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the presiding officer: on this vote, the yeas are 68, the nays are 30. three-fifths of the senators duly chosen and sworn having voted in the affirmative, the motion is agreed to. the senator from washington. ms. cantwell: madam president, i ask unanimous consent that it be in order to call up the crapo-wyden amendment numbered 1562 as modified with changes at the desk, and that following the disposition of the rubio amendment numbered 1802, the senate vote on an amendment -- on amendment numbered 1562, with a 60-affirmative vote required for adoption. the presiding officer: is there objection? without objection.

the senator from florida. mr. rubio: i call up the rubio amendment 1802 to the cantwell amendment 1527. the presiding officer: the clerk will report. the clerk: the senator from florida, mr. rubio, proposes an amendment numbered 1802 to amendment numbered 1527. mr. rubio: i ask the reading be dispensed with. the presiding officer: without objection.

mr. crapo: madam president, i call up my amendment 1562 as modified with the changes at the desk and ask that it be reported by number. the presiding officer: the clerk will report the amendment. the clerk: the senator from idaho, mr. crapo, for himself and others, proposes an amendment numbered 1562 as modified. mr. crapo: madam president and members of the senate, what we're going to be voting on shortly here, senate amendment numbered 1562, is an example of the bipartisanship that can be achieved if we put in the hard work to work out the details and the differences between us on very critical issues. this is not just an amendment on one topic. this is an entire title, the finance committee's title. the chairman of the finance committee, senator wyden, and i have worked for months together to identify that intersection,

which is a big one, as you will see, between republicans and democrats here in the senate on trade policy to help us to put together a package of strong trade policy that will help us to stand up our efforts in pushing back against china in one of the most critical arenas that we face, trade. our economy. and working against the very nefarious activities that china is engaged in to try to undercut us economically and to undercut our american companies in our trade relationships. senator wyden and i worked hard together to get this done, and i'm glad that we now have a package that can be put forward. as i said, it's not just one provision. this is an entire trade title. let me summarize just some of the minks that are -- things that are in it. it provides a comprehensive approach to combat china's manufacturing imbalances, threats to free and fair trade,

and illicit activity which undermine america's leadership in innovation. this legislation will level the playing field for american consumers and companies including workers, farmers, fishers, families, and taking aim at china's worst practices. the amendment itself carries a bipartisan approach into a senate-wide effort to ensure that the united states is positioned effectively to compete on a fair playing field globally. not just with china, globally, but especially with china. it bolsters efforts to promote -- to prohibit goods made with forced labor from reaching the united states by strengthening our customs and border protection enforcement efforts, and through better use of the seafood import monitoring program. it provides modernized trade enforcement tools to u.s. trade representatives to address anticompetitive digital trade

and censorship practices like china's great firewall by requiring the ustr to identify trading partners that disrupt digital trade. it appoints a ustr official to oversee information communication technology and provides advanced notice and text of proposals for any digital trade agreements five days before they are tabled to facilitate our efforts here in congress to oversee effective trade policy. it requires a review of trade in essential supplies, including the sources of imports and analysis of any vulnerabilities, as well as additional tools for businesses in the united states seeking reliable suppliers. it strengthens oversight over u.s. trade policy by providing an inspector general to the ustr and by ensuring the application of section 301 tariffs related to china are calibrated to provide the necessary leverage to support american competition

while ensuring the u.s. competitiveness in manufacturing. it reauthorizes critically the miscellaneous tariff bill or what has been called the m.t.b. and improved generalized system of preferences, the g.s.p., that will promote human rights, the environment, women's economic empowerment and the rule of law in digital trade and restarts and reforms the critical section 301 product exclusion process. these things might sound complicated, but it's our way of standing up our american competitors in a very anticompetitive, competitive environment dealing with china. it expands the duties of the interagency center on trade implementation, monitoring, and enforcement to include investigations of practices, diffuse impacts on the economy and workers of the united states or systemic impacts on the resiliency of multiple critical

domestic supply chains. standing up and building out our supply chains is critical in this economic competition. it requires the united states trade representatives to initiate talks with the quad countries to develop a strategy on critical minerals, to counter china's dominant share of that global supply. it requires the c.b.p. to submit a report to congress on achieving supply chain transparency. c.b.p. is seeking greater supply chain transparency to address merchandise made with forced labor, with counterfeits and through a 21st century customs framework initiative. it requires the ustr to brief congress on the findings of a forthcoming report by the comptroller general of the united states related to that crielt 301 exclusion process. it directs the ustr to enter into negotiations with allies to stop the importation of goods made with stolen intellectual

property into the united states and allied countries. the theft of american intellectual property is becoming critical to our ability to be effectively competitive against china. madam president, this list goes on. this is a major finance committee title that will significantly strengthen united states competitiveness in response to the maligned activities that we continuously see growing from china. i encourage all of my colleagues to support this important amendment. thank you. before i finish, i want to say what i was going to say at the beginning of my remarks. i alluded to it briefly. but senator wyden and i have had a very close and strong negotiation going on, and i appreciate deeply the ability that we have to work together in a bipartisan fashion to build this, and we will be building other very important policies

for this country. i just wanted to thank my colleague, senator wyden, for his partnership in this effort. mr. wyden: madam president. the presiding officer: the senator from oregon. mr. wyden: madam president, i, too, want to express my greerks to senator crapo. we're partners in the senate finance committee. as senator crapo really touched on, we know sometimes around here in the senate, it is hard to get senators to agree on the proper way to butter a piece of toast. but what senator crapo and i have tried to show -- and i believe this amendment does it, is that the senate is going to come together on the urgency of outcompeting china, and that is what our legislation is all about. senator crapo ticked off a number of the key measures.

