attack, they refused to find cover. british officers were expected not only to be brave, but to show complete disregard for their safety. a native south african intellectual journalist and statesman who had become the first secretary of the anc carefully observed the british army during the war, marveling at what he saw. these experienced soldiers never care how fast a bullet may whizz about them, he wrote, they stroll about far more recklessly than we walked through a shower of rain. although he was now only a journalist himself, churchill had a lot on his mind as he made his way to south africa. his mother, the beautiful charismatic and wicked smart woman had just told him she was

in love and was likely going to marry a young man named george cornwallis west who was only two weeks older than winston. churchill also, for the first time, had his own love life to consider. he had met a dazzling young woman named pamela plowden in india. the problem with that, he was far from her only admirer. worse, she didn't believe he was passionate enough in his devotion. churchill was indignant, insisting that he was not following the fancy of the hour. even pamela couldn't compete for churchill's attention attention as he near cape town. by the town he landed, the war had already taken a startling turn. the british army had been evaluated by the boers, losing several battles and leaving its

commanders stunned and scrambling to address this new kind of warfare. as soon as churchill arrived with his valet, as well as a nice selection of wine, french vermouth in 18 bottles of 10-year-old scotch whiskey, he went as fast and as far as he could to the front, which was now in ladysmith. by the time he arrived, however, the boers had completely cut off ladysmith. knowing to could get in or out. i was too late churchill wrote dismally, the door was shut. so he was forced to make camp 40 miles south of ladysmith in a little town. nine days later, as a heavy rain fell on a morning of november november 15, churchill climbed aboard the british army armored train.

his old friend from his days in the military had been ordered to take the train out for reconnaissance. both men knew it was a foolish, potentially disastrous decision. not only was the train and easy target on the best of days, but the boers had bins dotted just outside only the day before. he had no choice to go. churchill, on the the other hand, did, but frustrated, restless and later admitting either for trouble, he did not hesitate for a moment when he invited him to go along. before the sun came up he pulled into the first train car, and open truck for which he would have the best vantage. behind him, stretching down the track was another armored car filled with men in their khaki

uniforms, the engine with its wide mouth black funnel, to more armored cars and finally an ordinary car that held tools and a few plate layers. as the train cut across the south, the boers were silently and invisibly watching, led by a respected and daring young general who would later become the first prime minister of south africa. no man was more thoroughly bore than him. he could trace his family back to some of the earliest days of european settlement, to the hundreds who left for africa in 1685 after the revocation. he had had a quintessentially bore childhood, one of 13 children on an isolated farm about 100 miles west, he had

received only a few years of formal education. in zulu and other areas, he had even fought with the zulu when he was 22 years old leading a group defeat his rival for the throne. on the day that church hill bordered, they were watching as it came by, long, loud blowing smoke in the air and observing the easy target. not only did he know where the train was going, he knew it would have to come back on the same track. as soon as the train passed them he ordered his men to move to the bottom of the hill and begin piling rocks on the track. when the train, on its way back

appeared at the top of the hill, they opened fire, chasing it down the sleep entrance deep slope until it crashed into the stone catapulting the first two cars off the track, killing several men, horribly wounding others and trapping them all in the hill storm of bullets and shells. although he was only a journalist, one of of the few civilians on the train, and again 24 years old, winston

churchill immediately took charge of the defense. he was shouting orders as he ran back and forth from the engine to the last track, organizing the men in a desperate desperate attempt to free the train. in the end, he succeeded and every man who made it out alive credited winston churchill's bravery and resourcefulness for saving their lives. unfortunately churchill wasn't there to accept the gratitude or hear their price. he had been captured and was

taken as a prisoner of war. for churchill, captivity was unbearable and he would never forget how it felt. many years later he wrote, you feel a sense of constant humiliation in being confined to a narrow space, fenced in by railings and wire, watched by armed men. i certainly hated every minute of my captivity more than i have ever hated any other time period of my whole life. from the moment he became a prisoner, churchill resolved to escape. finally with two other men, he had a plan. a six and a half foot tall iron

paneling surrounded his prison which was constantly patrolled by guards. when the elected lights come on at night, one corner corner of the yard remain dark as one of the guards turned his back at just the right moment, they could make their move. after much discussion and careful planning,

he was what he always dreamed of being, hero of the empire. a fame mass now, churchill rap for parliament again and this time he won. his life and british politics would never be the same. if churchill had previously dreamed about the power of his will and his destiny, now he had proof. he was unstoppable. he had not only been part of a great adventure; he had done it alone and would approach life and politics with an unshakable faith in this ability that would not only define his leadership but provide a foundation of courage, and confidence, that would inspire entire nation. churchill would also carry with

him the humbling lessons of the experience throughout his life. he understood better than almost any other major leader the enormous costs and tragedy of war. he was extremely compassionate about the plight of prisoners and was determined to reach out the hand of friendship to those who had so lately been his enemies. as high is a churchill rose in the political strat foss fear he would never for get is cap tower and imprisonment and escape trough at the bohr. would write, this would lay the foundation of my later life. those foundations in turn would help to support and shape much of the world we know today.

churchill would have known bat at the time but i don't think it would have been a surprise. thank you very much. [applause] >> okay. i have 15 minutes for questions. yes? [inaudible question] >> the question is, did the boers know who they captured and the answer is, absolutely. so, churchill's father, lord randolph churchill, had been in south africa just a few years before his death, and he had traveled much of the country and had written letters back home which were published. he was a correspondent and letters were published in a local newspaper, and in the letters he had excoriated the

boers and had attacked them for their lack of education, for the lack of sophistication and their treatment of native africans which is perfectly fair. the boers knew about those letters and they hated him. and so when they found out that they had his son, he was also, again, the son of a lord, someone who had been been into the highest ranks of the british aristocracy, represented everything they hated about great britain and they were thrilled, and they made it clear to him that they were going to keep a close eye on him. unfortunately, the boers were also unfortunately for the boers -- the boers were also determined to prove to the british they actually were very sophisticated and very civilized, and so this is an officer's prison, and so they went to extreme lengths to let them have all kinds of privileges. so they -- i mean, churchill had

a regular barber coming in to cut his hair and give him a shave. they had access to newspapers. if you go, you can go to this building where he was kept today, it's a public library, and they allowed them to draw maps on the wall of south africa, charting the course of the war. and so churchill, of course, as all of the men there, planned to do, planned to try to take advantage of some of these privileges that they had to make it easier to escape. yes? [inaudible question] >> thank you. i'm very interested indeed in what you have said, and particularly his attitude towards the boers because after his payment mouse phrase, in victory is mag nonexempt, this is the first time he demonstrated that and it leads is to great friendship with the general who becomes a stalwart

ally of great britain and it empire. would you say something about that and how his attitude when he gets back to england developed towards the boers? >> he actually got trouble for his -- he believed, like all british did, that the war would be over quickly, and of course it ended -- they think it's going to be a couple of months and ended up taking almost three years. after he escaped, after he fights, he begins writing letters saying we need to begin thinking about when we, of course, other victors coming out of the war -- how we're going to help the boers rebuild. and he really took a lot of flak for that. it was not, as you might imagine, well-received because there wasn't a real understanding of the importance of that at that time, i think, and when he got back, when he got into parliament, he also talked about the fact that there

