>> booktv is on bitter and facebook and we want to here from you. >> thank you very much for coming out tonight. i really appreciate it. you know, at the end of 201, not so long ago, we were celebrating -- probably a bad word -- commemorating the fifth anniversary of hurricane sandy, super storm sandy, which obviously affected a large part of the eastern seaboard, and i was reporting on super storm sandy as it struck, and my research for that became what was my third book, super storm, and in that book i was looking another how it was that we had gotten super storm sandy so ongoing, how new york failed to issue evacuation orders. how it was that so many buildings and key pieces of

infrastructure were flooded or destroyed during that storm. and in my research i spent a lot of time at the national hurricane center, and the meteorologists there who were incredibly talented, kept telling me the same thing over and over again and that was we're just not very good at this. we're just still not very good at forecasting and predicting these storms. still not very good at preparing on the front end for the kind of havoc that is wreaked by those storms and saw hat with hurricane marie contract and hurricane hugo, and i was thinking about thes of infrastructure and prediction and how it is that we respond to natural disaster, it occurred to me that for all that is powerful.a hurricane, they're nowhere near our most powerful for you think of the sheer explosive power quicks are exponentially stronger. started to think, how do we

prepare for those sorts of natural disasters and to what degree as a country, as nation, are we prepared for senate what i found was really kind of chilling. when you think about, for instance, hurricane, which still very difficult to predict, we have a lot of technology that we can use to literally get inside a hurricane, and so we have, for instance, the air national guard and noah that is capable of flying these souped up jets directly into a storm, drop little technology pieces which measure wind speed, barometric pressure. that sort of thing. we have radar, satellites, and with all of this technology, we can try to predict the track of a hurricane. we can try to give people 72, 48 hours worth of notice with a hurricane. and and yet we still see the profound devastation that we saw in places like houston and

puerto rico, so that being said, hurricanes nor brainer compared for earthquakes and that was abundant to me. we know less been the inner workings of the planet than we do distant galaxies and for every seismologist i meet when i was researching this book "quakeland," they all had an an analogy weapon know more about x than we do about earthquakes and fill it in with things like dark matter, or qasars or kate middleton's hats. and when you think about it, that's part of where i think this sort of terror comes from earthquakes. right now, for instance, in this year alone, 2017, we have had 107 earthquakes in the united states geological society deems as significant quakes. most of them you haven't heard about because they happened in places like us a beck stan or the canariry islanded but they're

happening every day. every day the planet is experiencing thousands of earthquakes, and the thing is we don't know when and we don't know where. according to the usgs there are 2100 known faults in the united states, and for each one of those known faults, we think there are anywhere between 10, 100, maybe even a thousand, faults we have not discovered yet. and when you think about the last 200 years, in the united states, every single earthquake that has occurred, every single major earthquake, occurred on a fault we didn't know about prior to that earthquake. we know about fat zones, places like the san andreas fat -- fault zone. most of the faults we do know about are west of the mississippi and that's not necessarily because west of the mississippi is more sort of seismically predisposed. it's because we have done more research there. when you talk to usgs geologists

and seismologists, they say if you want to be really terrified, think about earthquake potential in the northeast. we don't know anything about that. basically that's because when you think about it, earthquakes are happening five miles, 30 miles, under the surface of the earth. he don't know when and where they're going to happen. can anticipate them and get technology there and measure them. so all we can really do is this kind of postmortem after an quake. so they remain this incredibly unknown phenomenon that we have to guess at. what we do know is that the united states is profoundly seismically active, and that the potential for major earthquakes is happening just about everywhere. as i say in the become, unless you live in miami, you're probably at risk for an earthquake. will that earthquake happen tomorrow, in 500 years or 5,000 years? we don't know. but we do know that the potential is really there.

