country . so the legacy and consequences of that slave system are still with us today and in fact those racist cornerstones are a major reason why we may need to fight for 15 antiunion. 150 years ago the white rich and powerful slave owners who dominated the southern states declared war on the rest of the country. those southern slave owners

were supported by wealthy industrialists in the north who profited from slave labor. using southern cotton to line their pockets with massive textile and manufacturing origins. the wealthy whites in both the north and the south were determined to protect a way of life based on ownership of black families. they were determined to maintain a government and an economy based on one notion. that white people were superior to black people.

and as our first lady michelle obama reminded us ... [applause] just a few weeks ago, she reminded us that enslaved people built the white house and the capital, just up 95 from here . and tomorrow we are going to stand together and march to an avenue that is line with the statues that quarreling reminded us about of the confederate leaders who bought to maintain slavery in the united states of america. we will march together to reject that tyranny and hatred . [applause] we will march together to reject that

tyranny and hatred and we will march together instead to embrace democracy and freedom and equality. we will march to honor black americans who were once enslaved but broke free to fight for their own emancipation and freedom . we will remember that after emancipation there was a time when millions of black families together with some poor white families joined together to vote and organize and mobilize for a better life. for better wages, for better

schools, poor education for their children and for fair treatment under the law. and sisters and brothers, we know the story of what happens when white and black and brown people came together and united races. it was undone by wealthy powerful white people who use intimidation and violence to suppress that growing movement for change. the wealthy you were so afraid of the power of that multiracial unity that they used the ku klux klan and other terrorist groups to step out and suffocate the flicker of hope that unity met but we know deep in our hearts that for the people that had the courage to fight for freedom and emancipation that their hope didn't goaway

inside of them, sisters and brothers . it lives on. it lived on in the movements that fought for civil rights, it lived on in the movement or union rights, it lived on in the movement for women's rights and lgbt to equality and forimmigrant justice . and it lives right here in richmond virginia in this room tonight. [applause] and the fight for 15, we continue to tear down the racist barriers that hold us back and we join together to make sure that we eliminate the barriers that hold people of color in jobs that have always been excluded because of slavery and who have been destroyed because of the attack on unions. these barriers mean that some

children go to school that don't have enough work, that don't have buses, computers or even lunches these barriers create a criminal justice system that does not protect african-american families what interests african-american families . . together these barriers that make up racism, that live and breathe in every structure in america, the education system , housing system, the employment system, the legal system, the criminal justice system, the racist barriers that live and breathe about the united states that he too many black and latino families trapped in poverty and sisters and brothers, tonight the leaders of the

fight for 15 and a union movement will present pledge to each other that we are never going to ignore this reality. we will never create an economy that works for all of us if any black, latino asian native american family is left behind. we cannot succeed if any person in our country is thrown away because of his race or her heritage. we will win when we draw on the strength of each of us to create a more just society, when we realize that we are all in the same boat whether jobs were excluded because of the racist structures from our history of slavery or whether middle-class jobs were destroyed because of the

attack on unions. we are in the same boat and building this unity is especially important this year. with this presidential election, we all know that one of the candidates for president is very dangerous. , right? we know that one of the candidates for president is trying to scare people and at one time most working-class white families in america could count on sound economic security because they wanted through their unions. but then corporations weakened their unions, push down their wages and took away their pensions and other mind their confidence about thefuture . it's understandable that some white working-class people are angry but we can't afford to let our fear about tomorrow divide our unity today.

[applause] and i'm deeply hopeful that our movement will keep growing. we heard people welcomed in this room that haven't stood with the past leaders before, we welcome nail salon workers and drivers and grocery store workers and t-mobile workers. we are expanding this movement for change alongside of professors and higher education faculty and airport workers and janitors and security officers and nursing home workers and healthcare workers and childcare workers . the success of this movement shows how much change and progress happens when we build and organize together. that's the fundamental reason why it's so important to keep fighting until each and every worker in this country, 64 million people, have got to

get on a path to 15 and a union and build a middle-class job for everybody in this country. [applause], sisters and brothers, we know that when mcdonald's workerswhen we all win . and we pledge to the fast food workers, the leaders of this movement that we will be there not to just build your organization but to extend a hand to every other worker so they can jump on the bandwagon of the fast workers created. when fast food workers win, we all win. you work hard, you should be paid more. you should not need to have