were things he admired about the posteriors. he admired the boer fighters and admired their ability and also got in trouble with that. and he also became good friends not just with smutz but with louis, and as some of you may know, he insisted that not on had bota been there, been in command of the unit that captured him, but that botha personally had captured him, held him at gunpoint and taken him captive. his -- churchill's son, randolph, when he was working on his biography, realized, after doing quite a bit of research, -- i was pretty much every historian since then realitiesed it wasn't, cooperate have been, botha personally, although botha was there and responsible for the attacks but couldn't have been boat tacoma but churchill to his dying days were, you're wrong, i'm right,

it was botha, and botha himself may have believed it. churchill talked bat conversation that he had with botha when he first meets him later on, and botha introduced himself and he says, you don't recognize me. don't you realize it was me, me personally, it was i, who captured you personally? and churchill continued to brief that. but it was a great friendship, as was smutz and that itit that was reaching across the divide, especially after war, that is so important, and i wish every nation could learn from that. any other questions? yes. >> -- more about the role she played on that occasion supporting a very unpopular imperial war in america. >> i would so, we were talking

last night about jennie jerome and she was a piece of work, a very interesting woman, and incredibly beautiful and i think that unfortunately because of that and because of the relationship she had after heir husband's death, often the focus is sort of an that instead of on the fact that, as i said, she was incredibly smart, charismatic and had incredible energy vivaciousity. and his father meant a great deal to him. he had a great deal of admiration for his father, churchill said he wished he had been a -- been born a shopkeep's son because he would have had an opportunity to get to know his fare -- father and that would have been a joy. butth but he always loved his mother and as he became a young man and became interesting and

ambitious in his open right, she took a great deal of interest in him and was critical in helping him in his ambitions, and because she was so involved and because hey had many relationships with men in powerful positions she was able to help him get military appointments wherever he wanted to go, and he wanted to go everywhere. this is the height of the british empire. they were constantly putting down revolts across the world, from egypt to ireland. so he had his pick, with his mother's help, wherever he wanted to go to fight. and during the war she was still incredibly involved. she raised the money for a hospital ship, the maine, that went to south africa to help injured british soldiers, and in fact randolph and i were talking a few -- if you haven't been to the archives in cambridge, please find the time to go there

absolutely incredible. and i found so many amazing things while i was there, and one of them is a book of -- photo album which belongs to randall of pictures showing jenny's room, laid -- lady ran alcohol chul chill and her suite on the ship and her beautiful nurse's costume and all that she achieved. so she was absolutely critical, which in churchill's life personally and to his political ambitions. absolutely. -- >> due you feel that as an influence on him when he was in office, with prison reform? because he himself had actually been a prisoner. >> yes, absolutely.

when he was -- when he became home secretary and he says this himself -- as i said he absolutely would never, never forget what it felt like to be a prisoner, and even though he was in this very privileged prison, he hated the idea of being a captive and being enclosed and his movements guarded and controlled by anybody but himself. and so when he was home secretary he made sure that prisoners no, matter what they had done no matter how guilty they were of whatever here rep douse crime, they were still human beings and deserved access to books, to exercise, to the outside, and so this was absolutely important to him, and very formational in that way as well. [inaudible] can he -- >> you can judge a nation by how they treat their prisoners.

think that's a wonderful benchmark to keep in this day and age. >> if agree. thank you. [inaudible question] -- on treatment of prisoners he was rather brutal when world war ii broke out about enemy aliens, most of whom were deported under fairly poor conditions to australia. a new book about this. was that a lapse under crisis? was -- or was the record as largely unblemished as you just indicated. >> i think we can agree with the churchill was great man, good man, not a perfect man. he was certainly an elitist, imperial, unabashed imperialist and a product of the lace in which he was born, the time in which he was born, but more specific than that, i think i would be very arrogant and very foolish to be -- to try to

comment on -- i spent five years working on this very small slice of winston churchill's life and maybe if i had 20 more years to look at the entirety of his life, i would be better able to answer that. i'm sure there are many, many people who could address that better than i could. yes, sir? >> hello. you mentioned the british and churchill learned a lot of new lessons about a new type of warfare, guerrilla warfare in the boer war but talking about the met fer rain' campaign and churchill's resistance to d-day he was enfamiliar mored of guerrilla war did he learn the wrong lessons about military strategy in and still fighting a victorian war rather than a modern war. >> the entire british army learned a great deal during this war. the british army going into the posterior war was completely

different than the one coming out, and absolutely prepared them for world war 1. there was a journalist at that time -- just a quick side story about winston churchill. at that time, as you all know, he was an extraordinary, extraordinary writer, and that as so many of his characteristics was crystal clear at this point in his life. he was 24, 25 years old -- i read a lot of contemporary accounts of the war by many, many journalists and i can say absolutely he was head and shoulders above all of them him was really an extraordinarily precise and insightful and beautiful writer, with one exception of a man named george warrington stevens who died during the siege. he was in ladysmith and his prose is more like poetry.

i could have quoted from him all day long but he in particular wrote about the fact that even just watching it, sort of watching it in real-time, you can see the british suffering and confused and chaos, they're trying to figure out what is going, how it's possible they're losing what they consider to be a colonial war, and the reason is that war is changing, and they're trying to figure it out. and he says, i think at some point we're going to learn and going to get better at this, and they absolutely do. in fact they have an overhaul of the british army after the war. they reassess everything and make dramatic changes. thank you so much. i appreciate your time. [applause] >> thank you, katherine. -- i'm sorry. i have katherine over there.

they're both so beautiful. candace rearranged her schedule so she could be here to sign books. two quick items of housekeeping. at the end of the last talk of the afternoon, david lock will give you a briefing on the buts for the state department, for tonight's dinner. our next speaker will begin promptly at 2:00, and that will be lord watson, to please re-assemble at that time. thank you. [inaudible conversations] >> the winston churchill

conference is in a break for 15 minutes when they return live coverage here on c-span2. until then, some of the conference from earlier today. we'll hear from a hoyt professor and biographer of the former british prime minister. >> it's january 1952. king george 6th has just died. and winston churchill delivers his last great public broadcast announcing that news and of course, acclaiming george vi -- in the past six weeks churchill said the king walked with death but when death came it came as a friend and acquaint dance who ric nighted and did not fear. and after a long day's fat and a sweet good night to those who loved him best he fell asleep as every man or woman who feels god and nothing else in the world hey have to do and he ended as followed. i who was under fewed in the august and up challenged

tranquil blow of the victorian era may see the prayer and the anthem, god save the queen. so that was the most eloquently devotion. hills attitude towards the british monarch okay, epitomized in majesty george vi and winston was the last surviving believer in divine right of kings kings e was in delight being monarchical number one who -- public laugh which spanned more than half a century, it was a variety able cavalcade of kings and queens cork nation. he had been a member of

parliament during the reign of six successive sovereign and he was the senior counselor. king and country in that order, that's just about all the religion that winston has got. however, what of course is interesting about winston churchill and mon, in okay -- monarchy as is so important before churchill is that the subject turns out on closer examination to be much more complicated than at first glance we might suppose. had an interesting nuanced view of the institution of monarchy and his roleses with the successful occupants of the british throne were complicated and nuanced. one of churchill's views views f monarch okay that the english throne was a sacred mystical, almost metaphysical which

