[applause] >> book tv is on twitter and facebook and we want to hear from you. treat us a or post a comment on her facebook page. facebook. >> doctor rice is going to be interviewed for us by one of the

best interviewers i know who has his own show on bloomberg. our national book festival cochair in a very generous supporter mr. david rubenstein. please welcome both of them. [applause] thank you and enjoy. >> thank you veryer much for coming. >> thank you for having me here. thank you for being here. back. >> hard to believe that you have now been out of government for nine years so before we get into your new book on democracy which i highly recommend it will talk about it in a few moments, tell us what you have been doing the left government other than writing three best level selling

books. you teach at stanford and what else? >> i've gone back toar what i consider my real profession. i hadan that digression into washington but i have been at stanford since i was 25 years old and i started there as an assistant professor and i have returned to stanford. my appointment is in the business school but i teach both business students and undergraduates and i've teach a course of american policy. i have done a little bit of work in theme private sector and consulting in the private sector and i'm spending a lot more time practicing in seattle than i did in the government because that is a great love and i'm trying to improve my golf handicap. that's harder than playing the piano. >> speaking your golf handicap, you are oneth of the first to admit to be elected to the augusta national golf club or is that in honor you ever expected : to get. >> i was done. in fact, when a good friend who was a member of the costa and told me i was been invited i sat there dumbfounded andun he said you are going to say yes, right?

and i said yes, i am. i was really taken by surprise. >> i won't tell anyone but what is your handicap push. [laughter] >> it's not a state secret. i am desperate for those of you are golfers there something called an index and you take that index and you go to different courses and depending on the difficulty of the course you establish your handicap so my index is 11.6 which means that for 1 most courses i'm abot 13 or 14 handicap. >> well. did you ever play with president george w. bush? >> i have onn a number of occasions. he played golf in the place fast and you almost have to run to your golf ball to keep up with him. yes, we played together. >> music. needed rain to be a classical music pianist and i've seen you perform with yo-yo ma among others. do you do those concerts

anymore? >> i play at least one concert a year. i wase fortunate to play with yo-yo ma at his music festival recently at the kennedy center for he was a great leader. at least once a year i play a concert with a professional quartet from boston university and we do a benefit for a charity that we started called classics for kids which puts musical instruments in schools. i'm a greate believer that we need stem, science and technology and mathematics but i'm also a great believer that we need the arts. our kids need exposure to the arts. [applause] >> so, i want to focus on your book but i've heard some people who may not know whether maybe one or two biography you were born in grew up in birmingham and it was a secretary south of

the jim crow laws. when you were growing up how long did it take before you realize that you were not being treated the same as everyone else? >> i grew up inmm birmingham, te most segregated city in the country at the time and it was the place where the police commissioner, bull connor, was well known for his brutality towards plaques and it didn't take long to know that your parents were a little embarrassed that they couldn't take you to a restaurant or movie theater. there were never people who in the full community i grew up in which was mostly school teachers and my parents were educators they never let us feel, in any way, that they were victims. when you consider yourself the victim you have lost control so don't ever consider yourself addictive. they also said you have to be twice as good. they didn't say that as a matter of debate. they said it as a matter of fact because education was supposed to be your armor against prejudice but i remember as a very first timee that i came hoe to me i went to see [inaudible]

and youou know how it works. you take the kid and santa claus the kid on the knee and says what will you have for christmas. this particular santa claus was white kids andle putting him on his the and holding the blankets out here to talk to them. my father who was a former football player. my dad was 6'3", 240 and he said to my mother angelina, if he does that to condoleezza, i will pull all that stuff off of him and expose him as the cracker that he is. he said. >> what happened? >> you are this little girl and you are five and it santa claus or daddy. how will this end up pressure santa claus must've read my father's body language because when it came to me he put me on his knee and said little girl, what would you like for christmas but i remember the