obviously, we feel very strongly. we spent weeks looking at it in hearings and discussions at how china rips off our intellectual properties, steals technology, sends dangerous counterfeits to our markets, how it undercuts manufacturers with overproduction and unfair subsidies. the fact is the chinese have deployed massive subsidies, incentivized overproduction in key manufacturing sectors like steel, aluminum, solar panels that undercuts our competitors. they have shaken down american firms for intellectual property and stolen cutting-edge technologies, and worst of all, madam president and colleagues, is the practice of forced labor, which we looked at in the senate finance committee. it's morally repugnant on its

own, and it is also a very substantial threat to american jobs. i do want to spend a moment on an area where we're going to be doing a lot more worth, and i'm going to have plenty to say about it before this bill becomes law. and that is, as my friend from idaho just talked about, is the chinese government's great firewall blocks more than 10,000 american websites and digital platforms, and others are subjected to extreme censorship. americans that are blocked can only watch as chinese homegrown competitors then rip off their very best ideas, thrive in the absence of real competition and then grow into tech behemoths themselves. the catch is, as those

chinese-grown tech giants get bigger and bigger, using ripped-off american tech and idea, they're also exporting their government's intolerance of free speech. so, in the case of the great firewall, we now have trade enforcement tools that really go back to the dark ages, literally. some of them date back to some cases in the middle of the last century, and that in no way leaves us in a position, as senator crapo and i have found -- and we agreed in a bipartisan manner on this. it leaves us ill-prepared to handle the fast-moving world of digital trade, where where thera lot of high-skill, high-wage jobs on the line. so, for now, i hope members of the senate will strongly support

this bipartisan amendment. as senator crapo said, we've got a lot of other things we're going to tackle. as the president of the senate knows, i think what we talked about yesterday in terms of clean energy can build on ideas of both political parties. senator crapo has a very good idea for tech-neutral, private sector competition for clean energy. that's his idea. i'm a democrat. and i'm acknowledging my colleague's good idea. we've got a lot to work with. but for today when we pass this amendment, the crapo-wyden amendment, we are significant -- we are signaling that the entire senate is coming forward on a straightforward proposition, that we want to tell our constituents that we understand the urgency of outcompeting china. that it's going to take key tools, which is what we have developed in the senate finance committee. i urge all senators to vote for this bipartisan amendment, and i

yield the floor. mr. rubio: madam president? the presiding officer: the senator from florida. rubbery want to stake a moment -- mr. rubio: i want to take a moment to speak on my amendment and i won't speak very long. my comments are geared towards somebody who may be watching this video later. there are a lot of mysteries on the floor of the senate, and when these amendments come up, everybody knows the way it is going to go. and this amendment that i'm going to put forward probably isn't going to pass. that's just the way it is. it's not okay, but it's okay in the sense that i still want to take this opportunity to talk on it and have a vote on it. let me just say this. if you go back two, three years, i believe -- not the first -- one of the first people here that talked about this was me. i've been talking about the need for the government to step

forward and talk you can about the private sector. you can't compete with the nation-state if the nation-state is not involved in the competition. that's what we're involved in, a nation-state competition. is it does involve a massive amount of chinese investment in research and development. and we've got to step up to the plate. the days of believing that the private market on its own will solve it. it's not possible at this scale and scope. i point to operation warp speed. would the private market eventually have given us a vaccine? it would have. but we needed it now. today we're standing around here with no masks on and much of the country is getting back to normal because we have vaccines. you can criticize a lot of things about what america did in the beginnings of the pandemic, but we've done vaccines better than anyone in the world. that would not have been possible without industrial policy, which is the partnership of government and business to solve an urgent crisis of a

national concern. the single greatest requirement before us today in terms of the future is the 21st century is going to be defined by this competition between china and the united states. and it is a competition we simply cannot win unless we step forward and match it. but another part of the chinese approach to this is not simply to invest but to steal. as many of you know, i've been on the intelligence committee for ten years. i was the vice chairman -- acting chairman of it for a number of months and now the vice children in a committee that -- maybe i'm prejudiced in this view, but i think it is the best-functioning committee. we do a lot of good work. it comes on this topic -- and i spend a lot of time reading on the topic every day. it is a horror show. the chinese are stealing our intellectual property, and i.t. not just,oh, they

reverse-engineer someone's software. they steal the money that taxpayers are investing. we have it up -- the print is too small to see on camera. here's how they use our universities. they prioritize -- they steal priority technologies, leverage international openness of universities and institute. they play scientists, researchers, u.s. national labs for access to emerging access. it goes on to say, chinese state-owned enterprises front and shell companies partner with universities for being a is he is to i.p., research data, technology, penetrate u.s. company supply chains -- this is their strategy. now, we are about to put $200 billion of american taxpayer money in more of that, in more of those activities and you don't think that they're going to do all of that against us? they are. and so it is incumbent upon us to make sure that we have in place safeguards so they cannot keep doing this to us.

what is the point of putting up $200 billion of american public taxpayer money on pursuing all of this research if we're going to allow the chinese to steal it? nobody here wants them to steal it. and i know there's been improvements done in terms of upping the security. this is not a minor security threat. this is the number-one priority of chinese intelligence. this is what all of other agencies and government is geared towards doing and we are going to put all of this money in there and hope that the safeguards we've put in place are going to work. i hope they d but what if they do -- i hope they do. but what if they don't. you're going to read an article in two years or whatever, the chinese have stolen a quarter, 35% of the i.p. that's been put forward in the bill that's been passed. we're all going to feel pretty stupid around here. all i'm asking in this amendment is that at least in the initial stages of this program, the

director of the n.i.h., the d.n.i. -- the odni and the f.b.i. have an opportunity to review these grants to be sure they have embedded in the place we're giving to a scientist, a researcher at one of these national labs or that there isn't some shell company involved. now, i think know the argument -- i've heard the argument against it from those who want to do the research. this is going to slow it down. it is. t.s.a. cellulose down our ability to get on -- t.s.a. slows down or ability toest goin' 0 airplanes. cybersecurity cellulose down our access to get on net wherebis. but we need more of it, not less. it slows things down. but i would rather do it slow, or slower, own it, and than faster and have them steal at that. that's what this amendment does. i don't know what the opposition to it other than there are a lot who want to get their hands on this money and get going very

quickly. that's what they want to do. that's what researchers want to do. they want to move fast. we need them to move fast. but the our job is different. our job is to see the problem holistically and understand, let's move as fast as we can without allowing the chinese to steal it. so, look ... i'm asking everyone to vote against this motion to table because frankly i think we expose ourselves to a vulnerability. we are placing faith that this existing system we have and whatever new one we're starting up is going to be able to withstand the force of the intelligence agencies of an entire nation-state and their number-one objective, and that is who can we get our hands on whatever these $200 billion are helping to innovate? the presiding officer: the senator from washington. ms. cantwell: madam president, speaking against this amendment, i know the senator from florida probably, given his intelligence

work, wants to be well-meaning, but this amendment is not ready for the focus that we need to give on issues of counterintelligence. this amendment is drafted -- literatest -- literally says that at director of intelligence should look at and certify whether think of the entities given that money, including nasa, who would be given money under this bill, that they would have to certify for a ten-year period of time -- so, literally, every institution, every organization that gets money under this bill would have to certify for a ten-year period of time they didn't have anything to do with a chinese investment. so i'm all for investigating theft of intellectual property. in fact, the senator from mississippi and i added several

