>> watch booktv on c-span2 tonight. >> after the university of still does the agent was most important scientific challenge of our time and switch fields to competition of biology. he b worked at the institute usg machine learning to decode our dna and predict heart attacks using patient's medical records. he is now a full-time science writer based in london. it's appeared on discovery and the bbc. the work beingbc done to understand and combat the causing d much human death and sufferings aging itself. while we've come to accept physical mental deterioration as

an inevitable part of growing older, not all of us decline with age and seems we do. this book and urges us to the scientists attended understand why that may be and to develop theories and therapies that target the biological passages response for own age-based. ating practical guide and how we could been those arrows to improve and then says to be few issues can be more important for future to explain the extraordinary achievement and research along longevity. we are so pleased without further ado the digital podium is your. >> thank you so much take you

for having me. and then to raise the profile of the issue of aging. and it taking this through computational biology before deciding that aging was so important under recognized even in biology i had to write a book about it. as you heard my book is ageless. the thesis of the book is just a natural process but it is the single greatness humanitarian challenge of our time. that sounds like a strange claim to make but also aging is inevitable. we think it is the unavoidable side effect to be alive and our pets and farm animals seem

to follow a similar trajectory of decline but we know that is not universal at all. and we have these experiments. dozens of different ways to slow down and reverse the process of biological aging it is this combination that makes it most exciting as a humanitarian challenge on one hand and then the science to rise to that challenge. and since the discovery of antibiotics. as we heard already i change my career and there are reasons because of a graph. i will start by showing you this graph in a convention of the importance of this topic. and then the risk of death not

that more people are more likely to die but if we look at what the curve looks like and then to see to really make sense of this go to the numbers when you are born you have.5 percent chance of not making your first birthday fewer in modern times. you can be born with genetic issues but if you're lucky to make it to the first year then your risk of death goes down throughout your childhood and tell you are about ten years old. current ten -year-olds have a fantastically important distinction. they are the safest human beings in the history of humanity. lesson 1001 not one —-dash one in 10000 chance not to make the 11th birthday. but then it's all downhill or uphill from there.

at 18 it is one of 3000 chance come in your thirties it's around one in 1000 per year but to transpose those numbers into your life if i could somehow continue with that same chance throughout my life and then just based on how long we expect people to live but unfortunately as an adult your risk of death doubles there is the exponential growth in the last year so we see that huge power to get very big very quickly by the time you reach 65 of 1 percent challenge and then if you are 65 and you make it to 165 on

average 1 percent is a fairly significant challenge severe are lucky enough to make it to 80 of one and 20 chance if you make it to your nineties it's about one out of six per year. it is like the role of the dice. so you think this is terrifying because i have this mortality racing towards me but as a scientist you think this is fascinating with a sudden increase with your seventh or eighth decade was at the cause of the synchronized change all at once so the question we have to ask ourselves is what is aging when most of us think about aging we think of a

variety of effects when aging happens things like wrinkles and gray hair that is just the external side. but the scarier things are the risk of diseases like cancer or heart disease and dementia this is that we characterized by the aging process the single biggest risk factor is just getting older. we have a whole range of other changes. so i group these two together loss of hearing or muscle or vision. there is the umbrella is the loss of independence you are less able to get around the house, socialize, bed the seed away at your independence and you can't do the things you would like to do. finally things that are not

directly related to the aging process but significantly worse to an older age. like infections and injuries if you are young person if you broke a bone it would heal but then in your seventies or eighties as like breaking a hip and then you're stuck in a bad for weeks and weeks muscle wastage and contract as secondary infection it may not kill you that dramatically effect the future course of your life something shrugged off in a few weeks as a young person can affect you as you get older. these constellation of changes for the aging process. now we can see these poor changes underlining the deck and what causes this now it slightly changes the graph but now you have the risk of getting a particular d's like cancer, heart

disease, stroke, dimension have a similar exponential looking risk that rapidly increases and it goes higher. it's basically caused by the underlying aging process. is represents chest infections that this is deep into your lungs and you still have a reasonable chance one or 2 percent even at your lowest risk at any point in your life but if your immune system starts to decline because of aging you're more likely to get one of the's diseases. because if you protect yourself against one of these infections but then one thing over the last year or so if you look at your chance of death are to be infected like infection of the coronavirus

