retreat. watch c-span city store in asheville, north carolina saturday at 11:15 am eastern on c-span2 booktv. and on american history on c-span3. working with our affiliates as we explore america. next, brian barber, author of an upcoming book on the gaza strip speaks about a trip he took and experiences in the region. his presentation includes stories and videos from people and families in the gaza strip where he discussed more broadly middle east peace. including the israeli-palestinian conflict. the palestine center is the host of the event. >> hello. thank you all for coming. i like to also thank the palestine center for hosting for jointly doing this with us. hosting their beautiful

facility here. i've been told by my staff, i am julia pitner, executive director of the institute for palestine studies. i've been told by my colleagues that i must promote this book. we brought some very interesting books about gaza and about palestinians in general. today is about -- i am short, i know. gaza has been back in the headlines lately. as you know. there are a lot of demonstrations going on right now. on the border with israel. in gaza, and today also -- should we be surprised? no. i think all of us know very well that the answer is no. although the palestinians have been negotiating should we say,

with israel for the last 26 years? the refugees have been waiting 70 years for some type of justice. young people in palestine and gaza specifically are frustrated with this slowness. the young people that are participating in demonstrations that are going on now, have already lived through four major conflicts. young children who are 10 years old have lived through three of those. the restrictions on the movements of people did not start with -- for the takeover of gaza, the government, it actually started in 1993. the restrictions imposed on

gaza, the tightening of goods and people movement in and out, started right as the process of studying. and started as israel finished the border fence and the checkpoint system. it is only gotten worse. over the years. with a brief relief for three months in 2005. gaza has been almost under total closure since 2007. the electricity is only on for four hours a day.it affects the sewer system, what should the system and businesses. in effect education system. but all of these are just numbers. and statistics. but they do reflect the reality

of life. the people are represented in these statistics. today, have the pleasure of welcoming doctor brian barber who has just returned from gaza. doctor barber is a feller at the institute for -- and of family and child studies. he is founder and director of the center for study of political conflict. also editor of the 2009 oxford university press volume entitled adolescence and war. you have dealt with political conflict. he is regularly published also. studies on global use, leaving academic outlooks and -- he has

a forthcoming book which unfortunately is not out yet but coming soon. i know. left we're looking very much opportunity. he is here to tell us about his experience. over the past 23 years visiting with the people in gaza. brian, i welcome you to take us through this journey with you. [applause] >> thank you, kindly julia for the introduction. thank you all here and those listening for taking the time to meet with me today. thank you all to the palestine center for hosting this talk. and to palestine studies for

supporting me. i can talk about gaza for days, and would, given the chance. but in the 40 minutes or so that i have today, i will do my best to communicate some of the essence of gaza and its people as i come to know them over the past decades. as a note of clarification, people in gaza use that in at least two ways. the first, to the trip as a whole. second, if not in gaza itself, if not in gaza city itself, they will refer to that population center as gaza. for purposes today, gaza means the entire strip. much of what i have to say today in terms of attitudes, orientations, emotions, etc. applies equally well to palestinians in the west bank. and east jerusalem where i also have had considerable experience.but my focus today is on gaza.

especially as i have in this recent trip. i will not take the time now to explain how or why this upper-middle-class white wasp ended up there in the first place in 1995. teresa had no interest in. as interesting as the story is. what is a very brief background that i am a social psychologist by training. interesting primarily in youth around the world and from family to nation, facilitator and cake and development of adults and citizens. my interest encompasses several questions. first, why, how and to what degree the youth engaged in a first -- in which you

participated in proportions never before seen or matched since. upwards of 80 percent of young men and 50 percent of young women. how that experience has shaped their lives and how they have made life work for themselves over the decades through ever worsening economic health and political conditions. my colleagues and i have published results of several studies and academic journals and health medicine, psychology and believe we've made a mark of variety of key issues. including resilience, well-being, mental suffering, social suffering and political activism. yet, as rigorous as the research has been done and described, most writings cannot give you a real feel for this place and its people. most of you only will go to gaza, my soul will go