first time i thought this is really terrible and over santa claus of all things. >> one thing that might have been unusual in your upstreaming is that you have an unusual first name. where did that name come from? >> condoleezza comes from my mother's attempt to england by [inaudible] which in italian means. now, maybe she missed the vote there but that is what it meant. her name was angelina and i haven't uncle and aunt genoa and because for southerners who say genoa but i think that he wanted an italiane musical term and se first thought about on dante but that meant walking slowly and she thought that was so good and allegro fast and that definitely wasn't good and so she came up with [inaudible] and ingleside the ending. >> ultimately, your parents moved out of birmingham into denver and you alternately went to school at the university of denver where you graduated phi beta kappada and then you went o notre dame and didn't get

involved in the couple cheering but you are a graduate student. >> yeah, i love football, are you kidding pressure i went to notre dame for, everyone that. >> then you went back to university of denver and got a phd. then he went to stanford. >> that's correct. >> your specialty for soviet and russian -- >> current affairs how did you pick that and that doesn't seem to be the normal thing to say that the failed music major. i started in college as a po major and i studied piano from the age of three and my grandmother taught piano and i learned very young and at about the end of my sophomore year in college i went to the aspen festival school that summer and i met 12 -year-olds who played pieces that itea took me all yer to learn. i said i would play piano bar while you shop and i wandered back as no major and i took a class in international policy [inaudible] he was metal i'm all

right father and i knew i wanted to be. i wanted to work with diplomacy and that hit me then into international politics as a major in ultimately is a degree. >> metal line albright, her father once saiden that his favorite student was you and she was surprised that you had been his student. yes. >> starting your academic career in stamford in ultimately you got involved in the george herbert walker bush staff. >> yes, i got involved and it's an important story because there is this notion that we sometimes have that i got there on my own. no one gets there on their own. there is always somebody who is advocating for you, working for you and for me bret who had been the national security advisor to

gerald ford came out to stanford to give a talk and i was the second year professor at stanford and he got to know me and said i want to get to know you better. i like your work and i was getting all my work on the soviet military housing and he started taking me to conferences like the aspen strategy group and he really a mentored me into the field and i often say there y is another and that we also sy you have to have role models and mentors who look like you. it is great if you do but i've been waiting for a black, so he asked specialist i would still be waiting. instead myl role model and my mentors were white men, old, white men and those with the people who dominated my field. i always say to my students out your mentor has to be people who believe in you and see things in you that you don't necessarily see in herself. >> so he helped you get a job on the bush 41 -- guess, when he

was elected he asked bret to be his national security advisor and i will never forget the bread called me and said this is in 1988 said gorbachev is doing some interesting things in the soviet union and the president will need someone to help them sorted out. do you want to be the white house soviet specialist and as a result i got to be the white house soviet specialist at the end of the cold war. >> do you speak russian? >> i do speak russian. >> after that administration was over you went back to stanford. >> i did. >> and then when george w. bush was running for president how did you get involved with that? >> i was provost of the university of stanford and a very happy academic. george hw bush called me and said my son m was governor of texas iste thinking about runnig for president and i'd like you to come talk to him about foreign policy.

after a little while he asked me to organize his foreign-policy in the campaign and that is how i got involved with george w. bush. >> were you involved that he asked you to be the national security visor at the and ministration? >> by the time we got to his election i figured i was probably going into the administration and national security advisor had been on the national security counter staff for enhancing the natural thing to do. >> how many women have served as national security advisor for you. >> none. [applause] >> let's talk about this book, democracy. why did you feel compelled to write a book about democracy? >> in many ways i've wanted to write this book for a long time because it is in some ways an expression of my own life. i am a firm believer in that there is no other system that

records the kind of dignity this human being crates then to be able to be free from the secret place of the night and be able to say what you think and worship what you please. as you have those who govern you have to ask for your consent. growing up in birmingham where my parents were half citizens but still fundamentally believed in the american democracy i relate one story and i was with my uncle alto and he picked me up from school and it was election day in alabama and i was six years years old and i knew in my own six-year-old way that this man george wallace was not good for black people and there were long lines of people going in to vote and it was segregated course. i said to my uncle if all these people vote then george wallace man can't completely when and my uncle saidce no, no, we are a

minority so george wallace will win anyway. i said to him so why do they father? he said because they know that one day that both will matter and i never forgot that. i thought as i wrote this book of these extraordinary stories of the united states of america and the constitution that was given to america by its founders, the high-minded words about the quality and yet, a country is born with the effects of slavery but how this same constitution that once counted in thein compromise my ancestor. the man would be the same constitution for which i would take the oath of office as the 66 secretary of state under portrait of benjamin went from a sworn in by a jewish woman, ruth

