at 8, greg easterbrook introduces policy reforms to address climate change and more. then on booktv's "after words" program at 9 p.m., economics professor brian kaplan argues that the main function of higher education has become more about educational credentials and less about insuring that students are prepared with skills for the job market. at 10, a history of the watergate complex including the notorious scandal connected to its name and shares stories of many of its notable residents. and we wrap up at 11:10 with scott horton, managing director of the libertarian institute and host of anti-war radio. he argues that it's time to end the war in afghanistan. that all happens tonight on booktv on c-span2. television for serious readers. >> it's always been an honor out here to have guest speakers.

it's been going on for a number of years at the museum. today we've got a special speaker coming in. mark hasara, i gotta make sure -- that was my call sign, sluggo. it's easy. >> kc135 pilot, and he's got a story to tell, and i think you'll enjoy it. mark, it's all yours. >> thank you. [applause] thank you, terry. [applause] i want to thank you all for coming today. we don't have really good weather, and a lot of snow, and i guess we're supposed to get snow tonight, so i appreciate all of you spending some time coming in this inclement weather from quite a ways away for some of you and spending the time to come listen to an old tanker pilot talk about some of his stories. nobody kicks ass without tanker

gas. nobody! since 1921 aviators have tried to figure out ways to increase range, increase payload, lengthen endurance of aircraft while they're in the air. in november of 1921, wes may walked off the wing of a bi-wing with a five-gallon gas tank on his bass, walked through the wires and dumped the can of gas in the tank. when he was done he said, we gotta find a better way to do this, all right? [laughter] and from there began air refueling. this was the first air refueling. this is a picture of the actual -- [audio difficulty] of 1931.

1921. now, they began refueling in other ways. we owe a great debt of gratitude, actually, to the british. it was the british who really came up with better ways to do this, and a gentleman by the name of sir allan cowell. in 1923 he began experimenting with a system called the grappled line, looped hose system. where they literally had two weighted lines hook each other up, connect, and they'd take the hose from one airplane to the other and start putting gas in it. took about ten minutes though to make that connection. but he was the man who created the very first company solly for air refueling. -- solely for air refueling. and in october of 1934, he began a company called flight refueling limited, or frl as we

call it. now, the basket system that we use, we're using right now on the battlefield in iraq. it looks like a big, bad mitten shuttlecock, and you do the hummingbird method where he comes up, sticks a probe in it and gets gas. most of our allies use this system n. november of 1947, the air force, the brand new air force said we've got to find a better way to do this. something that we can put in the airplane and put more gas in faster, 'cuz bombers -- the b-47 and the b-52 -- were already on the drawing board, and they would require a lot more gas. they tried the hose system first. it took 'em 110 minutes to fill up a b-47. general lemay says that dog don't huntment we had -- don't

hunt. we had to come up with a better system. and, of course, the boeing first. boeing gave -- air force material command gave boeing two b-29s, and they began practicing what's the best med to do this -- method to do this, and they came up with the flying boom that you see on tankers now. that system is the primary system the united states air force uses. the first combat air refueling took place on the 6th of july, 1951, during the korean war. three rf-80 photo reconnaissance shooting stars took off out of south korea and met up with a b-29 that had the hose drum system in it. they kind of hit the reset button on their endurance, and now they had 330-mile range to

go all over north korea and take pictures of targets that had been struck. and they found some new targets. our refueling system that we use today uses these same methods. the first airplane to receive a refueling system built right up to it, believe it or not, is back here in the other annex called the f-84. this is a picture of a b-29m refueling f-84s off of the coast of korea during the korean war. now, i want you to understand something about tankers. the united states air force predominantly has the most tankers in the world, and we have become the air refueling workhorse. but i want to go back to a

particular time. our air refueling fleet sometimes lays dormant, right now is very active. and i want the take you back to a tuesday morning in 2001. a day when i went from fast asleep -- is it working? >> [inaudible] >> okay. are you guys having a hard time hearing me? [inaudible conversations] all right. i'm just going to lay that coul. sorry. my wife gave me instructions. [laughter] the kc-135 has been around for 60 years now. i want you to imagine this. kc-135 came into the air force fleet when the laser first

