i'm not sure entirely what that order may be coming and i welcome your thoughts given what you've had a to say about the atlantic relationships and the importance of utilizing the prestige of the united states and of europe. >> i studied at the university that was based on the nationstate and its developed at the end of the 30 years which the doctrine of sovereignty emerged as the ideas of international laws laid out the

conduct and at that time it had been thought about in part by religious beliefs in the societies and it was agreed it was the subject of international policies, but international aggression assisted of the borders in violation of borders of established state. the basic structure of the international order i was in office and when he came into

office was placed on the nationstate and the principal elements of security are still in a state of fear -- europe plus russia through all of its emphasis. it was beginning to emerge in the 70s in the countries like india. since the beginning they are international law. the middle east parole of its conflict between the various states, some of them radical,

some of them less so. the current situation is radically different. the major countries feel they are not obliged to observe it. in addition, states are now emerging based on the principles of legitimacy that on that spa space.

it was just a contributing element, but now the nature of the structure in itself becomes an international insecurity. and. and now we have the extraordinary scope going far beyond what we experienced. we were deeply concerned that the catastrophic impact, but essentially it was confined to two countries and it turned out to be more or less correct.

there are many countries and forms of technology that have emerged cyber or artificial intelligence which create totally new business. so before they can produce a come of the countries haven't necessarily defined with the role is in these new circumstances. we have a peopled in many simultaneously but they are not

caused by the same issues. this is by it so much attention to what can be done in the region but this is a sketch of the difference between the period in which he was in offi office. >> [inaudible] do you think that it needs refreshing and it's working well and are you concerned that the

way in which europe on a number of occasions seems to have different views than the united states. you asked the very penis clustering with this sort of a member. did yonumber. you do know what it is today? >> i know what it is today but i might not like what it says. a fundamental challenge is to define what it is trying to do. what is it trying to achieve and what is it that we will achieve only as allies and if we are obliged to do without allies and

they would understand these answers but if the dialogue is yet to take place. >> how do you think in present circumstances we can bring the collective will closer together than it currently appears to be? >> it depends on how this result. i cannot imagine an atlantic strategy which we are not attempting to find common

answers. for this point of view, figuring that it was a matter for britain to decide, i think to the extent that britain played an active role trying to add to the description, it will play an extremely important role to get an answer. it cannot be that the united states prescribes all the answers but it criticizes. but in the well understood alliance, we would go and come

to some conclusion about how to preserve the issues and not continue to do these things. >> if you look right across the middle east, you see the most extraordinary complex relationship, but figure would you begiwhere wouldyou begin asf state today to unravel the chaos to what we now see happening in the destruction of the nation and the huge numbers of people who happen to be caugh happenede wrong place at the wrong time and in the midst of the wrong dispute? >> it emerged in 1919 and it was

based on the concept that there would be the fear in the european sense for the collection of the groups and facilitated the management from the outside. it is a majority that is

governed by the field and that works well as long as britain and france were the major custodians of the. with the decline of the british and french power and in the absence of any other outside power, bu the states became frae to apply to the principal to make the situation more complicated. so in iraq it moved, and we thought thi that this would leao democracy.

though it could lead to democracy, it led to the civil war and proposed to be removed again believing that this inflicted the will of the people in the countries that were determined not to be governed by any of the other principles that existed and libya did the same thing. the issue is can we salvage the situation by finding a coalition

government and it is essential that we go beyond the tactical management of the situation and hopefully in some consensus that the allies have two the solution that is more likely to bring stability and peace and takes into account some of the elements that i mentioned here because i think a pure tactical management of this crisis is guaranteed. >> now we are going to come to questions. who would like to ask doctor kissinger the first question from the floor? >> you played a remarkable role in stabilizing the world.

you left it in a much safer place not least because you made this great contribution by developing the detente meeting and common interests and who rules and then developing detente on many fronts. having left the world a safer place if they are i there in thd comparing it with the world now, would you say it is a safer place now still order less safe place? >> it was more dangerous and sends and it would be really catastrophic. now it is more complex and in the long-term, more dangerous

because they are at the disposal of the people. they don't have the same limits that existed and it could lead to complications. [inaudible] so many have nuclear weapons and if we get involved with the major countries, it could affect the balance between major countries and major countries could be tempted to intervene much like world war i started.