food stamps to pay your children. and the tax money that we spend on food stamps for jobs at mcdonald's, wendy's and burger king is better spent on homecare and childcare or seniors and children and on better pay for the people that provide that care and support. we will continue to call on politicians to do more to help working people win higher wages. we will keep building the movement of 64 millionworking people . we will make every candidate at every level of government from the school board to the city council to the state legislature to stand up for us and support the freedom to join together and win $15 an hour. and we will keep growing an army of political activists to lead the charge. this movement is bigger than ourselves. powerful enough to take on corporate interests and extremists who want to keep wages as low as possible.

a movement that will help shape public opinion, build political will, make progress on racial and immigrant justice and fight for an economy thatworks for all of us . i know that everyone in this room believes that we can win. do you believe, sisters and brothers? [applause] i believe. i believe. i believe that we. [chanting] i believe that we. i believe that we will end. [chanting] i believe that we will win. [chanting] i believe that we will win.

[chanting] i believe that we will win. so new you need to hear about the incredible progress your movement is making and i want to go to todd white where alvarez wants to tell us. >> are you guys doing? [applause] thank you mary kay henry, my name is adriana alvarez, i am from chicago. where's chicago? [applause] i am a mcdonald's worker, i am also a single mom of a four-year-old boy. i'm here to tell you a little bit about how chicago has made victories. our mayor, don and manuel who has never been for raising wages, like never ever. he was up for reelection and of course fight for $15 came

along and he saw how powerful we are. we are extremely powerful and he realized that the only way he would get reelected was if he would want to raise the minimum wage. guess what? he did that. he got reelected. and guess what lexmark chicago is on a pathway to $13 by 2019. [applause] i know, it's not 15 but it's a step forward. and were going to keep pushing. you know why? because we're powerful. we are 64 million workers they do not make $15 an hour. that's not right. we're going to keep pushing these politicians until they counterpart quote. they're going to come get our vote. why? they've got to work for us. they got to make it right for

us. we are the working class. we also want sick days in chicago. that's right. that was us. that was the fight for $15 and we got to make this in november when the president is elected. it doesn't matter. male or female, republican or democrat, we are going to be out there the next day. we are going to showthem that we are going to stay. we are here to staybecause they are going to work for us. the movement is here to stay. we are very powerful and don't ever forget that, guys. thank you . >> thank you adriana . [applause] and cynthia bassett from the childcare fight for $15. cynthia, welcome. >> hello. my name is cynthia bassett and i'm an early educator san bernardino california. for the past 17 years my greatest joy has been teaching our littlest learners . even a greater joy is when children in my care grow up

and attend college area. [applause] a few weeks ago i got a call from a former student. he called to tell me that he has been accepted to ucla. i am so proud of him. he is an example of how access to early education is the foundation that creates powerful, powerful academic success. early education and higher education contributes significantly to creative minds. creative minds is what improve our economy. but the reality is higher learning and early learning are in crisis.

childcare workers struggle to make ends meet. parents struggle to pay for child care. college costs too much for students to get a degree. campus workers and even professors are living in poverty. that's why childcare and higher education are in the fight for $15. [applause] and california, we won millions for early childcare and for early education. we even got only two $15 an hour. childcare is in the news. it's a priority for this election. thousands across the country

have formed unions. we are including pay in colleges and job security for part-time staff. graduate students, senior faculty are also joining the fight for $15. together, we shall win. thank you. >> thank you cynthia. and prop three, we want to hear from stephen lynn from the healthcare fight for $15. >> hello everyone, my name is stephen lynn, i'm a dietary aid from bridgeport connecticut . and i work at a nursing home in bridgeport. we are winning huge in our fight for $15. our job in the healthcare industry is to provide care and touch those are most

vulnerable in today's society. i'm talking about the disabled, the elderly and those who need medical care. our work is valued. it's time for us to stand up and be valued. we are winning fights every day and here are some of our victories. hospital workers in minnesota , maryland, massachusetts, pennsylvania and washington have on their fight for $15. wait, what? let me myself. hospital workers in massachusetts, maryland, minnesota, washington and pennsylvania have on their fight for $15. >> working home workers and bonds in connecticut, florida and pennsylvania have won