accordingly today to get you there. i will attempt to use several mechanisms including photos, videos, narratives and verse. i will attempt, my hope is that we will come away feeling that you know gaza and its people better than before. one overall lesson we learned about studying palestinians is how crucially context matters to human thinking, feeling and behaving for a place like gaza, where context and all of this territorial economic and political dimensions literally influences activities and mood of almost every day. the story cannot be told without attention to the environment. first some history. you may not know how crucial gaza is as one of the worlds most important cities. has been over the millennium. here's a short list of the

luminaries and have had a presence in gaza. gaza was the chief center of the trade as early as 500 bc. as well as the commercial center for many of the products. it was famed for its affairs, theaters and school of rhetoric. which was at the time, the basis of all higher education. so important was gaza in roman times, that it had its own calendar. yet, its strategic location between asia and africa has also made it the coveted lynch for incessant military conquest across many. throughout it, the record makes clear that unlike many other cities in the region, those in

gaza have been unusually defiant. alexander the great lost 10,000 men taking gaza. napoleon was injured in an assault on the city. ... will the largest change be a widening in the work of the no go zone after the 2014th war.

>> they batted the fencing, crossing will lead to it which are pedestrian. this would be the no go zone of the 2011 tennesse 2011 -- msc r. here is another rendition. with that brief background i'd like to take you inside gaza. there are video clips i've made. i shot them from the front seat

of my taxi so you could feel what it would be like if you went today, complete with cracked window shields, maneuvering traffic and ambient sound except the sound isn't working. you have to imagine that. at the end of the discussion i will give you the video. these are compilations of videos sliced together from dozens of longer videos. i'd like to acknowledge my video editor in gaza who worked through this to complete them. the first clip chronicles the entry into the strip at the northern crossing from israel.

you can enter with only advance permission from the military. no filming allowed in the terminal. there are a series of document checks and walkways and passes through heavier gait open remotely. the video picks up that point taking you through the rest of the distance before reaching gaza proper. this is the first in the area from the north. in the old days when i went earlier there was no such terminal. we would just cross in short passport that a rudimentary checkpoint. now her through the terminal and

we look back at the iron gate. now i'm on a motorized vehicle which is pulling package carts. the sound would be blaring noise of a very loud engine. this is known as no man's land. it didn't used to be paved or rude or caged, but it is long, as you can see. these are slices remember. the journey takes longer. now we are coming to the end of the palestinian authority checkpoint and i'm standing back

to the israeli terminal. then you take a cab from the checkpoint to the former hamas checkpoint which is manned by another group of pa military. this next video is longer. you will see a whirlwind tour of the strip. it begins with the trip from the last checkpoint into gaza and moved north. it covers the northern territory towns in the refugee camp.

then we'll move south from gaza city on the beach road into eastern fields then. will continue south along the main road in the middle area of gaza to the southern area first viewing some of the camp in town and then down to the southernmost camp. backup the main road north and finally a trip north of the beach road. the video is short for reasons of time but i'll give you as much as i feel comfortable with.

we just left the crossing area and are traveling on one of two routes into gaza city. there was commentary by the taxi driver and a little by me and i were ending mad journey to the city, approaching the beach. that journey takes about 20 minutes by car. now, we are at the beach and turning south on the beach rig right. now i've taken you up north to the villages in the northernmost part of the strip.

imagine the clip clapping of the horses, the laughter of the children, the motorcycles. this was taken when school let out on that particular day. now we are at the northernmost part approaching the point past which we cannot go. we are looking northeast at

israel and will stop when the taxi driver felt it was no longer safe to proceed. we've looked over west, this is a view to a wastewater treatment plant. and were finishing up looking north to the strawberry fields where we were treated with a handful of strawberries.

