product and the next closest developed nation is about half that. and most are about a third of that. and they're getting according to un statistics, better care for theirpopulations . spending six percent, seven percent over gnp whereas we're pushing 20 percent and not doing any better by un measures, slightly worse. that's not a partisan issue, that's not a republican issue or democratic issue, that's a question of the structural formation that flows from the decision in denver versus west virginia and from the particular type of licensing, you need to the united states that was produced by that decision. that's why i was interested in the case to begin with, it seems to me to be kind of a really important underpinning of the modern system that people seriously looked at their scholars.

>> the c-span city tour and book tvs look at eugene continues.next, a trip to the university of oregon to learn about the oregon rare books initiative which is to increase the use of round books and archives in the classroom. >> the oregon rare books initiative was done three or four years ago by a couple of colleagues at oregon, derek keller and mark schachter so it's theme is to increase the use of the rare book and special collections archive among faculty and students and in the classroom here at university of oregon.the oregon initiative was founded in 2013. and colleagues including myself have been upstairs in the vault where these rare

books are stored along with librarians including bruce tab who has helped us to find books that we did not know we own. and it's been kind of a rediscovery of some of the amazing rare and collectible books that have been here often since the early 19th century and were using them in our research and classes in a way that we had before several decades. when we invited visiting scholars to come to talk year, we encourage that person to consult in our collection of upstairs and find some of the rare books that he or she has worked on and that are of interest in that field so my own specialty is on the books about western expiration from the 18th and 19th century so we have a terrific collection of those and i can show you some of these here today.

>> i was interested as other scholars here have been in origins of the name oregon. and many historians have agreed or have noticed that one traveler and writer and self promoter named jonathan carver who published a book in britain in 1778. his travel narrative was among the first published sources to use the name oregon. >> and he used it as a name for a river. the river oregon. which he named as one of the four major rivers in north america. though there was the mississippi river, the st. lawrence river, what he called the berman river or borbon which was probably saskatchewan river owing out of the canadian rockies and into the hudson bay and forth was the river oregon which flowed out of the rockies

westward toward the pacific ocean. so this most likely was the columbia river but he didn't know the location or of the columbia river at that time so there's some uncertainty whether it could've been the fraser river rather than the columbia river but in any case there was a lot of interest even before the 18th century and finding out what major river flowed west from the rockies to the pacific because that was likely to be the major conduit for trade into north america, just as the mississippi and the st. lawrence were the avenues of trade to the central part of north america and not the united states. if we go back to the geography of the river, this book by arthur dobbs from

1744 is called an account of the countries adjoining to hudson bay. so at this time, the hudson bay company based in london had the title to a huge area of what is now canada. so the english crown recognized this private company as the owner of this enormous tract of land and they afforded it for first that they acquired from native people living here. so dobbs was kind of a entrepreneur and rabble-rouser who wanted to force the hudson bay company to explore westward toward the specific and find a route between hudson bay and the pacific. so this map in his book shows a number of ways including the great lakes superior and

huron but the lake of the woods, some of these are real lakes. and minnesota, manitoba, others are imaginary. >> or have been based upon the writings of explorers who kind of speculated or invented new features. and then it showed because the western part of north america was unknown to mapmakers, it shows what it called an unknown coast. running from sri lanka which is in oregon. >> and still there bears the name, airport north, sort of a in an uncertain curve from there to hudson bay in canada. and the idea is that an inlet from hudson they could lead to the pacific. >> all the oldest part yet to be filled in. >> and he wanted people to

explore it. and find out what it looked like. this was part of a collection , you see the cover is broken off so i can simply hold it up there. this is as a bookplate with the name of william fenton who was faculty member in elector and the book plate itself as a map of oregon and washington which shows that his special interest was collecting books and not about this region. and then here's the title page, an account of the countries adjoining to hudson bay in the northwest part of america containing a description of their lakes and rivers, etc. we move over here, this is the map of a book by jonathan carver. it's called a new map of north america from the latest discoveries, 1778 engraved for carvers traffic.so compared to dodds map, this shows a little bit more of

the western coast of north america. it has keep blanco and then it has a river of the west. which is as i said earlier was another name for what was called river oregon by carver but he did not apply that name immediately to the map that appeared in his book. so this follows roughly eight , the route of the columbia or the snake river and its oregon's near the head of the missouri river. so later with lewis and clark that would be the route they followed across the continent of the missouri river and down the snake river. so this book here is by friedrich or who was a german

french explorer and geographer. this is very little-known and i rarely see it cited in the historical literature but the map is absolutely stunning. and the book and the map are in french, it's entitled how they sell hooch or. [speaking french] that means a new part of the discovery made by russian vessels on the unknown coast of north america. and starting in 1730s and 40s, russian explorers including baron who was then with the russians and a member of others traveled from the west, sorry, the east coast of russia or siberia through alaska and the northwest coast of america. so this map shows a number of

their voyages. and what i find striking is that siberia on this map is a dense network of mountains and rivers and towns, very well known and well matched. . so north america again is just empty. >> but it would have been equally empty on any other map made in this. in the 1740s and 50s. the russians established post as far south as for loss in northern california. >> and this shows marquis to california so maybe it was spanish california where they established these posts at the southern limits of their donations. and then this river here is labeled riviera dulac, river of the west. and it's flowing out of lake

winnipeg and what is now manitoba. so they have another theory about how hudson bay and lake winnipeg and the pacific were connected by rivers. >> so this is roughly analogous to what we saw earlier on arthur dobbs map but this is more detail. >> last, i wanted to show you the books and maps by alexander mackenzie. the british explorer connected with the northwest company competitor to the hudson bay company and he was the first european to cross the full extent of north america and so he entitled his book dating from 1801, voyages from montrcal, on the river of st. lawrence through the continental north america to the frozen and pacific ocean in the year 1789 and

1793. so he first went to the frozen arctic ocean along with what's now called the mackenzie river named after him. then a subsequent expedition he made it to the coast of british columbia in 1793. so we have three copies of this narrative here and they are all illustrated with these beautiful maps that were very important to the history of cartography and for example, thomas jefferson was inspired by mckenzie's voyage and hazmat that this helped inspire him to look up for lewis and clark and assign them across the continent again from the young united states.

>> we continue our look at eugene's literary culture. next, former televangelist danuta pfieffer and her memoir "chiseled: a memoir of identity, duplicity and divine wine" which looks at her life story including her time cohosting the 700 club show with pat robertson as he began campaigning for the republican party presidential nomination in 1987 and 88. . >> danuta pfieffer worked on a series of radio and television programs but is best known as the cohost of the 700 club with robertson. from 1983 to 1987. her book chiseled, she talked about her time there and the rest of her life story. >> it wasn't a book about me to begin with, it was a book about my father because as i was growing up, my father who is polish, a polish war hero and olympic medalist and tell us these stories of his heroism and even when i was a little girl he would say one day i will tell my story and one day danuta pfieffer, you