fired. when around the world in 80 days won the oscar for best picture. and two musicians by the name of john lennon and paul mccartney met each other for the first time. also a notorious terrorist from saudi arabia was born that same year, 1957. and that's what i want to talk to you about today. men and women in the air force all over the world get up morning, noon and night to operate and maintain this 60-year-old boeing airplane. and on the morning of 9/11, i went from fast asleep to full-out war in 30 minutes. a good friend of our family's,

stacy, called on the phone at 5:50 in the morning in spokane, washington. and i could hear her through the phone as my wife picked it up, where's mark, where's mark, where's mark? where is he? well, he's here asleep next to us, it's 5:50 in the morning, stacy. and our month-old son travis lay between us. turn on the tv right now. an airplane has hit a building. and when i heard that, i rolled over and grabbed the remote off of the night stand. and i'm a news junkie, and i turned on fox news to take a look. and what i saw left me conflicted. i saw a burning building where american flight 11 had just hit

six minutes before she called. and i thought to myself, what's going on here? i don't get this. how could an airline pilot with tens of thousands of hours hit a building on a clear and visibility-unlimited day, what we call a cavu day. but in my sub conscious mind -- subconscious mind, my brain was screaming, attack, attack, attack. but like all bad news, you kind of tend to push that out. and i did. so i lay there in bed watching all of this, watching all the commentators talk about this, and then at 6:03 a.m. i saw an airplane come from the right side of the screen, disappear behind the buildings, and then the explosion of the south

tower. i knew immediately what was happening. i just had everything confirmed to me. i shot out of bed and ran for the shower. because, people, i didn't want to go to work with messy hair. i don't know why. [laughter] i thought that, okay? but i literally ran into the shower. and while i was in the shower, i was going through in my mind things that i'd have to do. i was in a very unique position. just a few months before 9/11, i had just left a school which i helped create that teaches at the graduate level all of the skills of tanker pilot, tanker navigator need to build an entire air refueling system. and it was a school that i'd helped create. it is now the 509th weapons

squadron, part of the air force's weapons school at knell plus air force base, las vegas, nevada. it's like the tanker version of "top gun," only ours is better and longer, okay? [laughter] to give you an idea, 482 academic hours, 18 five-hour flights, a three-hour sim and a graduate-level paper accomplished in 19 weeks. it's a time management problem, believe me, okay? but i had just left that school that i created. i was there for four years. so i was kind of in a unique position. there were only two lieutenant colonel graduates of the school at that time, me and bobby who was running the school. guess who lost that coin toss? while i was in the shower, i'd only been in the shower about three minutes, my wife came in and said the wing commander has

just called and recalled you, you're to go to the command post right now. got out of the shower, got dressed, she'd laid a flight suit out, my boots and everything out. all the kids were on the bed crying. i was pretty emotional. and as i zip it in my flight suit, my wife asks me, silly question, when do you think you're going to be home. i said, i don't know, hon, tonight, tomorrow, friday, i don't know. finish but i was at the largest tanker base on the west coast. and believe me, the thought went through my mind, would i come home. but i just kind of pushed that out. got in the car, headed for the base. and i began going through a mission analysis process of what

i i was going to have to do to be able to keep all of you safe. that was my primary goal, was defending the west coast of the united states so you and your families would be safe. yes, my oath is to support and defend the constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic. but it's also to protect the citizens of the united states. and i had to come up with a plan that basically had to defend every village, town and city from blaine, washington, on the canadian coast to san ysidro near mexico. 1379 miles. ..

>> that means you could drive your family vehicles for 27 years. that is how much i am using on one mission. one mission. i'm going through my mind all the different airplanes i will be refueling. the f-16, that you goal primary in the world

122 kilograms zero velocity the f-15 that you see hose -- hold 1300 under the tank and then another 4000 pounds apiece burning a thousand pounds per hour at tactical speed. 2000 pounds a minute in the afterburner. the f's -- the f-15 can burn through the entire u-boat in 12 minutes so do you understand the of gas we are talking about here? now let's go to another airplane. the f-16 right here hold