bader ginsburg and that for me is the story of democracy. [applause] >> you point out in the book that you are african-american but actually 50% of your bloodline is white. >> yes, some of it is european and 10% as asian. >> yet, something other. >> by the way, inat birmingham e young girls that were killed in the bombing, were they people you do? >> absolutely. the birmingham black community was pretty small and denise mcnair one of the four girls killed in the 16th street baptist church bombing in september of 63 had been in my father's kindergarten. there is a picture of my father giving her her kindergarten diploma. her father was the photographer at everybody's wedding and for the party and yes, daddy had

been in my uncles homeroom and i remember him saying that that monday when they went back to school he looked at her empty chair and tried so yes. >> when that happened in your family saysh we should move outf their? >> no, but i remember the first time feeling fear in my parents eyes about what they could do to protect me but no, we stayed there. birmingham began to change and again it's the story of democracy. that same constitution would be used by the naacp and thurgood marshall and others starting all the way back and i described in the book with the from 1937 they were sitting there on a friday morning and they decided what cases they were going to take to try to break down segregation and inequality and that would eventually end up in the civil rights actct of 1964.

the voting rights of 1965 the first time in my parents i could go to a restaurant was two days after the civil rights acts pass. my father said let's go out to dinner and we got all dressed up and we went to the hotel for dinner and i remember the people looking up from their food and maybe realizing that now it was okayou and we had dinner. >> in your book you point out that you had a birth defect of slavery but whens slavery was ended in 1865 we went to jim crow laws so how do you, as an african-american woman, rationalize what our country did after the civil rights amendment occurred in the constitution and we stillmi went through 100 yeas or so of determination. how do you say that democracy is such a wonderful system in our country is so great when you have to live through that? >> there is no perfect system the human beings ever created. ever.

yet because of the institutions that we were bequeathed in the constitution of the court independent judiciary slowly but surely the rights of the descendents of slaves would be one for those very constituents. when martin lutherti king took n desperate [inaudible] the only real woman among those great civil rights leaders they weren't asking america to be something else they were saying america be what you say you are and you are in a much stronger position when you have those positions in place and you appeal to those institutions and so in any system the bringing of rights to people is a difficult and sticky and hard process and i look at how far we have come and we still have a long way to

go but i think it was done it better than i can think of any place in the world has done it. >> today you are a very accomplished person and famous. you feel discrimination in anything you do? >> i always say by the time you were a senior professor at stanford or secretaryec stored n someone treats you badly because of yourr race, it's your fault not theirs. no, i feel very strongly that i am able to achieve what i want to achieve and i have tried to tell my students to feel the same way. it goes back to what my parents said. if you consider yourself a victim, then someone else has control of your life. we all know there are great inequalities in our society and we know that our great nationalists doesn't matter where you came from, it matters where you are going, you can

come from humble circumstances and do great things and it isn't true for all of our people. our goal is our job as citizens and democracy has to be to use these institutions to demand reasons that they deliver on this promise. not to shun them because they are still the best option for getting there. >> did your parents live to see your great success as a professional? >> i lost my mother very young. my mother was only 61 years old. i was 30 when she died but she did get to see me as a professor at stanford. the christmas she died i gave her my very first book which is not in "the new york times" bestseller and it was called the czechoslovakia army and the soviet union. it had been my dissertation. in case you do not notice my countries do not exist anymore and ir gave her the book but se saw me become a professor. my father knew that i have

become national signifies her. he died shortly before i left -- >> you are an only child. you know the pressure of being an only child, so my. >> yeah, that is why i am a sports fanatic because that was my father's passion and a music fanatic because that was my mother's passion. you have to satisfy both your only child. >> of talk about democracy around the world. let's say the .-dot united states doesn't have the best democracy and it's not perfect but you talk to the soviet union and russia and honestly your subject you know what a deal about. you pointed out that democracy broke out in russia after the bolshevik revolution and after gorbachevv lost power, perhaps. why did democracy in both cases disappear from russia if the bolshevik revolution inu gorbachev lost power? >> one thing i. thing to do in this book is dismiss one of the explanations that we sometimes get abouta russia that the russians somehow don't have the right dnaer for democracy. i do not believe that there any people on the face of the earth

