we do not yet know all the potential birth defects that zika can cause, and we do not know all the potential effects of microcephally to a newborn or the life expectancy of a zika baby. but the health care costs for the 31-year-old mother in hackensack, new jersey, who gave birth to the first zika baby born in the united states will no doubt be staggering. in the millions of dollars. at the end of the day, protecting our people from an insidious virus that ultimately can affect the next generation that is being born is in fact protecting the public. and in my mind, not acceptable to play politics with the national emergency. we can have all of the debates in the world about family planning and access to women's health care, but we are delaying the possibilities of a vaccine being prepared, of mosquito abatement to limit the population of infected insects

and we are denying care to those women who could be or are infected. we need to act now to pass the necessary funding just as we do in any national emergency against any threat against any enemy. and zika is a real and direct threat. and i can talk from personal experience. it's affected me and my family. my daughter lives in miami. she is now six months pregnant with her first child, and i'm deeply concerned for her well health, her well-being and the well-being of what will be my first grandchild. and while this moment is a moment of great joy, every young mother already has concerns in the normal course of events. will my child be healthy? will they be seach and free from any -- safe and free from any illness? these are normal concerns, but

zika adds a new dimension to those normal worries, and we could have done something to stop it were it not for the republican obstructionism, particularly in the house. shame on us that we have not done all we could to mitigate the fear that young mothers are feeling. and that fear is palpable. itit cannot be ignored, not by me, not by any father, not by any grandfather. it should not be ignored by republicans in congress. this isn't for me or my daughter. it's too late for her to take advantage of a vaccine or a cure. but it's not too late for other mothers and their children across this country. how can we in good conscience not do all we can to attack this problem as best as we can? my daughter has taken precaution. she's doing everything possible to protect herself. but beyond the personal aspect

of what's happening in my family, while having a child is a moment of great joy, any woman who is pregnant in miami or, for that fact, the reality is this knows no limitations geographically. it will continue to spread across the country. it is an added risk that is very real and should be a deep concern to all of us. we want to protect our children. we talk about that in many different dimensions here and different debates. whether it be on education and health care. and here we are doing something that every person who is a father here, every person who may be a grandfather understands very clearly. every woman who serves in the senate and has had a child understands very well the whole emotional process that goes on as they are worrying about that child, taking care of

themselves, having the right nutrition, doing all the prenatal care that they have so that they can have a child that is born healthy. but the difference between what women throughout the country are doing to protect themselves to the extent that they can is that not all of us have the ability to do something about us, like those in this chamber have. it's our responsibility. it's our obligation. it's our duty to act in the interest of every family who cannot do what we can by simply passing this legislation and doing it now. the alarms have been ringing for months. we knew zika was coming. but instead of being proactive and prepared for what was about to hit our shores, republican leaders in congress chose to ignore the warning signs and adjourn congress without acting. now we're back.

our nation faces an emergency. we're here. there are no excuses. there is no political justification for inaction. at the end of the day lives are at stake and we are sworn to protect every american. and i call on my colleagues in both chambers to put the nonsense aside, stop the pointless political posturing and do your job. we are living in a political season that has devolved as a race to the bottom. let's not participate in that race by letting the rigid fundamentalist social agenda of the most extreme elements in our politics overrule common sense and shared values in the face of a crisis and a danger to america. we know what's right. we know what we have to do, and now is the time to do it. it is in that hope that we break the shackles of this absurd

political obstructionist chain that is holding back from doing what's right and what's necessary that i look forward to next week, since we will seem to be out of session now, next week ultimately addressing the concerns that women and families have across this country. we hear a lot about the protection of the unborn. well, this is the very essence of being able to protect the unborn from an insidious disease that can affect their lives forever. i hope the conscience of the senate will ultimately move themselves to its better judgment. with that, mr. president, i yield the floor and observe the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk should call the roll. quorum call:

quorum call:

quorum call:

a senator: mr. president? the presiding officer: the senator from maryland. mr. cardin: i ask unanimous consent that the quorum call be dispensed with. the presiding officer: without objection,so ordered. mr. cardin: mr. president, i take this time on the floor to first express my appreciation to the leadership for bringing forward the water resources development act, the wrda act. i know we're going to have a chance to vote on the cloture motion on monday, and i just really want to thank the leadership for making this bill available for floor time. i also want to congratulate senator inhofe, the chairman of our committee, and senator boxer, the ranking democrat, because i'm a proud member in

the environment and public works committee that has recommended these water resources development act to the full senate. the process that was used by chairman inhofe and ranking member boxer was the way that the legislative process should work in the united states senate. we had a very open process where many members, all the members of our committee, many other members of the senate participated in one of the most important bills that we consider during a congressional session. it deals with the conservation and development of our water resources and authorizes the construction projects for improvement of rivers and harbors. in other words, mr. president, this bill very much affects every state in the nation because it affects our economy. it affects our environment. it affects clean water. it affects public health. it's an extremely important piece of legislation.

