role models looking at that but my mom, because she's a very, very, for her era, coming out of the sixties, she is very strong minded, very strong-willed, very vocal, regardless of what she is doing, and having that energy, and no looking back when she does get out there and put herself out there really i think helped me become a better person. and as i had gotten older, my children, especially my daughter seeing her the way she looks up at me inspires me to be better, be a better leader. within all of you all, too, because in my position at the citadel there been several hundred women to come behind me. i had to set this example for those people, too. so that they can be the best they can be. >> what would each of you say but again face values? monica, you challenge is to think about our game face

values. what game face values do you hope that people see in you as a reflection of your leadership? >> sure. i would love for people to see the spirit of being and not for, being a maker, self-starter and a bootstrap or, not waiting for society to validate you. not waiting necessarily for any one place to make a name for you but making and him and a legacy for yourself on your own terms. i think creative resilience is another value that i hold dear no matter what is thrown at me, learning to get back up. i'll give you a short story example. i used to be a preschool teacher many years ago. this was back around 2012, and that terrible incident with trey trade by martin happened. in response to that i triggered out lesser plant theory and i had students send cards to his foundation. i thought what i was doing camping at upstander, a creatively recite and teaching these types of sympathy and compassion was the right thing to do.

sadly this school of administration didn't agree and the barbie. the story was featured on humans of new york. i felt that from that moment that's what i learned to kind of had that game face attitude like i get what i thought was right and even if the world didn't accept it, i'm going to go forth and keep doing what's right. i've moved on from that experience but i know sometimes windows down seven, it's tempting for us to say i can't do anymore, anymore, i can take it, the world against me me, i'm not on the right path. but staying true to your core value is of value i think you all have and we share that. [applause] >> i talked a bit about it early having courage and confidence to get out there and put yourself out there but also taking the initiative. my comments will echo monachus exactly. you can't wait another people to do something for you. you have to take the initiative to do it for yourself or do it for your family or for a friend,

most certainly you've got to have that initiative in order to do that. >> great. one thing i wanted to bring into this conversation something we've heard a little bit about already this morning and we are hearing in society right now which is this concept of a glass ceiling. we started this money by recognizing a woman who is inspirational too many of us, sandra day o'connor, and the crack that she and her leadership helped put into the glass ceiling. we did not see a full shattering of the class even last tuesday, though what was pointed out was maybe that's just a piece, one piece that continues that still exist, but in accepting the challenge that was offered to us this morning thinking about optimism and things to be hopeful about, we will next year have the highest number of women

in congress, and in state and local legislative positions. and so i would love for each of you to reflect a little bit about what do you feel that this moment in time means for or represents in the movement of women's leadership in our country? >> you know, if if you search what i think this is the third time without a women run for president or vice president or be on a ticket. i think it's indicative right now today of how far we have, but is also indicative of how far we have to go. my seven -year-old daughter asked me the other day if we have ever had a female president, and i told her no. then she asked me why not? i am a republican. i am a conservative woman and i didn't have a good enough answer but i think it shows the importance of having to have more women involved, whether it's at the corporate level or civic engagement or helping run

political campaigns. i've done that a bit over the years and try to be engaged and make a difference. but we need more women who are willing to have the courage and the confidence to get out there and make that difference. i think that just is the most important thing. one of the students mentioned earlier kellyanne conway. she ran a very successful presidential campaign. we are seeing it happen but we need more of you out there to get as to what we want to be in the future. spirit i would just say that -- [applause] >> i would you say this is the moment of urgency and that women are not unapologetically claiming and holding space. we have to keep doing that and we can't feel like anything is off limits to us just because we're the first, the second, the 33rd. it's really important we continue to break that feeling. not crack it, break it, shatter it.

pack will make sure there are no more ceilings for us? whether you're working in politics or advocacy or health education, or anything like, how can we continue breaking those barriers some of the time your daughter comes of age she will have plenty of references to say the first, the first and the first woman. >> absolutely. one of my favorite quotes about the glass ceiling was, it was stated by somebody who is also involved this one, sheryl sandberg. and she suggests there is a glass ceiling, but it's glass so take off your stiletto and shatter it. which i think is a really interesting thing for us to keep in mind about the fact that there are things we can do to your point to change the systems that don't always feel like they are accessible or approachable to folks. one of the things i think is interesting is of the team at the reagan foundation shared with us this morning

we are choosing to take up that mantle of leadership and say we need to find ways to change the system for ourselves, so i went to appreciate and acknowledge all of you that made that happen , which leads to my final question for the panel and are then let's open it up. do you think-- what advice knowing there are 300 young

women and as i understand one young man who are here today who have come here to unlock their civic power and unlock and capture their civic leadership. what advice would you give them? >> simple, feel the fear and do it anyway. don't let fear stop you. feel that fear, honor it and keep pushing. [applause]. >> i would say find your inner honey badger and get involved, be involved in don't be afraid. have the courage to do the right thing that makes you feel good, makes you feel accomplished regardless of what that is. if you are doing what you love, you will be successful and you will become a leader. [applause]. >> let's open it up for

questions. i saw one shoot up so fast. let's start over here and then went over here somewhere. yes, if we could get that one teed up next. >> , sophomore college's student at an all-female school in los angeles and we are probably minority, so i wanted to know like after last tuesday a lot of the girls on campus are discouraged in light of everything that happened that i wanted to know like what we do tell the girls on our campus about how to move forward? >> is that me? >> anyone. >> i think monica and i have different worldviews a different political views, but ultimately both the sides or after same thing, the same and a goal and i think we approach it differently and regardless of what side you're on, being involved in

being engaged and knowing the importance of what that is and that's the future and in a few years when you guys are moms and you have your own kids it's your children's future and your grandchildren's future and that's why it's so important to be engaged and be active. we can to just sit on the sidelines and watch it go by we have to be involved. >> i would say it's time to organize. definitely we see the country is changing as some of us are not fond of the direction it's headed in and we have to be that much more strategic and thinking of what small part of this big problem we will tackle, so working to our ancestors and folks still alive today and see the model they have left and think how can i change this in my local area and beyond and how that interactive spirit and organizing is the way to go. >> we don't have a democracy of the people. we have the democracy of the

people who show up, so we have to remember that and remember that if we expect anything to change we had to show up and do what we can do to help make it happen. [applause]. >> hello. >> please tell us your name. >> thank you both so much for being here. it's an honor to hear your stories and really an inspiration. so, i'm a senior in high school as i know a lot of the people at my table are and so there is a lot of scary decisions coming up for as soon and i was wondering what do you think are the best decisions you made to help you become the leader you are today and that community? >> the best decisions i've made, well i spoke about rule breaking , but i think committing to get an education, a higher education even though it is an exorbitant cost and burden and

that's one of the things we need to organize around, but just be in spaces where you can be thoughtful. understand and critique the world, i think that is a core step towards propelling yourself into the leadership journey. i think just getting active in the social movements, volunteering, service learning, whatever you want to call it it is so key. if you know how to give and help you will be a better leader and i think in general, you were talking about listening to ted talk and there is some really brilliant people on ted just assuring about the way they see the world and that can help you inform your own perspective and that's what i would suggest. >> i would say figure out your goals and where you want to be from year-- a year from now, five years from now and finding that people who can mentor you or give you advice. take that initiative to rage out to the folks you can.

i would say the second thing is that, you know, as i would like to think there are no bad decisions in life because if you make a mistake and even at almost 40 i still make mistakes, but the lesson is you have to learn from them and so when you do fumble pick up the ball at figure out which a direction you should have gone and learn from it, so in the future it's not repeated and you can improve yourself. >> i think it's also important to trust your gut. when i think back to some of the hardest decisions i've made that ended up being the most meaningful, they were not necessarily the ones that were easy to make and so i think knowing yourself and knowing what gives you anxiety, how you process and understand the emotions happening to you and what you do with them, it's fair to ask those questions of yourself sometimes and sometimes

only by asking those questions can you discover the true decisions you need to make that might not have been apparent to you in the first place. [applause]. >> we have a couple of questions over here, but where are our microphones? there we go. >> i attend a pride dominantly minority all-female school and i was wondering what are some of the hurdles that you have faced and how have you overcome them? >> can you tell us your name. >> veronica. >> thank you. >> hurdles. i often find myself professionally in male-dominated environments. i play in politics a little bit and i've been involved in a couple presidential races and other local races, typically male-dominated. in my professional life i do commercial real estate, again male-dominated.