provisions to our legislation. other people have added things to this legislation. but do i want the director of national intelligence calling every university in the united states who might get money from this program and asking them to verify for the last ten years what did they ever take as far as chinese investment? i got news for you. i want the national director of intelligence to be focusing on cybersecurity. if somebody didn't see, we've just had a major pipeline incident. it's not the first incident. it's many incidents in which foreign governments have threatened our nation. our sources of power basically by infiltrating our system. i want the director of the national intelligence to focus on iran, to focus on russia, to focus on north korea, to focus on syria, to focus on threats of terrorism. i want them to focus on

monitoring our organization nationwide. i do not them spending their time calling university presidents and nasa officials asking them what they have done for the last ten years and to verify before they can get the needed research dollars. i know the senator is trying to be well-meaning, and i am happy to work with him on this issue, but i know this -- the race is on. the race is on in semiconductors. the race is on in quantum computing. the race is on in a.i. the race is on in other areas of manufacturing. and we cannot afford to have our director of national intelligence spending his time calling a up these people when we have already implemented the securities in this legislation. i'm happy to keep working with anybody on this issue, but, by god, i'm telling you, we are going to be committed to doing more on our international threats, on cybersecurity because, as you can see from this recent pipeline, that is

where we should be spending our time and our focus from a security perspective. i ask my colleagues to table the rubio amendment. i ask -- sorry. madam president, i move to table the rubio amendment, 1802 and consider for the yeas and nays. -- and ask for the yeas and nays. i ask for regular order. and i ask to table the rubio amendment number 1802 and ask for the yeas and nays. the presiding officer: is there a sufficient second? there appears to be. the clerk will call the roll. vote:

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the presiding officer: the yeas are 55, the nays are 40. the motion to table is agreed to.

under the previous order, the question occurs on -- under the previous order, the question occurs on amendment 1562, as modified. is there a sufficient second? there is. the clerk will call the roll. vote:

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the presiding officer: on this vote, the yeas are 91, the nays are 4. the 60-vote threshold having been achieved, the amendment is agreed to. a senator: mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from maryland is recognized. the senate will be in order. mr. cardin: mr. president, i have the opportunity to chair the u.s. helsinki

commission --. the presiding officer: the gentleman will suspend. the senate will be in order. the senator from maryland is recognized. mr. cardin: mr. president, i'm taking this time. i understand there's a break in the action in regards to the underlying bill. if i'm wrong on that, i'll yield the floor to someone in regards to moving us forward. but i understand we're not ready for the next issue yet. so with that in mind, let me just take this time as the chair of the u.s. helsinki commission representing the u.s. senate in the helsinki commission. my republican counter part is senator wicker. i also have the opportunity -- senator wicker, by the way, is the vice president in the parliamentary p assembly and i am the special representative on racism and intolerance.

the helsinki final act speaks very clearly against all forms of intolerance and discrimination. and we've seen in recent months current events trigger latent bias in our community. we go back to 9/11 where we saw the uprise of hate against the muslim community, which was translated into violence against muslim americans. we saw during covid-19 latent bias against the asian american community as a result. we saw a rise of hate --. the presiding officer: the senate will be in order. please take your conversations out of the chamber.

mr. cardin: mr. president, we saw a rise of anti-asian activity, bias and violence, and this body took action. once again, as a result of recent violence in the middle east, we see a rise of anti-semitism here in the united states and around the world. i mention all that because we need to speak out whenever we see a rise of intolerance in our communities. let me talk about anti-semitism, what's happened recently. a 29-year-old jewish man was punched, kicked and pepper sprayed last week in new york in broad daylight as a group of men yelled anti-semitic statements. people in cars began throwing bottles and yelling anti-semitic is slurs including words like dirty jew at a dinner party in los angeles. in skokie, illinois, someone shattered a window at a synagogue.

in bell harbor, florida, men yelled die jew at a man in a skullcap and then threatened to rape his wife and daughter. these incidents are compounded by an uptick in anti-semitic speech online with the anti-defamation league finding 17,000 tweets between may 17 and may -- may 7 and may 14. one week, with some variation of the phrase hitler was right. these attacks follow the january 6 capitol insurrection earlier this year where white supremacists and extremist groups displayed anti-semitic and racist symbols and recited conspiracy theories blaming jews for the pandemic. these conspiracy theories have proliferated alongside anti-semitic stereotypes and images being main streamed by some political leaders and public figures. while these events are shocking, perhaps we should not be surprised.

the a.d.a. global index on anti-semitism updated in is it 2019 found that more than one billion people, nearly one in eight around the world harbor anti-semitic attitudes. over 30% of those surveyed said it was probably true that jews have too much control over financial markets, that jews think that they are better than other people, that jews are disloyal to their country, and that jews hate -- and that people hate jews because of the way jews behave. a full 41% think jews are more loyal to israel than the country they live in. such sentiments touch translate into -- too often trans-light into violence, leaving jews to report in 2018 that they lived in daily fear of being physically attacked. here at home, jews make up fewer nan 3% of the american population, but the majority of reported religious-based crimes

targeted jewish people and institutions. i strongly agree with adl c.e.o. jonathan greenblatt who said we arens withing a dangerous surge in anti-semitic hate. for those who choose to engage in anti-semitic tropes and inflammatory rhetoric, it has consequences. attacks in real life on real people targeted for no other reason that they are jewish. this is anti-semitism plain and simple. and it is indisputable, inexcusable in any context. in 2004, i had the opportunity to represent america at the berlin conference where we developed and action plan to stand up against anti-semitism. the very first recommendation coming out of the berlin

conference is that leaders must speak out against anti-semitism in any form, that leaders need to be heard. they cannot be silent. so, mr. president, i was very pleased when our president, joe biden, stated this past week the recent attacks on the jewish community are a despicable, and they must stop. i condemn this hateful behave at home and abroad. it's up to all of us to give late no safe harbor. thank you, president biden. i was proud of our colleague, senator mazie hirono, a leader in the asian american community, who posted on social media, i've said it before and i'll say it again -- an attack on one of us is an attack on all of us. we must all condemn the recent surge of anti-semitic attacks in our country. episcopal of us needs to stand

