say. >> thank you see images speech on immigration is life today at 9:00 p.m. eastern presidential debate starts at the end of september the first debate between clinton and trump is monday september 26 outside new york city on sunday october 9 the town hall is that washington and university last is wednesday october 19 at the university of nevada las vegas you can see them all live on c-span

this didn't and the lead tie lsu root this pain in our hearts.

what does that mean? >> it comes from a quotation that i know by heart by now but i don't pettis said it to 1945 after the spanish civil war had ended deco's of the like this. men in my generation always had spain in their hearts. if courage was not its own reward for something like that spee6 tv comedy americans bought in the spanish civil war? >> approximately 2800 member volunteers from over 50 countries of those facilities hidta he did my from bath and that fit is a higher death toll percentage wise in the u.s. military had been either world war

spee6 team why was this war fought quick speed beckett began very suddenly and lasted until april april 1939 it was extraordinarily one bloody. here's why began essentials be. spain for many centuries had been a monarchy. and in more recent times of the military dictatorship in 1931 they left the country and held elections and rejoiced with a democracy and there was great hopes

for reform. between rich and pour disparities with q distastes and many peasants had little or no land. a coalition of this was absolute powerful to those right-wing forces with the spanish republic in the spanish civil war. >> county people live in spain quick. >> preferably 22 million spee6 dean what type of group was in the leadership then? >> the elected leadership

were from the of liberal democrats whom were at that time a small number of communist the generals that led these revolts very quickly emerged as the leader they represented a much older spain they wanted to restore with when and odors with notes trappings of democracy at all. to do away with the elections orlean reform and

hand education back to the church because of the secular process that begins to take education not of the hands of the church. the catholic church in spain by far was the most reactionary in europe. as the army rebels call themselves that men and women should be segregated in education it was very strong on religion and not much else. so they were diametrically opposed what they wanted spain to be c-span: i will show video he won but how

long was he the head of spain? >>. >> guest: the war early 1939 and remained dictator of the country close to absolute power for the remainder of his life which was 26 years. he died all the 1975 and ruled with an iron fist right through the end torture was routine through the very end no elections no free press or free trade c-span: let's look at at heouedik speaking eangpash. >> t11 what is the worst

thing he did to his people? >> you can see right there that everybody must be united to l'express of popular role this way to do what i say and the worst thing he did was to extinguish any type of expression of democratic feelings with dissent in the press through the existence of the civic organizations however participation in anything with the trappings of belongings even if something is very non-political or if you

crack given a montessori school or rotary club all these things were forbidden because it was international nine spanish word innovations he wanted to institute a totalitarian rule that was not dissimilar to other forms of totalitarian rule like the soviet union or not see germany or fascist italy somewhat different from the others that the catholic church had such a huge role but it was a totalitarianism c-span: if you're watching this as an american you don't care about spain so what relationship does your book have to the american people greg. >> if we go back to the 1930's, one of the things on

the minds of people a round the world was an ominous sense that fascism was on the rise in europe. hiller had come to power in 1933 even so the need had already been in power since the '20s and italy 1935 mussolini had created a colony in ethiopia that finally came to an end 1936 so it was clear that fascism was expanding hitler was making noises about expanding to the east grabbing territory in eastern europe and russia that should be under german domination the soviet union was a grim place although not as many details were known in the west but would become known subsequently. so the menace seemed to be

expanding fascism in europe and when this attempt happened in spain when they tried to seize power and parts of the countries succeeded, it sent a shock wave of alarm throughout the world because here was a major country in europe, of the right wing military quickly backed by hitler and mussolini sent arms and tanks and pilots and mussolini sent 80,000 ground troops with the spanish rights making a grab for power and people all over the world thought it should be resisted if not here than where? or we are next. c-span: fdr was president what was his position to the ada to support the republican spain? >> roosevelt was a small

deep and large d democrat also very opposed to fascism however he was very wary about getting drawn into the spanish civil war. he knew the american people were deeply isolationist and any kind of opinion poll would be looked at roosevelt was a great reader of opinion polls to tell you that people did not want to be drawn into another war in europe and. he knew this but it is also believed although we can find the exact evidence not put on paper but it is believed he promised the hierarchy of the american catholic church before the 1936 campaign election that he would not intervene with spain the catholic church all over the world heavily

backed the revolt by the general and his allies to restore the church to power in spain and in fact the spaniards on the other side actually murdered thousands of priests and monks. so it is believed he made the promise and then throughout the war he decided to keep america neutral and not make any attempt to go against those neutrality laws that were in place and not to prosecute a major oil company who violated those laws been accused said two-thirds words used? to make that is an estimate. at all think i said the word jews but it is hard to pin