7000 pounds internally 2400 pounds per external fuel tank burns 20 pounds per hour with 1100 pounds per minute in the afterburner can burn through the entire fuel in about ten minutes. these are the numbers going through my head while you think about this because going over defending seattle portland san francisco los angeles and san diego. over 1300 miles i say go to work i think through all of this that it takes 18 takers to keep for f-15s which is a

normal formation airborne in a 24 hour period. eighteen takers now it is 18 times five. if they are actively engaging targets, the first thing that comes off is the fuel tanks which exasperate the problem. now i need between 22 and 24 takers in takers in a 24 hour period and this is just one portion over one city. i was looking at having to upload and transfer out of takers on the west coast somewhere between seven and 12 million pounds in a single day. that was going to go one for the foreseeable future that these are the things that i think about driving into work. i finally get into the base

and everything is locked down with a mild line long to get into one gait. so i had a lot of time to think about what was happening. i get into the command post with our work it really is about relationships. i had to coordinate how we were going to refuel which airplanes would refuel with a lot of external agencies outside the government and inside the government working with the faa. because of the school that i was a part of i knew some people but where we would get all of our missions from the squadron commander was from

okinawa japan. sue campbell was a weapons controller at mcchord air force base and he was somebody who taught in our schools. the portland f-15 unit was also part of that but one key important person was the winning scheduler at fairchild and his call signal was tee5 anything i was. here we are getting ready to refuel the airplane in bozeman montana so what is so important in bozeman montana we have to go there? there was a fema team that was

therefore an exercise they are the first responders to disasters around the united states and they needed a ride back to washington d.c. to prepare to go to new york of the twin towers tragedy. so the first tinker out of the box went to bozeman montana to head east the aircraft commander the pilot said that was the creepiest mission he had ever flown. nobody was talking on the radios if you are a pilot you know that air traffic control is constantly talking. nobody was talking. to even ask who are you

working he said you're the only airplane from my sector right now it was that way all the way across. as they got east of chicago the chicago controller said you have extra gas? where are tinker. we always have gas. f-16s pulled up next to the tanker in the first question was are you guys okay? we always watch out for each other. always. we have a lot of examples of that. leave it to the u.s. marine to borrow a truck to show people to the hospital to the las vegas disaster.

a terrorist on a train bound for paris now a great movie. or sadly an assistant football coach in parkland florida sacrificing his life so those kids could have a life. this is what we do as americans. we take care of each other. that was my job to take care of you. finally the mission started to trickle in the first mission is canada. the canadian embassy called and said we move our fighters from calgary in british

columbia so they could start flying their air patrols. remember. all these airplanes are taking off and the tinkers are the last thing they thought about now everybody needs gas. so tee5 would kenny -- coordinate with the americans and the canadians across america. so to create a piece of airspace near calgary after the famous rodeo that they have their not a lot of original thinking. [laughter] but near vancouver they re- created a feeling area they called or cut typically the

refuel airspace is 35 miles wide 70 miles long and about 4000 feet deep. that is what we normally use. but sometimes we actually have fun naming these. march 2002 we found out where bin laden was hiding in the mountains of afghanistan so that month began in operation called operation anaconda and it did not go well initially. if you are familiar you know that a navy seal shot down a helicopter on the first day and we were behind. offloading about 6 million pounds of gas per day in three refueling areas.

i need them rush and o'reilly and hannity but we have to be bipartisan. so on the far left-hand side of the country i opened hillary and kennedy. so during the shock and all campaign in iraq the fourth night of the war we actually moved tinkers into enemy territory directly south of baghdad we built two of the refueling rectangles i need them riva and shania. i am a fan of their music. southwest of baghdad about 50 miles we open one called faith after faith hill because you have to have a lot of

faith if those f-15 guys there is only a few miles from the major base martina was on the syrian border and we were refueling airplanes supporting a special operations group called task force 20 that you will hear very little about they are the group that rescued jessica lynch from the hospital. but have fun with this. we came up with a contingency plan in the heart of africa we need them after nascar drivers or the nascar circuit. it is our way systematically give all of these things a name.

so to refuel all these airplanes i am working through all the issues we have to come up with because ladies and gentlemen, there were no rules of engagement for engaging airliners over the united states. my good friend ray got a phone call about the same time i did on that tuesday morning. this is what the wing commander said, come in now don't worry about the lights. what? turn on the television then is when he saw the same birding building i was watching. an f-16 pilot with the fresno national guard went from fast asleep to fly over san francisc francisco -- memphis

cisco national and a fully loaded arm jet in 45 minutes. but we don't have rules for this and they were actually working on some of the rules while they were flying over the top of san francisco and he told me something else that was creepy. that is a big airport. not one turbine blade or a wheel was turning on the airfield no airplanes removing everybody was told to get down now. because we didn't know how many planes. i walked back in the house about 2:00 a.m. that night i was exhausted. mentally, physically.