and when we look at the content of this bill, we see that the leaders of our committee were able to work out the right type of compromises so that we don't have a contentious bill before the united states senate. we have a bill that is focused on the purpose of wrda to conserve and develop our water resources and to authorize the construction projects for our rivers and harbors. for maryland, this bill is particularly important. when we look at a wrda bill, so many projects and so many opportunities in my state are involved. in maryland we have the port of baltimore, which is the economic hub. i was there last week visiting the port of baltimore. i'm there very frequently. there's tens of thousands of jobs, one of the most active ports in our country. it depends upon the wrda bill for the authorization of the

projects to keep the port of baltimore competitive and able to do the important economic work of our region. so for the economic impact that our ports have to america and certainly port of baltimore, to maryland, this bill is particularly important. i could also point to being in ocean city, maryland, during the maryland association of county conferences. i had a chance to see firsthand the impact of the beach renourishment programs. that's impacted by the wrda bill. the protection of the chesapeake bay to my state, the largest estuary in our hemisphere, very much impacted by this bill. in the public health, to the people of maryland and indeed our nation, safe drinking water and our state revolving funds for clean water are very much impacted by the water resources development act. let me talk specifically about what is included in this bill that will help the people of

maryland and the people of our country. first, the economic impact. as i said earlier, the passage of this bill will provide for job growth and economic growth in our country. it also will protect our public health. the dredging and maintenance of our rivers and harbors are very much paramount to this. as a result of previous wrda bills, with this wrda bill we are in our region able to maintain our channels. we also have been able to find locations where we can put the dredge material. for example, in maryland, we have a national model in what we did at popular island. popular island was a disappearing island in the chesapeake bay, very much, almost all submerged. and basically it was an environmental negative.

it was a liability. through the use of the deposits of dredge material, poplar island has been converted not just to a dredge site but environmental restoration site and has helped very much in dealing with the diversity of species we find in the cles pee. through wrda authorizations and appropriations we've been able to convert a negative to our environment to a positive at the same time finding a way we can deal with dredge materials so we can keep our harbors open. that is a win-win-win situation and it's those types of projects that are included in the water resources development act. but there are many other communities. in maryland we have the port of baltimore. i've talked about that. but we have a lot of smaller ports and a lot of smaller a harbors in maryland. during the break, i visited salisbury, maryland. they have a port. they want to expand their port so that they cannot only import

products as they do but use it as an export location. in salisbury they have the chesapeake shipbuilding, which is one of the premier shipbuilding facilities we have, and they benefit from what is done in salisbury harbor. i just really want to point out to the people i represent in maryland by way of example the important economic projects that are very much impacted by the passage of the water resources development act. but the economic impact goes beyond just what we do in our harbors. it also involves our shoreline protection. while i was in ocean city, i visited with mayor mehan, the mayor of ocean city, who pointed out to me what happened during the last storm. we get storms along the east coast. we always get storms. but he pointed out to me the impact that the beach renourishment programs have had in minimizing damage to property

and to the shoreline. we invest in beach renourishment as basically an insurance policy against damage that could be much, much greater. we get our money back and much more through the investments we make in beach renourishment in the water resources development act. and i can tell you, for the people who have their homes on ocean city, maryland, and businesses, they very much appreciate the fact that this congress is paying attention to this issue. then i could go to smith island. smith island is the last habitable island in maryland on the chesapeake bay. and it is eroding and it has serious issues about its sustainability. for the people who live on smith island, it's not only their home, it's part of the history of our state and nation that they are preserving. we have provided in the wrda bill a way in which we can do living shorelines so a community