connect the past, present and the future, which proclaims the unity and identity of the nation and part of what the british monarchy was for was to do that. a second view was that wild other european nations preferred or suffered kings and queens who war generally dispottic and absolute, the british on the other hand evolved a more admirable form of constitutional and limited monarchy. thanks to parliament, which represented the nation as a whole, and the later advent of the two-party system, the sovereign power was progressively eroded in a subsession of folks which were milestones in the advancing cause of national liberty. magna cart at the to the revolution of 168le and beyond. the result according to churchill was a happy compromise, a permanent parliament and a docile monarchy where by the sovereign rapinged

above the battle of party and the lords and the commons legislate ode and the cabinet governed. so the world in which churchill grew up in the late 19th 19th century,y queen victoria was on the throne, was a world where for him monarchy was an enterprise which embodied the nation residents history, continuity, and identity in its symbolicup,s and ceremonial activities and also practical and essentially weak terms a convenient device which left the people free to elect representatives through whom they governed themselves and in the range of queen victoria the monarch okay had two functions. thankses to the happy life of victoria and al bet it provided a moral example to the nation of

domesticity had not been true when the stuarts had been on the three and he was head of the british nation and became the great presiding personage of the wider british empire. hers had become an imperial monarchy, the focus and sign of a diverse and fast british community, extended across the seas and around the world, which was united in fealty and homage to the queen empress. now, that monarch okay by terms torree, symbolic and constitutional, visited and familiar, national and imperial, was in the fourth hour of its late victoria in abundance and -- as churchill was growing up and seemed an active expression of the british genius for organic constitutional evolution and working political compromise.

it was widely envied around the globe and in this configuration lasted for the howl of churchill's long life. and our ancient monarch okay he observedton oblitz of prince charles rendered inestimatable services to the country and all the british empire and commonwealth of nations. but churchill never forgot that while the mystical unifying moral and imperial functions of the monarchy were important, the whole tenor and tone and dynamic of english history had been to bring about a state of affairs where the king's government was carried on by ministers who were primarily answerable to parliament rather than to the crown. the royal prerogative insisted to clementine -- was on the advice of ministers and ministers, not the crown, are

responsible, and criticism of all debatable acts of policy choo be directed to ministers, not to the monarchy. so, those were churchill's general views of monarch okay which remained unchanged for the whole of his life. but how in practice did he enter act with particular mob monarchs and how far did the views he had about the balance of power between the monarchy and the politics inform and in certain cases an tag nice his relations with a sequence of sovereigns whom at the end of his life he felt proud and rightly so, to have served it edward vii was the first mon no, with whom chew kill came into contact and very energy yetic and ambitious politician, as he began to make a reputation, king edward vii expressed delight, edward's

words, becoming a reliable minister and a serious politician which can only be obtained by putting country before party. i am, he went on, watching your political career with the greatest of interest. but while edward certainly did watch young winston's early political career with great interest, the increasingly felt that churchill was headed in the wrong direction. his drive, brashness, ambition, opportunism, self-an association and -- soon grated on the sovereign and by the end of edward 7en in's reign churchill was at his most radical phase, supporting louie george of the people's budget, over increasing tax and his hostile comment about the house of lords-all of this seems to edward vii being anathema in what was said and

churchill aban doughed the country and put his party and career first. the very idea one offed a ward 7en in's secretary's wrote of churchill acting on 0 conviction or principle is enough to make anybody laugh. and edward vii anxiety before churchill's conduct and character lasted to the end of his life and the end of his rainge, rainge, and not surprisingly, he successor, george v, although recognizing everybody had to do, church kill's zeal and undeniable brilliance, he was also influenced by his father's disapproval and generally in the early years of his reign, beginning in 1910, thought churchill irresponsible and unreliable. and those critical views were strengthened when churchill moved to be first lord of the admiralty. churchill in that role was in one sense a party politician, in

another sense a very zealous and creative and engaged reformer. but the king, george v was himself a former naval person. he was head of the armed services and he was a staunch believer in tradition and precedence. and churchill and the monarch rubbed each other the wrong way over a whole set of sometimes trivial, sometimes more important issues. churchill had the bright idea but not the very tactful idea of want toll name a ship hms oliver cromwell. not surprising that george v took violent exception to his. then he had the idea of calling the ship the hmspitt and thought of the words with which that might rhyme and concluded that wasn't a very good idea either.

churchill replied if have always -- he wrote stiffly after that second royal rebuff. but there were more important issues, too. in may 1912, churchill decided that british battleships should be withdrop from the met -- mediterranean and relocated in the north sea, pending what be quite soon the war with germany. the king dispute. churchill exploded to his wife. the king talked more stupid live about the navy than i ever heard him do before. really, so disheartening to hear this cheap and silly drivel with what he lets himself be filled up. churchill did not give wear on that issue and in the end prevailed. so what is going on in this first phase of churchill rid

career was that all was not well. edward vii and george v disliked churchill because they thought he was unsufficiently respectful of their person and position and prerogative. he thought this views were right and theirs were wrong and didn't like that. church hill was unintimidated and objected to what he regarded as inappropriate royal interference in matters which were wholly win the realm of parliament. that meant that when churchill fell over the dardenel disaster in 1915, that news was greeted at buckingham palace with scarcely concealed relief, borders on effusive expressions of joy and pleasure. it is, queen alexandra informed her son, george v, all that stupid young fool hardy winston

church chill which had upset almost everything and george v took the same view. churchill had become, he said, impossible -- >> cambridge university, mr. allen packwood, who earlier this year was made an officer of the most excellent order of the british empire by her majesty the queen, so this is mr. allen packwood obe. [applause] >> david, thank you very much. of course, i'm only an obe. the speaker from whom we're going to hear is a commander of the british empire so fully outranks me. but a great pleasure and enormous pleasure to introduce my very good friend, lord watson of richmond, and i suppose my job this afternoon is to burnish his churchill credentials for you, and actually a very easy

task in this case because like churchill, allen's first made his name in the media. not in as to newspaper reporter, not in the boer war but as a tv presenter and radio reporter. write riding to become chairman. the royal television society, and like churchill, also always been passionate about politics. but while churchill rafted and rerafted and changed party, allen has always remained loyal to the liberal party and he became its president in the mid-1980s and now serves as a liberal peer in the house of our lords. like churchill, he is always been interested and engaged in international affairs. in europe in the commonwealth and here in the united states. you could say he is really the living embodiment of churchill's free circle context of international diplomacy, and just to give you a test of that he has been president of the

angelo -- anglo fringe society, a patron of the richmond society, chairman of the council of commonwealth societies, international chairman emeritus of the english speaking union and president of the european atlantic movement. i should also point out that he is also high steward of cambridge university, and a patron of the churchill archive center, and has the churchill medal from the english speaking union. but like churchill, he is also a writer, and his latest book "churchill's legacy: two speeches that saved the world," is about the two vital speeches that churchill gave in 1946, one at westminster college in missouri and one at the university of zurich, and that book is, i gather, doing extremely well on top of the

list of best selling hardback nonfiction books at the moment, and you have all got the chance to keep it there by going next door and buying more copies. and allen did not just write the book. in recent weeks he has also been living with it because i know for a fact in the last few weeks he has appeared on the very podium that churchill stood on in both fulton, missouri, and i can prove that. there's the color of the fulton sun,s' speaking at westminster college. poke at westminster college and spoke from the church from the podium in the maganate university of zurich. so i can't think of anyone better to speak about churchill and the europeans to this largely north american audience. thank you. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, good