we have moved to the camp entering from the west. this is the largest of the eight refugee camps. probably well over a hundred thousand people. this is entry from another direction. as a reminder were at the very northern part of the strip north of gaza city itself.

these are a series of slices to remind you that we are just capturing a set up relevant.

we've moved south again and this is the beach road toward the eventual destination today. the beach road is quite nicely paved. that's relatively new and not yet complete. now we are father down on the beach road. we are moving toward the middle part of the strip. it's defined into north, middle and south.

this is entry into the new camp. now proceeding toward the power

plant, the only power plant in the strip which is regularly bombed and never operating at full capacity, but never the less critical to the strip. this would be a look at the camp just to the right so you get a feel for the narrow alleyways of the camp. we obviously could not bring a car into those alleyways. it wouldn't fit and would

otherwise be inappropriate for either myself or the driver to go filming within the camp proper. these are the fields between the camp and the main road. the main road virtually dissects the strip from north to south. you will see some of that before i cut this off shortly. now we are east of the main road, this is also east of the refugee camp.

this is the distance between the camp and the eastern no go zone. we eventually stop where the cab driver felt no longer comfortable. now we are looking back from the east and now approaching from the east. now we are in the central part of the camp.

we look at this in just a minute and again you will see the views of the non- transit areas of the camp.

now her family through the camp facing the main road where it turned south. i will end it here, this road also provided is now almost complete from the crossing in the south. it is complete up to gaza city, what's left is the journey from gaza city. that's about half the video. i will cut it here but hopefully that was enough to give you a flavor for the diversity of the

strip and some of its activiti activities. now that you have that view, i want to move to highlighting some themes which i have repeatedly noticed in my years in gaza, as it was into the personality as it was of the gazans. from my very first visit in 1995, three day trip to recruit schools to participate in a survey we had done in the west bank and jerusalem, i have written the following is a narrative for the book describing that trip. the three days were intense. gaza was surely a very busy place. i sensed none of the negative emotion i had anticipated. people were friendly, they

seemed normal and particularly humble. i began to be disappointed with myself. why hadn't i let myself buy into the hostile characterization, constantly offered by pendants and press of anger and hatred and violence. i knew people all over the world to be good in the poorest and most humble and gentle. why would gaza be any different. i should have known better. as for the youth, they seem to be intensely interested in telling their story, but instead of discharging anger or bitterness for their suffering they seem more interested in simply being acknowledged. first was the universal astonishment that this vip, a professor from america no less actually come to visit their little gaza and expression met and paired with eagerness to

return. was the two young boys who approach me from the very first night as i sat alone on an out crossing to photograph the gigantic sun melting into the blue sea. this was my first encounter with those angry stone throwers that had ended the year before. i was a touch worried. they came toward me in their oversized black shoes. welcome to gaza they said. we took photos and we talked with our primitive language skills and upon leaving they said don't forget to send us the photos and thank you sir for coming to gaza. it was the girl in gaza city who, during my talk to her classroom had penned a note to me in english. it welcomed me to gaza, thanked me for visiting her school and hoped that i would enjoy my visit and finally wish that i would consider coming again. it was the classroom of males

who sensed i was about to conclude my brief discussion with them, exploded into a delighted ovation, please come back. then the young man at the back of the classroom stood indirectly but respectfully pleaded, please go home and tell your people that we are not all terrorists. it was my un guide who, when the school principal we were visiting drifted off to incite discussions with her staff spontaneously turned to me and softly said we are so happy you came to visit us. you are always welcome here. we hope you will come back. it was a discussion with the class of the junior college students in the camp of the sumter of the strip during which a question was repeated six times verbatim, do you like gaza, will you ever come back.