their fight for $15. healthcare workers in oregon, massachusetts and in washington have won their fight for $15. community care workers in canada and this week the 15 fight won their fight for $15. and let me add that minnesota and pennsylvania have won their unions. closer to home, i had a coworker of mine who was on the path to termination do to local means. thanks for union, they stepped in and they saved his job. so i see that and i want to set the trend not just here in my home state and here in the va, around the world. [applause] >> thank you stephen lynn from the nursing home in

healthcare fight for 15. amazing victories and now norma esmeralda merrill from property services in denver, norma. >>. [speaking spanish] good afternoon everybody, my name is norma cisneros, i am a janitor from, i'm sorry. a member of the local 105 in denver. [speaking spanish ] >> we have just a new contract for 1500 janitors. there is a bright future but we must work in order to achieve it . [speaking spanish] and the

last time we tried weactually on vacations and also medical insurance . [applause] [speaking spanish] but of course we had to fight to keep those rights. [speaking spanish] [applause] with the new contract we were actually able to get every janitor at a minimum wage of $15. [applause] [speaking spanish] she said it was very powerful and it changed her life

because she had two jobs and was able to quit the second one. [applause] grassy us. grassy is norma. >> yes we can, thank you so much to the janitors in denver for selling us we can win 15. and now sisters and brothers i want you to hear very and cephas, fast food leaders from the committee? >> how are you guys doing today? how are you doing tonight mark my name is jeffrey cephas from massachusetts, i'm 25 years old. i work at mcdonald's as a security guard. yes, mcdonald's has security, it's crazy.

the reason i'm on this stage today is to let you know we are winning. we are victorious in our battles against the high corporations. we are winning not only locally but nationally. the difference, what i'm trying to say is, we are working people standing united to create a change in our economy and in our lives. >>

sis dispers brothers, and, the progress in the fight for 15, we won it don't you think? >> have we got more to win? >> yes. we have a lot more to win and tonight, we are linking our fight, to win racial justice, right alongside. because we can't win one without the other. is that right, brothers and sisters? [cheers] . >> when we give this kind of report to our union, in 34567 of last year, one of the fast food leaders in st. louis, told us, the story that he believed that his two-year-old daughter, was going to open a history book some day, and read about the

fight for 15 movement, and the changes it made. i want the leaders, in this room, to take pride in the history that you are making and the fundamental change that we can win together, building a powerful multi racial movement that's not going to let any wealthy special interest divide us ever again. because we're not stopping until 64 million people come out of poverty wage jobs and we end racism, and win immigrant justice and clean our air and water once and for all. is that right, brothers brotherd sisters? >> do you believe? say it with me. i -- i believe. i believe that we -- i believe that we can win. i believe that we can win! ♪

♪ i believe that we can win! i believe that we can win! >> i believe that we can win! ♪ ♪ ♪ we'll win. >> that we will win. i believe that we will win. ♪ ♪ >> good evening, everybody. how are you all doing out there? [cheers] . >> you all are looking real good. i like the way you all look.

i hope you are those, i hope it is okay. sorry for any technical difficulties but i'm glad you're here. for those, who know me, how are you all doing? >> for those of you who don't. i'm 25-years-old. out of north carolina. [cheers] . >> i'm a work at mcdonald nealsd, making $8.15 an hour. i want -- a single mother, hey, justice. and also i would like to let you know, that i am one of the original workers who walked off my job. november 2012 and i'm still here and i'm still fighting, can't stop and won't stop. with that being second right here, i got my -- >> what's up?

how are you all doing? >> all right. my name is laura, and i'm a fast food worker, representing, florida. [cheers] . >> i'm sorry i just didn't hear my city. florida. >> yes. >> i edge eight and i organize. and we are part of the national organizing committee. [cheers] . >> man, this is so beautiful right now. >> i know, they looking really good. >> everyone in this audience, right now, just take one second,

just look around this room, and this is power. >> this is power. >> it is very beautiful. but, you know, i got something on my mind. let's take a see. take a seat. >> what's that? >> you know, i have been thinking, we've been doing this for awhile now. >> yeah, we have. >> but, it's one thing that always stood out to me. >> what's that? >> there's -- 64 million, yeah you heard right. 64 million workers, now, today, they all in their room, making less than $15 an hour. >> are you serious? >> what? >> do you know what this means. >> everybody in this room, right now,.