who aren't capable of democracy and david, you know that we have used cultural arguments so the germans do not want the place to be too marshaled for -- in the asian for two confusion but you have south korea and japan. the africans were to tribal but of course you have donna and botswana and you have a kenya that's going through interesting. in democracy. latin america and they prefer men on's back but now there is brazil and chile and colombia and by the way, african-americans will they were too childlike to care about the thing called the vote but we had a black president and black attorney generals and we've had attorney generals and black secretaries of state so i reject this cultural arguments. with the russians you get it all the time. they just like strongmen but really what the story is it is a story of a failure of institutions to take hold under

enormous pressure. if you think about the collapse of the soviet union and you think about the kind of effort to bring capitalism 50% of the russian population fell into poverty tactically overnight and the country broke apart overnight and unfortunately their first president who i admired for a long time but instead of strengthening the institution and working through them he starts to rule by decree and he weakens the legislator and weakens the independent judiciary and that presidency, really strong presidency but when vladimir putin becomes president that same very strong presidency is now in the hands of someone with authoritarian instincts. the russian failure is the institutionia failure. you can't depend on a single person and you can't --

>> deep down you don't see farmer. is a jeffersonian democrat? [laughter] >> no, you would confuse it. i know him very well -- >> does he speak english? >> he was u speaking english but english is now, i understand, possible but i would chitchat with him in russian and he liked me at the beginning, i think but i remember once sitting with him toward the end of my time as secretary and he said you know that russia has only been great when it's been ruled by great men like peter the great and alexander the second. now you want to say and do you mean vladimir the great but your secretary of state and you can't do that and that would be rude. but inte fact that is what he thanks he is. he thanks he is reuniting the russian people with greatness. that instinct has led him to destroy all of the kind of

institutional constraints on the presidency and the free press of civil society. >> do you thinkin the chance of his voluntary stepping down is slim? >> i think so. the thing about regimes like that is they are vulnerable and you do not know that they are brittle until something happens. we have to remember that the only history tha district that n was moscow and that tells you how is viewed in the city. >> let's talk about another country that joins russia, poland. poland's democracy did break out in what you think the state of democracy is today? >> poland is a story that we should try to emulate at its beginning because it's having institutions in placece and whai call the democratic opening. solidarity, nationwide labor

union under [inaudible] had actually been underground from the declaration of martial law in the beginning of the 1980s and had been sustained by the vaticann and village priests. [inaudible] which was the labor union in ronald reagan's cia. it's an interesting choice. when gorbachev comes to power in eastern europe breaks free poland already have that institutional infrastructure in place in the democratic tradition was easier in poland than in almost any place else but now whatt we're seeing in poland is that it is still a young democracy and it has, for the first time, a very strong ecentralized executive and you are starting to see an erosion of the independence of the judiciary's and the independence of the press but people are fighting back. civil society is mobilized social media against the law and

justice party which is the presence party and the president actually ended up having to veto a law that he had sponsored that would have gone a long way to do the judiciary. don't count out polish democracy just yet. >> let's go further south and talk about ukraine. ukraine started with democracy and what k would you say the ste of democracy in ukraine is now. >> ukraine is a sad situation because if you are trying to build a democracy with a very watchful and assertive and aggressive neighbor that is in the process of taking her territory and making the eastern half of your country unstable it is hard to build democracy. but they have made progress and the president now has launched an anticorruption campaign. one of the great checks on democracy one ofoc the great

challenges to democracy is when you have corruption and they have made some good moves and there are some young people there in the legislator that have determined to deliver democracy and it's a vibrant society and its western part. the problem with ukraine is that with the troubles in eastern ukraine and you don't read much about them in the newspapers these days but people are dying every day in eastern ukraine as these russian separatists who have supported by the russian forces are causing all sorts of problems. ukrainian democracy is always on and i nice edge but it's not an authoritarian regime, either. as long as putin is in charge of russia you don't the eastern ukraine going back to ukraine. >> well crimea i. think is something hard. here is one part i'd like to make. one of the reasons i'd like to write this book also was to talk about the role america can play in supporting democracy.