-- each of us needs to stand up, speak out and confront this hatred. at my last in-person o.s.c. meeting before the covid-19, i hosted an event with my european colleagues entitled lessons from the past, leadership for the future, where we spoke about the lessons from the haul -- holocaust, including early warning signs, some of which have been rising to the surface again. these include the rise of populist leaders, demonizing of minorities, propagandizing of hate and the neglect of refugee protection which ultimately became the factors that resulted in genocide. this month i chaired a helsinki commission hearing on preventing atrocities and the u.s. holocaust memorial center naomi

culver. this project provides an innovative risk assessment tool using methods to spotlight countries where mass atrocities have not begun but where the risk of such violence is high. the warning signs are there. my colleagues, we are painfully reminded of our past. the o.s.c. has repeatedly reaffirmed that hate crimes pose a threat to the security of individuals and societies, given their potential to lead to conflict and violence on a wider scale. the spread of hateful ideology and recent acts of hate crimes across the o.s.c. region attests to this. in response, i have called for a plan of action to address violence and discrimination across the o.s.c. region, including here in the united states. so that we may have more strategic and cross-border

approach to addressing hate. i've also supported the o.s.c. initiatives that address security concerns of jewish communities, including by improving relationships between law enforcement and justice institutions in vulnerable communities, educating communities on anti-semitism and how to counter it and building alliances with other communities to counter hate. over the past decade, i've also worked to ensure that the state department's funding includes funding for antisemitism to work as allies to fight against anti-semitism, racism, haas utilities to the lgbtq-plus community and other forms of hate. the united states should be a global leader in fighting such intolerance. it would be hypocritical for us as a nation to preach to the world against hate if we let it

fester and grow here at home, like a virus, as we all know too well, if hate exists in one country, it has the capacity to spread around the world. therefore, i ask all my senate colleagues to join me in supporting these efforts at home and abroad to achieve a safe, just society for all. hate takes many forms. none of them should be acceptable here in the united states of america or anywhere else in the world. with that, mr. president, i yield the floor. i suggest the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk will call the roll. quorum call:

mr. young: mr. president? the presiding officer: the senator from is recognized. mr. young: mr. president, i'm really proud of where this -- the presiding officer: the senate is in a quorum call. mr. young: qui permission to vitiate the quorum -- i request permission to vitiate the quorum. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. young: mr. president, i'm very proud of where the senate is headed today. it's taken well over a year and a half for this bill to finally come together, to come to fruition. there have been many committees of jurisdiction who have actively participated in this process, members who have

accommodated other members, and i'm proud of the work product that we have been developing here. i especially want to thank, as we head towards what i hope is final passage later on this evening, my legislative director lauren o'brien, my national security advisor brandt anderson, dan cheever, who works on the commerce committee, all manner of work for me, they've worked tirelessly for me with senator schumer's staff and the republicans on the republican side, to ensure that this day came about and we got a positive outcome. let me say a bit about this legislation. we americans have always looked towards the frontier and forward to new who are rye zones. -- horizons. our conssess terse chased them across a continent and to the sea. when the wilderness was no more,

they followed them elsewhere. in workshops and laboratories and factories and on farms, in the air and beyond. our spirit is restless. we prefer the difficult as americans. we've never accepted limits or impossibilities in life. no, instead we sought to cure disease to lift the human condition, to better understand the world around us, to constantly go faster and further in these and other endeavors. and we do these things always away that the new knowledge that they bring will benefit mankind and make our union stronger. but this spirit is not entirely ours alone. you see, there are others out there who also harbor bold

ambitions, but they don't share our democratic values. just days ago, communist china orbited, landed, and deployed a rover on the surface of mars. no other nation has done this. no other nation has done this. it was their first voyage to the red planet. it's only part of the chinese communist party's ambitious space program. and it's another direct challenge to the united states of america. now, this momentous event happens at a time when so many of our citizens feel overlooked, when the communities they call home are hollowing out, when trust in our civic institutions is eroding, and when our allegiance seems increasingly to our political tribes and not to one another as citizens for the

common good. let's not kid ourselves -- the chinese communist party plans to exploit our difficulties and divisions. their power and their capabilities are growing. they are indeed locked in a global competition with this great nation. and they intend to win it. they intend to win it. they think of those of us in this chamber as powerless to stop them. and unable to prioritize our nation's long-term goals over our party short-term gains. so i ask you this -- when future generations of americans cast their gaze toward new frontiers, will they see a red flag planted on those new frontiers that is not our own?

today we answer unequivocally, no. today we declare our intention to win this century and those that follow it as well. today we demonstrate our faith in the american people to lead the way and vote to give them the tools to do so. this bill, this moment -- it's really not about beating china. it's really not about beating china. you see, the endless frontier act is about using their challenge to become a better version of ourselves. it's about helping more americans get more skin in the game, deploying that you are talents and untapped potential. it's about supercharging our economy as we emerge from this global pandemic, which descended upon us from communist china.

it's about spreading the benefits of this economy far and wide and preparing and allowing more people, regardless of their circumstances or their place of birth, to meaningfully participate in the 21st century. it's about unleashing what emma lazarus called the imprisoned lightning across this land and aiding so many americans in their pursuit of our common happiness. you see, this is how we unite our nation and tilt the balance of a great power's struggle westward. this is how we become the first to reach the next great horizon. let history record that at this moment we stood united, we declared with solemn purpose and

single voice that this is our destination, that by confronting the challenges of today, we build a brighter tomorrow, and that a new generation of doers and dreamers pressed america on once again towards the endless frontier. thank you, mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from connecticut is is recognized. mr. blumenthal: thank you, mr. president. i was tremendously proud and grateful to be at the bill signing last week in the east room of the white house with the president of the united states, at his side when he public put - when he put his approval on a

measure that took years to pass -- the no hate act, known as the tibara higher hate act, named after challenge i had and hedger higher, who perished as a result of the most vicious and vial hate crimes in this nation's history. and the occasion was centered on legislation addressing protection for asian americans and pacific islanders. tremendously moving and powerful event when the president spoke passionately and unequivocally that hate has no safe harbor in the united states. i was reminded of those moments with the president of the united states as i witnessed just very

recently this surge in anti-semitic hate crimes across this country. and we've seen them again and again and again the antidefamation league has been tracking anti-semitic incidents in the country since 1979 and in the past three annual reports have included two of its highest tallies. last year's report recorded more than 1,200 dints, a 10% -- incidents, a 10% increase from the previous year. these assaults and insults, brawls, and vicious desecrations have occurred across the country to individuals in synagogues,

places of worship and we should be rising to condemn them now, unequivocally and clearly, condemn all of these acts of hate. because we are all in this periless time together. we know from the acts of hatred directed against asian americans that they follow similar kinds of assaults and incidents involving muslim american, black americans, jewish americans. an assault on one is an assault on all of us. but the assaults and the acts of hatred against jewish americans have been particularly vial and men muss over these -- venomous over these past four weeks and