and sad. the next day on wednesday i worked another full day in our graduates began getting phone calls to the graduates left that day for the air force base in florida. building the refueling plan to refuel the entire united states which had operation noble eagle. thursday 9:13 a.m. one of the graduates got a phone call to go to saudi arabia. he began building operation

during freedom refueling station. because we had the skills to do that we had this intense training and we knew what to do. now eight days after 911 i walk out the door and kiss my wife goodbye and my one month old and flew to the airbase outside of turkey. and there began operations over iraq and creating a ceiling plan for those that were dropping humanitarian daily rations in afghanistan because it was coming to winter. i stayed there until december

and after 911 i had flat -- five deployments to the middle east. eighteen months old i had seen three months of his life. as military folks we often have to sacrifice. no i originally wrote a book about all of these events and the things that i had to do called tinker pilot lung --dash "tanker pilot" because i want people to understand the aspect of military operations that few know about or very few have actually written about but are critical for the united states to operate on a global scale.

to literally touch how everything you do. last january as an example, to be two bombers went to libya to attack targets there. fifteen air refueling between the two of them 955,000 tons 55000 tons of gas to fly a three-hour mission and drop 160 bombs. as a comparison during the 23 days of the iraq he freedom shock and all campaign we offloaded 417 million pounds of gas in 23 days into

receivers. and a lot of you are shaking your heads what does that mean? i had a major in washington d.c. call me on the phone and asked me that question because the general wanted to know for his powerpoint slide. i did a very unprofessional thing and i hung up on him. i didn't have the time i hung up finally i said let me find out so that's great what does it mean? the general had just bought a brand-new ford f1 50 truck. you will love this.

417million pounds would allow both of you to drive your truck 2685 trips to the moon or eight roundtrips to the sun. that is what we did in 23 days i cheated a little bit and used 20 miles to the gallon to make the math easier i am a political science major. [laughter] but on a typical day with 911 noble eagle we were doing about six or 8 million pounds per day that would allow you to make 161 roundtrips to the moon in the f1 50. unfortunately for me that made it into the newspapers back home is the general said what

did you do with my truck? because it was in the news he knew what i had done he was chiding me he was a great commander one of the best i had ever worked for. so i tell you this because in this book i want you to understand nobody kicks without tinker gas the kc 135 will be going through 2040 it will refuel airplanes of the future. this is what it looks like behind the dc-10 but some of these airplanes of the future

even luke skywalker knows you cannot kick without tinker gas. it is a critical part of mission defense and it is so important to how we do things. the next time we read about the b-2 is going to north korea remember those b-2 bombers are being refueled by a 60-year-old airplane that in many cases the flight crews their grandfather flew. and now possibly their grandchildren. and we will transfer amounts of gas that are unimaginable to most of us. in a single day, week or over a 24 hour period.

we always reach out to help people. it has been my honor to help protect each and every one of you during my 24 year career flying around in the kc 135 an airplane i have wanted to fly ever since i was a kid seeing one go over the top for my head at the end of the runway at the international airport i got to live out my childhood dream and it was fantastic. i spent a lot of time away from home. , three of my friends are no longer here.

but our job is to defend you and take care of you. on a clear visibility unlimited day or when it is snowing outside. i appreciate all of you coming today. it was my honor to serve in united states air force 24 1/2 years to fly the kc 135 to be involved in the wars desert storm enduring freedom and iraqi freedom. i appreciate you coming on a fairly cold day outside and i really appreciate c-span booktv to be here today to film this. now we have a few minutes left and i want to open for questions you can ask me

anything you need i will hand the microphone out to somebody and if anybody has questions. >> why do all these gallons of gas come from? who was in charge of the logistics with those thousands of gallons of safety fuel? >> great question. almost every base we operate out of, particularly tinkerers have a very large you'll farm you can see that at any airport. but we are using so much we can only fly out of certain places like a prepared military airfield and that is