we have a tendency and i take some response ability for this to associate democracy promotion in iraq andppened afghanistan. those were extremely stressful situations where he we had a security problem and later on try to help build democracy. most of the time democracy promotion is much simpler and much less complex. if you think about the way that we dealt with the baltic states, the 45 years they were under soviet occupation david, when i was a stamp and it said the united states does not want whenever you mentioned lithuania, latvia or estonia you stamped it with that. we couldn't do anything about the fact that the soviets had forcibly operated the baltic states but we still had the

pistols. we stood for the pistols even if he couldn't do anything about it. [applause] >> you mention iraq and afghanistan and id wanted to tk about the middle east democracy. where were you on 911? >> i was national security advisor and if you were it was like september 12th. i was at my desk in my young assistant came in and said the plane hit the world trade center and i thought that's a strange accident and i called president bush who remember he was in florida at an education event i got him on the phone and he said that's a strange accident and keep me informed. a few minutes later i was having my staff meeting, hidden me and note that said a second plane hit the second world tower and we knew it was a terror attack. we tried to reach: powell was in [inaudible] at a meeting of

the organization of american states and george the cia director had gone tos a bunker and we can't reach secretary rumsfeld and his phone was ringing and ringing and about that time they came and said you have to get to a bunker because planes are flying into buildings all over washington dc. when the secret service was to escort you under those circumstances they escort you they pick you up and they carry you so i remember being levitated toward a bunker in same weight, i have to make phone call and i called my aunt and uncle in birmingham. they would've made their way. that i talk to president bush that you can't come back here. we are under attack. the rest of the day was dealing with the reality that american security would never be the same. >> on afghanistan, it'saf been n the news lately and it's our longest war, 16 years and you see any solution in the near

term? >> i am worried about afghanistan. i have always said that the points that we have to get to in afghanistan but the afghans were able to prevent the televangelist from an extra special threat against the afghan government. i have always thought that we would have remnants of the television that would be hit and run terrorist here and there in the country but as they have been able to carry out boulder attacks closer to the capitals even in the international so you have to wonder how well we are doing in getting to that place ofth civility. i think the decision by the president and by secretary matus to try to stabilize the military situation is one that i support but eventually there will be a political solution in afghanistan and in fact, that

will have to involve pakistan which is the really big part of the problem because the pakistanis aren't convinced that a stable t afghanistan is in thr interest and they have got to be made to help stabilize that territory and we are talking about democracy. it was the 25th poorest country in the world during 911 and it is at least the place now where girls go to school in large numbers. it's a place now where women are not beaten in a soccer stadium that was given to the televangelist by the un. it is a place where men are not lashed because they do not wear beards. it's not a place for terrorists and we've had achievements in afghanistan but lately, yes i am concerned. >> democracy in iraq. do you think we made progress there and what do you think really went wrong after the invasion of iraq since it didn't go the way we thought it would? >> i talk about the iraqi case

because i lay l out several different scenarios of what the circumstances are when the democratic openings. the best places are like: when tiyou have institutions in place or columbia where you have institutions that were weak but were there. the war situation is when you have a personality to radical leaders where everything had been at the service of that leader. that was saddam hussein. effectively there were no institutions to think of or we thought underneath him. so, the distance between people desires now that they have overthrown the dictator and the institutions there to channel all of those is a great distance and you don't have much time. i relate in the book that we made a lot of mistakes. we undervalued the potential for

the sunni tried to play an important role and we did not understand the tribe and when we got back from the insurgents the tribes were a big part in the reason that we were able to defeat al qaeda in iraq. i don't think we fully understood the indications of the expanding of the army which wasn't supposed to take place, by the way and i describe that in the book and in the cause of wawar that happens. i would like people to understand about iraq is that we did not go to iraq to bring democracy to iraq. that iss an urban legend. i was in those meetings and it doesn't have the benefit of being true. we went to iraq because we thought we had a security problem andr saddam hussein wod build his weapons of mass detection. i would never say to the president of united states use american military force to bring democracy to iraq or to afghanistan, for that matter. once you have overthrown the dictator youou have to have a vw about what comes after and the