[inaudible] that technology creates opportunities bu that you can ue to manage. if you look at the history of world war i.

[inaudible] hi would add that they were late to react instantaneously into the thinking maybe less. i think we live in a more dangerous world. so we need more long-range thinking. >> one final question.

three years ago i had a long conversation with the former minister in berlin on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of britain joining the european community and the one question i asked him his wife was germany always so much more enthusiastic about the british membership of the european community than france and he doesn't hesitate at all. he said it's because we were convinced as britain was in the european community america would trust us that if britain was not, they would think it was all a terrible plot. do you think that if, when britain leads the european union

america will trust it less? >> it was created before there was a european community. because we have a historic relationship and also because i hope that they ended their presence with a klingon to play a role in emphasizing the importance of the atlantic relationship. so in my thinking, i would hope

that out of all of these discussions emerge as a britain that is closely contributed to europe but also represents the conscience of a relationship so i wouldn't think it's necessary to make that choice but i do think that britain, britain's greatness was developed in the period before so i think britain could continue to play a major role.

>> on behalf of every one i would like to say how much we have enjoyed tonight what has been a memorable occasion.

the british empire and its commonwealth men will still say [inaudible] we are live at the 33rd international churchill conference in washington, d.c. focusing on the former prime minister's friends and speakers include additional story and all their masters and commanders held the titans won the war in the west 1941 to 1945. and later at 7:00 the texas general officer, state senator

menendez and musician phil collins talk about the spanish mission, the alamo at the tribune festival in austin. >> this group of people were going and they knew they were going to die but they went. there was something very noble and i've learned it wasn't quite as black-and-white and that is one of the things that would be good in this day in ages we put it into context. >> you notice he's not wearing a weapon. he would often lead a tax wearing nothing but that riding crop that you see in his left hand. the men looked at this and realized if the kernel and later the brigadier cometh the kernel can take it, i can take it, too.

>> we visit the memorial in norfolk virginia. or the early life of douglas macarthur during world war ii. and the great leaders also service conscience in chief with the highest level of integrity with their moral compass on true north's we can count on them to do the right thing when times get tough or no one is looking. >> thomas austin explains his ten commandments for presidential leadership and provides examples of those that have excelled at each one. for our complete schedule, go to c-span.org. c-span was created by a public service by america's cable television companies and is brought to you today by the cable or satellite provider.

she talked about her role on the high court and her childhood in new york city. this is from the equal justice conference in washington, d.c.. it's an hour. welcome to the equal justice works conference. i am the proud executive director. you are in for a treat today a conversation between the justice of the united states supreme court and the judge e on the cot of appeals for the seventh

circuit. let me quickly get, where debato they fit like liquor, you took it. that's okay. so, justice kagan needs no introduction. serving as the associate white house counsel, the dean of harvard law school and first solicitor general seized 112 justice and fourth woman to serve on the united states supreme court. our moderator has also dedicated all of her career to public service. she was the first woman of color to serve as division chief in the office in chicago and the u.s. district court for the district in illinois. she is the first and only judge of color on the u.s. court of appeals. she cofounded just the beginning foundation a pipeline organization that aims to increase diversity in the profession and judiciary by inspiring more young diverse

people to consider legal careers. for the next 60 minutes, judge williams will have a conversation about her career and long-term commitment to justice. time is short but before i jump in with me introduce the audience to the panelists. these are public interest minded students that have come from all over the country to seek their fortunes in public interest law. [laughter] >> they are interviewing for jobs in a career fair with 165 public interest employers and they want to find their path to devoting part of their career to public service so they look forward to hearing your advice on how they might be able to do that and learning from your examples without further ado ado let's see pass it on over to judge williams, my hero. ' good afternoon.