afternoon. all very well-being compared to churchill in a sort of way but it can lead to rather frightening questions. for example, when i was last weekend in fulton, missouri, and i spoke in the gymnasium where churchill spoke, but before that along with jedwin ya we took questions from 13-year-old children from the church, the thump that was destroyed by the houston one-half ha and then moved stone by stone, step by step, across the atlantic fulton, missouri. and we were taking questions and one boy had his hand up straight yearn, very urgent so i weren't to him, and i said, what is your question? and he had several different

papers in front of him and seemed very self-absorbed in putting this question together. and in the end he said, much to him as anyone else, he said, you were born in 1874. and i calculate that means you're over 100. and then he looked up at me and said, why haven't you croaked? so i congratulated him on his arithmetic but not his sense of who i was and i was not winston churchill. although i think it's a common experience and very evident today really that those of us who have written or are writing anything about churchill, you do get strangely close to the man. and he somehow lived today. and it is through what he wrote

and what he did and for me also very much his humor which is find so exciting. i have one other link with winston churchill. which is that he was the third chairman of the english speaking union, and i was the ninth, which means that we share a board. and people now say sometimes, well, -- it was reversed. let me tell you one little story. 37 child street was the headquarters of the english speaking union and he had an apartment as chairman. sadly doesn't have that way today. he had an apartment as right in the heart of mayfair, living in an environment where he was easily satisfied with the very best and couldn't necessarily afford it, and there was a -- at number 16 and she invited him from time to time to dinner because he -- this evening he

goes across, rings the bell and the butler comes to the door and is swept aside by the hostess and she looks winston in the face and says, winston, i'm very, very sorry but i have invited too many men to tonight's dinner. winston's crest fallen. already thinking of the dinner that awaits him. now back toughie's and chips at 37 charles street and looks at her without a moment's hesitation and says, madam, as i understood the purpose of this evening it is to dine, not to breed. [laughter] >> he kind of rehearsed that one before. so, there we are. and the subject i've been given

is churchill and the europeans and eve the last 16 days i have been travel until the states giving a lot of addresses about this book, two speech that saved the world, the first in fulton, missouri, and the other in zurich, switzerland, and i think i'm justified in focusing initially on these two speeches because the focus of those speeches actually is about what is going to happen to europe. his motivation is that he believes that unless the united states can be persuaded and can in a way be inspired to provide a defense for western europe, using the temporary monopoly of the atomic bomb, and secondly, if they can be persuaded to help the economic recovery of europe, a person, of course, that of the rest of europe as well so that europe can be both defended and restored, and that is the focus

of these two speeches. one other thing about putting those in context. there is sometimes a tendency, understandable perhaps, that i think ultimately wrong, to see churchill's career as a kind of gradually downward trajectory, but the high peak is clearly may 1940. he stands alone against adolph hitler. then so the argument would go, by 1943, certainly by '44, he is no longer the senior leader within the alliance against the third reich. his place of power has been taken by fdr and by joseph stalin, and then he does indeed get to pop down for the closing conference of the european war. that actually he is only there for a few days and then has to go back to britain and face an election which he is pretty sure he will lose. hes to lose it.

not only the margin but substantially. and he doesn't much enjoy being leader of his majesty's opposition. in fact he is very depressed by all of that. and so the story would go he finally gets back to number 10, 1951, but maybe he is too old for that job. he had a stroke the next year and it's all in a way declined. that narrative is incorrect in one absolutely vital regard. , which is actually 1946. because these two speeches have a profound effect on the way in which the post war world is constructed and on the recovery of europe. and it's worth recall offering he made the speech at fulton he gets back on the train and says to the people who are with him, that was the most important

speech of my life. and this is from the man who made all those incredible speeches in 1940. one has to have that context. so, let's deal with that first one first, and its impact on the world, but particularly for europe. he goes back to britain, and loses the election, and his period of depressions have already been referred to today and he called them his black mood, and after he has lost the election, that dog has him by the throat and he cannot throw off the move. and he is so depressed that he says to his doctor, it would have been better if, like fdr, i had died. and then he says again a little later, the flies are gathering on the corpse. and what is really worried him -- and he expressed this -- he be at these great altitude in

which he could help see and shape the world and now suddenly he pulled to the ground. would he ever be able so shape evens and have influence in the world again? and then as you all know, he was down at chapel, and this letter is put in front of him. and superficially there's nothing very unusual about the letter. from a college he probably at that stage had not heard of, westminster college, fulton, missouri, and invites him to come and receive an honor award and give a speech about the world. but what electrified him is that the last two sentences on the letter are by hand and written by truman. what they say is: this is a prime college in my home state. if you come, i will introduce you. and winston immediately realized this means 18 hours on the train with the new president of the united states.

so, with -- he accepts and really from that moment his morale begins to improve. and we heard how he refused an award by george vi on the grounds which he had been given an order by the british people but when he decides to return, the day he makes his way to south hampton to board the queen elizabeth he takes the shorter trip to george vi where he is given that's great decoration, and his morale has come back. they crossed the atlantic. churchill is struck by nat in many ways because he is the only civilian in his family but there are 12,000 canadian troops returning home. part of this great denuding of the western defense while stalin sits outside berlin and outside britain and germany with 300

divisions in that part of the world. 300 divisions. and short of the incredible and beneficial timing of the possessions for just long enough by the west of the atomic weapon, a space is created in which there can be a balance, in determining the future of europe and the future of the world, and that space churchill is determined to fill. to fill it with ideas, proposals and new thinking and that's what he is quite set on when he gets to the united states. now, when he arrived in the united states, several things which is not altogether happy about. he is no longer prime minister, so he is not invited to stay as a guest in the white house. instead he has to stay in our embassy in washington and who is the ambassador? no one less than lord halifax, with whom he clashed so directly and painfully in 1940.

because halifax always believed that it would be better for britain to negotiate in 1940 with adolph hitler while the raf was still intact and not defeated, as he feared it might be. churchill residents view was the complete opposite. namely that the british would never tolerate negotiations with hitler unless they had been defeated. never, never, never. so there he is and he has one or two conversations with lord halifax and the secretary who is traveling with him has given us a plan hough they all sat at the embassy table and there was a lot of small talk and she wrote and said it was boring, boring, boring. churchill wasn't giving anything away to halifax, and the journey started.

they are 1 hours on the train. the railway line no more then than now, thankfully goes to fulton, missouri, and stops every mile short of that but it's a great journey, and harry truman is there, of course, and several other people, and britain-americans, they drink a prodim yous amount of alcohol and play cards. harry truman allowed churchill could win which i think was wise. and and then churchill gets up and takes the final copy of his speech and goes across the carriage to a mimeograph machine and feeds in the machine and hands them to truman, and truman reads them and expresses himself satisfied, that he also observed that this would cause one hell of a shindig. that's quite important because what we're actually approaching,

faster than the train, is the first moment of real crisis in american policy towards europe and n the first world environment. they arrive in full fulton and have a great time and when i was there the other day i was enormously flattered they dressed the stage in the gymnasium exactly as it had been when truman and churchill were there even the same flowers, gave us the same lunch. including the famous iconic ham. the pride of the missouri farmers, and as you know, when he ate it, he was waiting for some judgment, and he gave it in his particular way and he said, madam, this ham represents the high point in the evolution of the pig. anyway, he gives the speech, and we all know the famous term head