on the only woman on my team in the office, so it's hard to find that balance as a woman because i think rebecca was talking bit about this earlier today, but when you are strong and assertive sometimes that is okay for men, but for women you are called passion is the key word here and when you're called passionate that is the b word whether it's bossy or the other b word here to find that balance and i think a sense of humor and confidence goes a long way and pouring honey on a situation goes a long way versus taking it in the other direction, but it's hard as a woman to take that out. it takes time in years and i'm still trying to figure that out. >> as a black woman i'm often similarly the only one in the room, especially in the leadership spaces and the arts and culture arena and interesting enough museum spaces

the art of color is featured on the wall, but not in decision-making capacity, so it's rare to see folks like me and i have to be my own cheerleader in my own best advocate. a lot of times people are incredulous when i show up, what he doing here, are you sure, are you in the wrong place, that kind of stuff. thank god i am creatively resilient and confident, but i really think it's learning to own your identity and once you get to that place where you like i'm doing this matter what, be fierce and that an unapologetic. talk to other people in your circle that can affirm you and don't wait for society to do it and i just think in general, understanding who you are and why you are there is a key to taking up space and being confident in no space. >> i also want to pull out something that nancy mentioned and it sometimes the biggest hurdle to women can be other women and i know some of my biggest hurdles have been other women and i think it's important

to acknowledge that sometimes and recognize to the point, nancy, that you made in your speech, when are you as a woman being an unintentional hurdle for another woman and how do you try to remove that and how that self-awareness to know where you might be holding other people around you back and figuring out what it might take for you to remove that perl from someone else. that's as important sometimes as knowing how you want hurdles to be removed for you. [applause]. >> hello. i'm hannah and is a younger person what questions should we be asking you to get to the high position that all of you hold? >> great question. a what questions should they be asking us, that's a great question. [laughter] >> i can tell you that one thing i did when i was starting out in my career was i found women's whose jobs i wanted and i went to them and i said how did you

get here and what advice would you give me and that was really helpful and a lot of the women that i asked had never been asked that question before, so it even helped them to think a bit more about that as well, so that's one thing. >> i would also say when you're talking to someone who has power , influence, directorial type of position it is helpful to articulate how you can add value to them and why they should pour into you so if you are looking for a mentor sam looking for a mentor and here's why. i think so often there are floods of people that say i need help, i need help, i need help and that is fair, but if you can say i need help, but this is also what i can bring to the situation it might bring-- catches someone's eye as well. >> honestly, ask any question because you need to figure out where your passion is and we want to go in life and follow those individuals and be authentic and curiosity is fine

and that shows genuine interest, so there is never any sleight of question you can ask other than how did you get here and when did you do, but getting to know that person more than anything about you. >> thanks. >> hello. i met maggie. going to say good job because i know you are really nervous and you did a great job. pretty much all of us are really young and under 18, so our age kind of stops us from doing a lot of things and i know that for me specifically i went to work with foster teens, but because of legality we can't really get involved with organizations yet, so besides working together and making our voices heard what else can we do to help in these positions we are not old enough to be involved with? >> i mean, i guess it depends the cause. maybe you may not be able to

work with foster teens like direct service recipients, but you might be able to up the organization working with them whether they need someone to get on the phone into a calling campaign or need help with social media. a lot of times you have skills you might take for granted that organizations and nonprofits really need help with and you can build up your resume and still contribute and moving that way. also, i think just using your platform and the influence you to spread the word about there is a movement that i care about, everyone go donate, volunteer, advocate for them and that is definitely something you can do in your power now. >> you could volunteer to other organizations to start building up a record of performance. that would be one way to go about it or volunteer at those organizations or similar ones that are ancillary to that. i would certainly try to build up that, volunteer for sure. somewhere they can see you have

a record of it and then when you are old enough to engage you could show them i have done all of these things and now i want to help you. >> i want to take a minute to challenge us in a place where we are honoring a president, to challenge us about what we think that young people's voice mean and represents, so i was adamant the other day with my good friend who runs an organization called the millennial action projects and one thing he really brought out in the conversation was how when we think of our founding fathers we think of them as these statuesque marble figures and a statesman and we forget that while thomas jefferson and james madison both lived to be in their 80s, thomas jefferson was 33 when he started writing the declaration of independence and james madison was 36 when he started drafting the constitution of the united states and so there are

ways that, i think, we all have to make sure that we are showing how our young voices matter and what they bring into conversations and how even if you can't run for congress right now because you are not old enough and you can be present until you are 35 and all these things, it does not mean your voice can't influence the people in those positions and some of the points being made and you can find ways to organize and communicate the things that are important to you so then you have a platform and a voice that you have found, but then you are positioned to run when you are able. do we have time for one more question? they gave me the zero sign, but i'm going to take one more question. the someone have a microphone already? back to their. >> my name is maddie and i'm a freshman at sacred heart

academy, all girls at school and they do a lot of these opportunities for us to kind of like go up in front of the school and sort of preach what we believe about certain issues and seth and i was sort of wondering about your first experience of the getting up in front of a crowd and talking about something that you believed in and one of friends did this the other day and she is kind of freaking out before, so she called my mom and my mom gave her this really hard-core pep talk and sort of snapped her out of it and i was wondering if you ever had any experience like that and what did they say to you. >> experience like a meltdown? [laughter] >> every day. >> consistently. you know, speaking in front of people is not easy. you get accustomed to it and my way of doing it is to envision every faces a friendly face, so even if you are giving me the evil light i imagine your smiling, but i think back in

college of my freshman year and my first experience of speaking up front of a large group and it was protesting tuition hikes in front of our school and we stage a protest at marched on the rock wake and they were like we need people to speak to the sink get up on state-- state and they were like monica, you have a loud voice and i said just because i'm a communications major doesn't mean i want to, but eventually they talked me into it and i got up and talked about my experience and it went fairly well and that encouraged me but i do have a voice that maybe i can say other things that other people will get information from, so similarly you and your friend can to. meltdownscome and go. >> similarly to monica, mindless trial by fire in college and there were four women that started with me. two dropped out after 90 days and there were only two left in the school of almost 2000 men and it eventually we became the

spokesperson for the time to press, no training, nothing just what you think and no coaching and just did it because we had to, survival. i think that built my confidence to do more of that. i have always felt like after that experience i needed to set the example for other women that followed behind me at the citadel, so i became very involved with the college and began seeking more to alumni groups and then i was president of an alumni group and agree to be one of the largest for the said it out and so i always felt like i have to set the example for all the come behind me. as i have gotten her-- folder i will pay you the more i prepare the worse it is, which is why just get up here to talk and try not to have notes because i want to be real and authentic and be myself. you can over prepare and get more nervous as well. >> can i piggyback and say i think finding what it is you

want to say, what you want to talk about in the world is so keen that might come by speaking different venues or observing other speakers. i tend to speak about social justice and community engagement and those are things i really care about and it's what i champion, so it's an organic process of inspiration to me, but definitely reading is central to speaking and being informed about what you will say in keeping up with current events is another good thing. observing other speakers and thinking i like their style or i will change this and that will inform your own style. >> this is in direct the related to public speaking, but a few years ago i was going to leave my job and start my own consulting practice and it was very scary thing for me and i will never forget, i was driving into work one day talking to my good friend, justin, on the phone. hands-free, of course, but talking to him on the phone and i said i-- i told him what i was

going to do and i said i'm really scared and nervous, but i'm going to take this leap of faith and he said to me, kristin , you are taking a leap of faith in yourself. what else can you possibly have that faith in and it was the most powerful thing and it was six at what i needed to hear in the moments and in that moment and i canto you i i stopped being scared of stuff questioning if it was the right decision for me, but that was the thing i kept coming back to while in my experience was not directly related to a public speaking scenario i think it has repercussions for the way we think about a lot of the doubts and insecurities that we have in our leadership. all you could do is have faith in yourself because what else can he possibly have the faith then, so i think we can close it out now because we are beyond time, but we will be here for the rest of the day, i think.