that's a terrifying exponential increase rising at an even faster rate of risk overall if you catch it in your twenties literally hundreds of times less likely to die than someone who catches it in their eighties. now a lot of 80 -year-olds are vaccinated. that nonetheless it shows a huge impact on the ability to fight off infections. >> there is a myth you can die of old age and then one night you passed away peacefully with no suffering. the vast majority get a disease that advances over years or decades sometimes the treatment is hard work and then it comes to take your life whether heart disease and it robs independence when you are sick with that and then you die from that as well. we have multiple diseases at

once. the average radio has five different diagnosis and takes those medication to counteract. it's a serious effect of quality of life overall. that's why aging causes so much suffering that you may think this is my favorite graph. you may say risk of disease but this is something we in the rich world are lucky because we can live love one - - long enough to experience these effects. normally presume i would have said think about this. what is global life expectancy for every country in the world? the reason i like to ask this question this is significantly younger than is that case. people get ten or 20 years lower. that's because this massive

developing world poor access to sanitation living much shorter lives but actually there's been a huge living standard that global life expectancy is cut up with the richer countries so global affect back in 2019 was 73.six years. this is a double-edged sword people are living longer and healthier lives. but on the other most people in most countries are a significant way to experience side effects and the causes of death. what this means at the global that statistics of the 150,000 people who day - - diver they on planet earth over 100,000

similar to 2000 deaths around the world are caused by aging. fundamentally went the roles largest he military and challenge and then the majority of suffering they are horrible and drag out your death and suck your quality of life and can reduce your independence so it is an enormous tsunami of death and suffering as a global community so this could be quite a depressing thesis so what can we do about it? are risk of death double on - - doubles about seven or eight years that in the animal kingdom this is a striking example it's similar to hydra a fresh water animal. very small. the reason why hydra came to the attention of the scientific community

incredible we generative powers you can chop off any part of it grow into a second fully functioning and the other one just grows back whatever was cut off. and pat one - - powerful regeneration so they are risk of death there's look something like this it is completely flat they don't grow old it just carries on throughout their years. we had a lot of these long enough but it's estimated if it stays as flat into the indefinite future around 10 percent they would still be alive after 1000 years which is really incredible. is not from longevity but just the risk of death doesn't change as they get older.

you may think this is a 1 centimeter long pond creature but there are those that are much closer to humans that display this property. this is the galápagos tortoise reaching 177 years old and they are also negligible their chance of death does not change as they get older they don't lose any of their powers or reproductive capacity talk about jonathan who is a slight difference the oldest in the moment in the world counting is 190th birthday. he still likes to get it on with the ladies. they enjoy life until the end. they are not a close close relative but this is a naked mole rat.

but this thing can live with no loss of capacity even though it looks incredibly wrinkled it stays reproductively active until very late in life we thought they were immune to cancer tell just a few years ago they did find some tumors in them but they are creatures they become old without getting elderly so how do we learn from that biology or adapt or take these ideas? >> so return to this question of aging they are very helpful answers so these are very large high-level categories to talk about memory so me

different ways your brain can learn lose that capacity very different levels inside biology and also to treat them one at a time they may give you chemotherapy or surgery but they largely ignore everything else that's wrong with you but that's treated by a separate doctor in a separate building. we treat these very differently and in a way treating the and cause we try to improve the state of your muscles or give your walking stick they are and stages not causes. we tend to treat them in a way that's very separate. if you ask an aging biologist what is aging they may say the hallmarks of aging.

i will not go into every single one of these but there is a variety of different ways it's more exciting than the slide i just showed you. these are fundamental underpinnings most can be chalked up to a variety. the ideas if we go after these changes we can slow down or reverse the progression from wrinkles and gray hair to muscle loss and dementia and all these various different things. the reason i talk about this with antibiotics one of these hallmark seat on - - have those at the same time. i was choose a couple to highlight the first one is number two that's one of the most common questions you get and the answer is yes but it

is complicated. if you look down inside the nucleus for constructing a human being so this blue stuff showing the chromosomes the start and the end of the chromosomes acting as protective caps if you zoom in it will look a little bit like this. a string of repeated dna letters over and over tta ggg. hundreds or thousands of times. so why do chromosomes have that repeated nonsense at the

end? they have been instructed to solve ridiculous problems. the first they protect chromosomes from dna repair systems that probably means dna has been damaged so you're selling solid try to fuse them together and fix the damage whatever it was. so it says don't worry that's what it should look like. they also for a very strange mistake when it comes to reproducing so they have to copy that dna that they have a full repertoire of dna the problem is when we duplicate that that enzyme moves along but can't quite make it all the end to the chromosome.