down because so many jews would change their name. >> i asked because why? why did they participate in a much higher rate? >> so to'' one from new york he said perhaps suisse never about the leader was always about hitler they saw hitler on the horizon place said about jews and if you'll the recruitment of volunteers to fight not just in this country but in many countries as well. american jews were always disproportionately represented in the laugh to the that was another thing. c-span: actually when this book was published kelberg

died at age 100 february 28 this year here is some video from 2013 of the last living member i believe of the 2000 americans who ught in spn. i was very affectedy the fascist atmpt takeov of spa. i just didn't like t idea that was my politil understandin so i went to the army i did know how to get to spain so i nt to work thollywood as the diwasher at thof roosevelt hol and there we a friends of abram liolbrigad i went up

there a sd want to spain. >>hat was thabraham ncn brigade? >> it came to be theamit was anffiaathat time but in lar yearitas eds name to cor l t americans who volunteered toig i spain. athe time for their ericannit was th americhebraminln battaln anheeoe wainon battalion tn they merd then therwas anhebaalionanadian paiots b it wamostly amics and amerin mecaunuthethey

begin when ty t back to the highest aids ty call emlves verans of the abraham lioln brigad because that is how pele referred to the mbers nce the. swepe othese 2000 americans who nt to spai including keys toashe la known survivor ofhe ou. >> whethey do stt ur rear on this book? >> i start tbe interestedn the subjt ma yrs ago. onofy rsjo as a nepaper reporter athe "s fnccohricle" in the '50ss it happened t other reporteroth who re0 ars old than were veters t linco igade si ed to k them about their eernc d i wafained over

the next couple ofeces d anotr in linco veterans and tn it to mo so he been fascinated for lo te in the wa when younosobo h person le rough something it brin y cler to thatie o hiory buat theamti e my farite wte was geor oelve early re h wdeul now more fighting in sin wch gives sowh dferent cture of ts conflict th you hear frometan. dfenc ithat orwell d t ghtoit a grp iertional voluntrs whi was

basically 35 fo4000 foren luee organed byheomni party's we h aery dependt streento spain intenng to probably in with thcount party'bugot the then dioved aolic party spain they he felmu closero tt s sister pay t iependent labo partyith its ow mitia soe inednd degre factnafeuding onthe different rtf the anh republisoe s a sowh different picture of the war althoug thk he felt hwa fighti a good cae and shhey one. 6oo3 inchitizen deo bu t m rding

pa othhomage to cataloa eg. >>heoreast cner of spnor span: why is this lent for assified. gst: e is where he is fighng wches of reon right xto eeciall wh whed about in recent yrs and two.org a diffen laua wh the peop w ve lived tre to taedo is regn c-aninhis video u cawah whenhey get to the cte of george orwell's sticks out beuse ofis height.

>> every wall had a hammer and sickleorf e revolution every shop had a the inscription everyone called erye se comrade. but i cogniz it meately. soo talkbo comra and the mm a skl th csir themlv mmist th their timof

wathe interested in mmunis >> b i wantoomebacto thscpte bcelona. res what i think was gog on. was a prey imla cle to o quarter oth population w 3miio eran wh no cashn co with gencampmts ofoblesseople. everhe y lk ntl pa a n york bades antytos. t w very easy to lie atapitalm d fail. ils so verea t believe tre was the

teate st st, mmism, at one dihear much d news that sue in the unemployment wasn o othemo ideali udistanple atas that hpy alternivfoonwaor otr. of true belieng communi. soo forcehafeelin when the war broke o ther wld prodeny lp to e anish repuic

thell theajor untry w the gesis hlin siet union. at that me hseedo be asngorhis in retur thhe secitapras but clear t oy jo cotr it wod mh on i stalledndas tethan 1936 so this was sackedertainly pple to mmunism made the midrae onda appreciat but the was meing else going and if its e

the things thawaso foish the colitebu al deeply fascinatin t caloa and oth pas t country as we the nationalist were defeatedn e takeover n by t army soldrs because mostenov thisi buasly orgiz litia its to be back cutsoup atmp and to founthemselvesontrolling

sizae unof spain. in play into effect the whole couny e mostar achingndandless asts where ty works borsndroey car drivers andakg overhe trsptationystem wit e nitions onheid into traded ernt pele's cafeteria. it is azing sctacle d be fascinatedy . the spanish republ was

apll at this was happening cae ey suspted to be periv a a votiarsociety to ver buy ar fm britn d anceho correspondents tt ocked to cerhear lge ignored the social revolutionecausehere l mpinwith each other. hough sayg thathey were undesie the helas beinbombed but i was finding ve ltle covera

whh the me extensiv record of that amazing revolutionary . of the unpuisd of th19 yearldmerican woman. d she is my fari fd. lowe w atuntt the dirsity of louisllin kentky and marry a onicextracr the two ofhewent teurope on theihoymoon visit francend germanyndhi there eyea ns there was a coup aem ispain buth treas an extraordarsoal revolution. is venti-stint.