>> no, my sister, right here. >> you got my brother making 11.75 with a union. but, you know, we're still all in the same boat because we're not making $15, in the union. >> i know that's right. i mean, if you think about it, good jobs have been destroyed. >> true. >> good jobs that were once middle class jobs, they don't exist any more. >> true. >> retail, and fast food are the largest industry today. >> really. >> right.

>> but this is where we come together and realize that we all are in the same boat and we are willing to turn that boat around. no matter who you are, or where you work whether you come, and cleaning ever clean and taking care of the kids and elderly. making cars. building buildings. it doesn't matter. because at the end of the day. we all deserve justice and to work. >> on our jobs. we deserve it. >> these corporations, and industries, they exploit people on an everyday basis to make big profits, for a small few and keep the mass, in oppression. >> you are absolutely right. but, let's talk about how they keep, let's talk about, how they

keep our black and brown in prison, everywhere. and we all know, these are decisions, and, these are decisions, and policies, that was made by the people with power and the money to keep all of us down. >> so, that's why, it is so important for us to regain our political power. [applause] >> brothers and sisters, because a collective action brings change, so, let's use the power of the 64 million workers who are making, they're not making a liveable wage. let's use that, and with our strength and our numbers, to

spread out. i'm not just talking about going on strike. i'm not just talking about being on the picket-fence. >> what do you mean like that's what we do we go in the strike lines. what else is there? >> we are holding our politicians, and elected officials responsible. this 2016 election, we say, if you want my vote, you have to come get my vote. >> right, you're right. because we are talking about things, that impact us on an everyday basis. where, why should we have to decide to pay our rent or to put food on our table? why should we have to decide to feed our child or to go back and forth to work? that ain't right and yet we work each and everyday, busting our butts, and we can't afford to

take care of our homes and our families? >> that aingts right. >> but you know, i just started thinking about something, isn't there more of us, than there is of them? [cheers] . >> so, sis, wouldn't that mean that we can reclaim our political right, and our political power, in this country? >> yes. look. that wasn't eastern a question. you hear the audience. they're already saying yes. look at this, we all in this room, we've been fighting, and victory, and it shows. all we need to know is that we have to stick together and keep fighting. [cheers] . >> so, with that being said, brothers and existters, tomorrow, we will be rolling up

our sleeves. and digging in, on how to build power within ourselves, because it is our duty, to make sure, that our voices are heard. but heard, as collective, together. so, what's better, than marching down monument avenue with reverend barber, in virginia, in the former capital of the confederacy. what is better than that. >> what, i'm ready. >> brothers and sisters -- >> together,. >> we will turn it around. [cheers]

. >> all right, guys, i want you to keep the energy flowing. right now we have leann, and, so give them a big round of applause, thank you. [cheers] . >> what is happening we're into the classroom but we got a special one -- >> that's correct. ♪ ♪ >> show them all the beauty they possess inside ♪ ♪ give them a sense of pride

♪ to make it easier, let the children's laughter remind us how we used to be to be. >> everybody searching for a hero. >> hands up. >> people need someone to look up to. ♪ >> i never found anyone who fulfilled my need ♪ ♪ >> a lonely place to be ♪ ♪ >> and so i learned how depend on me ♪ ♪ i decided long ago, never to walk in anyone's shadow ♪ ♪ if i fail, file succeed, at least i'll live as i believe.

no matter, what they take from me. they can't take away my dignity -- ♪ >> because the latest greaterrest ♪ love of all, is happening to me ♪ ♪ >> i found the greatest ♪ ♪ love of all inside of me ♪ the greatest love >> of all ♪ ♪ is easy to achieve ♪ oh, yes, it is.

love learning to love yourself ♪ >> it is the greatest love of all. ♪ ♪ and if my chance that special place ♪ ♪ yeah -- >> that you have been dreaming of ♪ ♪ it leads you to a lonely place, find your strength in love ♪ ♪ [cheers] . >> come on, come on ♪ >> yeah! ♪ ♪ i need you all to help us.