i know we have some open time around at lunch and would love to talk with you more. thank you guys for taking what for some of you might be the first set in your journey to come here. for some of you, mib the 10th step or the 100th step, but what we would ask about you is, please, don't stop on that journey. keep going and taking more steps to get to where you want to get to for yourself, your community and for our country. thank you so much for having us. [applause]. >> while congress is in recess this week we are showing you book tv in prime time. tonight, a look at 20 sixteenths notable books starting with john donovan and karen zucker on their book, in a different key, the story of autism. then, patricia bell scott looks at the firebrand and first lady. after that, then sack on almighty, courage, resistance and extra stencil parol in the

nuclear age and finally, candace discusses hero of the empire, book tv tonight and all of this week starting at 8:00 p.m. eastern here on c-span2. on c-span3, it's american history tv in prime time with our lectures and history series. we will begin at 8:00 p.m. eastern with an event on sport and race in the 1980s. seat on c-span3. >> this week on c-span in prime time, tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern, president barack obama and the japanese prime minister visit the american naval base in pearl harbor. he is the first sitting japanese leader to visit the site of the attack that launched us involvement in world war ii. wednesday night beginning at 8:00 p.m. a review of house and senate hearings from 2016 on topics including the flint, michigan water crisis and wells fargo unauthorized scandal.

>> seriously? you found out one of your divisions had created 2 million fake accounts, filed thousands of them toys for improper behavior and had cheated thousands of your own customers and you did not even once consider firing her ahead of her retirement next thursday at 8:00 p.m. eastern we remember some of the political figures that past winter to 16 including former first lady nancy reagan and supreme court justice antonin scalia and friday night at 8:00 p.m., our program continues with shimon peres, mohammed ali and former senator and astronaut john glenn, this week in prime time on c-span. >> new york congressman charles rangel has been in congress for 46 years, but recently retired and before leaving washington he spoke with the c-span about his career and what his future plans are.

this is 50 minutes? host: charles rangel, democrat of new york, 86 years old, 23 terms in the house. that's 46 years, wind it you decide this was going to be your last term? guest: i never thought about it. it must've been around three years ago. i went to a local hospital for what they call a procedure that was supposed to take a few hours. i got a spinal infection, a virus and i was in intensive care pride of how long and it was the first time i can remember being totally alone and i thought about the wide and the kids and all of these things and i told the wide, what about this and what happens and she was telling me these

things and i said, honey, why didn't you tell me about it. like it was so exciting and she said, charlie, i knew your commitment before we got married. id your passion. i knew you were good at what you do and i just wasn't certain i should give you the alternative while i love my wife, but i felt so awkward. it seemed like being so selfish and i knew then, so i didn't have enough time to recruit a candidate and it took two and half years, but i can say that the rest of my life is to make my wife happy and that too is selfish because that's going to make me happy again, the kids, grandkids doing different things and

raising money for kids because quite frankly, i was so close to that category of this kid can never succeed and that g.i. bill, that g.i. bill and my wife opened it myself to a world that no one in my family or community new and i'm going to have so much fun trying to see how many kids with my wife's permission to raise money for them and to raise money by going out to the private sector and giving talks, but only go places that my wife would want to go. i don't think i could lose. host: and that's next for you? guest: yes. host: what exactly will you be doing? >> was approached by several speaking agencies, corporations

during their conventions that they would like politicians to tell what it's really like and what did you do and what caused this and i've been involved in impeachments and nixon's and change with republicans and democrats. i said no, no, no and they said he better ask your wife about this and they showed the different places these people were having conventions and that they are places that are on our bucket list that we wanted to see and they want to pay me and i'm saying the-- that is the last thing a whole lot of problem with taxes, so city college of new york is right on the hill overlooking harlem. when i was a kid i thought it was riverside church. no one told me that's where you can go to get an education and the same time i was reading

in the local newspaper that kids could not make a $6000 a year tuition, $6000 a year, that's because the mean income as $35000 from their parents, so between the speaking agency, fees, the service, the kids and they went to make a replica of my congressional office so the kids can come in and i can tell them stories in this picture was taken when and there is no salary involved, but like i said after wife says it makes sense i her big-time. host: you have been here for 46 years. why did you decide it run? do you remember why you decided to run the first time? guest: you don't want to hear all of that. i was in the state

assembly for four years. i was happy that. we were only in session three months a year. i was helpful in getting a very important guy a judgeship and he was helpful insane i would join a law firm. i called my wife and i said we made it now, i have so-and-so's law firm, had his clients and everything, but in the course of the new nut assembly, governor rockefeller was giving a lecture to members. he was going to go to congress and i was a wise guy and i said governor you can go to congress, but i wish you let my congressman come back home. in that the district, he left the country and i learned then never try to be a wise guy if

you're not in control of the microphone and he said, assemblyman, if you can bring your congressman back home i welcome that you go there and remove the criminal sanctions because we need him in new york state justice as you want your congressman back. i went home and i said i really did it this time, but we did go and i tried to make it clear that congressman powell convalescing in the world i wanted to do was go south to go to washington dc and i was so happy being in albany , almost part-time and law firm and i'm beginning to learn what life was all about and when he got finished embarrassing me in front of my wife and patted me on the cheek and tell me how invincible he was i

knew then that i had no choice. he kept me waiting, my wife and i were there for about 12 hours. he ridiculed me. he just felt that-- and i was trying to tell him there were six people running and i would be in trouble if it work for these other people-- if these other people one because i'm supporting him which made me four years a part of the machine, i mean, i'm only therefore for years, so i ran and about six people were in we got a pretty good plurality, but i want about 500 votes and of course, had a good wife and a friend of mine who became governor was a member of congress and he said to my wife, whatever you do you come down and bring the family here because he loves family, friends

and everything. his wife had just passed and he lost part of his wife, so the wife came down and she was a true partner down here and i guess that should answer that question because it was exciting. host: what would you say your legislative achievements have been over these years? guest: that question is asked some a times. it's almost saying what was the best day of your 60 year marriage. i can tell you this, i've never had a real bad day that i regretted running for congress. i never had a day that i really felt i couldn't make a positive difference and i never found that i round-- ran out of challenges. nelson mandela knew who i was when he got out of jail and he called it

the bloody wrangle amendment because somebody white south africans called it that and they said if you want to stay in south africa that you to pain-- south african taxes and they left. when he came to the commonsense thing that no american should work 40 hours a week and get paid and still be in poverty and we were able to create the earning income tax credit to say no you don't zero taxes and we give you a check for your commitment, but most of all the housing we have for low income was an initiative and i can't-- i can tell you to work with a president like clinton, to get a bill passed for communities like mine that will provide incentives for people, so being at the rate place, being in leadership, being in the

majority, being able to say someone should do something about it and people saying that someone should be you, constantly you know you come here every day with the hopes and, of course, the atmosphere was entirely different. and i look at the photographs, my wife and i it's hard for us to remember sometimes who is the republican and who is the democrat. we were friends and we worked together. i member tip o'neill protected the rights of republican senior member it was an entirely different atmosphere and it was the best part of my life. host: you were named first african-american to serve as chairman of the ways and means committee, one of the key committees in the house,

overseeing taxes. what do you think your legacy will be on the ways and means committee? guest: everything that i mentioned and many new things i didn't and also when they talk about the affordable care act, my name is there is the prime sponsor, but all of those in my chairmanship of the ways and means, so i was named the congressman that had more bills signed into law than anyone else that's because i chaired the committee and we were able to get so many things done together, republicans and democrats most of the time. so, it was awesome and people would say, charlie, when you get the job they will come after you and that could have been my feeling

about politics except when the final story is told in his public may say you did not steal any money or taking money, you paid your taxes, but when you are trying to raise money for those kids, you are either unaware or ignored the fact that you could not use the paper that had the picture of the eagle and the united states congress. use should have used stationary with the capital. meantime she did that? thousands of times. you know how many laws that breaks and they don't teach one. asking people for money to do it and when the question was asked because i didn't even attend the hearing, what do you think one democrat asked, was the

worst thing congressman and he said his people did not keep good books and he was just too active in trying to raise money for those kids. this is not a press release. this is public record. so, we fought the thing in court and there was no question that the way things went, you aren't allowed to call witnesses and all those things and some democratic, but the supreme court said whatever the house of representatives would do , it did not have to be here or equitable that due process is a part of the constitution , but it is not concern itself with house of representatives some lawyers would say that can't be.