and so what i wanted to do with this book is set out on the classic american road trip and drive around the united states and try to get a real sense of just how real this seismic hazard is, what the real potential is there, how well we are prepared for that earthquake, and what we still need to do to become not just sustainable but ultimately resilient communities. so i embarked on a road trip for a year to, and there were some obvious places. needed to get to the an andreas fault zone and the closest thing to scientific certainty is that southern california, the southern section of the san andreas fat zone, will see a major earthquake in our lifetime. we know that's spirally possible. we know that the pacific northwest is really prime for major earthquake and would come with sort of a resulting tsunami that could be a lot of devastation. we also know that places like salt lake city, very, very sort

of ready and poised to have a major earthquake, so i knew i needed to get to places like that. what surprised me were these other places you might not expect. like memphis, like new york city, like washington, dc, and so a lot of my research was going to these places and talking to really smart people about the work they're doing and trying to understand just what the threat is and why the the is there. some of the things that really surprised me was this sort of snowball ripple feeble of the seismic potential. have one section of the book i spent quite a bit of time in memphis, and some you may by ware of the series of earthquakes in 1811-1812 on a fault zone and we have really wonderful sort of stories about this that it made the mississippi river flow backward, made the liberty bell crack. those are not true. but what is true is some of the strongest earthquakes in u.s. history happened in this zone in

181 and 1812 we know thank you any madrick fault zone which follows the mississippi river is ready for another series of powerful quakes. this is bad news if you like bar cue and blues or duck tuesday pea body hotel and we don't want those people to suffer, but also bad news for the country and also for the international system of commerce and commodification, and you may not be ware of the fact that the overwhelming majority of our national commerce passes through memphis. 40% of all off our trucking passes one single bridge, the desoto bridge, in memphis. something like 4 million packages fly in and out of the memphis airport every night, fedex has their world headquarters there and if you want a really exciting night, spend the night on the tarmac there and watch the 300

airplanes come in from around the world, stack them up so they land at the sale time from australia to safe xanax georgia, all fly in, offload something like two and a half million packages are sort them in this place called the matrix, i which is what you want the matrix to look like, they get redistributed on to new planes and sent out again. ups has their third largest hub in memphis, processing a million and a half packages. so a place like memphis would go down, we would have a standstill of commerce. right? and when you become at place like fedex, they're theaves things you think about. there's contracts, mortgages, paychecks, deeded, your amazon order, so ideally your getting your books at an independent book store and not from amazon and other thing outside might not think before 2002 of the larger contractors of fedex are the u.s. military and the u.s. post office.

so we not only have things like, again, the packages and books but we have medicine, we have car parts, military equipment, pretty much everything you can think of. beluga whales are flying through the hub. trucking. so memphis going down, right, and taking into account also things like the mississippi river, still a major conveyance of trait, particularly things like grain, petroleum, things like that, our levee system, one of the most most fragile of our infrastructural systems, memphis going down doesn't just affect memphis. it affects all of us, which is why when fema designated the for most sort of catastrophic natural dazes that could befall or country, listed an earthquake in memphis because of the ripple effect. so i was interested in how this could be and what the reality folks would be if it happened. and when you think about

infrastructure, we really need to be asking some big questions about that. every three years the american society of civil engineers gives the united states a report card for infrastructure, and for about the last nine years, we have averaged interest between a d or d minus for our infrastructure and this is because over a series of decade we have chosen to invest in things other than our national infrastructure. when i say infrastructure i think about it in two different ways. i think about the literal infrastructure, our roads, bridges, airports, railways, levees, and then there's the sort of metaphoric infrastructure, which is equally as important. it's our tsunami warning system, it's our weather satellite system, and we have really underfunded all of these historically over a decade and so we have this incredible deficit, and we have these really outmoded systems. i live in the state of maine, and about a week and a half ago we had a big wind storm.

we had almost hurricane force winds. this nor'easter passing through. and over the course of 24 hours, 400,000 people in a state of 1.2 million people, lost power. and they lost power largely because we're dealing with this 19th century system of hanging wires on paolas, -- on paolas and assume everything will be fine but no longer have 19th 19th century weather or so you see this catastrophic result and thousands of thousands boom without power for a week. so i think natural disasters call attention to that to the degree to which our built environment has kept up with our physical or natural environment. and we have really sort of upstatemented the power of earthquake. the large major earthquake in the u.s. was 1989 or the world

series earthquake which some of you may recall, also the first true by televised earthquake and i watt cass traffic. you may remember the awful pancaking of the bridge systems and the really sort of devastating images that came out of that. but while i would like to believe that 1989 was so long ago it was a really long time ago and our collective history, our collective history, imagination, for keeping track of those things after 30 years is not very good. so we don'tly underestimate the risk that these quakes pose. it doesn't take much. if you think about, for instance, new york city, on average new york city has witnessed a moderate earthquake every 100 years. that goes back about 500 or 600 years, and it was fairly leg almost to the year, 100 years, moderate quake. the last moderate quake in new york city was good 1883, and so