like smith island continue and be safe from the devastations we are seeing on erosion. i'm proud of all of those provisions that are in this wrda bill that will help us deal with those issues. as i pointed out earlier, the wrda bill was important for our chesapeake bay. the chesapeake bay is the largest estuary in our hemisphere. it's been declared by many presidents as a national treasure. it is a national treasure. we have a comprehensive program in partnership with the federal government with the state governments of five states and district of columbia. we have a partnership with local governments, with private sector. and we are making progress. in this bill, let me give you one example, we increase the authorization for oyster recovery program. i was proud to offer this amendment, from $60 million to $100 million, almost doubling

the dollars that are going to be available for oyster recovery programs. why is that important? i think most members understand that oysters are cash crops. they're pretty -- it's a nice, to harvest oysters and be able to serve them and use them as water men do. we're increasing dramatically the number of oysters that can be harvested. we're using new methods, including ways in which we can see oysters off the bottom as well as on the bottom of the river, and it is taken. we're seeing our oyster crops increase dramatically which is helping the economy of the watermen of maryland and our region. but oysters also are a filtering agent for the chesapeake bay. they cleanse the water. they give us a better quality water in the chesapeake bay which helps all the species and the future of the chesapeake bay. we are down to a very small

percentage of the historic crop on oysters. when we started the recovery program. now that we have been in the recovery program, we're recovering a significant number of oysters. we're not there yet. we've got a lot more to do. but this extra federal help in oyster recovery will certainly help in that regard. oysters also, by the way, build the infrastructure for the different species within the bay. they actually become the living organisms can live on it and produce the type of food chain necessary for a healthy diversity within the chesapeake bay. so, mr. president, i was particularly pleased that the committee recommended my amendment to increase our programs for oyster recovery. this bill also deals with clean water. in the 111th congress when i was chair of the water subcommittee of environment and

public works committee, i filed s. 1005 that deals with our state revolving funds. let me just explain for our colleagues. the state revolving funds are the major federal partnership to help local governments deal with how they deal with safe drinking water and clean water. wastewater treatment is done through state revolving funds. we have taken some action in order to modernize this program. in this wrda bill, we incorporate many of the elements of the legislation that i filed that will update and improve the revolving loan programs. it makes much more predictable and flexible for our states so they can plan their projects accordingly which is critically important for safe drinking water and economic growth. we expand the eligibility to include preconstruction, to deal with replacement and

rehab, and for the first time allow these funds to be used for source water protection plans so that we actually can make sure that we're getting safe water into our water supplies. we also allow for the prioritization of sustainability and we provide incentives for water efficiency, which is cost saving using better technology so the way that we handle our water can be done with less leakage, less waste, less energy and more efficiency, saving money. $9 million is authorized for the water resources research act. again, i was pleased to offer that to the committee and i was pleased that it was included in the final bill that is before the committee. let me talk for a moment about public health because the wrda bill also deals with public health, which is very important. i know every member is aware of what happened in flint, michigan

on lead poisoning. we know how tragic that was. we know how many families, how many children were directly impacted by decisions that were made there. this bill does much to deal with the tragedies in flint. but flint is not unique in the risk factors to our children on exposures to lead. i can give baltimore city as an example. the schools in baltimore city have turned off their water fountains because it would not be safe for the children in schools to use the water fountains that are there. the pipes that lead into the schools contaminated by lead, the city doesn't have the resources to replace those pipes that come in. and, therefore, have closed the water fountains and use bottled water instead. we have problems in our water infrastructure in america as it relates to the vulnerability of

exposure to excessive lead. i think, mr. president, you are aware that there is no acceptable level of lead in a child's blood. we know that lead in blood of children has an impact on their capacity to grow. i'll just give you one example. freddie gray tragically killed over a year ago in a police incident caused a disturbance in baltimore, had high levels of lead from his youth in his blood. these are matters in which we can take steps to correct, and this wrda bill does exactly that. first, it requires -- it takes many of the provisions of the bill that i filed working with many of my colleagues, we called a true leadership. we brought together many of our ideas on what we could do to combat lead poisoning. i put that bill together with my colleagues and we filed that bill, and with senator inhofe

and senator boxer's leadership we were able to incorporate many of those provisions, most of those provisions into this wrda bill that's now before the united states senate. so that we'll be able to give public notice, public notice, transparency when public officials discover an unacceptably high level of lead in the water system. so the public will know. and they can avoid the risk. we are providing money for testing, testing of schools, testing of child-care centers and individual children. in maryland, every child -- every child one and two years of age will be tested to see whether they have excessive lead levels in their blood. so there's truly an all-out effort. the one provision i really want to underscore, $300 million in this bill so that we can secure the last line of pipe coming