how can you exclude taken away the reputation and anything that happened and assay due process there? because we have separation. they don't tell us what to do and we don't tell them what to do and so my lawyer says if they knew they were just waiting and they were just going to get him for reasons that were totally unfair. of the court is blind to whatever they say when they know that it's up to them to select to their membership. host: congressman, you are referring to the house century newport ethics violations? guest: guess. host: any regrets? guest: i should have known the difference between the stationary back you use when you are soliciting. it never entered my mind if i am soliciting for the college of the city of new york, not for me. it was a public college. what you get-- regret

could i have had? yes, i should have said before i send out these letters would you please approve it. i should not have had confidence in the people that normally take care putting it together, but i don't have any regrets about my intent. like the prosecutor said , sloppiness is something that there is no way in the world i can blame anyone. on the guy that signed the letter's. host: according to observers see you could've just probably gotten a minor minor punishment from the ethics committee. guest: yes, but first of all i was the one that called for the hearing. i was the one that called for examination for 20 years of my taxes and conduct and it took

them years before they came to a conclusion and i would challenge them on the former and say whatever you got, just bring it out so i can clear my name. someone must have said you want us to bring it out we will bring it out , but i certainly would have negotiated if i knew that it would have had-- if i had blinders on and knew that they were completely in charge of the process. i just could not believe you could have a constitution and just due process is taken out of the member's rights to determine the conduct of its members. lets me make it abundantly clear, members had to vote on the censure during a political time.

i was in the news as someone that was being censured and they had to vote on it, so the question became as my predecessor with a about congress and i came down here and i found no one was angry with adam. i said how the hell did he get kicked out, they loved out of, but they loved themselves more. could they were not thinking about going back home explaining to their voters at the time they were up for election that they condone in any way the conduct. while they started off defending me, the closer the election came the more people would believe that, what he wanted to do protect charlie rangel or get reelected. i have never had to make that decision, but i could not get angry with someone because most people who had no

election problems that were with me and no one in the congress, when they held my picture up all of the republicans were there, former speakers, past speakers, what a wonderful guy i was and even today no one would ever think about saying my conduct in in this house has brought any shame to anyone. host: we are talking in the ways and means committee library and your picture hangs in the committee room. guest: there are people of their from both parties. host: what will you miss about congress? guest: what i would miss i already miss and i don't know if it's coming back in my lifetime. to be able to say that you have a job, if you want to call it that because i never looked at it that way, where

people said in this great country we have people that don't look alike, they have different backgrounds, came to this country in different ways and the only thing they have in common is that they love this country. they want this country to be great and that in a few hundred years they allowed people who will look like you to go from slavery to the highest court in the land and you are part of that. your job is to learn what the other americans are thinking so we can get a fair shake in this great country. what a concept. i don't see how these guys started up, quite frankly. i think they screwed up on electoral college, but other than that to have a constitution where they weren't even thinking about people of

color. they weren't thinking about women or poor people, but they built and grew even today, i don't think it's been tested the witness last presidential election, i mean, someone gets 2 million votes more than someone else and they loose. it's got to be hard to explain that and i put it in a bill and sent it to boxer to join her bill to get rid of the electoral college only because people should understand that things have changed since the document was written. we ought to constantly review the parts that don't make sense and keep the parts that allow us to have such a great nation. host: what won't you miss? what will you not miss about congress? guest: well, if they were really trying to chase them

politically, if they were saying the whole thing is going to be a nightmare, your party will not win, the house will not win, the senate and you won't be the republican they have selected for the presidency and republicans won't talk with democrats and democrats won't talk with republicans and someone just said they want to impeach the commissioner of the internal revenue service. we only have a couple days left in session and i have been through that impeachment in 1974 with president nixon. how can you ended this term and impeach? i'm not going to miss that. i'm not going to miss how people just want to be mean when they really don't believe they can do anything, how they can vote 60 times to repeal a bill knowing that it's not going to.

no, ever since i've been here people who have fought hard and work hard-- i told the guy today, i said since you've been here i don't even know if you have passed a bill, but you have fought for the things you believed in that you knew was possible for you to do. i would hate to be in your shoes today. he grabbed and hugged me because he didn't mind being a loser as long as hindu he was doing the right thing. he knew it was possible, but democrats and republicans say, you know now it makes good sense for the country and i will support that. now he knows that as long as he is in this congress, not republicans will not let him see the light of the day for his ideas. and that's painful. that's painful to tell

that to a representative of the 600, 700,000 people. host: you worked with many presidents over the years. which ones stand out to you and white? guest: i wish really i was here when president lyndon johnson was here. i worked for him partially when i was counsel to the select committee, but more importantly than that, i have so many prejudices and one of them with faxes. i did not even know i had a next entelechy that here i thought everyone else had an accent and in the south even though i married a southerner when i heard it lyndon johnson say that we should overcome -- i could not believe i was in america i marched from selma to montgomery with john

lewis and i never, never, never believed that the supreme court's would ever, ever, ever allowed voting rights and all of those things. i would have loved to have known or talked with lyndon johnson, but i guess it's who you have the closest relationship with and that would have been bill clinton. when i was chairman, i had the first bill that drought-- dealt with trade to africa and i had the empowerment and so many other things and so it's never been that i have been a buddy to a president because the situation never presented itself, but lyndon johnson, i really don't believe gets the credit for the political

courage he had when he passed these voting rights act knowing that it would hurt his party and say this great nation. host: when you think back over the years, tell us a story that you are fond of telling constituents or other people about what happens up here on capitol hill. guest: well, one of the stories would be when bill clinton said he was considering the empowerment zone bill and he wanted me to come over to go over some of the details and i thought i could make an impression if i didn't go over there with staff or notes, so for hours and days and nights i started this complex piece of legislation.

i was so exhausted when the time came for me to go there, but i stood tall and said this to the present i'm ready to discuss this outstanding piece of historic legislation and he had all of these people especially some that are still a part of government with him and he said and where's your staff and i said i don't have staff and he looked at me, dismissed the staff and when i went in and sat down ready for the first question he said, well congressman, how do you think hillary will do in new york for the u.s. senate, because totally unrelated to the empowerment zone bill. i had been able to recoup hillary clinton to run against a

politician that was running for the senate that it would have pained me if he had one. do you know what his name was? route off giuliani. rudolph giuliani. that was my local nightmare and every democrat with saying don't you have a candidate, why can't we get a candidate and so i was in chicago and she gave a speech and i said, you know, we need you in new york and before i remembered what i said someone asked me do you mean that. when i get the idea that she would even entertain it, i would have said a regular labor meeting and they were what do we have to do now and i said hillary clinton was the candidacy yes, but we don't have hillary

clinton and i said what if and as soon as they said that would be different i reported back to hillary. then, they said well we have congressional delegation and i told them i said labor needs to support hillary clinton would you and they said laver, but you don't have hillary clinton and i said yeah, but they must know something. they said they would support her and they said so would we. so, i reported that and then we had an association of businessmen that would meet once a month that i gave a talk to them and i said our back is against the wall. we have to raise money. we need people who truly believe that rudolph giuliani is not the

person to represent us in the united states senate and i said these people want hillary clinton. it was bigger than me. it was bigger than life and she was such a great united states senator and it was how all of these things was so totally unrelated and so when people say that i'm responsible for this and i'm at the convention bill clinton says and my wife did not have the slightest idea of going into politics until charlie rangel talked her into writing for the senate in new york and i just said, charlie rangel was there and it's like my wife said that i was just begging her after seven years to marry me, but as long as it worked out.