felt as if their hunger to hear my positive answers to both questions could be faded. there's been nothing in the ensuing years that has remedied this sense of x essential insecurity. rather their experiences have only sharpened it as the world continues to look away or only flirts with interest when the body count merit the media craze as in this very week. just three weeks ago young man i spoke with in gaza described his triage of their various suffering. we can handle the food, water and sanitation problems. rather it kills us by making us feel subhuman. as you will know from reports that are easily assessable, the absence of adequate electricity, medicines, water and sanitation is now throughout the strip. they were willing to deal with those conditions but his

prioritization of feeling to be made subhuman was telling of gaza mentality. a sense of being dealt with as such subhuman was pervasive as they discussed experiences including frequent verbal abuse, physical assault and for many torture. nothing has changed over the decades that has alleviated the sense of the disrespect and disdain. this week's assaults, injuries and killings only confirm to gaza mind that their lives are unworthy and there blood is cheap. another fundamental aspect of palestinian and particularly gazpsychology is a broadening se of betrayal. the sense has long began after world war i when britain and france reversed on their promise.

palestinians have often felt betrayed by their arab brothers. one of the triggers was the failure to even put palestine on the agenda. they've been over willing to trust. for example, despite the failing peace process for which the u.s. was blamed as an architect and patron of israel, clinton's arrival in 1998 was met with ecstasy. the first u.s. presidency to come to gaza, finally we have a friend. i saw portraits of clinton and american flags occasionally shown previously adorning their streets and homes. after the departure from gaza, clinton authorized the bombing of iraq. they were dumbfounded.

they were unable to grasp how this new friend of theirs stabbed them in the back and so quickly. they have felt betrayed by all of the peace agreements they have supported or consented too, whether with israel or among their own leaders. all of their own politicians, they have proved inept and corrupt. this has culminated in recent months by the strategy to collectively punished gaza by reducing salary and electricity contributions pressuring hamas to give up control. they cannot be understood without awareness of the deep sense of marginalization, dehumanization and betrayal. however there psychology is

infused with parallel and equally potent values with intense determination, pride and education and family. try to illustrate those with the three men i am writing about. i will excerpt from the book proposal that wouldn't be times two chronicle 23 years of all three of them with their first-person narratives. we will rely on mine. they were ordinary youth. i'm going to take you back. they don't even know each other so large and consuming his life in such a tiny place. collectively their individual narratives reveal values that will be familiar to all. sacredness of family, education,

expectations for justice and the role of religion meaning all of these all the more enhanced by the oppositions they face. further is a national narrative of struggle for freedom, dignity and self-determination. they illustrate how and why individuals still make different decisions about how to enact their national devotion and political activism. hughes the oldest of nine children, soft spoken cerebral, fiercely determined. his commanding drive has been hunger for intellectual development and academic achievement. his early years included independent study of gaza's meager libraries at age 13, to answer for himself the question of whether this land was his or

israel's. his positive conclusion, he joined the popular front the abrasion of palestine, the communist party that had the best articulated plans when were let out. he led his group to this camp. it was ever present in his leading his team of protesters and also the agony plaguing nightmares that they sustained in the torture during multiple imprisonments. he was relieved that it ended so he could resume his education. the book traces undaunted educational goals and narrates his ratification for succeeding through numerous challenges. the government passing over him for internships after he treated his ba in english because he wasn't a member, the revelation of widespread corruption in his

own party, the one to which he had given his heart and soul for which he had suffered so severely, cutting him of his prime source of meaning. it follows him on a phenomenal journey to the united states for educational leadership, a year full of fright over what turned out to be a false positive on his tuberculosis test, of wonder at this massive world he discovered on this, his first trip ever out of gaza, the curriculum and of all places israel and embraced islam but this time it was a godly one, his unwavering principles he could fully trust. once back in gaza he was an instructor at a small college, department chair and eventually vice dean. his betrothal to my distant cousin through fully traditional marriage arranged by his