from the main sources into homes. there are a lot of individuals who live -- families, low-income families who live in homes where the water system itself is safe, but the pipes that lead into their home produce lead and subject their families to lead poisoning. they don't have the resources to correct it and this bill provides a program where low-income families can get help in correcting the pipes that lead into their house to make sure that they're lead-free so that they are children aren't susceptible to lead poisoning. these are all really good-news issues. mr. president, i appreciate the time, attention given to this. but i wanted to emphasize that this bill is a very important bill. it contains issues, as i said, from protecting our environment to our public health to our

economy, and it's a bill that deserves the strong support of the members of the united states senate, and i hope my colleagues in the house will also approve this bill and it reflects the hard work and leadership of senator inhofe and senator boxer and the environmental public works committee and many members of the united states senate, and i'm very proud to support this legislation. with that, i would suggest the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: and the clerk should call the roll. quorum call:

mr. boozman: mr. president, i ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescind and i'm permitted to speak as if in morning business for up to ten minutes. the presiding officer: without objection. so ordered. mr. boozman: thank you, mr. president. i rise today to honor the service and sacrifice of corporal bill cooper of the sebastian county sheriff's office. he gave his life in the line of duty on august 10, 2016. as a veteran of the united states marine corps who spent 15 years in the sebastian county sheriff's office and six years with the fort smith police department, bill cooper was a true public servant. corporal cooper was remembered by his colleagues as a model law enforcement officer who did things the right way. he loved the men and women he worked with, and he exemplified what many in law enforcement

aspire towards, which was being an officer who never failed to show how much he cared about his community. as such, he continued to serve long after he was eligible to retire. cooper was also a devoted husband, father, and grandfather who loved his family very, very much. last month corporal cooper responded to a domestic violence call involving an armed suspect near hackett, arkansas. the suspect opened fire on cooper and hackett police chief dick spells. corporal cooper was fate aolly wounded. hackett and a k-9 officer were wounded. the suspect was ten into custody. in a true testament to the impact that corporal cooper had, he was laid to rest in a fiewng rail service attended by several thousand people, including law

enforcement officers from across the state and around the country. his colleagues and friends remembered him to have always treated citizens with respect and dignity. while also being a loyal partner and friend. while our hearts break for those who knew him, we also respect and admire corporal cooper for his lifetime of service. he truly was someone who ran toward danger in order to protect others. mr. president, corporal cooper was a hero today -- was a hero, and today we honor his sacrifice. our thoughts and prayers are with his wife and son along with many other family members, friends, and colleagues in the law enforcement community. i think humbly and sincerely offer my condolences and gratitude to them as they griever to bill. bill was a classmate of mine in fort smith.

we as a class are very, reproud of him for his sacrifice, for our safety, but also it certainly is important for the way he lived his life. may we always remember corporal cooper's life and legacy of service. i yield back and suggest the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk should call the roll. quorum call:

quorum call:

a senator: mr. president?

the presiding officer: the senator from arkansas. a senator: i ask unanimous consent that we dispense with the quorum call. the presiding officer: without objection, so ordered. a senator: i ask ask unanimous consent that the committee on veterans affairs be discharged from further consideration of h.r. 3969 and the senate proceed to its immediate consideration. the presiding officer: the clerk will report. the clerk: h.r. 3969 an act to designate the department of veterans affairs community-based outpatient clinic in nevada as the master chief petty officer jesse dean, v.a. clinic. the presiding officer: is there objection to proceeding to the measure? without objection. a senator: i ask unanimous consent that the bill be read a third time and passed, the motion to reconsider be considered made and laid pong the table. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. boozman: mr. president, i ask consent the senate proceed

to the immediate consideration of s. res. 549, submitted earlier today. the presiding officer: the clerk will report. the clerk: senate resolution 549 expressing a commitment by the senate to never forget the service of aviation's first responders. the presiding officer: is there objection to proceeding to the measure? without objection. mr. boozman: i further ask that the resolution be agreed to, the preamble be greed to, and the motions to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table with no intervening action or debate. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. boozman: mr. president, i ask unanimous consent the senate proceed to the immediate consideration of s. res. 550 submitted earlier today. the presiding officer: the clerk will report. the clerk: senate resolution 550 designating the week of september 5 through september 9, 2016 as recognizing the 40th