used, iron kurt tran across europe from the baltic to the adriatic, and his message is, good old uncle joe is not good old uncle joe. stalin is a tyrant and will take whatever me can short of a nuclear war. so again we come to this business of the spails that the bomb creates because actually the sequence of events is churchill makes the speech. within a matter of months truman issue eat the truman doctrine, committing the united states to the defense of freedom, wherever freedom is attacked, and then we have the berlin airlift, and still the russians have not exploded their bomb. and then of course nato. but actually the bomb exposed in 1949 and by then the berlin airlift had succeeded in westing

the possibility of taking west berlin and possibly the whole of western germany and possibly more, short of a nuclear exchange. so this is the spates he is -- space he is determined to fill. fullon, how does he attempt to fill it? well, he points to what he believes is a unique relationship between britain and the united states, and between the british empire, and he was still using that term, of course, and the united states, and how the future safety of the world and certainly the safety of rights imbedded in law, the safety of democracy, turns on the cooperation and understanding between the united states and britain and the empire. that is the main message he gets across. there is a fellow at the shindig and indeed within one week after he's returned, harry truman calls a press conference with

secretary of state, and in this press conference he says, not just once but twice, almost biblical, twice, i never knew what mr. churchill was going to say. i had no idea. and the fact that i was sitting next to him on the platform in know way -- meant the administration's support of what mr. churchill was proposing youch might say that's poll ticked but it was of course because truman was uncertain of his position. he had not been elected and knew he would face a tough struggle being reelected. the roosevelt family was very powerful and they immediately campaigned against what churchill has been proposing. so we come to end of his visit to america. he goes to new york, time to board the queen mary, and new york is divided. there's a ticker tape parade for winston, given the freedom of the city and also 4,000

demonstrators of the streets with posters saying, to eye "no war for winston." divided. churchill is over the moon. he is delighted. his morale is completely restored. he is right back in the mid of consecutive controversy, debate, all the thing head loves, and he returns to the united kingdom elated and arrives five hours late, fog in the channel, and a little dinner party has been planned for him by lord also bury with anthony eaten and the rehearsed the line they intend to take and line is, well, winston, wonderful speech, pity we didn't know about it, close bracket. we know you don't much like being leader of the opposition, and anthony was very happy to take the burden on his own shoulders. then you can go around the world

and go on making speeches like that, absolutely wonderful. must have been a dismal dish party because when churchill arrives at south hampton he gives a press conference and says i'm going to fight in the next general election and will kick this man out of number 10. there we are. we know incidentally exactly what happened on that train because in the churchill archives, and i think allen packwood will remember the day this was discovered -- there was cable sent by winston churchill to earn any bevin, a great ally of his, explains what happened on the train, including feeding the sheet into the mimeograph machine. now we come to the second speech and he has, again, enormous impact on what happens in europe, and so-so much about churchill and the europeans.

you see, when churchill was in the united states, he was given the second job to do. and it was to try to get a loan for britain because lend lease has stopped on ve day, and britain was, frankly, broke, really broke. they didn't know where the next thing was coming from. and i found -- i was in new york to get -- the day before and i spoke at the university club, and i never heard this story before and i don't know whether allen packwood has but it's in their magazine, and apparently he got on the chair and made a speech and he gave the -- all the rest of it and he used an extraordinary image, and he is talking about britain being bankrupt and he says, what would happen if the mighty queen mary liner ran out of fuel and the

engine stops? and it found itself drifting without control towards the american coast? i'll tell you what would happen. the american coast guard would ensure that every conceivable ship that could come out to save the queen mary would leave harbor and save the queen mary. the message was, this is what i want you to do now, because britain is like the queen mary, dangerously close to rung out of fuel. now, winston, despite all his influence on the hill, actually gets nowhere on that visit to try to persuade people in power in the united states to look seriously at loans for britain and wider to financial support for europe to be enabled in a way to recover. and i can't prove this but my instinct really is that churchill was half american and

he said to congress, if my father had been american, not my mother, i would have got around to my own seat. he probably would. and he understands that the american reluctance is something to do with not being persuaded that the europeans themselves will do nothing. they will actually make a move which will get their house in order and which will then enable people, like george c. mar shall, who is thinking down the lines and puts together what is called marshall aid. so he goes to europe with a clear agenda as when he went to fulton. he drove to the university, and he stands up in this enormous model podium where, as allen said i was there last month, and he says in his unique way, now, i shall startle you.

and he actually writes in the text, now startle you. and he says, we have to build a kind of united states of europe, and he has to be based on a partnership between france, and germany. now, this is september 1946. the nuremberg trials are on. every day the fresh revelation's the horrors of the nazi regime, and this is an extraordinary thing to say. the french have just executed lavall and other collaborators, and he says the speech and there's more of a shindig than there was frankly even at fulton. general gold goes an an electric tick and says this this worst speech that winston churchill ever made and duncan sands, churchill's son-in-law, is said

to try to explain what churchill was trying to do, and he never gets a word in. because degaulle was there and shade my attitude towards germany we will open thelett bank of therian in perpetuity and establish a commit on which the soviet union will have an honored flies supervise what happens in the industrial germany which meant they we've ha stripped it out as the stripped out in the streets in eastern germany and we will screen them for everything they've got. voila. not a good start. but this where is the this extraordinary thing twins to happen. that both speeches ignite a process of thought and action which m is transformational.

in the case of fulton -- trump acknowledges this, it leads to -- truman acknowledges this and leads to churchill's forecast becoming every day more accurate, and it leads to the truman doctrine and eventually to nato. in the case of fulton, george c. marshall has already made it clear -- he is back from china -- that this is not going to be something that the united states will invent for europe. if the europeans just sit there he wants the europeans themselves to take an ownership in and it he later on acknowledges the importance of the zurich speech in his own thinking. so, again, a trail is ignited which leads, as i say, ultimately to the marshall plan, and then to the -- there's one other player in this. a frenchman called --...

france cannot be economically restored without u.s. credits. and there will be no u.s. credits unless we change our policy towards germany. so on both sides of the atlantic something quite new is beginning to come into view. i mentioned -- now let me turn to de gaulle in terms of relations with the europeans. the cal golf course but a lot of were sitting in london, and churchill was very generous to him in that regard.

and headquarters were provided for him just behind the club in london. and if you go there now they've restored the cabinet room which de gaulle used in the original particular, all that. de gaulle had the ability sometimes to infuriate winston churchill, almost beyond conceivable measure of. and the for some really that he does this we were checking debate earlier today. i was in december 1941, churchill is in the white house for christmas, you remember may be seeing photographs of them with a christmas tree. he city with roosevelt having dinner, and paul arrives with astonishing news, which is the free french without asking anybody permission or indeed telling anybody including the united states or canada or the united kingdom has just occupied

to islands off the canadian coast. and he is enraged and says to the president of the prime minister you've got to do something about this. winston grumbled a bit and says i'll see de gaulle when i get back. he gets back and i was told the story, and i believe it. de gaulle is some into number 10 to explain himself. and churchill is sitting there out and win torture would want to have a go he was like a volcano erupting. and actually gave de gaulle 40 minutes. i'm in de gaulle, he pretended he understood nothing really. and bonnet is canceling or doing his best. at the end of the day rather like a volcano eventually subsiding, churchill sits back in his chair and looks at de gaulle expecting a reply. de gaulle has come in full

military rank. and he picks up, puts it back on his head, puts his heels together, salutes and turns on his heel and walked out without saying a word. and he looks at churchill and churchill says magnificent. magnificent. [laughter] >> i think for churchill in a way, de gaulle did symbolize the owner of france. and that's why he gave him the leeway that he did. that he could extremely irritating, and if churchill believe in victory magnanimity, general de gaulle did not. and when he becomes president of france as you all know, he twice vetoes britain's application to join the european union. and he does so on the grounds that he claims mr. churchill has always told him that he was

choose the atlantic rather than the cd, rather than the land. we don't know. but i do believe that de gaulle of vetoes and his resentment, he seems to have bothered after the second world war and had a profound effect on my country's relationship with the european union. of course, i will never forget the time when angela merkel, the german chancellor, and to address both houses of parliament in westminster. she said at one point in her speech to the parliamentarians, great britain has no need to prove its european credentials. it proves them in 1940. that's from the german chancellor. and, of course, she was absolutely right.