using this sort of historical precedent, this back-dating of earthquakes, one could say, and seismologists who study the return rate of earthquakes say new york city is 40 years overdue for a moderate earthquake weapon can't predict earthquakes and say get together happen it and is 40 years, but based on historical averages, this is true. a moderate earthquake, the kind that has happened in new york city, every 100 years, would create more rubble than september 11th. think about that. and it's not necessarily the highrises, the steel and glass structures. it's the brownstones, the unreinforced masonry, the rubble that sort of prevents first responders from getting places. it's the ripple effects of the fires that are created because 0 the gas lines have been ruptured and then fire departments can't get to put out. that's the sort of scenario that we all have to kind of be confronted with and think

through. we're finding new faults all of the time. we're finding them in really scary places. and so it's really bowe holding upon all of to us start asking questions the degree to which we're willing to deal with this risk and what we quantity to do to mitigate it. winning thing that was a real surprise for me in the book that i find it arely fascinating is the way in which human induced size -- is changing the face of joologyal hazard and the way which we understand risk. some of you are probably familiar with the human indeepses earthquakes in oklahoma city and around the state of oklahoma, state that used to be one of the least seismically active states in the union and is now the most seismically active in the lower 48. we have relatively sign stick certainty to suggest or argue that the overwhelming majority of the earthquakes are caused as a result of wastewater injection

because of fracking. companies inject super high pressure water and chemical solvents into the earth to literally create these tiny little fractures in the rock, the basement rock. they withdraw gas and natural -- natural gas and oil, as well as the water that they injected, and huge amounts of sort of latent salt water that exists there from when the area was covered by a shallow ancient sea they brain all of this wastewater up and then depending on where you if live in the country that water waste lives in settling pools, like in pennsylvania, or in oklahoma they're reinjected to the wells and it changes the pressure underground such that the faults that were already sort of primed to good off get that little added pressure they need to really go off. what we're seeing in a place like oklahoma is starting off at small earthquakes. now they're getting bigger and bigger. what we now know is that small

earthquakes often create bigger earthquakes. so not only a daily probable foam for people in oklahoma city and stillwater, who are dealing with these shallow earthquakes that sound literally like bombs going off, and i sat with one family, she was a survivor of nuremberg. he fought in the korean war. and said toes situations were less terrifying and unsettling for us issue sat on their patio for three hours and heard multiple explosions which were the shallow earthquakes. the crack foundations and knock a few plates off the cab bet nut the sound is so startling it's become a human right issue, this environmental justice issue. and as the earthquakesow, then we start to see these larger threats are happening as well. so, that probably is not news to you. you're probably aware of this oklahoma situation. but what it arely flabbergasted

me was just how many ways we can set off earthquakes. what we know is called anthro projenic activity and in addition to fracking and wastewater injection, it turns out as a species we're really, really good at setting off earthquakes. when the hoover dam was belt and the reservoir, which we called lake mead, filled in we set off 10,000 earthquakes just by filling that reservoir. we set off earthquakes through minding, through tunnel building. there was a large apartment complex in taipei that seth off hundreds of earthquakes because of the weight of the building. as the technology improves and we dig deeper holes, deeper wells, diaper mines, we're settinging off more and more earthquakes and the issuings not only that we are doing that but that our infrastructure has not

kept up. what we thought we knew, which is very little, is changing and we know even lest. the question becomes, what would we do with this? and over and over again when talk to seismologyis, when i talk to first responders, this was what they wanted me to kind of come and tell you now, right? is not that there's this doomsday scenario, that may or may have not be true, but as a nation, and as communities, as a household, there's so much we can do, and part of what i do in the book is outline the degree to which we can anticipate this risk. we have tried really hard through our history to predict earthquakes and as a nation we have invested tens of millions of dollars in earthquake prediction. we try to track snakes and birds and see if they would tell us. we try to -- devices down into fault zones. we tried all sorts of things to predict the earthquakes.