if it was chopping off critical of dna then you would lose that dna and slowly lose the function so hundreds of thousands of repeated nonsense and then nothing important gets lost you can see it is a temporary reprieve and then you get down to the important dna. this is why you can see it's a problem and not causes of aging because as we get older and that means they are gradually shorter as we get older. so the aging on the bottom but it's up every single one of

these is an individual person there is a trend but not the greatest in the world those that have telomeres as that is the outlines. the average to increase the does seem like a candidate for the cause of aging they have shorter telomeres for their health. so clearly there is something going on here so we use this

enzyme that was discovered as a nobel prize and then to discover there was an enzyme that adds extra letters for men to build them back up. can we turn that back on and cure aging? and then replacing the cells and then to manifest for all of us. because that is a cancer defense mechanism. it's what happens when sl gains the infinite number of times. to say it keeps on dividing with that right combination and then to grow big enough

and then that first experiment in mice so they were told to carry on what was a very unfortunate side effect. some of the first experiments were done there were some very excitable documentaries talk about the fountain of youth and it was a telomerase but it doesn't mean cancer but it has way and helps them divide infinite number of times. i shouldn't burst the bubble but turns out it's more complicated. but fascinatingly much more recent research has shown there's a friday of ways to get around the cancer problem

so back in 2008 when mice were given an extra copy not only of tell telomerase but also three other genes. but basically enter on - - anticancer genes so they stop dividing. so if you got the telomerase that these anticancer genes in combination and why hasn't give that genetic modification. so if you add the telomerase that doesn't work if you add in those it does seem to improve lifespan with healthier lives in the more recent experiment that's optimistic for the rest of us

so there was some temporary telomerase and then just added for a short period of time it extended it but they would live 20 percent longer. forty years old if you convert the years not just longer but healthier. and better performance walking a tight rope that we can all aspire to as we get older. so we have these different therapies with the new nuanced approach and then with the human therapies. so the cells that i mentioned one of the ways when the telomeres get too short the means is stops dividing is

just a biological world word meaning how old so that means as the bodies age we accumulate one of the reasons i have already mentioned is the tell me's - - the telomeres get very short maybe to become cancerous and then the cell stops dividing maybe if it has damage to the dna that it is a risk of becoming cancerous. that means cell cannot keep dividing but unfortunately they don't just that they are not dividing from the cellular community they pop out a toxic compound the primary purpose is that you don't need in our bodies to come over and gobble them up and get rid of them but unfortunately this is not as effective in more ways we can acquire them because the

telomeres are getting shorter and then they are accumulated but on the other hand that they are quite old by the standards of a seven -year-old human being. so it gets you to some of those cells what they found was basically it makes the mice biologically younger and they get less cancer less heart disease it's also good news that they live longer which is of the aging process a couple of months longer but

they just don't hobble on in that geriatric late stage of life they can run further and longer on a treadmill in their more curious and amazed they even have better for. so what is clear by targeting these hallmark's you can globally reverse the aging process but actually improve their health for the rest of their life and live longer. that is fantastically exciting news and what is cool evening closer than telomerase therapy as we have these companies that are trying to turn these for what's happening in the clinic in the first human trials have already started in 2018. the way this will pan out the first treatment will be those for those who have diseases

like arthritis or lung fibrosis but if they work improve safe we could start thinking about those are in their fifties or sixties don't have a particular disease that we currently diagnose but that they accumulate and by clearing them out to prevent that in the first place award to reverse summit respective aging to stop us from becoming ill. so to end the talk i would ask should we cure aging? that is a strange question because just talking about cancer research nobody would ask about q&a in the end shouldn't we be concerned if we cure these people of cancer? will have a sudden increase the population on our hands. that means dealing with the environmental consequence.