host: what do you think your legacy will be on your politics, representing your harlem district? guest: having the ability to have the support of the people to really be able to say what was on their mind and not have the heavy burden of thinking about political consequences. my constituents allowed me to talk out against the war in vietnam, to trade with the ireland, to deal with the pain in haiti, to negotiate trade agreements in africa, to support the korean people after the war and new all of the time that i could produce for them because i was born in the base of my supports. i think they would remember that they

trusted me and that i couldn't have done any of those things unless i knew they had my back and it was a great relationship. it builds up over eight period of time. the guys telling me and he's 50 years old and he says you know, you are the only congressman i've ever known in my life. or a woman said i never really had any choice. did anyone ever run against you, but the ability to know that at 86 i cannot think of one bad day and at 86, i have the opportunity to try to make my life better by making my wife better, my kids better, my grandkids better and a whole bunch of grandkids out there and

i can get them to just take it to fail over their eyes and see what this country really has. i think so many young and adult people act out when they don't believe that door will be opened to them and they have to raise hell about it to really find out where's the key to opening up that door. if they don't believe they will be accepted, what do they really have to lose? so, i was one of those kids and it's one of the things that i'm most proud of is i have the wrangle international scholarship program with the state department. when i first came to congress in 1971, i was traveling especially

with tip o'neill, white folks that would be in the embassy would see me and they would ask at which congressman did i work for. wasn't their fault. it was just a handful of black congressman. they had never seen a black congressperson and i knew then and my wife knew then that it was in the interest of the united states of america that our embassies look like united states of america. .. to get advanced degrees but they also would train them to be

foreign service officers. i go around the world and some kid is following me, wondering what's wrong with them and they said they are a charlie rangel scholar. believe me, i i don't care what exposure you have as an american, you don't know what this world is about until you lived at other peoples shoes and seeing other peoples cultures and foods and whatnot. when congressman visits a country, normally they have a reception for him, and that's -- they would have special people and embassy take the wives out to see things. at the end of that you meet up with your wife and say how was your day? how did your meeting go? and they would say we had the nicest people that led me

around, and he or she have to bring their spouse reception tonight. then we would smile. why would we smile? because you had no idea what that wife or husband would look like. these people overseas and forget who they are. they just become human beings of the world that have fallen in love and it's amazing to see how getting out of the prejudice that are built up, not prejudices of hate hate, but prejudices that emphasize differences, and to go to see that love really without the barriers, that every one of these, even in new york or san francisco, and in a foreign country say what a lovely couple. and so to have this program which is growing, other people would be able perhaps we go to

the embassy and say at long last, america can be sophisticated enough to be in that class what color is not an issue. we still have such a long way to go. but one thing w we're on the rit path, and as the strongest nation in the world and one that the world is depending on, if we could only get that idea out that it doesn't really make any difference what your color is, it's your character that is what really counts and we are moving at that direction. but not even when president obama who i really believe, for my interest and is the best president i've ever had, there was a little help there i thought that this would make a hell of a difference. but the last election proved it really.

>> host: is that his fault? >> guest: heck no. heck no, he able to last a second term in eight years with the environment that existed in the last election, it wouldn't surprise me if he could walk on water. i don't see how we did it. no, it's not his fault. i cannot think of one thing that he could of done that would improve the race relationship in this country. if i had to find fault, it would be with our spiritual leaders. because they would allow me to believe that they deal with a higher source. and if all of us are made in gods image, they to really talk about that more. if saint matthews, which is in all of the spiritual, it's in the koran, it's in the old and

new testament, it all says how do you treat your fellow man, and do you feel his pain when he is sick, when he's hungry, when he's naked, when he is in prison? that so you should treat people. every religious person says that's how our maker wanted it. and that's why there's all these different cultures and colors, which makes us say my god, what a big beautiful job he did. politicians have no mandate to follow that wonderful thought. but with all that we have, people just killing each other all over the world, drones flying, people starving, remove health insurance, problems of the homeless all over the world. i can't think of one priest, one minister, one rabbi, one imam

who we say hey, in the don't you remember? and that's sad because they carry such a political burden not to lose their constituents in the places of worship. >> host: founding member of the congressional black caucus. has the cbc have an impact on race relations in this country? what are its victories? >> guest: let's say this. getting back to the constitution and one man one vote, allowed us to become a little closer to equity. and so, therefore, nine black members of congress that i have joined, had joined then, to make it 13. it was then that we said that collectively we can be a major force of influence rather than

individually. and that it would make no difference what part of the country that we came from. basically we had the same problem. you could walk into any town and village and they wouldn't ask you whether you were from mississippi or whether you are from new york city. and so when we come together collectively and have a voice to say about anything, people may not look at our collars and say black is beautiful, but they sure look at the votes. this is one place where one man one vote means something. so even in areas that no one asks us how we feel, before people start thinking about what we can do in the house, they now have to think about and how do we have to get these 45 votes. they month at say black, they may rescind black, but the same way people talk about things are

concerning ireland or israel or other parts of this world, they know that we come here with the instincts of having a concern. because we are not just one group of people. and to be able, i used to tell people that when i was chair of the congressional black caucus i would have meetings and they would say, listen chairman, what's the agenda? we don't have an agenda but as long as the press is outside scared to death, we've got to meet every week. because they knew that if we didn't have anything to talk about, then we should. and every time we analyze a bill, we have to be able to say -- that powell amendment where he would vocally say, and it has to be free of discrimination. we now say should be coming out at the committee unless you are certain you can do this without a democratic vote?

and so any bill that we have passed or we are proud of whether it's housing or healthcare, opportunity, women's rights, gay rights, if it's if it's moral, and i'm not saying that we are more moral than anyone else, truly call ourselves the conscious of the congress, but the truth of the matter is that these are basic american ideas. and everyone that someone might say that's just the right thing to do, you can bet that we were the leadership or we are supportive or they couldn't do it without us. it's unfortunate that today it's how many votes have you got for impeachment or how many votes as he got to repeal, and you know you can't do it. how many votes do you have just to make mischief to show you are, rather than how can we get together and just the one inch more making us work together and

making the country better. but the real apportionments, the governors and the state legislators who said we would rather have all blue, that is all democratic states and congressional districts, or the republicans who said we would rather have all read, what does that mean? it means that if democrats start speaking differently than the people in that district, they have to be challenged by democrats. and republicans have been challenge and get lost in the primaries. that's something that we've got to have to think about with people can say and do the right thing without fear that they're going to lose their political state. >> host: finally, congressman, what's your advice to be successful in congress if somebody, freshman is looking at

a 46 year career, career, what's the key to be successful? >> guest: young people can't look at you because you are old. they say give me some advice. the one thing that is get me going, is i've written a book about it, and i haven't had a bad day since. behind the book is that a 20-year-old guy finds that and some in korea, 20 below zero, shot, left for dead and praying in latin anton if anyone is home, just gimme a break. i promise to you, if you, if you just give me out of this i will devote my life of trying to do everything right. there is the odds against me surviving this in november 30,