we have one more for you. i need to you help us with this song. this is something we can all do together. the words, unity, there is strength. >> in unity there is strength. ♪ ♪ >> in unity there is strength. ♪ ♪ >> sing with me. in unity, there is strength ♪ >> i can't hear you all out there ♪ ♪ >> in unity, there is strength ♪ ♪ >> come on, clap your hands. in unity there is strength ♪ ♪ in ninety, there is strength ♪ ♪ in unity there is strength >> the fight is on ♪ >> the fight is on ♪

>> the fight is our sidenote note. ♪ the fight is our sidenote note. >> unity ♪ >> unity is strength. in unity there is strength ♪ ♪ in unity there is strength >> in unity, there is strength ♪ ♪ in unity there is strength ♪ ♪ note "q and a," mary, professor at boston college law school she talks about her book which face a critical look at the notes that james madison

took after the convention. "q and a" airs at 7 p.m. eastern time. tonight, prime-time, memoirs, starting at 8 p.m. warren thompson. at 9 p.m., kelly carlin, a home companion, growing up with george. and then at 10:15, stacey dash. there goes my social life. at 10:50, in the country we love, my family divided. all of this tonight on book t.v., prime-time on c-span two. saturday, book t.v. will be live at the mississippi book festival

for the lawn party at the state capital. author panels feature discussion on civil rights, education policy and mississippi state history and the presidential election. notable authors, inhad included those who wrote on george hw bush and trent lott, discussing his book. go to bookt.v.org for the complete weekend schedule. >> national park service director, on the 100th anniversary of the nation's park system. he talked about environmental concerns, increasing fees, and how the park service is addressing recent allegations of sexual misconduct. director also recalled his scary encounter with a bear while visiting one of the parks.

>> all right. we would like to grab whatever whatever -- we're working to

correct will problem. we hope to return to the program >> a signature feature of the

book t.v. is the coverage of book fairest, and on saturday, 11:00 a.m. book t.v. will be live for their second annual literary lawn party. author panels feature discussion on civil rights, mississippi state history and the 2016 presidential election. notable authors include, john meachem, and, former senate majority leader trent lott, discussing his book. go to bookt.v.org for the

complete weekend schedule. >> mr. bright. >> mr. chief justice, may it please the court the prosecutors in this case came to court on the morning of jury selection determined to strike all the black jurors. >> maybe you could address the question we raised on friday with respect to which court, should be directed to. >> yes, we file they had petition, to the supreme court of georgia. of course, this court, in seers versus upton had issues, this is in 2010, to the supreme court of georgia, and a similar situation. it appears to us, from looking at the over the weekend, that r.j. reynolds tobacco company

versus durham county, which was decided in 1986 the court said unless there was positive i shore reference that the decision was into the ruling on the merits than it went to the state supreme court. and the georgia court, while it has rules and statutes and its own opinions that are not totally in harmony with one another, the rule, is that, a certificate of probable cause which was denied, is to be granted, if there is arguable merit to the case. >> do you think that affect the scope of our review. are we discussing whether there is just merit or the claim on its own merits. >> i think, what this court has done, is apply look through to the last recent decision and that would be the decision of the court, in georgia, the

rules, a application is made for certificate of probable cause to the georgia supreme court. that's often denied, as it was in this case. >> i really don't understand that. >> you said we would be reversing the georgia supreme court not the how about bees court. >> there is no basis. so if we reverse that decision, we tell the georgia supreme court, you are wrong, there is a arguable bases. so we should remand to that court requiring them to accept review, it would seem to me. >> how can we reverse them on an issue they never considered? >> well, that's what rented ins, almost identical situation,

where you had an apellet court, and then the north carolina supreme court denied review and the question was do you issue the writ, and this court decided, and, the justice said we want to give practitioners, and end the confusing about this. there's no difference. >> you're saying in that case or in other cases. if so, which other cases, we nonetheless addressed the reasoning of the intermediate court. >> you did, in sears versus upton, a case out of georgia. that was to the court of georgia. it came up on the same posture of our case. >> is there a argument that petition could go to the trial court?