parents. the book follows his steps through education progressively. the first three wars were hard to take but those bombardments were targeted to specific areas. the 2014 war that pulverize more than 10000 houses and buildings in every sector of the strip leaving no space to flee. it narrates the terror his family endured beginning with the call from the israeli commander. your home is targeted for destruction, you have ten minutes to leave. then the scramble to find safer places to stay, dragging screaming kids and trying to avoid bombs from the sky and missiles from the sea and tank

shells from the east. what else can we do but move forward. that's been the saving refrain forever in gaza. displaying his first physical anxiety, his family would pick up and move on. more work and soon enough another search for training only to be rebuffed because your permit has been revoked. his story ended in 2017. the bank verified the deposit of his salary. it had been cut 55%. of all his trauma, this is the one he describes as humiliating having come not from outside but from his own president. he was visibly shaken and he said it seems there is no forward to worse in gaza. the oldest son of seven from the

refugee camp is an easy-going, optimistic but also boisterous, rambunctious and outspoken person. his family was more connected to the traditions of culture. he enjoys life, people and animals. as a child he took great delight in his pride, chickens, rabbits, goat, sheep and in the small courtyard of his home he would take pleasure into reading visitors to the new cookie factory outside the camp. he would not comment on the litter or stench or on the golden sand dune that was the first barrier that separated the camp from the fancy jewish settlement beyond. above all he was creating social connections.

he had great difficulty in school. most painful to him was the loss of his siblings. they went off to college and he had to stay back. when he got into college all that was important were his buddies and his new friends. they pass the final exam in the final year end he didn't. this crushed him. the story follows him minute by minute as he copes with this catastrophe onto his sudden realization that he had a pick himself up and guide his life with more responsibility. passing next year would be his sweetest moment. his first. [inaudible] papa, i did it. overcame my waywardness. he said yes my son, you are a

real man now. he married who he had remembered from his accompanying mother's hospital when she was born. they had difficulty having children. finally he had a surgery which fix the problem but the first pregnancy was a problem. the doctor said i can't say both of them which do you choose. life was difficult and he continued and got his masters degree in gaza and started a phd program. he also received the ominous phone call in 2014 when his family decided not to leave but bunkered themselves in a small room at the center of their apartment, packing themselves on top of each other for 24 hours.

his story also ends with a similar, his salary was cut 45% after a life of trials was only now that a first sign of anxiety surface for this was a huge slam his personality was now sober as he worries about supporting his family in gaza. he was the youngest of four children. his towering height and voice always created an air of wisdom.

[inaudible] relative to others in the camp, his family was especially for by way of his illiterate mother and yet she gave lessons to the children on house they could help the poor have a better life. he was arrested and spent a torturous weekend attention. he still did not activate in the sense of joining the physical fighting but became a leader and was equally disappointed when his political leaders proved corrupt. his story also includes his life as a human rights leader.

he was undaunted and criticizing any injustice which included his own government. arrested three times by the authorities. he was taken down rather rudely a couple years ago he fled to refugee in jordan. time that was only made bearable by daily snapshots by his wife and children. i hope that deep look into three individuals tells you more about basra. i want to and with a different medium for a feel for gaza. i realize mark clearly that more than ever before during this

last trip there was a soberness and the pain and burden that is understandable given the repeated trials but was nevertheless heavy and it made me worry about how to express it. as i worried about that, a series of verses came to my mind. i will reset them to you now i'm of the voice in them varies from individual to individual. male and female, old and young. i recall instances that i discussed with them or has been updated since the events of recent moments in gaza. as far as i know, as of today the death toll is above 20 the

injury is above 2000. dusty shoes, callused souls, shoulders shrugged. i love gaza in my heart and my home but it gives no life now. give it back. i want to go to jerusalem to spite and pray, to the west bank to the relatives, onward to study but no says israel and

egypt and georgian print i want to go anywhere. no. why not? tell me. what have i done to deserve this? dusty shoes, callused souls, trudging. darkness hides the horizon pass the sea. vessels are poised to shoot. it's late, i'm alone. the breeze is intoxicating, delicious, i calms my nerves and cools the fire in my mind. quite at last, don't stop this is peace, let it last at least for the second. dusty shoes, callused souls trudging. war, let it come. i know it will anyway. nothing can be worse than life is now. kill us faster kill us slow. where's the hope inside.