as an aging researcher you get these questions he put the and a separate and moral and ethical category. to give you a very generic answer there is equal access were only available to the rich. it opens a can of ethical worms. but turn the question around. imagine we lived in the ageless civilization they live healthy and young lives would you invent aging to solve these problems if we were straining with resources and those environmental catastrophe guidelines and then to invent aging would you condemn people to slow the

degeneration and suffering? and then to and that should be the option. and then to lose those faculties and independence to finally succumbing the panella plea of diseases. and that applies to all the appropriate questions i don't think i'm then reversing the question and just not morally

accepted second and to really raise the profile in the scale of the challenge. that the cost of various chronic diseases. and then the killers in the modern world. costing hundreds of billions of dollars per year is really quite close to $1 trillion of all the various cost of aging now compare that to how much we spend researching aging in the us the national institutes of aging they get about three.$5 billion per year. just to emphasize this so

there is a tiny amount compared to the enormous cost of $4 trillion per year spent on healthcare in the us less than 1000 goes to nih it's even worse that there is a running joke is not national institute on aging the national institute of alzheimer's disease because the bulk of the budget goes to the neuroscience division. basically researching alzheimer's. so if you get to the actual aging biology about one dollar per american goes into research why it is wage and how we can stop it. and a huge cost of aging to our psyche doesn't make sense. i want to raise the profile so to increase the research

budget and what you to read the book and scientist and doctors to realize the huge importance of this the economic case is already incredibly powerful if we can reduce this number on - - enormous cost to society with that humanitarian challenge. that's why i've written the book i want people to talk about this in dinner parties and want politicians to be talking about this them to understand how important this is. that's what you're but cover looks like this is the uk cover as well. to find out about the book you can get it from the harvard bookstore. follow me on twitter.

that's just a quick overview and now we have time for a few questions. host: and hello thank you so much for that informative talk. we have some great ones from the audience. so i will just start off for the question that says what things do you currently do for your attempt to live longer? >> there is actually a chapter of health advice i call it how to live long enough even to live longer if i could live longer than i can be alive in time for more treatments to be developed. it really compelled me to follow some health advice. some of that is apprising me obvious like not smoking or

eating a variety of foods with exercise and sleep. what i found these more compelling but secondly because once you understand the biology of aging you realize this health advice it slows down the aging process. is not like exercise only benefits your heart or muscles but it's a whole aging process. it improves your brain power cognitive decline on - - decline. it is incredible i highly recommend it. i know it sounds boring but it is important. and then convention all that's of advice and one of those is brushing your teeth.

we now understand if you have good dental hygiene it could slow down the aging process. a lot of aging is driven by a chronic inflammation. that's a normal process that we heal a wound and call attention to bring in the calvary. and in young people it's called acute inflammation it solves the problem then dives away. so it doesn't fit is away in the background so it is a constant paranoia. that's why it accelerates a whole aging process. if you have poor dental hygiene and tooth decay that's a constant standoff in your mouth between the bacteria and your immune system driving

chronic inflation with the link between poor dental hygiene and heart health. some of the first evidence comes in it could be linked to dementia so it's incredible to realize brushing your teeth potentially can reduce your risk of dementia so that's why make sure i religiously brush my teeth and floss everyday just low down the aging process as much as possible spec that's great to hear and now i've invested in the electric toothbrush. >> will a certain age limit benefit others from antiaging treatments? >> i don't think they will they have a global effect there are some certain health conditions or drugs that might interfere with another drug but i'm confident this will

happen in the next few years some already and human trials in the next few years. so it's not inconceivable a few years after that and then another drug i didn't talk about in my book that for men is diabetes it could slow down the aging process and has been delayed because of covid so they will try to use this to slow down the aging process and this is a commonly prescribed drug with a safety record on this and if that trial works out so we could be very confident if it works for many people.

i don't think there's any reason for pessimism unless you were on death store. >> that's good to hear that addresses a few other questions and on that note. [inaudible] >> there are some preliminary lab data various studies given to the mice to show muscle function and where they seem to be most effective is the mitochondria which is the powerhouse of the cells.

so that is decent data so there is that testing program with research labs on the us and then to determine which medications can prolong the lifespan of my one - - of mice it is a precursor of what we just mentioned tested in the last round. but we just don't have that validated his share. and those studies that show that doesn't actually slow down aging?

the trial is ongoing that right now i don't know it be after this year. >> . >> what impact from that society quick. >> a very difficult question to answer. the good news is most countries around the world you may know in the us there is us there certain age groups with the depth of despair in particular of middle-age there are so many things going on and it is obesity. so that the moon but on - - at the moment to prevent the

medicine with those affects but they are very serious problems and there is some good evidence it is a bit like smoking the primary pollution is in the lungs that they do seem to cause inflammation and changes all over the body to the aging process so i very much hope we can carry on with the attempts of urban centers and then it does indeed increase the rate of aging. but we can try everything we can to help improve their life span. >> is it intentional from the evolutionary perspective to hold something back quick.