1950, can bring tears to my eyes to see how people were captured and wounded and killed by tens of thousands of chinese. we were completely surrounded, but i survived. and every time i think of having a setback, somehow i twist, i survived. i survived, so much to be blessed and happy about, and then this thing that is about to tear me apart. when i lost my brother shortly after i've selected, i was ready to talk to god. this guy was my best friend, my campaign manager, my father, new city two. he had three kids. before i could complain, someone reminded me how many people never had a brother, never had a friend, never had a buddy like that? and i lost my mom and before i

can scream out, 94 and you got to complain? and believe me, i have been able to see people, that have been able to say that before you even think about complaining, just thinking about how blessed you are. and if that doesn't work, just think again. because the fact that you know that you have blessings cuts the problem in half. but the more you think about, the problem doesn't go away. but your ability not to be talking but misery and pain but to think about solutions. and i don't know how long it was after november 30, 1950, but now i just don't even think about it. if you would've asked, well, how many people do you have on your enemies list, i can't think of anybody that i thought enough

about that i was going to take my time to make him or her, my wife may have her list about people i should remember, but i tell freshman that, if you think you've got a problem in this congress, why don't you start thinking about how the hell you got in congress and a lucky and fortunate you are that you recognize you have a problem? and there has to be other opportunities and other challenges. so they took about the president-elect to me, i sit and about the slaves. he didn't know who was taking them, who was selling them, they're all the people were selling them, they did know where they're going. half of them died. then they got here. they couldn't assimilate. they got lynched you couldn't vote. people would just shoot you in the streets, and you are in the congress where you can do something about these things?

so the advice that i give is, take a deep breath. just take a deep breath, and reward yourself with the idea that you know that you know you've got a problem. >> host: congressman charlie rangel, thank you for your time. >> guest: thank you so much for this interview. >> while congress is in recess this week we're showing you booktv in prime time.

booktv tonight and all this week starting at 8 p.m. eastern here on c-span2. >> and on c-span three, its american history tv in prime time with our lectures in history series. see it on c-span3. >> this week on c-span and prime timetime, tonight at eight eastn president barack obama, and japanese primers at shinzo abe visit the naval and the base at pearl harbor, the first japanese sitting there to visit the site of the attack to launch u.s. involvement in world war ii. wednesday night beginning at eight, review of house and senate hearing from 2016 on topics including the flint, michigan, water crisis and the wells fargo unauthorized account scandal spirit seriously, you found out one of your divisions had created 2 million fake

accounts, had fired thousands of employees for an proper behavior and had cheated thousands of your own customers and you didn't even want to consider firing her ahead of her retirement? >> thursday at 8 p.m. eastern would remember some other political figures that passed away in 2016 including former first lady nancy reagan and supreme court justice antonin scalia, and friday night at eight out in the morning program continues with shimon perez, muhammad ali and and former sender and astronaut john glenn. this week in prime time on c-span. >> next, a discussion on the future of the paris climate agreement and the ongoing collaboration between the u.s. and japan in combating climate change. speakers outlined efforts to estimate the goals established in the agreement and the potential impact of incoming trump administration. held by the brookings institution, this is one hour 20

minutes. >> hello? good afternoon, everyone. my name is mireya solis and i am at brookings but it is a pleasure to welcome you to these programs cohosted by the center for east asia policy studies and the brookings initiative on energy and climate. just a year ago a long-awaited rake through took place when negotiators from 194 countries reached a climate change agreement in paris with the goal of reducing greenhouse emissions. and in less than a year the agreement has entered into. >> guest: remarkable speaker and natalie the paris agreement was a remarkable breakthrough but i think really the success

will hinge on the post paris agenda. that is, we're talking about the task of implementation. climate change has been a priority item in the u.s. japan agenda to globalize the alliance. as underlined by the joint vision statement that leaders from both countries signed during, in april 2015. as to the largest -- emitters in the world domestic measures adopted by the united states and japan to meet the paris mission targets will loom large in the overall success of these efforts. but challenges are steep. we know that in the aftermath of the fukushima accident, japan had to move and depend more on fossil fuel and the progress on renewables has not been assessed as many would have hoped. now in the united states there are now fresh questions about the fermentation of the climate agenda commitments, and there's a lot of uncertainty about the

energy and climate policy that the incoming administration will pursue. so again implementation looms very large. to help us make sense of these shifting situation have a terrific panel of experts who will help us understand better than nature of the paris agreement and the challenges ahead to ensure its successful implementation. so let me introduce then very briefly the order which i'll ask him to come to the podium and make their presentations. later on will have a conversation with all of you. some want to start with my colleague david victor who is co-chair of the brookings initiative on energy and climate, a professor of international relations at the university of california-san diego. in his wider recognize work david victor has combined an understanding of the science behind climate change with knowledge about domestic public policy formulation process. he's a leading contributor to the united nations intergovernmental panel on

climate change. atsuyuki oike is minister and deputy chief of missio mission e embassy of japan in washington. japan's chief negotiator for climate change at -- and sets given he was literally in the thick of the paris negotiations. i would also like to take this opportunity to thank the embassy of japan to the generous support that made this event possible. underscore the views expressed today are those of the speakers. phyllis yoshida as fellow for energy and technology at the peace foundation. before joining there she served as deputy assistant secretary for asia, europe and the americas at the u.s. department of energy. phyllis yoshida has a had a career, distinguished career in government not only at the

department of energy but also department of commerce and she has written extensively on japanese technology and energy issues. and takeshi kuramochi is climate policy analyst at the new climate institute, manages the climate action trackerhich monitors the emission commitments and actions of countries and he is the lead author of a 2016 emissions gap report of the united nations environmental program. his research focuses on national and sectoral level policies to reduce greenhouse gas, and is also conducted extensive research under post fukushima energy and climate policies. i'm very thankful to all the panelists but i do want to thank takeshi kuramochi special. he and his wife are expecting a child any minute but he still agreed to be. david, please, please come to the podium.

>> sounds like we should be a gratefully thankful to your wife in particular. thank you very much for the nice introductions. i want to say five things. with each been given 10 to 12 minutes of fame to talk about this introductory marks i just want to say five things in the time that i have the first is a want to talk, say the nice things with the paris process before we talk about all the uncertainties. i've written over the last 25 years a lot about why international cooperation and climate change is going to be hard to organize and not work. i thought the kyoto agreement with the agreement designed to fail. i thought almost all the efforts are going, were designed to fail in one way or another and i'm optimistic about paris. and so i think went to recognize that this process which is more flexible, more bottom up, allows countries to make their own

pledges about what they're going to do to start with things that are in self interest and then overtime ratchet phone and deepen cooperation. that's the right kind of process for a problem of the structure and is a process of actually largely mirrors the interest and goals of architects, who created and particular united states and china the role the united states and china and here. i think knowing a fair bit about japanese industry this process is much better live with japan's own self-interest. the reason i mention this is because this process looks a lot like what the george w. bush administration tried to put in place as a replacement to the kyoto protocol after all blowback from wednesday and sign the kyoto protocol. i think that's one of the things that as the trump administration goes from saying, tweeting things about climate change to actually governing and recognizing their other countries in the world that interest you and so on that they

will see is a tremendous amount of support for this process in the process is organized around us. and the process that larger reflects u.s. interests. that introductory, it is important because we need to think about ways to keep the elements of paris that a been instructed even as other parts of it clearly face pressure from the new administration. so the second of the five things i want to talk about is what was the trump administration actually do in this area. my colleague is in the audience today. he's written a traffic piece about this, terrific pieces about this question. i think there are a lot of really interesting scenarios, interesting and the kind of pathological sense, interesting in that they are distinct and at different options and this territory i think is very well understood. there are options such as so-called canceling or withdrawing from the paris agreement which is a four-year process.