months and we have seen not only the physical attacks but also -- minimizing the impact of the holocaust and these vicious statements have grown and that's one reason i continue to support the never again education act which was signed into law almost one year ago to expand the united states holocaust museum and education program and having relevant and accessible resources to improve awareness and understanding of the holocaust. but prevention through education is not enough. we must do more. we must act. what is most important to remember about every one of these incidents is that they involve real people and real communities, real victims whose lives are torn apart in the most

heartbreaking cases. they involve real lives that are lost forever, real families that will never see their loved ones again. that is what happened to the families of kaleb jabar. they were lengding their presence -- lending their faces and voices to this effort against hate crime, and they expressed gratitude for the actions that we are taking, and now we must move forward to provide funding for the no-hate act so we have greater reporting of these vicious acts and so we have better training, more prevention, action, not just

condemnation, but action against anti-semitism in this country. i read recently that a 5-year-old was constructing a lego of a sin synagogue and added a security force around the sin gawg, what kind of world is it that has a child including a police security guard and what kind of america has doubled the nument of reported anti-semitic harassment vandalism and violence just over a two-week period most recently when there were clashes in israel and gaza. it's not the america we know and love and it's not the america

that we deserve. we must do better and i know that my colleagues share this view. i heard and saw my friend and colleague, senator cardin, speak powerfully on this issue just moments ago. we know that we, as a body, can take action because hate is contagious, but so is courage. and we must provide all of the people who have courage and goodwill in this country with the kind of support that we can, that we must, that we will, to fight anti-semitism, to make sure that this america is the one that we know and love and that my father came to believe

in as an immigrant at the age of 17 when he escaped persecution in germany, coming here at 17-year-olds in 1935, with not much more than the shirt on his back, knowing no one, speaking not much english, but believing in an america that would provide him freedom and opportunity and protection against exactly the kind of anti-semitism whose beginnings are in those kinds of vile and vicious assaults and words that we see around the world today. let us all come together and fight anti-semitism just as we have done with the hate crimes against our brother and sister asian american and make sure that our country is the one that

we know and love. thank you, mr. president. i yield the floor. a senator: mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from new york is recognized. mrs. gillibrand: mr. president, i rise today to once again ask that every senator have a chance to consider and cast their vote on the military justice improvement and increasing prevention act. this bill would ensure that when crimes are committed in our military that justice is delivered. this commonsense reform, which has bipartisan filibuster-proof support, moves the decision on whether to prosecute serious crimes to independent, trained, and professional military prosecutors while leaving misdemeanors and military crime within the chain of command. in other words, it takes the same approach to criminal justice that the military takes in most other areas of

operation. it puts highly technical work in the hands of trained specialists. this is not a new concept. i first introduced a similar form of this legislation in 2013, and this is not a new idea that requires hypothetical thinking. this system, or a version of it, are already being used by our allies around the world to positive effect. australia has moved charging decisions for serious crimes from the chain of command to the director of military prosecutions, as has canada, new zealand and ireland. in france, charging decisions are made by lawyers, not commanders, germany tries cases, its military cases in civilian courts with civilian authorities. in italy, charging decisions are

made by judge advocates who are fully independent of the chain of command. the netherlands assigns charging decisions to public prosecutors with broad experience in military cases. norway uses military prosecuting authority for criminal offenses by military personnel. the u.k. moves serious crimes out of the chain of command in 2019 -- excuse me in 2009 as part of an effort to provide an independent and impartial tribunal to the accused. in israel, charging decisions are made by judge advocates whose sole commander is the military advocate general, a general officer. i will note that the israeli system is almost identical to the procedures set forth in our bill. israel has not seen a decrease in good order and discipline, and in fact, has seen increased

reporting in faith in their military justice system. these countries took serious crimes out of the chain of command because they believed that defendants have a right to civil liberties. they recognized that service members deserve a trial not led by a commander who often has no legal experience or education but by trained criminal lawyers. when they made these commissions, they did not see a diminution in command and control or an ability to maintain good order in their ranks. in fact, what we stopped asking commanders to stop acting as judge and jury in complex cases, they would have more time to focus on rebuilding the trust and cohesion among their ranks that we know is critical to military readiness. we pride ourselves on having the best military in the world. to maintain it, we need to do

more to make it safe for everyone to serve. our allies have already done this. every day we don't act is a day we fall further behind on this front. this is a tried and tested system. it has delivered change for our allies that the incremental reforms put in place that the armed services committee has not delivered to our service members. this reform has been tested, requested by survivors, veterans, and commanders, backed by experts in military justice and supported by 65 senators. there is no reason to delay a vote on the floor any further. i ask unanimous consent that the time -- that at a time to be determined by the majority leader in consultation with the republican leader, the senate armed services committee be discharged from further

consideration of s. 1520, and the senate proceed to its consideration. that there be two hours of debate divided in the usual form and upon use of yielding back of that time that the senate vote on that bill with no intervening action or debate. the presiding officer: is there an objection? a senator: mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from rhode island is recognized. mr. reed: thank you, mr. president. mr. president, for the reasons i articulated on monday and remain, i think accurate, i would object. the presiding officer: objection is heard. mrs. gillibrand: mr. president, i would like to actually give some information to the chairman about what these other nations' leaders have said about this issue. major general blaze kathcart, advocate general, the 1999

changes of the military justice system were battle tested in the theater of active operations and in my view were a key contributor to effectiveness of the canadian armed forces, they contributed to the sustainment of a sufficient force with high moral. air commander paul cronan, director of the australiaian legal service, at this point it is appropriate to reflect on the appropriateness of these reforms made to the military justice system. these reforms have undoubtedly had a significant and positive impact on the efficacy and partiality and perceived fairness of australia's military justice system. this, a fact confirmed by a number of subsequent independent reviews of the effectiveness of the 2003 and 2006 reforms.