anniversary of women at the united states naval academy week. the presiding officer: is there objection to proceeding to the measure? without objection. mr. boozman: i further ask that the resolution be agreed to, the preamble be greed to, and the motions to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table with no intervening action or debate. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. boozman: mr. president, i ask unanimous consent that when the senate completes -- i ask unanimous consent that when the senate completes its business today, it adjourn until 3:00 p.m. monday, september 12, following the prayer and pledge, the morning hour be deemed expired, the journal of proceedings be approved to date, and the time for the two leaders to be reserved for their use later in the day. further that following leader's remarks, the senate resume

consideration of s. 2848. finally that notwithstanding the provisions of rule 22, the senate vote on the motion to invoke cloture vote on the inhofe-boxer substitute amendment number 4979 at 5:30 p.m. monday. the presiding officer: is there objection? without objection so ordered. mr. boozman: if there's no further business to come before the senate, i ask that it stand adjourned until the previous order. the presiding officer: the senate stands adjourned till

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>> lb a president for democrats republicans and independents. >> we will limit education and the second amendment. we will win

>> be spent banks lower the generous introduction. land thanks for coming it is a beautiful day in california there are many

things you could be doing other than hearing a conversation about refugees and a photo exhibit i hope you'll see the exhibit is fantastic i saw its last week i come to this space as recently as icahn everybody now has a friend or relative go to the voters space you have to see it is the gem of los angeles and a great place to spend a few hours with their exhibitions or anything they have covered in that past. turned to the conversation and hand and our guest starting from a short introduction if you are curious about the background they have very long was a maze of and very distinguished but i will be very brief with my introductions to the above first don my left is a

professor of law at ucla the new director for the center of near eastern studies a graduate of yale law school from yale law review and she is particularly interested in international law, human rights and allies of war and to her right is a historian of photography with the emphasis on documentary photography she turned her bachelor's of arts and chirpy hdl harvard. and you are working on a project now on the civil war? and to my immediate left is

t11 teaching at usc american studies and the author of the novel the sympathizer that won the pulitzer, i think have heard of that and essentially it is about the refugee experience but told in the context of a thriller and it is a great read and working on another book next year called the refugees. check out the sympathizer it is all quality bookstores or order of mine. let's start with the international refugee crisis as it exists right now. we did a little homework the united nations says there is 65 million refugees now in the world. one in other everyone hundred 13 people on the up planet that is about the

size of the population of australia and new zealand combined or as many refugees now as there are the entire population of california plus another 2,025,000,000 you cannot check out the newspaper or website without hearing something about refugees in the presidential campaign cleveland and philadelphia and you heard a lot about refugees and you heard a lot of fear expressed about refugees and the threat they may oppose to america right now. list of the conversation over to asli bali. it is often described as the crisis of historic proportions forced to leave

their homeland to fight a life someplace else. isn't quite. >> the choice to frame the says a crisis itself is political. so obviously there are very serious threats to those enforcing that migration facing horrific circumstances in syria syria, somalia and they are experiencing a genuine crisis but to put into a broader perspective, the average european countries like france cost about 80 million tourists per year to manage buffalo and cope with at lovell love the way they run their society so can we manage those flows of populations?

absolutely yes if we chose to address this which could be managed as a policy to meet a humanitarian objectives that is not an uncontrollable but that framing edessa feet into political choices that our problematic because we think of this in terms of a crisis we tend to go to the most extreme rather than thinking of what that would look like . second the political strategy themselves tends to endorse a way to frame refugees as a burden and that itself contributes to the climate of zeno phobia.

so this is what we would want to manage without framing the crisis. >> we will return to those made in a more western european context but you want to say something quick. >> 65 million refugees eyesight to that number from the u.n. but i did any event with samantha powers the u.s. ambassador to the u.n. and then she said 21 million. you can correct me but i believe that it is displaced people not necessarily refugees because in political terms it gets off to the issue why they are considered trouble some why

we want to classify some and others that we don't. >> and at 65 million is crossing borders driven by war and poverty and famine and people who are basically staying within the country. >> 29 million of refugees and then those that are crossing borders than 250 migrants annually worldwide those who choose to leave their country of origin to spend at least one year outside is the largest figure so that is the group that you just referred to their not included in any of those categories. >> so talk about the images of refugees you are a refugee yourself.