there are options of burning down the entire house and withdrawing from a framework convention on climate change and other options that involve simply look engage less in the paris process of going off on doing other things like in small groups of countries very much akin to what the george w. bush administration did after it withdrew from kyoto. we don't know. i think it's crucial to emphasize and this is one of the many things i learned, we do not know what's going to unfold here. it's easy to look at this incoming administration and the denial of who are certainly at epa and other forces inside the administration and imagine that this is an administration hostile to climate policy and then you can look at other people, rex tillerson, currently boss of exxon mobil you look at the appointments at the fence, look at treasury, commerce or qc

folks who are engaged with a wide range of global issues, know the valley of global institutions. you can imagine the cabinet meetings and discussions are going to be superheated on this. it's very, very difficult to figure out where this process is actually headed. almost none of this was part of the campaign. you have people at taken power who see a mandate for change. they see a mandate around the size of the first derivative of policy if you like, but not the sign and see folks who believe that a mandate for change, but this is the most peripheral part of the kind of change that was being asked for. the reason i mention that is because i think there is an opportunity to engage with this administration to try to find reasonable ways of disengaging or living up to campaign promises. take the one aspect of this that has received quite a lot of

attention from the campaign and now the transition. , which is to cancel the funds that are going to go to the tcf, to the climate fund to counsel the reigning two point $5 billion. there's a lot of ways to cancel it. you could cancel it and say i'm taking my money and not giving it to you and will spend it on other stuff at home and goodbye. or you could do actually what the chinese are doing, which is to spend the money to other mechanisms and so continued to call this a contribution to the process but spent it in mechanisms that are more comfortable and more reliable. this kind of thinking carefully about different ways of disengaging, at shifting the engagement on climate change is the real way to engage with and talk with the incoming trump administration and i'm cautiously optimistic that kind of conversation is going to find a welcomed audience. what will be the effects if the united states disengages by burning down the house or

disengages by becoming an cage and other kinds of mechanisms and so on? i think one of the clear effects is going to be the loss of u.s. leadership. this is one of the areas where the united states has played a major role and the obama administration has played a major role in creating a set of international institutions that larger reflects u.s. interest and capabilities. and yet a playbook on climate change that is not complete. to meet its instructed to remember the paris agreement, if you look at the length of the paris agreement and then look at the link of the decision that was adopted at the same time that lays out all things that were not done and paris agreement, the decision is longer than the paris agreement itself and blaze up a lot of things that need to be done. number one on my list of things that need to be done that have not been done as part of the paris process, number one on the list for me is to build a review mechanism. this is paris. it's what people call a pledge system, countries pledged to make reductions in emissions and

then you review them and then cooperation emerges as you review and learn what the different countries are doing and their experiences with this. plates and review in my mind is a very good idea but it requires review. right now with pledges of highly very book called the, national determined contributions, and no review mechanism. somebody needs to step up to the plate and provide an example of how review is going to be done. an interesting example that came out of the g20 recently with the united states and china both committed themselves to have pure review of their own efforts to remove fossil fuel, energy subsidies and there's a lot of different models that can be out there but countries need to be there in a leadership position to demonstrate how the review mechanism is actually going to work. some of the other effects, removing the money from the gc at a possibly remove the money altogether, not a huge amount of money, $2.5 billion but it will have an effect on the conference for other countries involved in

this process that the kinds of commitments being made to them especially to the least developed countries, this commitments are being honored. if that he roads of connecting the harder to get a lot of other stuff done around the climate change agenda. i think it's crucial to remember although the ethics of withdrawing or moving on a parallel processes around climate, i think would undermine leadership and possibly confidence of the countries are not going to sit still. in particular i been really struck by the extent to which the chinese women committed to this process and i expect china to basically if not provide a leadership role, to backstop and solidify its support around the paris process. i think that's good news frankly forbears and the paris agreement. the eu is ready to the same, norway and a bunch of others. the chinese rule i think is the most important. the indian role i think is the most uncertain bu but i think we the united states in japan need

to ask ourselves is that in her interest to the very important mechanism that's going to potentially durable impacts on industrial economies without both our countries, including particularly this country in some kind of leadership role. this is geopolitics about energy and climate, and the chinese role geopolitically is changing very, very rapidly we need to deal with that in a serious and constructive way. the fourth of the five things i want to talk about is about the policy here at home. most of this meeting is focused on bilateral relationship and on international climate policy that we do need at some realistic expectations about what possibly could change at home. here in the united states. some things are going to change clearly. especially at the courts help the epa by removing some or all of the remaining power plants. we're going to see epa slow walk

revisions to the point where the clean power plant is all but dead, just renewed in last 24 hours. epa has basically given up on the trading rules around the clean power plane. the right of other areas where we vote the new rules and we might actually see under cra and other measures some rollback of existing rules. but to the muchly striking is how much will not change. because you have states doing lots of different activities, to some degree doubling down on those activities. you have industry, a lot of firms that are capital intensive, long-lived industries and global firms. just because there's a wiggle on the clean power plan or wiggle and other aspects of policy doesn't mean these firms stop doing what they were doing originally. yoyou'll see there's a tremendos amount of momentum related to the product cycle, related to the fact energy is a capital intensive business and technologies change very slowly. that leads to the fifth and last

thing i want to say which is about the trajectory of the mission in the united states. my expectation is that the trajectory that we are on right now with the essentially unaffected by at least the first four years of a trump presidency. it might be a little more nuclear power which can help keep emissions down. there might be a little more on gas here could have marginal effects on emissions. there might be some effort to roll back some fuel economy standards and so want him might raise emissions low bit but when you take a step back and look, the trajectory is not going to change very much. this team is a key point point about the u.s.-japan relationship. in my read of the data, other arrangement views of this, we are not contracted to 26% reduction this year. and japan and unbelief is on track to do 26% reduction in michigan it does mean the united states and japan are not doing anything. in fact the marginal cost of what we are doing i was especially in japan is very, very high.

our two countries have a tremendous common interest in shifting the debate around climate change. in the paris process and of the processes, away from people focusing on the numbers targets and timetables and toward people focusing on actual effort, the cost of effort, strategies for reducing the cost of effort, making his mechanism more cost-effective. if we don't shift the debate to that, we are facing a world where we are struggling to work on the climate change topic not focusing on what really matters which is the level of effort being made. this is an area where i think leadership is crucial, where i think our two countries due to find a way. frankly, japan needs to help the incoming trump administration understand how important it is to be engaged so the pledge and review systems that are emerging in this area emerge in a way that focus on real effort, deepening the cooperation over time. thank you very much. [applause]

>> well, thank you very much for kind introduction. well, i think since i was chief negotiator for japan on this paris agreement i think i have to bring a little update. why it was possible. so i'm going to use -- okay. and then shall i just press the to change? okay. right. paris agreement, i remember the moment when it was -- those three people, the u.n. secretary general, the foreign minister and french president on the podium. we were on the floor, but i think it was about 3000 people.

everybody was dan and applauding for how many minutes, i don't know? very long predefined. it was a moving moment in many ways after long and lengthy months considering processes. we are finally able to achieve, this kind of achieve it was rare on the site and the united nations. and the last -- super busy. we started with the conference on disaster risk reduction and we had other stumbling blocks, meeting our development climate. we have sustainable diploma goals in new york, september. and finally this one. i think united nations was very successful in the last year. this was the final portion of this. the attractions of the paris agreement are actually written. first of all, solidarity. everyone is there. more than 190 countries have

already signed. i think it's 192 at the moment. and then more than 110 countries have already ratified this agreement. again, it's -- [inaudible] so solidarity is clear. now, the second attraction is bifurcation. this by the way was difficult for me understand at the outset. are you tonight with the word bifurcation? this is simply to say in the kyoto agreement that was a clear division between developed and developing countries. that's no longer the case. the element which made it possible, as david victor said earlier, is maintenance. it's called nationally determined contributions. everybody comes up with their own contributions, with their own.

and then make a pledge. you will be under review. but this review has two different meanings. other countries will look up what you are doing. that's one element of review. the other element of review is in every five years you have to review of commitment. with the hope that some kind of improvements are made on your policies. the third element, the third and fourth elements may not be so conspicuous but these were one of the determining elements in the negotiations. there was a talk of 100 billion u.s. dollars, a lot of money, from developed countries to developing countries, both in private and public spheres. so this was the promise that was made in 2009 in cancun.