how deep, how long how long how long will this go on. dusty shoes, callused souls, trudging. my body thanks of a good joke. see there is something still inside free, unconstrained for this moment. such shame from a respected leader. the purged of days to mount. friends were you able to save any of this month? could you lend me a bit? i'm so, so sorry to ask. such shame. can they approach the cage that chills me to shake my fist and scream and vent. dare i throw a stone or light

attire to pretest to do something. pop goes the bullet through my back. sudden calms the bullet that splits mice goal. dusty's shoes, callused souls, trudging. my children, my children they make me laugh and make me care that make me keep on. i love them so. there is forever. if you let me live you won't kill mice soul. honor, pride, determination, dignity, i can take it. i will go on. it is my right. will you care. dusty shoes callused souls, trudging. thanks for listening. [applause]

now with these questions for brian, if you will allow me to asked the first question which is something that i noted when you came back from gaza this time you seem to be a little more affected by what was happening inside than before. what has changed? the change has been progressive. it is the recent events and challenges that have accumulated so the 2014 war was massively disastrous psychologically as well as physically. the salary cuts were so humiliating. the financial situation almost

unbearable, feeling trapped literally, not being able to go anywhere. it just has grown more profound and more serious and i've always been very proud of my ability to talk about the strengths of palestinians and i will always do that, especially gazans because they will make it but it's harder now. the burden is so severe that one can't go away without feeling something.

i appreciate the effort you have made to express the intensity of the suffering and i guess my question really is, from your perspective, what would you say people here in the audience and be on should be thinking about time to do, to change. what is the best hope? is there anything else besides that? that's the only question i have. >> it is a difficult one to answer. sometimes it seems rather simple in my experience through a life of traveling the world, i've learned that the only thing that really moves and changes a

person is to see and feel that circumstance or that people. so whatever we can do to inform those about the realities on the ground will make a difference in our various ways. but short of having adequate awareness of those circumstances, those who have power in this world here in the city and elsewhere are apparently not moved to make any difference in the region for the positive. the challenge is awareness. i forked for many.

i noticed this week there had to have been more seemingly coverage what is it like to be in gaza these days. >> how well do you know how ma

mass? obviously it's not one people are one thing but do you have an impression that you can share with us about what's driving the loss, what it might end up meaning for the day when things begin to change for the better. i know many who are loyal to hamas. in the end people are really people.

not a lot people were of two minds. i was there then and people would tell me look, we really appreciate what they have done for us and they meant by that that the violence, the awful violence of that civil war, those clashes had ended so order had been brought. they could simply go out and walk on the street without feeling like they might be injured. at the same time they said look, we don't buy into extreme views of any kind and were aware until now that the rigid control wants to exercise over us is

burdensome. it's illustrating the dual minds of gaza relative to hamas. i'm certain that the younger hamas leaders are making modifications with their ideas and their approaches and will see. in the end what they are fighting for is the release of the chokehold and opportunity to feed their families and get educated. >> thank you very much for your presentation. i'm from gaza, born and raised. looking at what's going on back

home and a sense of cynicism that has spread around gaza for the past few years, one? my mind right now, what we are seeing beyond the political and actual cause. a few weeks ago i interviewed you and asked if commitment to the national project had dwindled because of that cynicism. what can you make of today's process. are you seeing that commitment still in place or have they gotten to a point that maybe they are alarmed enough that they may crack and give up altogether? >> i can't imagine they would crack only from the evidence of my decades there watching them survive progressively more circumstances.