as a result of the independent review, they concluded the reforms have been effective, and as a result of the froarmts, the military justice system is delivering and should continue to deliver impartial and rigorous and fair outkms, enhanced transparency and enhanced oversight is substantially more independent from the chain of command and is effective in maintaining a high standard of discipline both domestically and in the operational theater. in the u.k., commander andre spence, commodore naval legal services, royal navy u.k., quote, probably the most pressing question that you need answered from me, and if i may preempt it slightly at the risk of being too forthcoming is what's the effect on command of our changes? how do they view it? do they feel disempowered, disenfranchised? i have to say that the simple

answer to that is no. mr. president, i ask unanimous consent to enter this testimony into the record. the presiding officer: without objection. mrs. gillibrand: i yield the floor. mrs. gillibrand: i notice the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk will call the roll. quorum call:

mr. merkley: mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from oregon is recognized. mr. merkley: thank you, mr. president. i rise to support amendment 2103, which addresses a very important issue in the world, which is the issue of governments that undertake to destroy populations either in

other countries or within their own country. that is to commit genocide. this topic comes up because china is committing genocide against its own uighur population. a million uighurs who are enslaved, who are trapped, who are assaulted in every possible way while the official authorities operate -- by the official authorities operating out of beijing. the finding of genocide is one that the state department takes very seriously. it involves long investigations, collection of evidence, analysis. this is not something to say lightly. we now have two secretaries of state who have led our state department through this process and reached the same conclusion.

secretary pompeo under president trump and secretary blinken under president biden. and both find that this is, in fact, genocide. now, at this very moment, sleets are preparing to compete in the olympic games in china. and i find it horrific that the pest -- prestige of the games is going to be carried on for a country that is committing genocide. now, we have a commission that works on human rights issues known as the congressional executive commission on china. and it has a whole team of experts that work to analyze human rights issues. and this commission that's bipartisan and bicameral and

includes executive branch appointees when they are actually appointed has held a hearing. at that hearing, various experts came and testified on what china is doing, and it reinforced what secretary of state under our former president and secretary of state under our current president found -- genocide is being conducted by the government of china against the uighur population. that's not all china's doing. there are other afflicted groups that it is assaulting. and in addition, it has proceeded to start stripping the political rights of the people of hong kong, very much in the news. we have seen the citizens protesting in the street, hundreds of thousands saying china, honor the commitment you made when britain transferred hong kong back under a 50-year

agreement to china. and china has not honored that agreement. now, china, when it was awarded the games back in 2015 to be held in 2022, seven years in advance made human rights promises to the international olympic committee. promises that have not been upheld. and in fact, during those years, china has become a much worse violator of human rights in hong kong and in xinjiang and in other ethnic areas, including tibet. so we have echoes of the 1936, the year the summer olympics were held in germany and hitler was in charge. and he used those olympic games

to shine prestige on his country and to essentially help distract enormously from his already horrific actions against jewish germans and other groups within germany. so how is it here nearly a century later that again the olympics are going to be used to shine a little bit of light and a lot of prestige on a country engaged in genocide? i want to compliment my colleague, senator romney of utah. he has placed in the underlying bill that i think came out of the foreign relations committee a provision that says when the olympics are held, there should be a diplomatic boycott to protest and draw attention to

this egregious situation. i hope also the sponsors of those games will start to withdraw their sponsorships. now, my friend and colleague, senator romney, is an expert on the olympic games because he organized the olympic games in utah. nobody in america probably knows more about what it takes to prepare for them. and it is not at this moment possible for the structure that has been established to host the athletes to be redone and to pivot for just next year, which i find unfortunate, but i understand the point. so let's do this together. let's send a strong message to the olympic committee, the i.o.c., that never again should they allow a country to host the

olympic games that's engaged in genocide. this should be a message that every american can say together that never a country should be given the prestige of hosting the games when they are committing genocide. never should a country be able to host the games when it's something like what china is doing to the uighur population, enslaving them, stripping them of their dignity, their autonomy, their culture, controlling them in every way, enslaving them. never again should the games be able to be hosted by a country like china that is doing the political rights of hong kong, what china is doing, stripping the freedom of speech, stripping the freedom of assembly, and breaking the deal that it signed when the deal was struck with

britain for the return of hong kong. so this amendment cosponsored by senator rubio, who is the cochair from the senate of the congressional executive commission on china, cosponsored by senator romney who knows more about the olympic games than anybody else in this country, cosponsored by senator young who has been a terrific champion for the abuse of citizens in yemen and abuse of citizens in burma, let's adopt this amendment as part of this package while we are on the topic of china, while we are on the topic of trade. let's not let this moment bypass us without saying with a unified voice that this is wrong and

that the olympics which were designed to lift up the human spirit, to celebrate the best of competition o'to have kind of the thrills and the -- and the agonies of victories and defendants, that never should the games be hosted by a country that is committing genocide. thank you, mr. president. a senator: mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from california is recognized. mr. padilla: thank you, mr. president. colleagues, this coming monday is memorial day. many of us are making our plans to commemorate the holiday, the

weekend where we honor those who made the ultimate sacrifice in defense of our nation and in defense of our democracy. those brave americans and so many others who have worked, fought, and died for more than 200 years to protect our system of government of the people, by the people, for the people. upholding that legacy is our highest duty, and it's in that spirit, mr. president, that i rise today. on november 3 of 2020, i was serving as california's secretary of state. it was my privilege for six years to serve as the chief elections officer in our nation's most populous and most diverse state. and i can tell you that even in

the best of times, election administration is complex. elections are consequential operations. the last year, our elections workers at all levels of government faced the additional unprecedented challenge of administering an election during a global health pandemic. and i'm proud to say that they rose to the occasion to protect the democratic legacy that we hold in trust. and as a result, california's elections officials administered an -- a successful, secure, and safe election which drew historic voter turnout. indeed, by every objective measure, the 2020 elections were a national success. but none of this mattered to

president trump who had spent years attacking the integrity of our elections by repeatedly lying about voter fraud and, quote, rigged elections. even the election that he won in 2016. president trump was furious at his 2020 loss, and he chose to take a sledgehammer to the core of our democratic system. he didn't just refuse to concede the election. breaking a tradition that dates back to thomas jefferson. president trump attacked the very notion of a peaceful transition of power. along the way, he filed and lost more than 60 cynical lawsuits challenging the election. he personally called state

elections officials and pressured them to alter vote tallies, tallies that had been counted, recounted, and audited. and he lied to the american people, tweeting out a steady stream of conspiracy theories and disinformation denying his electoral loss. online and around the country, president trump's big lie caught fire and, sadly, many american officials participated in fanning the flames, spreading fears of voter fraud for political gain. others stood by silently as president trump radicalized his supporters with falsehoods. they chose loyalty to trump over the truth.