president and his advisers believed we had to try to get the iraqi people a chance to build democracy. now, a b lot of bloodshed and a lot of lives lost in that will never be able to bring those people back. i will say that as the iraqis now are on the verge of defeating isis you are beginning to see that the iraqis do have some democratic institutions and they had a prime minister who is accountable to them. there are people protesting they are not shot in the streets. you do not have mass graves of the kind that saddam hussein what people in. their bign challenge will be cn the country hold together with the kurds who, for a long time, have wanted to be an independent people. that's a big challenge but they do have institutions that can help them. >> the arab spring was supposed to produce democracy in the middle east. syria doesn't seem to be having

democracy anytime soon. >> i would rather be iraq event is syrian. unfortunately there president it will be hard to get him out of power because the russians who have people on the ground what power. eventually, if you will go it will have to be the russians to make the decision. the rest of the middle east, not ready to give up on the middle east finding its way toward democratic institutions. we get invitations with people when they are trying to find their way to democracy and we say either they just don't get it or look at the muslim brotherhood and we forget as we talk about our own history of democracy. it's a long one and a tough one and i would say use the polish example. try to plant some seeds for democracy. there are numerals who are

people are who you might build further democracy and civil society groups and tunisia is an example where a national labor union and civil society groups have actually managed to bring what looks like democracy. i'm not ready to give up. >> egypt, after mopar has there been a. movement toward democray in egypt? >> no, the egyptian military rulers look like egyptian rulers have looked for a while. underneath their our civil society groups that we ought to be supporting to try to help. what happens in the middle east is that at the moment you have a chance for a democratic opening the strongest institutions s are often the radical islamic.

why is that? it is not an accident. it is because leaders like lobar destroyed the foundation of more liberal institutions and parties and people like [inaudible] and others who might have been the foundation of democracy. he didn't destroy these radical islam is who organized in radical mosques. they were the best organized when elections case. we have to help more local forces be organize when opportunity comes. >> we go to the queries, on the middle east in israel, there is either a one state solution or a two state solution. if you have a one state solution do you thank you have democracy? no, for israel to remain democratic jewish state it has to have a democratic palestinian state. i'm a believer in the two state solution and eventually they will have to get there. [applause] >> let's talk about the gulf states. the gulff corporation counsel ad

do you think, i assume, that democracy will break down there should. >> it's a monarchy. they have varying degrees of liberalism towards issues like women's rights in varying degrees of liberalism towards the marriage of religion and politics. interesting things are happening there. even in a place like saudi arabia, saudi arabia has really basically had a generational shift and most majority of the people studying in university of saudi arabia in their great university built by the king are women. they will have an interesting test year. can you educate women at this level is still tell them they can't drive? >> we will find out. let's go to the queries promoted.

in her book you point out that the quality of governments, while not perfectly jeffersonian democracy, can actually have some good democratic features and have pluses for the people and you cite singapore. what do you meyer about singapore? >> singapore is very small. what i really say is when people say [inaudible] have two examples. china, largest country and singapore, one of the smallest. singapore was unfortunate. it had a wise leader and it was at a time when democratic values were not very obvious in most of asia and turned out to be a truly wise, behind leader but the problem with that theory is that he better hope the next one is a benign and that his son is

a benign and each son after him is benign because you don't always get lucky. the singaporeans got lucky. we have a tendency to hold democracies to higher standard than we do authoritarian. there are all kinds of really bad authoritarian leaders. just read caracas in venezuela. the idea that authoritarians are better because they deliver for their people, the chinese have delivered although that particular model is running out of steam now. singapore delivered but there are so many authoritarians that didn't deliver. i think we sometimes hold democracies to higher standards. >> china, you don't expect the jeffersonian democracy would break out there anytime soon. >> no, i don't believe it will break out there but i'll tell you something about china. china is also about to have an interesting test. china's economy grew rapidly. 500 million people out of poverty and america what they did but they did it with heavy exports led economy, being low-cost label provider in the