i know we can do better than that. [applause] we are thrilled to have the justice join us for this conversation. particularly while we celebrate equal justice works and because she's such a huge supporter of public interest works, in this conversation we will find out how and why she became the justice she is and why she has that kind of commitment. you grew up in new york you're not as a lawyer and activist and your mother was a teacher. how did they influence you? >> first let me say how thrilled i am to be here today. [laughter]

with you, judge williams and all of you. it's a great seeing you all aree doing at the start to look for ways to promote the public good so you should all feel great about yourself and what you're doing here. they started you on the path. what is it they instilled in you that helped you become the person and justice march of a? >> you couldn't have grown up in my house without a commitment to public service. my father was a lawyer and as close to i grew up in new york city and everyone thinks of it as big law firms but my father

just sort of put a shingle out whesingle woundwhen he graduatew school and he worked. he settled into representing the tenet groups as new york city became more and more cooperati cooperative. but he was always involved in community life and never held elected office. but for many years he was the chair of a community board in manhattan and he worked on projects of all kinds that tried to stop the expansion.

it is important to think of the community that you lived in that were bigger than yourself and so i tried to live by that example. my father's commitment all the time when they made choices about my life, my mother was a great teacher so my father was a lawyer, my mother was a teacher, i've done both. my brothers are also teachers in new york city or have been. my older brother just retired. so education was important in our family and we had a lot of opportunities but my mother was

like you've got to take advantage of those educational opportunities and she was a pusher and a striker and she thought education was the most miraculous thing in the world and i think she communicated that to all of us. >> she communicated how valuable it was. >> she was my first writing instructor and i have to say she was a tough teacher. everybody that went through my and others' classes, she was a tough teacher. like half of the people become utheycome up to me and they says in your mother's sixth-grade class and it changed me forever. [laughter] than the other half it was the most terrifying experience of my

life. but she had high standards i must say you definitely when it came to writing and she did take some interest in my writing and you could always do better with my mother as a writer and it's true you can always do better the more you work at it. in fact it is one of your big tips for law students. >> absolutely. the more you work the better it gets. you then went to high school in new york. when did you start thinking about law and did you ever think of being a judge?

>> i didn't think about law that early. i don't remember as a kid having the feeling i want to be a lawyer. i wanted to be a professional tennis player in all those things that just were not in the cards. but i went to law school for all the wrong reasons. when you talk to the students you just admit it and you try to get them to come to your school i was in the middle of talking to them and i just said something like you shouldn't go to law school just because you can't think of anything better to do or it will keep your options open for all these reasons and then i couldn't stop myself because i thought

[inaudible] [laughter] i was a history major in college and i loved studying history. i thought i would go on to graduate school and become a professor of some kind but then i did my senior thesis which is a great thing to have done and it taught me an incredible amount also what it was like to be a historian and i realized it wasn't for me and i did go to wal school but i was lucky because when i got there i realized right away that it was the place for me.

the reason had to do with the combination of two things. on the one hand, i found it intellectually exciting. it was like a big puzzle and some of them are those of you that love tax there is hope for you. at the same time, what was true is it was immediately clear that you could use this to make a difference in people's lives and that is what separated it from then on to become an academic historian or something like that which this wasn't only intellectually thrilling but you could take that and make a difference or do something that

would help people that mattered. was that combination that made me realize okay this was the right move. i'm glad i'm here. at that point i'm going to ask did you ever think you would be the dean at harvard? in terms of how many women in your class. >> i went to law school in the mid-1980s and graduated in 86 and by that point about 40% were women. i think everything had happened between the early 70s were made 70s and when i started it have taken a huge leap upwards

but there were still very few professors and it wasn't until i think the first year i professor became the dean of the school but there were a lot of women students. >> were there any particular challenges when interfaced when you were in law? ..

note >> >> then there were so few women in your class the and when you got out they were star students laugh firms did not want to hire the edward judges did not want to hire them or that clerks and the doors were shutting in their faces so there really had to make their own way so they created these absolutely brilliant careers that they made it up on the fly how they would get around the fact of all the standard employees said not interested. and that was not true by the time