so here aevutn bubbng from thbottomp t e top wn but lowes ido her husbdayav gthr ecious sied. and enas hithingo e anish border tcrs over to t bsuily wi t mt trrdary ri. the tts reublished wi ts al additn i e ngle u.s. newspeor mazi andith and d

repeinthremainder of her lifigy d rewriting buneround a puisr. trereops various archives a ugerhoas very heful to me and me copi oit. ishian extraorna ic and then to nd theelves in the mstf reluon in a langue y can speak ve f arinspeak atutas fasnatedith the sweengntsimha soviet mide-class peon n haveutheiv a

ndfuy vipiure of wh aasik tli i rcelon c-anwhe did e ? >>t e d of t time e nflictetweenhe anish repuicndf votionariesecse the anh mmist a t anh puicidoton a voti gngn whil tryingo ght thwa denot want to have a of the reah -- militias oresponblfo the ffenpaie wh thunied ar under a ntral mmd. and was spaed a

eyere arst but t leit go ter about days and fceto lea t country. eyifted paris a coup mththen rurto the ited stesnd rened acve and thedivorced afr feyes. but folesn particular th ia gh point of her life. c-span: you cago to you to tsi's several different versns th iju 4send excerpt theet's run a u n explainith th diussionn.

>> livg in the cellar of thrueduiing is the emy. thbre oo or they wod t ve helout a. ofsialoler ghnggastheeoe harm' timsehef will on thpelen at peleatth. fotheir tenaty innsntid, e spanish revolts wod vend six weeks afr began. c-span: soul who we ey fighting for? spainad colony as it was caedspanish morocc the nohern st of the dirrean knn as morocco.

ere was a series o loalevolts fm e 0s andarer as th we oupd to suppress threvoltsnd recruiting dino troops or meenies for the region. and they were of mt effective fighngor mmd othe nationalis genels. th were fightinghe coloal warov se ar .

would do, under the relign d sos theran relationship twh we're saying in the world about beeen isis and t mli, and what we' wching. >> well, unfornaly ganized encoured, ma rape has been a pt my wars, in maim. sometis,hen weear about it d have ewitnesacunts, the'sotis when it has happen, and d't have it, because nobodyasecordi em. but e t teswhen it did happenn a wide sle was inhe spanish civil war and thk by encouragi t tops to do the rang, whh they

did, in a despread and very we-dumtewa they were playing on centues oracial fears. raped by aarab a o americ corresponntho recordedebesin nationast office, ying, ll, these women who e being rad,ou know, eyre communists an they're stl spanh men. is this proper? yes or no. buit went on andt wentn a huge scale. >>idheatlic chch know this andontinue touprt franco? >>bsutely. they spoed franco, that yo can see photographs of thic biop and, rdinals, raising

their hand >> ty knew all this wagog on. >> sure. >> bk to that clip erst hemminaywhat role did this movie play? w was hnarrate it go? >>emngway,f course, had been vy volveditspn. e vel, tt rst brgh him toheor'sttention, the sun al resasased on a ipo ain. he felt grt aost propriarlo f t cotry. ev tugh he was, onofhe most uolic oamican wrers. heev vedn the election 16. he felt a great nsofutge t coup spain. he did eryincoo attract --ttti and support

for the cae the spani republic. he comned that, with becing a poeragain, he d been foreign corrpoenin the 1920s, sigd twre a long ri opiesorpain, whh s ve sinoday cat o some 50 pe, and de four lo tps to ain, durinth r to write these pce he also s fascinat bthe new di of film, and felt atyoknow, domear lm mite help rch werod yens. so he and a film cw,ut together this documentar called the spanish y hear his ice, narratingan or so wes s gned up to be e naator.