one of the problems in the evolution of our relationship with the institutional european union, we haven't lifted europe of course, that's geographically not possible -- [laughter] otherwise, which we can't leave europe. anyways, i think it's very unfortunate that in a way the europeans, continental europeans, institutional of the european union never actually recognized the difference in motivation and status between great britain and the other members of the european union. they should've found a way to do it. and when churchill later on, 47-48 becomes an open advocate of the united states, europe and the wishes britain to join it but that's not enough. what he wants is for britain to lead. much more believable in characteristic. and let me share with you an

instant that affected me quite a lot. allen talked about various hats i wear which are about bilateral relations in europe, including the president of -- the british german association and -- and i was chairman of the british chairman of the six years, and on the last occasion it was a farewell dinner at a very senior german politician, well known in germany, got up and he made a very aggressive speech. and he was partly directed to me partly directed to the rest of the edition contingent. he said you have never been loyal to the idea of europe. you've always held back. you've been reluctant europeans. you've been disloyal to the idea of europe. and i was really angry about this, and i got up and i said, i

want you to understand one thing very clearly. germany was of course enthusiastic for the european construction because it was a way back to respectability, and way back to a road. the french were equally grateful because they have also been occupied. and in a way disgrace. and the rest of continental europe to greater or lesser extent have suffered the same fate. the british came out of the war in 1945 not thinking that someone national independence, national patriotism had been disproved by what had happened in the war. quite the opposite. they believed that is what kept him going. that's how they held their head above water. churchill said that several times when he was over for the speech. that should've been recognized much more than it was. so finally what is the legacy of

this man with regard to europe? just before i flew out here last week, the week before last, parliament had reassembled under which to the westminster and the house of lords and was a much going on in the chamber, that i took myself to the bar, to the bishops bar. i don't know why it's called the bishops bar. i've never seen a bishop in it. but anyway there was a single subject of debate, conversation. one thing was brexit and what did it mean, and the other was the previous sunday's presidential debate between your two candidates for the presidency of the united states. and when i left the bar i thought maybe we should take one of the most iconic sentences of winston churchill, in 1940 when he paid the great koppelman to

the royal air force andy seth never in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few. wraps faced with the situation we have today on both sides of the atlantic we might say never in the field of political dispute has so little been owed by so many to so few. [laughter] we need cash back. [applause] -- we need cash back we need churchill's legacy. we need the energy. we need imagination. we need the refusal to give way your we need the ability to grasp opportunity, and we've got to think afresh and think new. a couple of weeks before he gave his speech in zurich he wrote a short article to "the daily telegraph" in entity uses a

powerful image. he says you know the start of the spanish prisoner who has been in a dungeon for decades, and the man has wasted away. he has no energy and he has no hope. finally, he gets to his feet as he approaches the door of the dungeon, and with desperation he pushes on it once again. this time it opens. what churchill was saying, he said it very directly to the french. the greatest value that you can get from victory is magnanimity. you have to have the ability to re-create a europe in which they will be once again a spiritually great friends and a spiritually great germany. you don't usually think of winston churchill in quite those terms, but i think there is a that dimension to churchill, and it's the leadership we now need. thank you. [applause]

>> i'm told from the for over five minutes for questions or i'm so it's not longer but there we are. as long as you don't ask me about 74 and all that is fine. okay, who would like to go first? questions? yes. >> other than mrs. merkel, who, if anyone, do you see on the horizon who can possibly show the kind of leadership, even if not quite as much, as churchill did? >> if i'm blunt i would say no one. but that doesn't mean that they are not there.

and remember, who would've predicted in 1938 that winston churchill would become the prime minister of britain or that he would lead such a triumphant process of recovery and resistance? so i think we don't know. what is important is that whoever they are out there, they do understand that the possibilities of leadership exist. but we are talking about real leadership. we are not talking about parodies of leadership. we are not talk about populism. we are talking about something else. church was never a populist. one thing you can be sure of and i think you will probably agree with me about this, but if you took, if you look at the referendum on brexit, whatever churchill might have thought or said or done, and, of course, we don't know, but one thing i think we can be certain of, he wouldn't have agreed to a referendum. [applause] churchill did not believe in referendums. he believed in the sovereignty of parliament. so i want leaders to appear who

can use the real scene use of their democracy to provide real leadership. and we've got to have it because the only it affects the middle east but also vladimir putin. and just a quick word on that. the soviet union is gone, but vladimir putin is a man of the soviet union. he was the head of the kgb, he was a bit of the kgb in prison for seven years, speaks fluent german by the way, and i think his attitude toward russian influence, greater russia near or abroad is totally in line with that other russian leaders, powerful leaders before him. he will take the opportunities that present themselves, whether it's in the baltic for the crimea or syria or wherever it is. he's poised to take those opportunities.

and churchill used as a always with the russians that he admired the courage of the people enormously, that they had formed the guts out of the nazi war machine. true, but he also absolutely did not believe in the sincerity of bolshevik. he said of bolshevism, he used to compare always of a cropped up that i've never quite saw why but he used to say, and a piii somebody who looks at a crocodile believing that he will eat him last. or another was if you look at a crocodile and you think it's smiling, remember, it thinks it's looking at breakfast. [laughter] so churchill should warn us of foolishness in that regard. the thing is the legacy is the legacy of freedom. it's a legacy that many people have to die to preserve.

it's also a legacy which needed churchill's leadership. and i think we sometimes think that democracy is an entitlement. we have got into the habit of believing that countries are going to cooperate and it's all going to be okay. it's not like that. it's got to be earned in every generation and in every situation. that's what i think the legacy is -- [applause] thank you. >> well, ladies and gentlemen, you know what a speech on lord watson is always worth listening to and hope we have more from you in the future. [applause] all right. before the begin our final brick i just want to reiterate that at the end of the next presentation will have instructions about

transportation to the state department, and one last plug for lord watson's book which is available for signing and purchase in the chinese room as will be the book of our next guest turn 13 it was also very much listening to. so please enjoy your break and be back probably on the hour. -- david lough. >> this winston churchill conference is an to break for about 15 minutes. when they return live coverage here on c-span2. and kelvin some of the conference room earlier today. will hear from history professor and biographer of the former british prime minister.