not most of the bases by the way. or international airports. they store all the fuel at the airbase they had 315,000-gallon fuel tanks that kept the base going. but here is the thing we had to fill them up every three days. do you want to know how long that line was? 28485-gallon gas tanks 4 kilometers long and every three days. just to keep the base going and the tinkerers use the most gas. another example. i never thought i would learn as much as i did about petroleum oil lubricant as the

chief of the fueling team during operation iraqi freedom shock and all campaign we ran a gulf coast country out of gas think about that for a minute. the united arab emirates could not produce enough gas in a single day to satisfy the voracious appetite of those airplanes that were operating out of their air force base we had to bring in a large carrier with 500,000 dead weight and we almost drained it we were about four days from draining that.

we had to come up with inventive ways to deal with the amount of gas we were using. one of them was to bring in the oil tanker literally pumping history into the tanks. when the prince was talking to general moseley he said we have a problem with gas and the prince said general, you are in the kingdom of saudi arabia fuel is not an issue. and of course i had to ask him what does he mean by that? there are two airfields in saudi arabia that never run out of gas. why? because they have their own refineries.

they can make 3 million gallons of gas a day. and obviously they need that because that is where everybody comes from with three runways they can handle 1 million passengers per day. so we have to have prepared bases with very large fuel storage capacities to operate tinkerers out of and one of the things on my checklist to find places to put takers is to see their storage capacity and about 70% of the places we looked at came off the list because they didn't have the capacity support the tinkerers. when we run a country out of gas he would think it?

>> so the tanker of the future as well so is it just such a big airplane that is it financial reasons or design? >> i'm getting old. the airplane is getting old. one good example spring 2015 my wife and my son went to europe. we spent about 70 days doing

ten countries when it was time to come home we flew over on a c-17 and flew home on the kc 135. seventy-four take number. those two years previous 8874 was part of the refueling squadron in japan. that was my airplane with my name on it. and here i am 22 years later flying home the same airplane with my wife and son. so i sit down at the cockpit and i wanted to see what it

had done in the 22 years. 24000 hours on the airframe just coming back from supporting isis with 6000 landings. if this body had 6000 landings i would go to the desert to be stored also. but it continues to be that workhorse we have all heard it is bowling or it is going they created a fantastic airplane. they really did. way ahead of its time. and for those of you who want to find out more about the kc 135 actually turn that around that came first then the 707. go find the book the

jetliners. it tells the story of how the ceo went into the boardroom and said i need $16 million. to create an airplane to make it into an airliner and everybody laughed at him. he had no customers for that airplane. nobody wanted it everybody thought turboprop airplanes was how we would move passengers that he built it anyway. it is a fascinating story if you are going through the mba program you really need to read this story because he took a big risk to create this airplane that is now iconic 707. when i was standing as a young

kid on the runways there was only 35 or 40 feet above my head. that is how i knew i wanted to be a pilot why work when you can be a pilot? i was hooked. watching the dca 707. i knew that i wanted to fly. they've got programs to keep it going through 2040 it is a very expensive airplane to run but fortunately the taker air force base where they do the maintenance, they do an amazing job to maintain this airplane. it has a new cockpit, wings, read the story of how the kc 135 got a new engine that is another great story.

that consortium with ge was away from folding but then the french air force thought those engines for the kc 135 to prove these are the engines to put on this airplane because the offload capability increased by 40%. some of us have been around long enough, right general? i remember 1:00 o'clock in the morning the 135's were taking off with the old water engines and i knew was coming and it set off every fire alarm in the apartment complex i was in. but we had to put newer engines on the airplane. the europeans were saying they are too noisy we have to be

quiet because of where their airfields were so that was a driving piece but that engine more than speaks for itself. it continues to get upgrades now that the kc 46 is coming soon. it will be a great airplane it will have growing pains just like the f-16 did nobody wanted this ugly airplane. but guess which is one airplane everybody wants to see overhead? that one right there. you can see those points the maverick missiles this is the perfect airplane to support our troops.

so is the be one out in front of the b-52 and most have gone through a lot of retrofits but the most recent with the b-52 has a revolver type of gun system to carry more conventional weapons. so these old airplanes will be around for a while you may see that in 90 years. i don't think curtis thought that but you may see that. but you may see that. how long does it take to feel up the kc 135 with you will? how much time? >> really good question because this had to be part of our planning.