and the film was being put together with a show,. >> we mein the projection e vie which h me d he wanted me to. many years ago hn'se eh other, i was reading, the text and, i said, ireallyecsary to sa th, ul'tt be bter to see the picture? and then i heard that growl from the darkns. and that damn fag got telling me how tori. i thought, well, oh, mr. heinaybecausyore so big and strong,nd have hair on your chest -- [laughter]

sw eafigurewu a me so iwu a him, and the spanish cil r beinprojec oa seeand the two avy figus and ssg st of e me [laughter] >>has a inrview with chael r inon with oron lls. put e ecoghe >>el the mie itself. hmingway diha this teen tgein fig wes pelellhe time. he took ov t f raising, an iwa finallyelease >> it was n eugtoho the unitedtas t t

widespreadeenghat thu. ould stay t anyurean war. >>t the me time heasn spn, he s mri, d stard d liain. i nto owou some, ts is backn 1983and fit these pieces together. >> it waaefinite enemy, if you don't stop it here, there ll be the r in europe and we were regards as travelers or whatever they called us and, then, it came about. >> who was martha? >> she was a young journalist, and it's believe he began his affair just before they went to spain together. but, she returned with him on all of these trips he made to

spain and, they were sort of social center of this group of foreign correspondents, and, she wrote for color years, the magazine. and she was as equally passionate part of the spanish republic. martha had a connection that hemmingway hoped would be valuable which was that, eleanor roosevelt was a close friend of her mother, and the roosevelts who this habit of asking all sorts of interesting people to live with them at the white house had, a couple years invited martha to come and live with them while she worked on her writing. but, she found out that eleanor wanted her help answering these

correspondences. >> so, she didn't last there very long. but she retained, this very close relationship with eleanor roosevelt and wrote her letters from spain while they were there and after they returned. and, they actually went, and showed the film for the first time to the roosevelts in the white house, in the 1937. it's the most exclusive audience for a film premiere that one can think of. they hope that, this would stir at least the president and if not the american people out of the stance of neutrality. but they didn't succeed. >> we as a country add embargo against selling arms to the republicans over there.

but, people that were in power at the time, and, was that ever close to being broken? >> well, it was broken in a very crucial way. there was a series of different laws having to do with neutrality. american neutrality, the thegisu could not sell arms to any country engaged at war or to either side, in a sill war. there were also further restrictions, on things, that weren't arms. something that wasn't regards, as a military arms in any way was oil. but of course, modern armies run on oil. and, 60% of the oil going to both sides in spain during the

war went directly to the armies. you needed it tor trucks and tanks, and aircraft, and, artillery, and moving, tens of thousands of soldiers. and, the law said it could not travel on american ships and, it could not be sold credit. all of these foreign correspondents in, madrid never and questions about this. they were being bombed. they never looked up and asked, whose fuel is powering those aircrafts? it should have been an obvious question. they knew that the national

spain had no oil tankers. they knew also, nationalist spain was very short of cash, and, any oil sold to them would have had to be on credit. they knew a hitler and, moose a lienny, who were supporting the coup attempt were importers, not exportters. the head of texaco, one of the major u.s. oil companies was a man named reber who was a freshist sympathize ser. he happily supplied franco and

his nationalists with most of their oil. he shipped it there, in text ka so tankers. and they left for amsterdam and they would open sealed orders and redirecting them to sports. he supplied franco with all of this oil, on credit. violating u.s. law in another way and he supplies franco with the oil at at huge discount, something that he never told texaco share holders about. or, as far as we can tell he never told his own board about it. he did something else as well, which is only come to light in

recent years, the school lar shared his documents with me. texaco being the national oil company had imports all over the words. and, agents, and, huge network of people, in ports everywhere. he sent out instructions to all these folks saying, keep ire eyes out for any information about oil shipments going to the spanish republic. and send us any data you have. this was passed onto nationalists, spain's high command for the use of nationalist bomber pilots, looking for targets. because the lifeline of oil going to the spanish republic was necessary.

>> 29 oil tankers heading for the spanish republic were sunk captured or damaged. and, one or two cases we can tie that directly to information supplied by texaco. so the u.s. might be neutral but they had gone to war. >> this american running texaco was pro-franco and here's another commentator that was accused of being profranco and people will remember, he was on broadcasting. >> very interesting character, i wouldn't want him, here in america, heaven knows. we want no dictators here. i do think that he has done a great job for spain. "time" magazine, 1955, among the franco admirers, few has been.

[inaudible] left wingers, and, end quote. >> i cannot be responsible for what they may or may not print. >> mike wallace, what can you tell us about the discussion going on, in this country about pro-franco and anti-franco? >> well i think there are theret of people who felt as, said there, well, franco was a dictator but as long as he was anti dom my in any event that was the important thing. there was a feeling, that, because the military helped,

that the spanish republic was getting it, that, if the republic won the war, influence would be enhanced. and i don't think that would have happened. but it was a fear that was whipped up effectively. >> how many people died in the war? >> about 200,000 were killed in combat. at least 200,000 more were killed in political murders, that happened, during the war itself, about three quarters of them were supporters of the spanish republic who were murdered by the spanish nationalists. >> about a quarter of them were supporters or presumed

supporters, who were killed by mobs. it was a very, very brutal period of time, especially at the beginning, in the opening months of the war where people of these opposing politics just felt it was legitimate to the slaughter anybody who the opposite point of view. >> how many, had fought there between 36 and 39 were killed. >> about 750, and the majority of the remainder were wounded. >> this is what book? >> this is my 8th book. >> which one was the big seller? >> probably that would be book number 5, it was about the belgian conquest. >> 19 -- 1999. >> 1998. >> and then two wars.