>> may be blessed with peace and to glory and that in the long swings of event your majesty staying will shine in history as the bravest and best beloved of the sovereigns who abhor the island crown. georgia was quite often good at predicting the future but it must be said he didn't go all that well on that location. those hopes were sincere and heartfelt and rest on a century since of the kings virtues and a blind eye turned to was false, both political attitudes in terms of his support for these but and, of course, the conduct of his private life. churchill then decided that he would take the kings site against the government over the abdication, thereby aligning itself with the over the legendary as chief border beaverbrook in seeking to embarrass baldwin and the

national government. many people took the view this is a blatant self interested act on churchill's part but it's not the whole story. he was happy to embarrass the government by think he generally sympathized with the human dilemma of edward the eighth. he managed to reconcile i wish for personal happiness and fulfillment with the demands of public duty? with baldwin's knowledge and the deacon said, churchill rallied the king writing him letters, visiting them at fort belvedere, seeking to boost his morale and urging him to be discreet in his relationship with mrs. simpson. and he tried to play parliament out of fear that undue pressure or excessive haste might lead edward to make the wrong decision, abdication of marriage act in hope of given type in chance he might put public duty before the demand of personal gratification. it's important to stress given what appeared where in the second of the 1930s that in

championing however lowly king edward the eighth, churchill did his own reputation untold harm with the public, with politicians in with the court. any period of mounting tension and anxiety his plea for extra time was derided by many as patently unrealistic. he failed to appreciate that edward had made peaceably to give up the throne for the woman he loved and he seriously misjudged both the character and the mood of the country which turned decisively against the king. so much so that went on the seventh of november in the house of commons he pleaded for extra time and that no decision should be merely taken. he was essentially shouted down. clementina's judgment was better than woods and had always taken the view that supporting edward the eighth was not a good idea. after witnessing the coronation of king george vi and queen elizabeth at westminster, winston admitted you were right.

i see now the other one would not have done. and he published an article on it in may 1937. it's important to notice that as a consequence of having supported edward the eighth, churchill was scarcely persona crowded with nuking towards six and a new queen with a new court and that preposterous the scene in the kings a speech with some of you may have seen where churchill is seen cozyin cozyino george the sixth and offering them wise advice and george the sixth is divided to take it is utterly made up and completely fictitious. i know, has a rather interesting letter george wrote after the king george the sector i not devoted have been and still are to my dear brother. a rather shrewd observation. george the sixth and queen elizabeth had heartily loathed

wallace and regard any supporters of first and any supporters of edward the eighth as enemies of there's. what is more to these pro-edward and wallace to languages which churchill of course above all embodied they were further compounded by the fact that churchill was implacably anti-chamberlain in anti-appeasement where as the nuking and the new queen by contrast were devoted supporters of the prime minister. they shared with him a strong sense of decent moral values. they invited him onto the balcony of buckingham palace after he returned bearing what was claimed to be teased with honor from munich. when chamberlain resigned on the 10th of may, 1940, george the sixth told him he had been grossly unfairly treated, and greatly regretted while queen elizabeth wrote saying how deeply i regretted your ceasing to be prime minister. i can never tell you in words how much we owe you.

put the other way, that meant that when churchill became prime minister in may 1940 it was an appointment which george the sixth and queen elizabeth bitterly opposed to the fact that churchill immediately insisted despite from the oppressed one of misgivings on making the dreaded lord be the minister for production and the noblest unrespectable -- only seemed to confirm the establishment's worst fears, namely, that the gangsters and the crooks were now in charge of the nation's affairs. and true to his old ways, the new prime minister was not always scrupulous in keeping takintheking in form and is oftn infuriating the unpunctual the royal audiences. so things did not begin well. indeed, it would be fair to say that they began pretty badly. nevertheless the relations gradually improved.

as the war proceeded, they would later write, the king and queen the chemist of other to winston as he was to be the torch of the sixth sink and recognized the fe in brilliance and sheer indifference ability of his wartime leadership. i must confess when given permission in july 1941 for churchill to lead the country, to meet fdr off the coast of newfoundland that i shall breathe a great sigh of relief we were safely back home again. and about titanic and busy to look his best to keep us all informed about the war and launched with him at buckingham palace. 1941 george the sixth personally appointed churchill lord warden of the porch from a great expression of confidence in him. so close to their friendship become that when churchill wrote his wartime memoirs he noted with pride that as a convinced couple of constitutional monarchy i valued the single honor the gracious intimacy which i as first minister was

treated, for which i suppose there has been no precedent since the days of queen anne. churchill's being the best possible rates was forgotten britain and fighting wars was the bishop be churchill's empower in close alliance with the monarch. and all things considered that doesn't seem a holy foolish of you. nevertheless it's important to note that while churchill's faith and devotion were sincerely felt as they were eloquently expressed, he had not attained supreme political power with any intention of sharing any of it with his sovereign. sovereign. he kept thinking fully supplied with the appropriate papers and was impressed i is thorough mastery of them but they were for information only. from the outset churchill paid great attention to parliamentary opinion, regularly if we look like a bird to his chiefs of staff. in the later stages of the war he founded increase we difficult to get his way with roosevelt or

stalin. as his advantages over the importance of beaverbrook and bracken had signaled early on, he never changed his mind on the major that of wartime policies or personal at the behest of sovereign. on the eighth of may 1945 churchill appeared on the balcony of buckingham palace with george the sixth and queen elizabeth. soon after he moved to address to the king and comments. we have observed the oldest and most famous the most honored the most secure and the most monarchy in the world. and abided so good for relations between george the sixth and churchill that the monarch was deeply dismayed to lose what he called my dear winston in the 1945 general election. is reluctant to see him go as he been reluctant to see him arrive five years before. i would start -- sort of result of the most ungrateful to personally after all your hard work for the people, he wrote, with a fight indifference to the

constitutional conventions of impartial royal. aisha mishra counsel to me more than i can say it white churchill such accept the order when the people giving the order of the boot? [laughter] on churchill's final return to power in october 1951, they came with us to lead to see him back as he been dismayed and churchill first showed up at buckingham palace back in 1940. in winston's approach to the throne the lord reported a sense of history invested the monarch with a certain mystique so that he always spoke of the white house with touching prevalence and never more so than in that adequate broadcast on the death of king george vi that i already alluded to. it's a very interesting broadcast only because it's a marvelous example of churchill's late eloquent style but also because although it is true that

churchill praises of george the 61st dedication to duty and his ministry at this is that he never suggested that the king actually make any serious impact on government policy. george was of course followed by queen elizabeth ii, and the aging prime minister now saw himself as polling lord melbourne to her as it was young victoria. he was the expense well statement with authority matches and a rival. she by contrast with the young sovereign nuclear great responsibility. he wore a coat and a top hat. they talked about polo horses industrialize in india and he returned overflowing with her praises. the queen was enormously fun of and admiring of her first trimester. she enjoyed his company. she gave him the order of the carter but he early refused to be used to go racing together,

racing horses against each other. sometimes the prime minister is winning, sometimes the queen is winning. the world it is impossible to imagine a today. among the greatest pleasures of churchill second issue for the opportunity to for public expression to his romantic feelings for the institution of monarchy and for the person of the new monarch. when saluting elizabeth took session he hoped her reign witnessed a golden age of art and letters and the brightening salvation of the human scene. on the evening of her coronation he described the sovereign as crowd and he the history and enthroned in our hearts. she was a lady who we respect because she is our queen and whom we love because she is herself. small wonder on churchill's 80th birthday the hold while family bought him a present of fort sill for wine coasters. you have been and are such an inspiration to our people, queen mother wrote in congratulations, and we are all very proud of you