with the airplane landed, we would have to get ready for another flight because on the ground it doesn't do us any good. a really good fuel crew during desert storm could put 165,000 pounds of gas and 5000 pounds of water on the airplane in about 45 minutes. the rule of thumb was two hours that the crews were so good at what they did by the time the war started so proficient they got it down to 45 minutes so we scheduled an airplane after landed about one hour 30 minutes later back in the year. the 190 tinkerers we had for the shock and awe campaign

were flying four times a day five and a half hours long and the reason we could do that was because the maintenance crews, god bless them because they are out there in terrible weather, heat and no maintaining these airplanes. they could turn that airplane in about 45 minutes so we were using about an hour and a half to fly a mission and we had to because something i talked about in the book is the home line defense at 603 in the morning less than ten tankers on alert above the united states and at 4:00 p.m. that afternoon there was over 120.

those of you out there who have sat on nuclear alert strategic air command days though that went away in 1982. we actually had to have the grout to the nuclear facility at fairchild to plug-in his phone to call the command post because we didn't know if the phone line still worked seven airplanes on alert at fairchild that afternoon but zero in the morning but we generated those airplanes fairly quickly because we knew we are at war. even that we are protecting the united states it would take 45 minutes to load of the airplanes and send them on their way. it is about the same about 45 or 50 minutes.

but that helps us a lot and again it is because of the jean 19 and 20-year-old kids that do this for us. that load the fuel and run the engines that keep these old airplanes going. i am just a guy with a leather coat and glasses. but because of those young kids that are out there even now all over the world to maintain these jets that keep these things going. >> how long did it take to refuel the f-15 in-flight and how many could be fuel with one load? >> great question. i will back up.

to this picture. by the way i took this picture the last time korea was acting up in 1994. so the flying boom on the end of the airplane we could put 6000 pounds a minute but normally only bombers take that i transferred 103,000, 500 pounds into b-52 over guam in 22 minutes. that is pretty typical for the big airplane a friend of mine flew the five nonstop from dover delaware to a good issue somalia he took 260,000 pounds

of gas off of three tinkerers with an hour and ten minutes. so the f-15s will normally take 3000 pounds a minute to figure each pump is 1500 pounds but the f-16 if it has weapons we can only use one pump 1500 pounds a minute that will take six or 7000 pounds in a combat situation. the f15 about 12000 pounds a minute the bombing version typically takes 15000 pounds so again 3000 pounds in five minutes then two minutes for cycle time as the jets come down and land and get the gas and go back up. that all goes into the

schedule and we figure how long the airplane or the tanker needs to be in the area typically three hours so it varies depending on the airplane bombers can use all four pumps and take a lot of gas the 15 want to get the gas and go and they do that pretty quickly but through the hose only 1000 pounds a minute so that is a planning factor we have to use but that's how we do it. twenty-two minutes is a long time be hooked up do you know the real definition of flying?

long intermittent periods of boredom with short intermittent periods of terror. refueling is pretty boring. we talk to each other sometimes. a phone system they can cook up to but normally they get the gas then they are gone if maybe 22 minutes later we would ask what you are eating in your box lunch we had peanut butter jelly or we have ham and cheese go those of the types of conversations. >> that is a great lead-in so with all of your hours of the airplane, what was your scariest moment? >> i know that right off the bat. i don't even have to think about that. it wasn't in combat.

i am at home for crying out loud everybody likes hawaii. but we were bad broken did not know it. i took off a couple of days before memorial weekend out of why with an airplane we just swapped out in grand forks north dakota on the way back to japan at 10000 feet it began to depressurize with 26 passengers in the back including a seven -month-old baby that had just met their grandparents for the first time. we declared a precautionary we are broke to come back and landed back at the air force base came out the next day and they said we can't duplicate

your problem not on the ground but i bet i could in the air so we took off again. no passengers. the colonel i've got all these people have to go back to okinawa you never take people. how many times have we heard that? i wasn't going to take them no matter how irate it's a good thing we didn't. at 10000 feet we depressurize again. i got 16000 feet and made the first mistake a critical one i said let's investigate. with that type a personality