>> several others. you grew up in, born in new york, graduated harvard in 1963, you now live in san francisco. >> berkeley. >> do you teach any more. >> i do. i teach a class, at berkeley. >> why did you start as one of the founders, the magazine mother jones? >> okay, mother jones was a great 19th and early 20th century labor here win who battled for worker strikes. and, unlike far too many people she had a great sense of humor. so when we were looking around, for somebody to name a magazine after, we picked her name. i had started, as i think i mentioned earlier, newspaper

reporter, in san francisco, and then i worked for another manage, and, it was published no more. but existed at that time. but i have always been half journalist and half activist. because i'm a child of the 1960s, when i got out of college, the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement was on. my then girlfriend, now wife were civil rights workers in mississippi, in the summer of 1964, the year that 1,000 people went down there from the north. i was very much involved, in the movement against the vietnam war. so for me i have always been drawn to writing about people, who have been active, in trying to change the world. i can't say that i have succeeded in changing the world myself. and it's a lot easier to write

about people who are doing that, than to try to change it. but, i couldn't to admire people who are trying to change the world. >> i don't know if you have ever seen it. 30 seconds. 1930, mother jones was 100-years-old and here she is. [inaudible] will show the world what the workers can do. >> in your land, is mother jones, today, making money or is it supposed to make money? >> it's a non-profit institution. it raises a lot of money from generous donors and readers.

tens and how it sands of them. i'm pleased that it is still publishing. i think it has had impact. you may remember in the 2012 election the story of mitt romney's 47% speech which some people think cost him the election, that revelation was a mother jones story. i'm proud to be associated with the magazine still. i can't claim to have done much work. >> somewhat about politics? >> i would say an independent utomorrow pea en. i still think we need to find ways of getting to a much better, much different world than the one we're in today.

if there was an international brigade of volunteers, i would say it's people who are fighting against climate change. that seems the overwelching issue facing us right now. i just to want make it far more front-and-center. >> when you went to mississippi you were in your early 20s. demonstrated against the vietnam, and what was the average age of the american, abraham lincoln brigade americans, fighting in spain? >> it was a little bit older. it was about 28. there were some students, people who had dropped out of college to go, in fact, one of the

people i talk about, in spain, is a guy who was a senior at schwartz more college and ran away to fight in spain and he was fatally wounded. >> his name, joe -- >> there's a picture, in your book meeting with his sister. wonderful woman. >> he was -- he was only 20, 21 when he was killed. most were older. the average age was 28. many of them were people who were unemployed, older than the early 20s, that

we were talking about. >> we're out of time. but, the one thing, there is a lot more, about a lot more americans. the stories, the people that taught in spain. spain in our hearts, it's a story about the spanish civil war, that franco won. >> thank you ♪ ♪ tomorrow "q and a," robert

kaplan, atlantic magazine on his book, in europe's shadow. 7 p.m. eastern here. here's some featured programs this week. >> saturday night at 10 eastern, afterwards, new american foundations, rosa brooks, the changes, in the military is approached to fight more, in her book how everything became war and the military became everything. >> miss brooks is interviewed by hicks, former deputy for policy and director of the international security program. >> congress is not going to wake up and say let's triple the

budget. but if that's not going to happen if the military, is going to continue to be asked to take on this very wide range then let's make sure they are good at it. >> in-depth is live, with author and radio host, dennis, he's the author of the nine questions, asked about judaism. >> why the jews. still the best hope the 10 commandments. >> at 8 p.m. indicate anderson profiles the ten first ladies since 1960. first women the grace and power, she speaks here in washington, dc. on monday, marry roche on the science used to improve the u.s. military.

and elaine on why the public has lost faith in leaders. and, the tenure of george w. bush. and trent lott and people chech talk about politics. go to t.v. book.org. >> we visit authors and bookstores and historic sites around the country we'll make stops in the san francisco bay area, and, connecticut and southern california. >> now, with the help of our cable partner we take a tour of marcus books. we spoke with co-owner planning about the history and role in the civil rights movement. w