delusion over democracy. let me be clear, these allegations of fraud of no basis in fact. they were rooted in trump's ego and cemented in white supremacy. and they led directly to the deadly insurrection of january 6. an unprecedented attack on our nation's capitol by violent extremists against the house of representatives and this senate, invited and incited by the president of the united states. armed rioters brutally beat capitol police officers and stormed this building. the confederate flag, the symbol

of violent white supremacy, flew inside this capitol for the first time in our nation's history. members of militarized hate groups searched these hallways with the intent to kill elected leaders of both parties. they made their way to this very floor to try and stop the certification of the presidential election. and in so doing, they terrorized our staff, capitol police, the free press, our citizens across the country, and our democracy itself. mr. president, through their violence, the january 6 rioters disrupted our democracy at the

behest of president trump, and our nation lost the right to call the transition of power peaceful. now we gather in the wake of this armed insurrection, the deadly insurrection. the scars of january 6 can still be seen throughout the building, and yet many of my republican colleagues say, we just need to move on. let's just move forward. they say that this deadly attack was simply a group of peaceful protesters on a normal tourist visit? they claim that the proposed commission to investigate the january 6 insurrection is unnecessary because we've

already increased capitol security and our congressional committees are already investigating this attack. these arguments are outrageous! of course we need an independent commission to fully investigate the causes of the attack. we need to know the whole truth about january 6. we need and the american people deserve an independent, bipartisan investigation that will give us the facts and allow us to begin the hard work of restoring public trust in our democracy. it's the only way to ensure that an attack like this does not happen again. the bipartisan bill we're considering is modeled after the bipartisan 9/11 commission.

imagine -- imagine arguing in the wake of 9/11 that the only problem that we need to address is airport security. that's how ridiculous this counterargument is. to brush aside the january 6 attack on the american people would be the ultimate dereliction of our duty. colleagues, we swore an oath to support and defend the constitution of the united states against all enemies, foreign and domestic. so i call on my republican colleagues to live up to that oath, live up to that sacred duty. and if you cannot, if your hand is frozen by fear of those who were misled to believe that the election was stolen, if your hand is frozen out of fear of

the president who sold that lie, then the insurrectionists have succeeded. mr. president, i urge the senate to authorize the january 6 commission on a bipartisan vote. but if our republican colleagues refuse to join us, then we will face another choice -- do we continue to defend our system of self-government or defend the filibuster? the stakes could not be higher. the choice could not be clearer. the peaceful transition of power must be defended. colleagues, this is a moment where we must put country over politics, to put the institutions of our democracy

over the abuse of the filibuster. on january 6, our government was attacked! and now the future of our democracy is on the line. let's act like it. mr. president, i yield the floor. mr. president, i note the absence of a quorum. the presiding officer: the clerk will call the roll. quorum call:

the presiding officer: the senator from connecticut is recognized. mr. murphy: mr. president, if we're in a quorum call, i ask it be dispensed with. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. murphy: thank you, mr. president. i wanted to come to the floor very briefly today to thank chairman menendez and ranking member risch for the great work they did in the foreign relations committee to add to the pending legislation a title developed in the foreign relations committee that makes sure that we are building the kind of capacities inside the state department and usaid that are able to make sure america can compete with china and a host of other developing nations all around the world. the fact of the matter is we are obvious fighting our competitors -- often fighting our competitors with one hand tied behind our backs. for instance, the size of the chinese international development bank dwarfs the capacities of the similar institution that is used by the

united states of america, the d.f.c. we've added new capacities to the d.f.c. in this legislation that will allow the united states of america to be able to make sure that we can do development deals around the world and compete with other nations that are fast investing significant amounts of money and trying to use that money as leverage to gain political interest and political influence. included in a that title midway through the senate foreign relations committee, is a provision that i would abouts upon the expectation that congress should have, that the administration share with us agreements that they have entered into on behalf of the united states. we want to play our constitutional role to be a coequal branch with the executive on the setting of foreign policy, then of course

this body needs to have immediate access to any agreements, whether they be binding or nonbinding that the executive barge has entered into on behalf of the american people. i'm very pleased that the legislation includes a requirement that in an expeditious manner the executive branch, whether it is a republican president or democratic president, share with congress any agreements that they have entered into the on behalf of our constituents. that section of the bill goes a little bit further than that, though. it also says that the administration shall notify congress anytime that the administration is beginning a negotiation over a perspective agreement -- prospective agreement with a foreign nation. again that on its face makes a lot of sense, the idea that the administration should be communicating with congress when they have begun a significant

negotiation with a foreign country that may ultimately obligate the united states or this congress with respect to an international agreement. i raised during the consideration of this bill in the foreign relations committee, and i have continued to raise both publicly and privately, concerns i have -- but i think are shared by current and former diplomats -- that there is a potential that by going too far in our request that the administration inform us of negotiations, that we could pri a chill on both -- provide a chill on both our government's willingness to enter into what are sometimes very sensitive early negotiations with foreign governments but also a chill on foreign nations' interests in entering into negotiations with the united states of america. if they were to understand that anytime they began a

conversation with the united states about a very sensitive matter, there would be a notification to congress that could easily become public. in fact, there are good reasons sometimes where the executive branch early on in a negotiation, before they know whether it's even going to become an agreement a year, two years down the line would want the space to conduct that negotiation without the public eye coming down on those proceedings. and so i think there is a way to get this right. i think that we want to make sure that any agreements are sent to congress. i can even understand how in some circumstances, when you're talking about big negotiations of national significance, we would want to know at some point when those negotiations have begun, but i think you have to understand that there are two equities that play here, one is transparency, the right of

congress to get information from the executive branch, but the other equity is that we don't want to do anything here that would disincentivize diplomacy that would provide a -- that would serve as a barrier with countries that may avoid a war or may end up in the efficient expenditure of u.s. taxpayer dollars. i want to raise this concern about this language that is included in the substitute amendment. i know that there is a long way before this bill is law. obviously the house will take up their own version and there will be some reconciliation between the house and the senate and i'm glad to have senator menendez's commitment to continue to have this discussion to make sure that we balance these equities, the equity of congress's right to know with the equity to invest and incentivize in american diplomacy. i yield the floor.

a senator: mr. president. the presiding officer: the senator from north dakota is

recognized. mr. cramer: thank you, mr. president. it is a great honor for me today to recognize a north dakota legend who is celebrating his 100th birthday on june 4. lynne, has an engaging percent and deep commitment to public service, he has experienced many great moments in our state and our nation's history. lynn was raised on a farm near benedict, 40 miles south of minnotte, he managed a medical clinton iic, served -- clinic, served in the north dakota legislature for eight years and a delegate to the 1972 constitutional convention. he and his late wife beverly raised four sons. to this day, lynn remains active in his community. with all that has been so remarkable about lynn's life, it is his service during

world war ii that resonates the most with those who know him. like with so many other young north dakotans, the japanese attack on pearl harbor in december of 1941, changed the course of lynn's life. in august, 1942, lynne had just finished his first year of cleblg when he enlisted in the united states army. he began basic training in marcf the 193rd division. following intensive training, he boarded a ship in boston in august 1944, heading to liverpool england. his first combat experience was the battle of the bulge, with more than 80,000 u.s. casualties. his division and unit were flown to france.