so far we have been mostly unsuccessful. what experts say is, look, we'll continue to be unsuccessful. never going to be able to predict earthquakes. but that shouldn't really discourage us all this much because there are other things we can do. when the mexico quake occurred in august and september of 2017, mexico did a couple of things. first of all it occurred on the anniversary of the very deadly 1958 earthquake that killed thousands of people. of that earthquake happened in mexico, the nation instituted a national drill system where every year on the anniversary of the earthquake mexico undertakes a major drill, where everybody pretends like an earthquake is happening and day practice what to do. so in the hours prior to the 2017 earthquake, mexicans were practicing what to do in the event of an earthquake. they knew what to do and also instituted after the 1985 quake the first early warning system in the history of the planet. so after this mexico quake

happened, before it happened, people had 20, 30, 45 seconds to prepare for the quake and that doesn't sound like much time, and i was skeptical but i spent time at the university of california berkeley, which i currently developing what we hope will be our first national early warning system, and we practiced, and if you think about it in 30 seconds, you can grab a go-bag, you can grab your infant daughter you can get nature table, you can stop a train from entering a tunnel. you can divert a plane that is about to land. you can have quid thursday a classroom take cover under a desk and those sorts of things become the difference between life and death. so one thing i hope this book will do is really kind of spark us to start asking these questions, what can we do to prepare for what we know is the inevitable next earthquake. we know when it's comping. we know we'll have a major quake. we don't know if it's in

washington, dc or salt lake or l.a. or new york city, but we should all be acting as if it's a possible thing. and so when it comes to just a household, for instance there are very simple things to do in terms of being prepared for any natural disaster. when the power went out in maine during that wind storm, most people didn't have water. they didn't have a weak's worth of food. went prepared to go without heat. even though we should know that's an entirely likely scenario. so having things like a go-bag, having a plan, and understanding what we're not going to have in that scenario. most of us rely almost entirely on cell phone technology for communications right now. that's going to be one of the first things that go. so i don't know about you but i don't even know my most loved ones cell phone numbers by heart because i just punch their name into the phone. so i couldn't call most of the people who are really important to me. plus i wouldn't know where to find a land line to call them. so knowing how to communicate

with them in the event that it don't have cell phone technology, knowing where we can meetings or what we can do, is really, really important, and this is where it comes into this idea of resilience. how can we be a resilient society. one town that i focus on in the book is a small town at the bail of the olympic peninsula in washington state. it's a very -- it's a working town, very sort of modest economically modest town, fishing community, mostly blue collar, large immigrant population, they're right in the zone for a tsunami. and we know that a major tsunami, one that looks a whole lot like, for instance, the 2011 tsunami that devastated japan and led the fukushima nucleic disaster, that's an entirely real possibility for a place like the olympic peninsula in washington. so they decided to take action and so this very modest town passed a major referendum for

something like $8 million, and they decided what they were going to do is they were going to build a tsunami sheltering station at the top of their new grade school. so they knew they could keep all the kids in their district safe. so it's this incredibly sew fess tick indicated shell sirring system, rubber floor, high walls, enough ford for a all of the kids for two weeks and the kids drill again and again and have it down to 27 seconding get all the kids in the district up in the sheltering system and they know they'll bev safe. it's the likelihood that's going to happen in the next five, ten years, all that great? no. but they decided that the risk was really worth it. and i think that as a nation, it's really beholding to start thinking that way. we are really good at responding to natural disasters and i think it's a real testament to the generosity of the spirit of the united states, that when a disaster happens, we're ready and show up with first

responders and make donations and we call in to the benefit concerts happening on tv. we sent teddy bears and we donate blood. we're great at that sort of thing. but we consistently underestimate the power of natural disaster. ask the average american what the biggest threat is that they face on a daily basis, the average american will tell you that is is either nuclear disaster or terrorist attack. both things are really unlikely. it's much more likely that we are going to be the victims of a natural disaster than either of those things. because we lack that imagination, the preparedness along the way, and i think that's really what we need to be focusing on. we have this knowability of earthquakes. we have the potential to invest more in things like tsunami monitoring systems. we have the potential to invest more in the technology that would allow to us monitor earthquakes to start to really understand what causes

them, why some little quicks become big quakes, little quakes don't become big quakes. we have the technology to institute a national warning system. multiple countries, including what we might card second world countries already have sees, so making these things a priority for the country, we're giving signties the power to do what we need do and make sure we don't necessarily have to have that's catastrophic disaster scenarios because we have done the work on the front end. investing in better levees for the mississippi reef, investing in a bert bridge system in memphis, doesn't just help memphis enough and when the earthquake happens. it helps commerce, trade, flooding for agriculture, we are changing everything about the planet. between climate change and the activity, we're changing things