international system and they did it with command economy and state owned enterprises. that model will run out of steam. they can't get growth out of that model any longer. now they are having to free up market forces. when you the market forces there is ao kind of mismatch between those market forcesow and eight top-down authoritarian political system and the question is how long will it be before you have a crashing vote. for example, china had 186,000 reported riots over the last six weeks. not because someone was protesting for democracy but because eight peasants would find that a party leader and a developer would seize their lands ando they had no supporto go to so they would riots. chinese leaders will say we need independent courts so that doesn't happen. how long is it before independent courts become an

independent judiciary? now you are starting to get a difference in institutional landscape in china and i will tell you one other story. i gave a lecture at their great university and they effectually call it their cross between harvard and stanford and i wanted to give a talk that was not about us china relations and i decided toes give the same tak ies would give the stanford students. find your passion, do something hard, et cetera et cetera and the questions blew me away. the questions were i am an engineer and why do i need to take literature. what would you do if your parents don't like the majors that you have chosen? i thought these are trained kids and their questioning in this way and how long will it be before questioning her parents choice of your majors because questioning your government and so, i think there are a lot of

people in china that will lead to liberalization if not the market of the. >> and you didn't write about in your book but i can't help but ask about another place where i don't expect jeffersonian democracy to break out which is north korea -- >> yeah, that's a ways away * if you are advising the president today for any president today who would you what would you tell him to do about north korea? >> this is the>> most dangerous situation we face. when i was secretary we try to negotiate with kim jong-un's father who to denuclearize the country and weul made some progress that ultimately they didn't live up to the agreement and we walked out of the talks. ever since they have been on a rapid course of improving their farm design and harvesting fuel and increasing their range of their delivery system. no american president can tolerate a somewhat unhinged innorth korean leader because if he is not he is reckless. he reached into malaysia, killed

his half brother who was under chinese protection and i don't think any american president can tolerate that leader with the capacity to reach the united states. what the administration is trying to do and i support what they are trying to do is they are taking a plane and painting a bleak picture for the chinese which is the only country with any leverage. they've never usedd their leverage fully because they worried the regimes the class and haveun unstable order and ty would have refugee close but what the administration is saying to them is your choice now is either we do something about the north korean problem or you do something about the north grant problem and way that will get through to the chinese because the military solutions here are not very pretty. >> so, if a missile went and came near guam,l do you think e would have to wait for the

chinese to do something district. >> i think at some point the american president and i'm not inside so i don't know what he is being told about how long he has but at some point if you are for anyone and firing missiles over japan we are getting pretty close to eight dénouement and the president having to make a decision. when kim jong-un came out and said he would attack her the chinese must have talked to him because within a few days he came back and said he may be what it so i think we have the chinese attention but it's a question of what they are willing to do. >> let's cover africa and you talk about kenya and there is an election going on now. we ask you about south africa. you met with mandela in the new manzella and why do you think democracy hasn't worked as well after mandela as was expected? >> he was a remarkable man and i don't think i've met anyone who i was more inspired or found more impressive.

in fact, he said to george w. bush when the president asked him said why didn't run for another term that i wanted my african brothers to note that it was okay to step down from office. on a constant that had too many presidents are like this was an important statement but again it's a story of institutions. it was a essentially a single party system under the african national congress and somehow mattel is great authority was never transferred into institutions which could then survive t him and they have had considerable trouble since but the institutions are still there. it is just that it has been hard to deliver them. in the first president matter the united states of america was pretty lucky that george washington didn't want to became. i don't know how many of you have seen hamilton and it's a great show but it becomes very

clear that we got lucky with the particular combination of founding fathers that we have in many places haven't been that fortunate. >> you write aboute latin amera in colombia and how democracy has made progress there and generally the military of the 60s and 70s are gone but what happened to venezuela? >> hugo chavez happened to venezuela. you can get a bad leader who doesn't get checked by those around him with considerable wealth and the oil curse israel and what i was secretary of state and price of oil was 147 a barrel and then hugo chavez tried to buy the police step-by-step destroyed all of the really important institutions of the opposition and he was succeeded by someone who was chavez without charm and