his platoon entered combat on january 7, fighting in deep snow, frigid snow and heavy fog. beginning with 55 troopers, lynn was one of five survivors to leave the front lines three weeks later. the end of january brought his first two nights of sleep under a roof in five weeks. his troop fought along the line on nazi germany's border. later in march, he participated in operation varsity. there he was told in a glider and ended behind enemy lines. lynn's combat days ended on march 25, when he was wounded in his left arm by shrapnel. lynn remained in the army another five months until he was honorably discharged on novembe. for his valor and commendable

service during world war ii, he was awarded the purple heart and bronze star medals, in addition to the combat infan badge, european african meadow with one browns arrow head and the world war ii victory meddle. later in his life, lynn attended reunions of the 17th airborne with division and in 1999 visited other veterans visiting locations where they fought more than 55 years earlier. in 2015, he visited belgian to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the battle of the bulge. as one of the official representatives, lynn was greeted by many grateful belgians who had not forgotten what american soldiers did to liberate them from hitler's tyranny. the french government awarded lynn the highest honor, the

knight of the legion of honor medal, it was created in 1402. it was my great honor to be at that commemoration. the letter carried these poignant words. 73 years ago, you gave your youth to france and the french people. many of your fellow soldiers did not return but they remain in our hearts. you saved us. we will never forget. for us, the french people, you are a hero. gratitude and remembrance are forever in our souls. mr. president, lynn aas was one of 64 to serve in world war ii, of those nearly 2,000 gave their lives in this largest and deadliest conflict in world history. with only 500 some world war ii veterans still alive in north dakota, the heroism of every single one of them is

appreciated more than ever. lynn aas has embodied the best of the greatest generation, he has shared his history as a world war ii soldier so the best of us can better understand and appreciate the selfless service and sacrifice of every veteran many on behalf of all north dakotans, i wish lynn aas a very happy 100th birth day. as he celebrates with his large family and many friends in minot, i honor him as one of north dakota's most ex exemplary citizens. i yield back. the presiding officer: the senator from texas is recognized. mr. cornyn: mr. president, i'd like to thank our friend, senator cramer, for telling us this story about this great american patriot. many of us are of that age where we are the children of members of the greatest generation who

have their own stories to tell, and just listening to senator cramer talk about this great -- this great patriot who fought at the battle of the bulge, one of the most horrific battles of world war ii, and one of the most consequential battles, where they stopped hitler, it reminds me of my dad who flew b-17's out of england during the last part of the war. of course, their job was to knock out the hitler war machine, but there are so many great stories from that generation. these great world war ii patriots are getting older and they are leaving us, but certainly we will always remember them and their contributions. so i appreciate the senator from north dakota sharing that with us. mr. president, the senate's moving quickly, i hope, toward a vote on a far-reaching proposal

to confront threats from china. based on everything we know about the might and the ambitions of the chinese communist party, there is a clear and urgent need for us to take action. every year the u.s. intelligence community issues a threat assessment report outlining the greatest challenges confronting our country on the horizon and topping the latest report, which was released last month is china's push for global power. the report outlines china's efforts to strengthen its military power, diversify its nuclear arsenal and fine-tune its cyber espionage tools which are already quite considerable. one area that cannot be overdose -- overlooked is china's industrial policy. through the c.c.p.2025 initiative, it seeks to dominate

in everything from electric cars to advanced robotics to quantum computing. china wants to lead global production the. -- china is expected to spend $1.4 trillion by 2025, covering investments in everything from 5g to artificial intelligence. the 2021 threat assessment report raises alarm bells here too. it says china will maintain these efforts because, quote, chinese leaders see this strategy as necessary to reduce dependence on foreign, and extend economic growth and thus the china communist party's survival. i view this as both an alarming statement, but really more as a call to action. if china is making these kinds

of investments to increase its independence and global presence, we should be investing in our industrial base and our national security here at home. the most important place to start, i believe, is with semiconductor manufacturing. mr. president, the pandemic that hopefully is soon to be in our rear-view mirror as more and more americans, more and more people get vaccinated, one of the most important lessons i believe we should have learned is the vulnerability of our supply chains of everything from personal protective equipment, most of which was made in china, and in the global race to get the p.p.e. we needed during the pandemic, china got a head star start -- head start because china manufactured it and we did not here at home. so that opened up my eyes to the vulnerability of that supply chain, but we can't stop there. we need to look at how heavily we rely on other countries for

semiconductors. because nearly 90% of the semiconductors in the world are made in southeast asia, with 2009 dominating the -- with taiwan dominating the market, in fact, one company accounted for one half of total foundry revenues last year. companies in taiwan control 63% of the advanced semiconductor manufacturing in the world. now, if you're like me, before i got involved in this issue, i didn't really know very much about semiconductors. so i asked my staff, explain to me the significance of this vulnerability. and they said, well, senator, think of it this way, everything with an off and on switch involves semiconductors. well, that helped me quite a bit and then i asked them to research something for me. i said, you see those rockets that are raining down on israel from hamas, some of those

interceptors are made by raytheon, an american-based defense contractor. ask them how many semiconductors are in a single interceptor. they did the research and reported back 750 semiconductors in a single interceptor. so these semiconductors or microelectronics are everywhere -- everywhere. and the phones we carry and the planes that our air force, navy, and marines are driving, the f- 35, semiconductors are everywhere. given china's ambitionings, it might be easy to see how they could interfere in asian-produced semiconductors. if china were to block or invade taiwan, we would be literally helpless. in back in -- excuse me.

in 1980, jimmy carter gave a speech in which he laid down what came to be known as the carter doctrine, this was two years as the soviet union invaded afghanistan, and he wanted to send a message that they should not mess with the oil that came through the strait of who strait of who are month. he said that anybody who comes through that area, that would be an act of war. i don't think it's an exaggeration to say if another country were to block our access to semiconductors, it could well rise to the same sort of act of war that jimmy carter warned about in 1980. in other words, semiconductors have become the new oil in terms of our defendency, and it's a dangerous dependency we must protect.