>> so many people want to call me an immigrant but i may refugee and it is a war novel because in the context of united states if this really well of what united states did says a nation of immigrants. whiff hurricane katrina, we saw all these pictures of people displaced. what do we call them? some say refugees so if it is interesting that both president bush at the time and jesse jackson said they are not possibly the only time they have agreed with each other. [laughter]

and of course, jesse jackson was racist to call the refugees as well so there is something about being a refugee that runs counter to how americans perceive themselves. >> when it comes to the issues without refugees and immigrants are presented in popular culture or presented by the media, which is the same and what has changed over the last 100 years? >> we can see the kinds of images that americans have been exposed to early 20th century and a the way the of apology was formulated.

>> they are humble and is an orderly process you can see the unchecked keying uh documents -- and the m. checking the documents and then you see the images of refugees that our disorderly . actually this photographer is rejecting that image is that innovation that they are invading this country or another country. >> the photo that was used in a campaign of britain is very controversial. >> and where they were going

fees are crowds of people we cannot take out individuals and hear the use of that he and immediately in the foreground makes us participants we are not spectators as the hand brings us into the space. we can see a range of emotions to see their reactions and that is one of the things that we discussed >> going back to ellis island, that was a much more controversial issue at the time. we say that is a classic american success story to make new life in america but what if people looked at the

photo to say this is the invasion in that era black. >> is very orderly these are particular types of immigrants you look at just more this once but they are perpetrated as religious and they are religious people and they are humble. >> by their him images quick. >> so this in is applied but they will be used in the stories so at that time and would not read the story as the image and it may not have any type of client textual information.

>> sometimes to be over romanticize in this country whether classic immigrants or refugees that we remember n hindsight to be an orderly process? for people from the of middle east the halftime it is a much more chaotic reception one. >> now we look at the contemporary refugees like a doctor in in the very educated don't under like what it is like out here in looking at the chinese immigrants the political cartoon depictions were horrifying with the death of racism in american society towards the chinese was

incredible that down there so well assimilated is hard to believe that that fervor existed and now new immigrants much more terrifying than the chinese back then. >> those attitudes are there as we pull forward to the image of the wharf in city block dash orphan city. >> that context is the image first. that this is an image that portrays refugees has a population to be managed with that aerial view of the of military.

to show those skills. to see the aerial view, people wearing different uniforms in then to be controlled to imply that criminalization that their apparent criminals. >> one thing i find striking that they're witnessing similar scenes with that benefit burden thinking in terms of crisis with that legacy have the genocide but

today one century later with these are being n american community a. arguta is an important element to be part of a mosaic that is attributed to the swiss. . .

in trying to flip the narrative is greater there. >> do you agree that in our heads we sometimes put the immigrant on one side and the hard work and goodness and ready to simulate in his new country and then the refugee is the more other kind of person and someone who we think of as being more suspicious and were more skeptical of. do you agree with that. >> in the world i inhabit strangely i think there is a different dichotomy of play. they are entitled to that. they are wrongly trying to make it claims on society.

a way in which the category is deployed. in ways that are deeply damaging. they are defined to the refugees as opposed to that. the other piece i think is interesting is we tend to think of refugees sort of a humanitarian needs. it eliminates agencies. in terms of the framing. and produces a way of thinking about those kinds of things. in a variety of ways. thank you think you think you. i deeply promised -- traumatized.

it is very problematic. those may be attributes in this country where it is and immigrate nation. this refugee in a problematic way. are they defining the refugee. in this humanitarian way. in its history and the ways in which we think about different legal attitudes for safe mobility. many more barriers had gone up over the course of the 20th century the bar is being raised high. i know that someone mentioned that it represents front line states. the real frontlines are for

syria in the middle east. and there has been a deep effort to contain the population there. they are the five countries have the largest and provost countries. itself has produced. they have absorbed more refugees than germany has. those head been the true front line states. it has been to legal avenues. refugees become one of the few safe if it enables you to overcome that barrier. they are not capable of coping

with the numbers what you're saying is in terms of the church contest. i read one out of every five people in turkey right now is a refugee of some sort. does that sound right. just to give you some examples. their country there country of 4 million people. that's probably figured out of data they have absorbed the largest number of refugees at over 3.5 million refugees. it represents a smaller proportion of the large population.