left and right and-it really is beholding upon to us create an infrastructure that can respond to those changes. so, that's a little bit of what i look at in the book. i also hang out with some really fascinating seismologists who are quirky and interesting and weird, and want to set off earthquakes to see what happens, and are just really a lot of fun and to hang out with. and i sort of toured the more iconic playings, yellowstone, hoover dam, where one of my favorite stories in this is the movie, "san andreas" a film that show as catastrophic failure of the hoover dam. the prime filmmakers contacted e hoover dam officials and they said, absolutely not. no. it's impossible that would

happen. the hoover dam is so overbuilt you cannot do this. and so because they have screen and script approval, they could say, no, you're not allowed to film this here. said pose this to the folk ted hoover dam. really? and you may be familiar with the movie "transformer piston by a mega death robot who comes from a distant galaxy and is here to destroy the planet and in our infinite wisdom in the 1920s and and 30s we see this mega deadly robot taking over the planet and we decide we need to create a holding facility to improbable this mega deadly robot and we created the hoover dam to house the megatron deadly robot. they got script approval to film at the hoover dam, and i posed this to him. so, you'll let this scenario go but not this one whering a earthquake knocks down the

hoover dame. they said we find the row bat a for more plausible scenario. so looking at the pop culture depictions of earthquakes which re love to love and love to be terrified by and folk cause on interesting pop culture figures like jin ginny, the most misguided super hero. she her super power is the more gin he drinks and the more she gets drunk, the bigger earthquake she can set off at one comic commentator said, she is such a lousy super hero she is actually a villain. trying to come to an understanding of these disaster, how they function, while we feel about them the way we do, what we can do, and really how it is, again, we can kind of move forward and think about this in terms of resiliency and where we good from here. so that's kind of the book in a nutshell. i would love to answer questions or hear youric earthquake stories if you have them or any natural disasters, they're my

very favorite thing to talk about. thank you all so much for coming. [applause] >> well, thank you. >> before i forget we have this tradition. we give you a mug -- i just want to warn you it was created with slate from georgia, and i hope that the extraction of the clay did not cause a seismic event buttite at your own risk. >> thank you. >> let me start with the questions and hopefully the rest of us will follow up. so, i'm not asking you to be a lawyer, but seems to me that if there is horrific damage as a result of an act of god, there's

no legal responsibility. and it's -- [inaudible question] -- put that clause in contracts to inindemnify. but if it can be proven it's an ehaven't caused by a human induced -- whether it's fracking or the using the earth to store plutonium, i just wonder how far along -- again, not asking you to be a lawyer here -- if something happens in this plot of land that affects people all around it, people will say, well, what toy have to do with that? because it only happened on my land. seems to me earthquakes don't look at the geography of a map. if you can talk' to bus the

issue of liability and how -- is that some way of creating this kind of moral hazard to begin to cause people to think harder and longer about where they build and what type of waste they inject into the earth? it just seems to me that that's the quickest way to create some sort of a legal regime to prevent bad behavior. maybe you can comment on that. >> it's a great question. it's real complicate one. certainly if you look at places like los angeles and hollywood, for instance, they do have ordinances now that say, look, you can't build within x number of feet within a known fault. so you have to be at least 1700 feet away from a known fault -- away 100 feet away from a known fault but there are a lot of unknown faults. no one has successfully sued

because they had damage of a result of a human-induced earthquake. certainly people have tried. the sierra club of oklahoma tried to push through a really sort of powerful and provocative suit that tried to sort of hold people accountable for the damage that was being done there as well. that hasn't really happened so far. part of the issue is that where an earthquake occurs is not necessarily where the human activity was. so one of the test cases i look at was -- is a salt mine that is in utah that we use to store waste, particularly radio active and nuclear waste. as we continue to do that we started to see earthquake but not necessarily hang right there. they have a rim effect that went out for some miles. so that's a complication, and then proving the connection is hard. so, this idea of culpability and liability is not something that anyone has successfully prosecuted but i think it's a really interesting point. in terms of the idea of what do we do when we fine out about hazard

is a really difficult question. if you look at, for instance, the nuclear power plant, diablo canyon in california, they successfully stopped that because they decide that, look, this place was built without real understanding of the seismic potential that happens here. also a famous dam in california that was nixed with this $10 billion national disaster -- that we tried to push through and said, okay, not going do that's because of the seismic hazard. but that is a test case by test case basis. if you take something like indian point nuclear power plant, about 20 miles north of new york city on the hudson, consistently pointed to by the nrc for having problems, it was built unbee meant to the people who d -- unbeknownst on a significant fault zone which in