>> it's a great question. intentional is the wrong word but clearly it's not an accident. the simplest way to that aging evolved and then going old. and then all those other things that are not aging related. even death from exposure, a man can be cold and have the small reservesof energy to keep his body warm .

they could just die like that which means there are loads of things that can cause it so therefore what evolution has done is decide whether than investing in extensive counter defenses, rather than making sure we won't get heart disease into its fourth decade, evolution has invested more in making the mice grow up and pump out those kids as fast fast as possible in opening that it can have litters of kids before it gets killed by something else so evolution doesn't care what happens after that and essentially it just doesn't matter. they're already long dead by the time we get to that age and if you think about other animals of similar size,, mole rats are similar. there are biologically close relatives of mice but they live in this colonies underground and that means they're much less risk of predation.

what that means is dave got the opportunity to mature much more sedately because there is less at risk than other kinds of deaths . naked mole rats are quite likely to still be alive so they've invested more in things like counter defenses and decline because they're still going to be going. this is the transition we find through the animal kingdom that an animal has less intrinsic mortality outside of its body. it will then compensate by having a lower risk of intrinsic mortality, basically a delayed aging process and it answers the or question dietary restriction seems to be a soul measure of that and imagine you're a mouse and there's really low food supplies for some reason or other. the best thing isn't to have kids because your kids are going to be born into a world of no food and starve themselves so it's better at that point or evolution to

redirect the energy put into reproducing as quickly as possible into maintaining the body of that animal and trying to help it surviveinto the next season where there will be more food . that's why the most simple expectation as to dietary restriction puts the brakes on aging so it appears to be the sort of complicated relationship between evolution and aging and dietary restriction is a window into that >> i think that was very illuminating, thank you. this is a question from andre . how can a computational biologist whose skills aren't on aging. >> there is loads of biology. one of the great arguments of it is that it's almost universally needed. biology is becoming a data-driven science. we imagine a biologist you imagine someone playing around with mice and all lab or something like that but the fact is more of these

experiences experiments have huge data readouts because one of the things i was working on in my background as a working confrontational biologist was looking at dna sequencing and we went from the human genome project with the first readout of the first human genetic code, it cost billions of dollars to complete in 2001 and if you'd want to sequence the human genome, it would have cost $100 million to do that sequencing and taken weeks of work. whereas now we can sequence your whole human genome for less than $1000. what i mean is by generating fast quantities of biological data we can look at whole genomes of animals and people and which genes are being used in which cells at which time and we can see marks that how that dna is being used. we can look at all the different proteins inside the cell and generate fast quantities of data and what that means is we need computational biologists to

analyze this data and the great news is that their computing power, it's been outpaced by the sheer growth of the amount of data we produced but nonetheless we got to the point where we can do things like machine learning and ai and dig into the learning and that is the crucial thing because there's no use having these huge reams of data if we can't extract it so what that means is if you've got computational programming skills hopefully you can go out and help out some of these lab biologists and so i can see a concrete example of this is calculating about a decade ago now but the idea of something called an epigenetic clock and this is what happens when you look at the epigenetic markers all over our dna and the things that determine which genes are turned off at a biologist called steve hawk but there must be some relationship between this and aging and the problem was he couldn't find any funding, it was a speculative piece of science

he took advantage of a lot of biological data without online completely free for anybody. o he downloaded a whole bunch of different epigenetic methods which is a particular thing that sticks to your dna changes it on and off and he downloaded loads of this data , all for a variety of unrelated experiments, everything from developmental abnormality to talk. and tons of different tissue from the body the body was and he found there were cycles all over across energy. the 350 of them and determine the age of that person to within 48 hours. it was so incredible it took him a while to get that research published because nobody including him leaving but it turns out these

epigenetic clocks are one of the most fascinating areas because if you have an accelerated epigenetic candles on your birthday cake that suggests youth aged more rapidly than someone that has a lower epigenetic age . we are refining these plots all the time and that was made purely computational that because of this open data, it shows you the sheer power of using this data and finding signals where we didn't have any before. >> it's fascinating. i guess the next question is from david who says more and more people that i know are talking about bio hacking and it seems to be entering the mainstream but what do you think about the role of bio hacking withrespect to people ? >> i'm fascinated because there's a real continuum of self experimentation going on out there . if you googled this will find there are people online who have been takingin even though they're not diabetic ,