a small country and all of these are countries in the developing world. they are housed. by countries in the global sound. regardless the demographic meeting of that for the european union or larger union. i think this is what we had been talking about. in 1975 and they took they took in the hundred 50,000 vietnamese refugees. the issue of crisis as a political issue. for various kinds of reasons.

and when we talk about the south east asia refugee. i think one thing it tells us that's really part powerful is that on one hand it could be construed as invasion or an issue for the rescue. and that's how they've chosen to see the united states it allows them to forget worse in the first place. they never have the gratitude if it was political narrative that serves both the united states but also deep politicizes it they are afraid to bring up that history. they don't want to be seen as ungrateful. >> we can kind of see you out there. many remember when they arrived in 1975 or 1976 camp pendleton had a huge camp there in texas to i believe

it's a small number compared to what we have absorbed in the past. they tend to think of this as a success story in 1975 they did not want to accept the refugees. we forgotten that. when does the refugee who doesn't go back home. what you have to do to reach a

plateau or that place. >> those are interesting ways to think about it temporarily. i think that is a generational question. typically the children that are born as second-generation persons become fat person. they are almost never able to shed the identity of those who arrived at the end. for example the city is a refugee camp that has ultimately turned into a city there was a survey should.

they were slaughtered for the generation refugees who are now refugees from syria. there is a camp in kenya when you had generations of people still framed as refugees. the challenge of people is how long can you frame as opposed to in need of. and integrated in the economies. they help while those communities are.

we can go to any of those images. all of these are actively trying to overturn a lot of the stereotypes we see it in a photograph like this it is photographing men waiting so this is a landscape. to suggest that they are not victims here.

they are trying to for me like write a life for themselves. i think we see that throughout the images. they have absorbed a lot of the debate. they are working in a way that they don't have the luxury of doing. with his commission to do a project. and also working and spending lots of time with their subjects. alongside a group called signum which is a group of photographers it was purposely

trying to explore this. and use as a tool. i have recognize how photography is done in different ways. what strikes me as a reporter. someone's job who is communicate the stories at least in the context of where we are in los angeles. i'm struck by how poor of a job we do it collectively in explaining these new communities. it's almost like they live in separate universes. whether it's more established communities where there are other communities. and i just wonder if you have

any reaction of that in terms of how refugees are covered in contemporary coverage. by the media. >> most americans don't know a whole lot about newark communities and that's because the society is structured to ignore these people i grew up in the vietnamese community. so many americans said we never knew about this perspective even people who lived next to them. the entire way in which its structure. whether it's equities or just poor people. they're so much work that needs to be done on the part of those that are $6 who are working on these communities but the odds are stacked against us because we don't had access.

this is one of the things that they're trying to do is to put a face to people and show us that the people that we see and we might see on the street whatever the story is behind them. they created the images in a way you've all probably seen portraits of obama or any of the other politicians and he worked in the same way in order to create the democratic platform. they treat everyone the same way. but also to insist that there are stories behind each of our faces obviously. each of our presentations. >> we love to argue that they have agency and power.

all of that is true. but almost by definition someone that is a refugee is almost excluded. he wants us to emphasize. by the time a refugee can actually do something like this we no longer are refugees. we are already distant. they get the agency to get on the boat. then i have the don't have the power to tell their own story. they are making photographs. they are on documentation. we are beginning to see them tell their own stories. it also has to do with distribution. how did the stories get out.

and how do we figure this out. i had been on the coast of morocco. with people trying to cross into spain. they have nothing maybe a change of clothes but a lot of them have cell phones. they know how to replace that. social media has made images better. capacity to seize on you may have seen it. about the syrian they put themselves in the home country. he describes what that journey looks like.

at the same time he laments the construction that he feels confined to offer a been a good refugee in an attempt. about the kind of threat represented. he feels the need to do that. clearly many german audiences. he is performance of the story that he wants to tell. another good example of humanitarian or human rights organization is that it's an image that is included in the exhibit here we have a very young woman turkish photo journalist. who takes the picture. but peter who is the have of the emergency team was present

at the beach at the time. they reach we did it. it had been attempting to get a message out about the terror tragedy that was taking place. managing to frame a narrative which the image itself becomes viral it is disconnected from the context in which it was launched in social media in the first place. you see how they are being harnessed by refugees and those agencies that are seeking to act on those behalf. it certainly shifted the narrative in europe about the tens of thousands of syrians on this is a terrible photo. literally just kilometers from her i sent every childhood.