there are 2 million of them and so there is not one gazan approach toward hamas or toward anything else. it is true that the older generation, the generation of these three men that i continue to know, that there is fatigue and there is conclusion maturation that politics is not going to save them, and they have decided to contribute to the cause in different ways through education and through the service work he does in the community and for the human rights and that their contribution. what's happened in the last week is actually rather impressive that there is at least a small

collective movement for the first time in a long time to mount some visible protest to the basic conditions that you've outlined. we see that here in the parkland group from florida. i don't know how long and durable that can be, i know that continues but you can't escape the conditions overall. the kids want their education, they want to support attribute to their families. we will see how much they calculate as being worth the effort. >> thank you very much for your remarks. they communicated very well a sense of despair and frustration

in gaza. i've been to the west bank many times but i've never been to gaza. you've been to both places. i wonder if you could comment on the differences in the emotional state between those folks in the west bank and gaza. i assume they're both frustrated at the continuing and long israeli occupation but i wonder if you could talk more about their emotional attitudes in term of the common elements and the differences. >> there are many common elements, as you noted. there are single-minded in terms of what justice means for them as individuals and as people but the territory do have different experiences. in gaza, it is as i tried to describe, constrained, trapped, almost hopeless economically and extreme betrayal by local political leaders.

that's true in the other regions as well, but to be fair, it's not just the gaza people who suffer. they suffered ways we discussed today but then you actually have empirical research to document that the west bank and east jerusalem for the various reasons and differences, those two groups suffer mentally struggle as much or more so than gaza but for the west bank it's the hundreds and hundreds of checkpoints that make life impossible to get to work, to get to hospitals and so forth. gazans don't have that issue anymore. for jerusalem it's all about the crazy system and the building, the raising of homes and the loss of land and so forth.

i wouldn't say, i wouldn't prioritize the suffering in any kind of hierarchy, it's common in different or region. i had the opportunity to go back in 2010, about a year after and the whole city was in rubble because there was no concrete to rebuild and the concrete factories, is it essentially the same? in the video it looked like there was some rebuilding going on, there was paved roads and stuff like that. how has the difference between

hamas and pa affected the electricity situation now? [inaudible] [inaudible] >> the largest part of the construction of gaza was on the eastern border in 2014 where a large percentage of the homes were destroyed. there was bombing everywhere as we all know, but less so in cities proper and so in gaza city, certainly you see remnants of buildings that were targeted. in the east, i wasn't able to film because of time reasons.

i was there the last year however and there are some progress that rebuilding but it does still very much look like what you may have remembered. as for hamas and their struggles, it varies week by week. since you were there, i think properly electricity was up to six hours a day, something like that. it has dipped as low as to last year and now it's generally back to around four. i don't see any indication that that will change dramatically. largely because of the hostility between them in gaza.

>> they are very creative in how to store power and lots of photos of the various devices they bring. those who are fortunate enough to have a home and appliances like refrigerators and freezers are able to pretty much make things work by careful planning. : :

>> so to keep at the front the conversation because i think although i cannot speak to the palestinians they feel like they are being erased and ignored and are disappearing and they are very much front and center even as the administration is cutting the funding which is challenging for those repairs in gaza and also a challenging job with the palestinian territory. so we do need to push back on that a little bit because it

is so occupied territory. it is still in occupied territory. i thank you all coming and also for sharing with us your story. [applause] we have articles here from brian from the journal of studies these are free these are excellent articles. [inaudible conversations]

>> team for the des moines independent school district a case about free speech in 19655 students from des moines iowa wore black or brands to school to protest the vietnam war violating local school policy the students challenged with the resulting supreme court decision has established students to keep their first amendment rights on school grounds our guest to discuss the landmark case is mary beth tinker one of the five students who challenge the school district two was 13 at the time after two decades as a pediatric nurse she began working as an advocate for students touring nationally. and an independent criminal

attorney with experience at the supreme court winning over 100 cases landmark cases on a clock p.m. eastern on c-span enjoy the conversation with our # landmark cases. we have resources on our website for background the companion book and those interactive constitution and the podcast