as we are going away from hawaii. 200 miles west of hawaii with a crew chief came up and literally scared out of his mind tapping me on the shoulder saying we were low on oxygen because it wasn't sure if we would learn pressurization. that was a mistake he came running up captain. turnaround. turnaround. we don't know what's wrong. with a look of terror on his face. i look back and i could see two crew chiefs putting down the floor and another one pulling the firefighters mask

and pulling the pin on the fire testing wisher. they got the piece of plywood up and flames went everywhere then the whole airplane filled with smoke and it burned for about two minutes while they tried to get it out. we were on fire. some of you may be wondering what that has to do with pressurization. what we found out in your home to have ductwork that goes under the floor that the air-conditioning and heating system uses to move air around and airplanes have the same thing. 1300-degree air was coming off the engines going through two cracks in a manifold under the floor and started the wood on

fire. but that wasn't the worst part 1300-degree air was also by the way my wife does know the story. [laughter] 1300-degree air was also blowing on the cables that make the airplane go up and down and we didn't know what happened. all three flight control systems were hooked to those cables so as we come around in the turn to come back i had my copilot put in a box transponder 7700 to push a button that flashed our position on the radar screen to everybody in honolulu because i thought we would blow up.

because it was also exhaling 1300-degree air on the fuel tank with 18000 pounds of gas. a flight control and a fire and hot air blowing on the gas tank how is my day going so far? honolulu center came up and said state the nature of your emergency in the number of passengers. we are busy fighting a fire slide and say anything. honolulu center you are squawking emergency. fuel on board and passengers? standby. he waited maybe two minutes

that i started to descendent 9000 feet because i wanted him to see where we were going to blow up find the debris really that's why i did that now were getting into the airplanes coming into land and i said honolulu center standby. because were still fighting the fire. finally he came over exasperated tell us what is happening. we are currently fighting a fire in the back of the airplane i have a doctor failure 1300-degree air blowing on the elevator cables in my forward body fuel tank standby. and everything went quiet on the radio and nobody talked for about 90 seconds like they

were trying to listen to the explosion to the radio. but i finally came back they got the fire out and the crew chief said you need to come see this they patched two holes with some kind of petty that they had blown out. so we came back and landed they wanted us to taxi back i said we are okay. but we got four days off in honolulu because we caught fire. rick told you long periods of boredom with terror? and many aircrews have similar stories that have flown. i see you shaking your head. i know you have similar stories.

but that was the scariest even the first night of desert storm did not scare me as much is that flight we all went downtown on waikiki beach and didn't say a whole lot it was a pretty death-defying experience. thank you. we appreciate the opportunity to get appear to talk to you. i hope you have learned something from this and what it takes to operate tinkers. and what it was like to be a tanker pilot 24 and a half years. again, thank you for coming have a great day outside and i appreciate your time. thank you very much.

[applause] we do have a few of his books back here if you would like to purchase if you would like to purchase b5

>> the illusion of information is the way that they will say trust is first characterized by bad character than more information. so i started to ask myself in my research how can technology address these problems? is technology making us smarter who we trust or is it encouraging us to place trust in the wrong people? so are we giving trust away

and is technology playing a role in that? so let's do a quick question you can see with this is going i will give you this and you can use that for the person that is the least trustworthy. if you think harvey weinstein is the least trustworthy person comment now. if you think president trump now. now this is sophia the first robot one -- citizen of saudi arabia if you think sophia, commented now.

so the robot is more trustworthy than the president of the united states. so now do this in reverse. now you can clap. clap for the company you think is the most trustworthy what about google? [applause] facebook is the most trustworthy company? no one. amazon? [applause] i think amazon and google maybe amazon was slightly ahead but i made you do that because i thought one of you may say trust them to do what? this is an important point in this is what i find very hard the way we talk about trust is

in very general terms that is very dangerous because we can trust that president trump which we do something ridiculous but we don't trust him to negotiate with north korea we can trust harvey weinstein could make great movies but not his behavior around women so when people say they trust amazon they say they have confidence that when they make an order and it will show up but they don't necessarily trust them to pay taxes or treat employees well so this is the first thing that i would like you to think about when we talk about trust, keep in mind institutions and leaders and individuals that trust is contextual you can trust me to write an article but that