it has a residence because of the location beyond what we might appreciate here in the united states. in terms of places that they might know. also interestingly it is noted that it shows us one picture. in the mediterranean a day now. is twice the number that is the case every crisis gets its image for two at caps to it. you think of the spanish civil war and that. a crap captures him as he falls to the ground. along with the attention it focuses on the issue that that

photo in particular where is there a drawback that we may not realize. you reference the spanish civil war. it was just one of its kind for years. we have all of this time to meditate on these images you can choose other conflicts with the vietnam war and these images we have all the time to kind of sit with them and react to them and what i think is that now things come out and things disappear you can go online and see millions of images of families trying to cross the mediterranean now but you still get that one image that explodes beyond that. i'm just wondering that the pop positives are recognized. if there's any drawbacks to

that. once it does viral it doesn't matter what the intention of the photographer is i think back to that. there is a photograph of the general and he forever regretted that. and then i think in the image is burned in everyone's memory the vietnamese are forever in the memories of people as victims it was crippling kind of stories. that's why we have people in

vietnam and in the united states reiterating this claim. vietnam is not the war as a country. they have to keep on saying it. when you say vietnam everybody thinks that means war. as the 60s soundtrack. and you see these. it is images of vulnerability the younger obviously images of the mothers mothers and children. images that resonate because of the christian origins of this country. anything to add i would like to make a page turn here. to tweet that picture. the backlash of people say that there is something almost pornographic about that. his response was what was

truly grotesque was the site of policies that were forcing them into that. the decision to militarize and exclude them. i think that is a price. an image has the capacity to fully shape the narrative. it seared into our minds. it will shape that. that's how we understand it. indicted a policy that allowed children to be drowned in the seeds around here. for that particular moment. in the broader framing the idea that they point out this is about a framing of vulnerability gets lost at some point and instead it just comes to stand in for the identity it becomes that. it shifts from immediate

crisis that these individuals say with the framing of the whole of society. and then i think that's where you end up with the problems. the photos here and it is to your right immediately when you enter. it really does hit you in the gut. i would just say i do think the photographers today to should actively address their own position as a same privilege as been able to speak. the problematic aspect of that. a lot of them try to do something about that. i do think that a lot of photographers are trying to also portray something that you don't see in the media there are aspects of each of these images that are problematic each of these

photographers are trying to address if we can go forward something like this. they are doing this new imagery taking a very common image that we see in refugee photography of a mother and a child. here he is doing something fast may be. he is doing a whole history. when these people sit for his image they are actually representing this in africa and in that weight showing that they are agents of their own condition. they are individual so these photographers are actively trying to do something that we

don't commonly see. they are taking quite a challenge themselves. he kind of came up with this idea the choice of color is important as well. it's not something you see in the subject matter because color also comes with that. we are used to black and white. they are making in that. we have to address the united states in this election year. in the refugees we have the presidential candidate i think you know who he is. who has said he could look into the eyes of a syrian

refugee child and say you could not cannot come into this country. i am paraphrasing. i was mentioned that. i heard a lot of people talking about that. they are being away for diseases to get into this country. this is open to anyone. what do you make of the tender of this. this is where we have began. by describing the crisis. you can do straight -- distort the facts. it would've been plausible at some level. there is a crisis at the southwestern border.

in fact it does not go out with the migration. the crisis is something as the best way to understand this and then the question is the exclusion and so forth. they are constantly deployed for strategic purposes. there are many shocking things about our current political moment. the deployment of that as viruses and a threat. resonates with our ordinary politics. it is the death that we see. not only in the united states is in the west. and then we do have this challenge of can we can start thinking about this.

it is largely a result of climate change. we can address it by trying to come up with rational policies or we can do kind of dance. i think that would be a very poor choice. they help to illustrate just how ugly a choice can be. >> i feel like images matter. of the immigrants as hordes of nameless and faceless people invading that those images that we might consume. they have an impact. and it is important for us to seek out and support others with the other representations in the media and are heavy every day media.

they have not have the space or the time. you might find the special section called the lens blog. that's kind of the special area. how do we find the space in our every day media to look more deeply differently at these types of issues. those are other refugees. be it religious threat or a mortal threat. they would bring vice and evil. they would undermine the american workingman. they were considered that. i really don't believe that simply because they are muslim that somehow they are different than other populations that have come to the s.