they're getting their doctor to order some shady online pharmacy and take this in the hope that it's going to slow their aging and they take more wacky compounds, where we don't have any human data to go on but that's based on the arm results although biotech ceos liz parrish went to a clinic abroad because this could legally be done in the us and half gene therapy done to herself so you get this spectrum of people taking this variety of different approaches. all the way to having completely unproven gene therapy and everything in between and because of the fact that biology is having so much more open source, stop you can do in your garage, these bio hackers will have more power. i'm fascinated how this will progress and how we will potentially try to make use of that dataas well . i talked about this in the final chapter because what i hope is if these people on

some level init's pretty brave. i'm not taking any drugs, i'm not ready for any experimental gene therapy but eventually we will have enough data. be someone less risk will take. when i hope for is that we can somehow in this community of people interested in these experiments we got to give them the information. we've got to make sure they understand what the risks are potentialbenefits . you don't want people just chasing a pipe dream and doing dangerous experiments on themselves and the second thing we've got to do is have them some incentive. what we want is rather than 1000 bio hackers putting out homebrew's in their garage each with of which are slightly different from each other, we have to make sure it's pure and uses a different technique but what would be great is if these people who are going to self experiment could do so in a way that we could standardize it and make sure what they've got is what they think they've got.

then try to do useful trials and understand what happened. it's going to be a fascinating time not just for bio hacking and people who are willing to give themselves experimental gene entropy but for all of us. as we do more studies we're going to understand omore about the aging process and the question is when is the evidence good enough that we can take the plunge? the ideal scenario is you can be born in the year 2500 and have centuries of people taking all these different medications for their whole life and know what effects it has on different diseases. most of us alive today don't have time to wait 70 years for the perfect experiment so we're going to have to take these drugs, these treatments at various points in terms of good or bad evidence. it's going to be a challenge and we got to have a much wider discussion about the medical community amongst the whole of society. it's a bit of a wcounter to

answering the question because it is a lofty area. >> i definitely agree. that leads us into the last question. you touched on this a little bit but they're asking can you give us some examples of. [inaudible] >> i'm a scientist and what that means is it's hard to tie me down to hard numbers because what you believe is going to be developed in eight years time but the way i had my best is i genuinely think a lot of these treatments aregoing to be available in time for most people alive today .it's a vague understanding but the first thing as i said is these accelerated treatments are already in human trials. it will be a few years before we know whether the first one's work. it could give us a ballpark but we all know the answer in five years and just start

handing it out to people. things like gene therapy and stem cell therapy, they sound more futuristic but we're already doing some gene therapies for people who got extreme diseases. these gene therapies have been used in hospitals now so as you get more use to doing these things are going to gradually get back from people who got my other diseases until we eventually are where it's safe to give it to the general public so even if these things are 15 years away its decades, not centuries were talkingabout the other thing , i talked about all this data in biology, during the end of the book i talk about how this educational revolution will mean we end up doing a systems biology and we need to know the computer models rather than targeting those 10 i shared in my slide we need to understand how all those interrelates an intervening clever ways. we want to do something more

subtle and improve our biology in such ways we can stabilize it and stop us growing old. program our bodies not to age . it sounds crazy sci-fi and it's going to be so scientific why am i even speculating in this way but if you think about it, it could easily happen inside the next 50 years because if you think about what happened in the last 50 years it was a revolution in biology. we had a total revolution in computing power and so on and so on so there's a better chance of happening it would be a pretty poor vet. if you were in middle age, you could expect to first-generation gene therapy, maybe stem cell treatment and so on. what that means is you could potentially expect to live into my 80s, even if nothing else happens. even if science dance still so if i do get a few therapies, whatever these first treatments are maybe that will give me five or 10

extra years and in good health and that gives rightists more time to develop treatments so even if something sounds like it's 50 years ago away as potentially soon enough for most of the people alive on the planet today because not only where their life extended to almost that time, they can be extended further in the first generation of these antiaging therapies so we will see the first of these antiaging drugs in the next 10 years and depending on how much does improve we could potentially see much bigger increases in human life that rate of change continues fast enough that it can be, basically your funeral can carry on receding as more technologiesare developed . >> thank you so much for taking the time and thanks to all of you for asking such thoughtfulquestions . i want to thank you again or this fantastic presentation. i think i learned a lot and thanks for spending your evening with us.

get this fascinating book and on behalf of harvard bookstore, the harvard division ofscience and the harvard library , keep reading and thank you so much . >> thank you, goodbye. >>. >> book tv continues. television for serious readers.