to a complete and conspicuous reversal of the hostile opinion she entertained of them back in 1940. her daughter queen elizabeth ii got on well with churchill remain in touch with him after he ceased to be prime minister. after i pushed his affection for her first and favorite prime minister were fully displayed on his death in january 1965 when she behaved impeccably. while, for it was at her instruction and with part of his acquiescence that churchill was given a state funeral. arrangements would represented a conspicuous reversal of the previous occasion when parliament had to petition the creely reluctant queen the korea to accord a similar honor to gladstone who of course she loved. setting aside all president and presidents of this with the second attended in person the funeral of her great subject, as did almost the entire royal family along with the kings of belgium, norway, greece and denmark, queen of the

netherlands and the grand duke of luxembourg. one of the most memorable images of that day was of the sovereigns and princes of europe gathered together in the royal capital on the steps saluting churchill's coffin as it was brought away. well, let me try to bring this rather rapid cancer variety of reins to an end. as with so many aspects of churchill's public life and political career, his relations with moderate both british and foreign, was a uniquely rich and varied story which unfolded at several different levels. but one of those high rhetorical play of history drawn romance and sentiment, old equal among british finishers like disraeli and from this perspective, churchill regarded success of british sovereigns as national symbols and imperial icons whose affairs who is proud to conduct and his encouragement and

recognition and admiration he deeply cherished. but in terms of his day by day dealings with the succession of monarchs, the position wasn't quite the same. .. >> thank you very much and good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the last session of the day, one that i know will and the first day on a high. i am sure you as i marvel at the continuing volume of books about winston churchill that emerge

your after year. what more could there be to say, now even about winston churchill, we might ask. david has managed not only to say new things but to add great detail and provide a fascinating expedition of churchill's, a topic that you know and as david demonstrates that it had its peaks and its troughs much like his own political career. he and his life is engaging. had i not been so frivolous as to pay a lot of bills, i should've had that money

available right now. [laughter] he is well qualified to write on this topic, a former member of the london stock exchange, a fellow of the institute and with a career in private banking. now, in semi retirement, with finances loss, suddenly the world is churchill's gain. [applause] >> thank you to the churchill society. those of you have come to the session, thank you very much. i think we will keep it quite light and we've been here long

time today a ready. this been a subject that has to be taken quite lately. churchill never took about lightly himself. he said he hated business affairs and money was the only thing that worried him in life. it was never quite so bad as they might imply and. [inaudible] in 38, when his financial affairs were about to implode, he was reduced to saying no more

champagne, but he reserved for himself 1 pint a day. i don't know whether you voted for british exit or if your appeared in, but the surprising breadth that vote is they have announced they are going to bring back the imperial pint of champagne. now, to business, i suppose as an englishman i am always thinking because these games that they pretend to have invented and given the world,

they always work in units of 11 but somehow it was not sufficiently human size. i thought maybe i should look more at american football as an example because when i watch it on my visits over here, i'm always amazed by the number of players on the sidelines waiting to come in. then i did a little bit of research i found that in fact american football teams work in london. you have the offense and the defense and the special kickers team and they love them as well. are there 33 people in total?

i thought what i would do is compare american football and soccer, which we call football and take the four courses and highlight a few players in each quarter. i will also give you, this is american football, i will i will give you a bit of half-time entertainment. first-quarter, this is a defensive line up. let me tell you. it was the women that churchill looked for support while he was a student, for financial

support, he had to. he had been kept on a very tight leash by his father because. [inaudible] and his father thought he was hopeless with money. he appeals to the women and they always pay out. first, on your left is mrs. everest, he complained that he didn't always acknowledge in writing and was often late with repayment. on your right is his brother's,

his father's sister. she had the good sense to marry money. she married a guest family. [inaudible] she would write back and always in close a large sum of money with that letter. in fact, later in life she was given money for parliamentary expenses. when it didn't meet his expectations, she brought it back. i could've added others it

could've included. [inaudible] it has to go with the woman in the middle, jenny jerome. that's all been hearing earlier and she is a star. [inaudible] she is highly extravagant had no real sense of money, she hadn't a sense of entitlement but in the early days, she felt she had

to give her son winston a bit of a scolding when he asked for money and then she normally came up with the goods he became really important after her husband's death. he left his money in trust with his wife. she did allow instant 500 pounds which was about 50 or $60000 a year and for the first couple years she regularly coached him and said he had to live within his means, all the while she was spending the capital. eventually she had to write that i'm terribly sorry, then on, her

lectures were within his means. she didn't lecture him anymore and they shared their money. he reacted to these financial problems by going out and doubling up as a journalist, writing from afghanistan and sit on, as well as a soldier. back at home,. [inaudible] it was a great campaign.

she was absolutely vital. it was only later that the tide turn when she got into trouble in her second marriage and she became dependent on him. they were sorting out her affairs in the second marriage and then at her death when she died without a will but owing lots of money to lots of people. so it was a bit of a mixture. now, will check with the second

slide coming up. estimate. can anybody help me out the back ? it's on my screen but it's not up on your screen. >> in the middle there is going to be, next one, in the middle, that's the one back one, that's

the one there. there we go. okay. in the middle is the man who looked after, in today's money, about one point to $5 million that churchill had saved by 1900, by the end of his tours after the world war. you heard about his escape that made him an international star and made him a hero and a star. he had made something like a million dollars and he needed it looked after. this guy in the middle, an immigrant from europe, he had

come over in about 1870, he, he had started as a cotton trader in liverpool, he quickly moved to london as a banker and over the course of 20 years he supplied leadership in the city of london. he looked after, i use the word in quotation marks, he looked after the prince's wales edward the seventh and their financial affairs. he lived in grosvenor where. he became friends with winston churchill's parents and he had a soft spot for young winston. particularly after his father's death. he offered to manage his savings for nothing and winston thought

he did it very well and then he convinced invited winston out to the opening of the dam which he financed in egypt, he invited him to holidays in his swiss chalet and when i say that, don't think think of some modest little thing, it was huge. he equipped the library for churchill, he gave him 500 pounds so were talking $75000 in cash on his wedding. when he went to fight in the front and went in the army, majors pay originally and was worried about the finance at home, they said don't worry, i

give you unlimited credit. his final service was in 1930 when he overextended himself and contracted himself for two homes when he only meant to buy one and he tried to pull out of the sale with the duke of wellington son. he said we have a contract and i will blacken your name if you try to worm out of it. he was fully borrowed by that time and he wrote out a check and covered it. he conveniently died two months later and his executors never asked for the money back. as he spent his savings in the first decade of the 20th

century, his bankers become more important because they had to lend to him. they generally banked the british army offices and churchill never changed his bank and the whole of his life. the bank changed a bit because it was taken over by lloyds bank. he gave them a fair number of nightmares and worry, but they never lost a single pound in lending to him. it became part of the deposit into the churchill center. as a banker, would be historian like me, you can see them, there there are 28 papers in the

archive center. he took careful notes. he was a fellow mason. and he was tremendously patient. europe had faith in churchill. he had faith in him as a customer, so whenever whenever he missed loan repayment deadlines or failed to bring his overdraft back under the promise limit. he tried to make sure that

within the bank's hierarchy, he was given another chance. on the few days that he wasn't, he would always sorted out with insurance companies instead because he was an insurance specialist. [inaudible] the oldest son was always going to be looked after by the husband. she worried about the younger children. she left through the children over younger children. she knew she had three grandsons at least and there werin