he without his street words and the door has taken the country down. i hope that this is one for the organization of american states, latin american states they need to be all over him because it is sad to see a middle income country where people can find food and get my medicine. >> we had an african-american president we've ever had a female president and never had an african-american pima president and have you ever desperate. >> right. >> have you ever thought -- [cheering and applause] >> thank you very much but no. [laughter] you have tothry know your dna. i was on the campaign trail with george w. bush and i will never forget we would go to five campaign events and was raring to goey and i needed to get back

to the hotel.rg there are people who draw energy from the process. i don't so much. i've never liked politics. i do love policy. the otherer thing is my callings what iss do and i love being a professor. i love teaching millennial's. they are a challenge. they are. wonderful. [laughter] they come to me and they say i want to be a leader and i say that is not a job description and it's not a destination. let's talk about what you are going to learn and know someone will follow you and then my other favorite line, i want my first job to be meaningful and i say your first job is not going to be painful. it will be your first job but with it willis be meaningful because someone pays you to do it for the first time. [laughter] i got my work cut out for. >> if you don't want to run for office, supposed to president came along again and said you did a great job of circuitry of state, why don't you do it

again. >> you should never try to go home again. i had amazing alignment of the stars. i do president who could tell leaders that we grew up together he would say because we started out with was just leaving the government of texas in contrast to me and i admire him. it was a time of christmas for the country. i have great admiration for people in public service. i don't think we admire enough people in public service. it is hard work. i just hope i try so hard to not let them be cynical about public service. i served as secretary c of state and the foreign service and the people who work in the state department, notse to mention the more than 30000 foreigners who staff our embassies around the world are some of the most dedicated people you will ever

find and i was honored to be them and i loved being the nation's chief and there is getting a plan that said united states of america and thinking what can i do to represent this great country but i am done. [laughter] >> when you step down as secretary of state you handed the reins over to another woman, hillary clinton. what was that like one female secretary handing the rates to female -- would you say we do not need those guys anymore? back settling, hillary and myself it had been 16 years there have been a white male secretary of state. they were saying maybe we would have to do affirmative action here and see what happens but no,. [laughter] it was great. it's a nice little club. the secretaries of state and the dean of the secretary of state is george scholz who is 97 years

old. [applause] he is still one of my great mentors and i will tell you a little story. he had a birthday party not too long for henry kissinger who turned 94 and the two of them did 20 minutes walked around the world, no notes, completely coherent and i don't know and i am sure hoping it was something in the water at the state department so amazing people. >> as it. remember, george schoz said he will be 94 again. [laughter] >> from his point of view, henr was still a promising young man. >> as you look back on her career which is the ordinary but what would you say you are most proud of having done? >> with the caveat that history takes a long time to judge i think i am most grateful that we stood up for the rights of people to live in freedom. i know that there were a lot of

criticism and some of it is justified about the freedom agenda and declaring that one of america's most goal was to work hard so that no one would live in tyranny. i think america is at its best and its highest calling when it leads both from power in his book. what we stand for the propagation that the rights of the enjoyed are indeed universal and if they are universal that there are no people for whom they shouldn't be secured and i'm grateful that we were able to do that. when i think back on some of my it was always when it was about people and a couple of things stick out. i went to china after the great earthquake there in a little boy

who was about 12 years old walked up and said you are that lady from the united states and i said yeah, i am. this people have asked me what it's like to be a woman representing the united stateson in the middle east where women were second-class citizens and one-story sticks out to me there. i had a very difficult meeting with a shiite cleric, very conservative, who couldn't touch me because i was woman outside of his family. at the end of the meeting this difficult meeting he said will you do me a favor. he didn't speak english and president it to the translator. he asked me to do a favor. i said sure. he3- said my first granddaughter watches you on television and she loves you. she and her mother are coming to the states, would you meet them and on that day this little 13 -year-old girl comes ine and a pink t-shirt that says process and she walks up to me in perfect english and says i want to be foreign minister, too.

i thought there was something in that moment because for a very conservative grandfather this progress that we try to bring to democracy through justice and equality it is a long long road and people have traveled that road for a long time and america has traveled it for a very long time and we are still working on it. the thing i am most grateful for is thatit even with our own troubles here in the united states we stood for the proposition that every man, mwoman and child to live in freedom. >> i want to highly recommend everyone here this book which i enjoyed reading, democracy. [applause] i want to thank you for your service to our country for many years. >> it was an