and also gc of fun, i have a strong attachment attachment to this because i had to get a law passed in our parliament to make our contributions possible. this was not an easy process. i'll come back to the point later. now, the last element is very important. i'm not sure if, you know, why at the last moment. i think cooperation element was a key element for india to come on board. now, you have mission innovation initiative. this is a u.s. initiative to double the expenditure. we have fulle four of light than the initiative to make a lot more acceptable in the years ahead. other than this, germany and

french came up with -- and later the united states come up with power africa projects. this kind of initiative was very important in the success of full paris agreement. i will come back to the point later again. here, i just want to talk about reality. i know many of you are already aware, at the time of the kyoto protocol, india only eu, japan and other developed countries, meaning that on australia, canada, and others others but also eastern european countries including soviet unit at the time, russia? maybe the soviet union at that time. anyway, so i'll let eastern european countries are included there. so they are bound by the agreement. this time around everybody is bound. as you can see, china, u.s. and india all combined, it's 42% of

the entire mission of the world. -- emission. sometimes a changed a lot. and then this is maybe at bit difficult to see. the biggest one is china. it's about eight times more than our emission, and the u.s. is five point, 5% more. and then we have japan, and indy is there, rush is rush is up there. those are the second tier countries with a lot of conditions. i just want to let you know the realities here. my main resin taking his abyss. one part has succeeded, and i think this is a very important thing to consider when you talk about the future. first of all, there were some political elements. there was a sense of urgency and

france and germany played a very important role. i do respect the initiative there. they did quite a lot. as i understand it, france spent about $100 million for the entire negotiations, and the entire french government was working on this including the president and foreign minister and their energy minister. and again as the professor said, u.s. and china cooperation played a very important role in terms of removing bifurcation. that is very important. terrorism, as you might remember on the 13th of november last year in paris they were terrorist attacks. and at one moment we thought that cop21 could be counseled because it was only a few weeks before the cop21 so we are very much what about that. but french government i think

with the support of most of us, decided go ahead with this one. on the 30th of november, again this is another moving moment, on the 30th of november we had heads of state, heads of the government from about 150 countries. it was remarkable. i think as far as i remember, this was -- sorry for that. this was the biggest gathering ever attain by heads of state or government. so everybody was there to show solidarity with the french people and also they wanted to show they want to fight against terrorism. so the momentum was there. those are the elements. but at the same time it was very much a good compromise because everybody got what they wanted. the european union leadership, a long time ago, i'm not getting into details, this was a a difficult negotiation, but in

the end not just the goal of 2%, but also the goal of one point 5% was also there. for us what was important was no bifurcation. the u.s. and japan together with some other countries fought very hard. sometimes the eu was going towards to helping countries on the topics so we tried to get them back on track. so we fight very hard on this one. and also we had to make sure that china and india are also on the board. that was very important. now, china and india, i, i think the accepted this deal because this is pleasant review essentially. so they make their own pledge and they have some resistance to international review about their commitments, but nonetheless in the end they came to agreement. ..

. .. >> all climate, development or whatever it is, they always participate and say we need more money. throughout last year that was an issue. so that's one of the most important reasons why this agreement was possible. now, i seem to have only two

minutes left. so while, you know, these are the commitments, you know, of major countries, this is what we are doing just for short period of time. you know, we are trying to reduce our gas emissions substantially 26%, and as a result of it, there will be a reduction of 40% in per-gdp basis, 20% reduction on per-person basis. in the end, japan will be there in the middle. we are slightly less than e.u., but better than many other countries. u.s. is 2025, so it's about to be 13.3 in 2030.

similarly, this is per-gdp basis. we are one of the best, and u.s. is there with 0.27%. but this is, again, 2025. so it will be something like 0.23 in the year 2030 if current trajectory is not damaged. now, finally, gcf. professor victor was talking about u.s./japan cooperation, this is clearly one of them. as of november last year in the g20 summit meeting, president obama and prime minister jointly announced that we are going to make contribution -- u.s. is going to make contributions of this is $3,300,000,000 and then we commit to $1.5 billion u.s.

dollars. this is a joint initiative which is, in fact, 45% of the green climate fund. so we did it together. and in a seminal way on climate finance talking about the $100 billion thing, we pledged to show something like $12 billion both private and public. and then what we are doing is shown there that we are doing disaster reduction, early warning system, water supply, those are the kind of projects that we are doing here. finally, we have joint credit mechanism with 16 developing countries. if you're interested, i'll explain it to you, but i'm running out of time, so i'm not going to do it more. but in short, it's a gigantic enterprise. it's a very complicated enterprise with a lot of

elements, and much of it we fought together with the united states. i can say that because we are in constant consultations with the american counterparts. so as a chief negotiator, this was one of those main topics. we need something like that. we need something like that. this is not the only one. we -- in my area of responsibility we also have some development issues, international health. yes, we did have some areas where we work together, but our alliance is not just a political thing. it is a lot wider than that, and global issues should be one of those areas where we have to continue working together. thank you very much. [applause]

>> good afternoon, everyone. i think what i would have said a couple of months ago is probably a little different than what i'll talk about today. i was asked to, like my cohorts, talk a little bit about paris' agreement's effect on the u.s., and i think the one word to keep in mind as we've heard perhaps a little bit from our other speakers is up certainty. all is uncertain. we don't know what the u.s. climate policy or u.s. energy policy is going to be. but with that in mind, i think there are certain things that we have to put into play, some of which we've already heard today, that will affect how the united states, if not the u.s. government, reacts to paris and moves forward. first, and we heard this a little bit already, paris wasn't

only about government-to-government cooperation anymore. there was a much more of an emphasis on practices, best practices and capacity building. actions were also put forward by 50,000 people who attended, a huge number by -- at the city level, the ngo level and the state level. so a lot of non-state actors made it clear that they were going to go ahead and take things on their own. even exxonmobil, our new, incoming secretary of state perhaps, called the paris agreement an important step forward by world governments in addressing the serious risks of climate change. so i think the whole business community out there, many feel that it really the still is in their interest to be sustainable and take actions.

a letter was just sent, i think in the last week, from a group of cities in europe urging their u.s. counterparts at the the city level to keep up their activities, or carbon-neutral cities alliance. and as we just heard, the kyoto accord, i think, brought a lot of negative feelings in the u.s. because it wasn't unii versal. paris -- universal. paris now is universal. everyone is partaking and playing. so when perhaps that becomes a better awareness of that happens in the u.s. i don't think everyone in the u.s. has really realized the big differences between paris and kyoto. having been at the department of energy, we again heard a lot about technology and technology innovation really calling with

something called the clean energy ministerial and some joint efforts, bilateral efforts that were put together while i was there as deputy assistant secretary, bilateral efforts with china and clean energy, india and clean energy. some bilateral efforts with indonesia and clean energy, etc. we really were starting to move away from really looking at the climate accord and the numbers to see what is it practical that we can do together. what is it in terms of technology that we're going to probably work on anyway, or that we should probably work on anyway to move forward. so mission innovation is really another tier that came out of that. we pledged to double r&d. u.s. department of energy, which spends the most in the u.s. on clean energy r&d, and the government spends about probably $5 billion give or take what one

includes. the fact is that during the bush administration -- the latest bush administration i was at the department of energy, and we actually were spending more r&d money on clean energy than any other country in the world. there are ways to spend that money and look at it not just as climate, but look at how it contributes to economic growth, look at how it pushes your high-tech industries. and as we said before, i think it's not just u.s. government r&d, but it's also -- if you look at bill gates and his announcement in conjunction with mission innovation, the breakthrough coalition. it's also really looking at that private r&d that needs to be done and the investments that need to come far beyond the reach of any of the governments who are there. we hear that perhaps china will maybe pick up the mantle and run

with it. i actually agree with that. i am not sure china totally signed on to the paris accord totally for climate reasons. i think it partly, if not mostly, signed on because they really see clean energy as a new high-tech industry in which they want to be the global leaders. they want to reap the benefits of economic growth from leading in that industry. others, including india, face issues with pollution, with energy security. again, the activities that we undertook under the bush administration and under the obama administration in those two areas really are almost the same as what we did for climate. so u.s. companies, i think, will want to be part of that global market. and if the u.s. government and