exerts say is capable between a 7.0 and 8 pot earthquake, enough to do real damage to the building that houses the reactor. so, what do we do then when we know senate do we close the power plant? say, listen, this damage to this reactor in its worse case could result in the mandatory evacuation of new york city? so far we haven't. that power plan, chisels on the hudson, therefore sort of possible place for flooding, because it is so beleaguered and set to close in 2020 to 2022, got a pass from the nrc for fukushima retrofits required of other power plans. so take one of hour most beleaguered power plants and say you don't have to have the retrofit and renovation to get you up to snuff for a fukushima escent. is thaws liability? i don't know but certainly responsibility and i think that's really important to kind

of consider. this question of as the planet continues to change, as sea levels rise, as our weather patterns change, as we induce seismicity in places that didn't have it before, we have to ask difficult questions as a community, if, instance fry, you live in place that just became a flood zone that was never a flood zone before, what do you do? do you move? do you say, i'm just going to have to get flood insurance in do you mandate flood insurance? some communities, for instance in washington state, two different native american communities there are literally seeing their communities start to wash into the sea and they've made the decision at their own expense, with some federal funding, to relocate the entire community. that's another option. so we're starting to see environmental refugees and communities having to ask these very difficult questions that are really expensive, that come with a lot of emotional

repercussions as well and i don't that anybody has necessarily figured out the answer but certainly it's a question we need to start asking, and asking again not only at the household level but the community level as well. >> [inaudible] legislative involvement, action at the city council level, state level, federal level. what is happening in terms of planning ahead, anything? >> the question of what is hang at the legislative label in term of planning ahead. you're right, it's a different answer at the local-state, and federal level. some states, like california, probably not a surprise to you, are doing quite a bit actually, and one positive thing that has come out of california's earthquake history is with every passing earthquake, we have learned a lot more about one particular thing, whether it's schools, the performance of

hospitals, especially va hopes they have more and more building code. are they enough? a lot of experts say no. one thing that is interesting about building codes, for instance, i is that building code exists so that people can safe live exit a building. so they can get out alive. the building code does not exist to make the building habitable again after a disaster, and this is a big prize. a lot of people think, it's built to code so going to survive the earthquake. well, probably not, actually. one to thing that we'll see in a place like salt lake city or seattle or l.a. is tens of thousands of people who are then homeless because, yes, they got out of the building and that's awesome and we want that tone happen, but they can't get back in do we want stricter building code in some communities have said, yes, we do other communities said, no. so, for instance, the city of memphis, sat and looked at it and said, about 12 years ago do we want continue constitute

stricter building code? it will exorbitantly expensive and the decided the cost benefit analysis didn't work out. so that's a question. are we going to invest in something that may or may not happen? and who is going to pay for it? do we want national codes? do we washington nationals structures in place? certainly for my money when it comes to national sped spending want a really probust tsunami pondering systems and buoys in the ocean and devices in known fault areas and i really want that national early warning system. some of the most innovative work being done is looking at crowd sourcing for this kind of warning system, and if you all have a cell phone, there's this really great sort of function al your cell phone that knows if it's in portrait or lan escape, right? that same function that allows your phone to know which direction it is being held, can record postling and distinguish it between you dropping your

phone, you dancing on to friday night, or you experiencing an earthquake, and so there are these apps that are in beta testing right now through con con -- con shore schum your willing to have the app on your photo it and nows it's a phone in baltimore, it can record these earthquakes and it becomes this crowd source early warning system. and this is really smart. in a place that is not, for instance, los angeles, but hat as love sizemometers on the ground in a place like, say, new york city without the monitoring system, we have millions of cell phoned that become this earthquake warning system and can give people the 30, 45 seconds. it's brilliant, especially place like nepal. hugely earthquake prone. great seismic risk. they have about six sizemometers

in the entire country but something lime 10 million cell phones. so investing in ties kind of technology which is pretty inexpensive to invest in and mandating it, we got a ton of bang for the buck. i'd like to see a very robust national infrastructure plan, something that is really kind of going backwards and undoing and trying to repair the frankly i would say problem. >> this is wonderful. it's terrible. >> so sow much. we happened more about this than anyone new and keep up the wonderful work. >> thank you so much.

[applause] >> here's a atlantic current besting selling books according to amazon. ...