tv Doug Brinkley CSPAN August 24, 2023 1:55pm-2:48pm EDT
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get informed straight from the source. unfiltered, unbiased word for word. the nation's capital to wherever you are, the opinion that matters the most, this is what democracy looks like. she's been powered by cable. ♪♪ >> book tv every sunday on c-span2 features leading authors discussing their latest nonfiction books. 7:30 p.m. eastern, former aclu new york law schl prossor shares her book. she argues we should combat speech with free speech censorship. 8:45 p.m. investigative journalist extremist groups in the u.s. and impact on democracy. this book, the age of
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insurrection. watch book tv every sunday on six and two and find a full schedule on your program that watch online anytime at booktv.org. >> good morning, thank you. just making sure my son is good. i'm heren on a new book i wrote called science revolution and the origins of the book began when i was a boy because my mother and father were teachers and we had one perk, you get extra summertime. we use extra summertime as a family, all over the united states were visiting national parks and seashores. i got to go to yellowstone in the everglades, we have pontiac
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and station wagon. i grew up in northwest ohio in the midwest and the the country. i had asthma as a boy in and it was horrible. wherever i went i was picking up brochures like we used to do and i would be the place by the little roosevelt who also had asthma as a boy and would suffer so i identified and realized a 234 million acres, 234 million acres of america created today's u.s. forest h service. all these western national forests, created 51 reservations with executive, slaughtered in florida because of this.
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anybody coming to hear me between 1900, if you are a woman of the you think you would have or not, you came wearing a bonnet with a feather in. pluck the feathers and steal the eggs and the species were dying. nothing screams intervention more than certain environmental things. the society in massachusetts when the migratory birds can be shot willy-nilly and sl slaughtered. it doesn't do any good with air quality, we have this air
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quality where i grew up in toledo" flowing in dirt border, has to be federal air quality. the liver echoes through sewage treatment, none of this stuff, it came into the book i wrote but i wrote a book of the warrior the roosevelt crusade for america all about that generation, what i call first wave of environmentalism conservation and differences but brief purposes today, first 1901, 1909-year-old roosevelt congregation environmentalism is the number one concern of our country even above great white fleet built in the navy. i wrote that book and i said there is one other thing
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roosevelt did it, to. i know you have all heard about the roosevelt but one thing, bureau roosevelt, fdr went to harvard. the order was about the state legislature in new york and fdr state legislature in new york. theodore roosevelt was governor of new york fdr was governor of new york. theodore roosevelt loved navy, session. fdr had a big obsession with it. due to roosevelt conservation is the most important thing, fdr said conservation is the most important thing in his first new deal civilian conservation. ... america because we had drained all of our wetlands we have denuded all of our forests. we had taken the it created a dustbowl ecology, cold disaster
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all through the great plains west. but i should also add, theodore roosevelt had a niece theodore roosevelt had a nice and eleanor roosevelt and fdr married. when you deal with environmental conservation, those two presidents were giants that i wrote two books on them. the book that i have your silence of the revolution is fdr created 800 state parks. i go into him saving big bendio national park on d-day yet all the maps of big bend where the visitor stations are going to be and normandy it would not game for the roosevelt environment conservation. the third waive he didn't have a third worker every time he filled out an application of what was his job, he sold
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christmas trees out of his home and borne along the hudson river and very on the hudson and it was what we call the scenic hudson river movement to protect our beautiful incredible waterway. so i had a problem where to begin, who to focus on in this hnbook and ideally wanted to ben a 1960 john f. kennedy running for president, new frontier, if you look at the democratic environment tucked in there very heavilyli and firmly because the was a feeling that truman and eisenhower didn't do enough on the national resources or parks environment it was postwar car culture, now kennedy was going to be a timeout.
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angel adams a great california photographer brought out the book in the american earth, rachel carson on the mention in a minute there was a member of the new frontier of john f. kennedy for the democratic party being hosted by ethel kennedy, by jackie kennedy hosting her. i knew where i was indeed the book because the third waive ended in 1973, not even a question. ended in 1973 with the triumph of the endangered species that passing the senate 92 - 0, when you hear about liberal it was a marriage. in the same moment almost to the week of our endangered species was the closing revelation of 73
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we had the arab embargo, opec, the gasoline prices, need for energy going hi, energy independence and a counter resolutionim that develop. immediately to stop rachel carson and ralph nader and environmentalism that it went so far that the right side nixon had become a new dealer. i'll mention why they felt that. out of the recounted swing was the american enterprise institute heritage foundation koch brothers industry, any federalist society, they're all covered in the same money, they don't like the federal government regulating them. it's an anti-federal regulation movement that emerges after the teenvironmental movement that peters out and 73.
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i had instead of kennedy begin my book in 1945 i did not want to be people complained and saw how fat my book was. i know i could've begun in 16 and got away with it i would've been disingenuous. because the real history began in the days after world war ii, once it gets dropped we talk about victory over japan in the war has ended and we celebrated. i never criticized truman for his decision to drop the bomb personally. but i never also criticized a lot of people i write my book that said what does this mean to the planning, the great doctor albert sweitzer has witnessed doom with the nuclear genes starts going around the world,
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all my god and then john hirschi of the new yorker another journalist show what radiation did to the people in japan, horse shows of what happened with an atomic bomb when there became an antinuclear movement. the anti-nuclear movement not fine-tuned to be an anti-nuclear testing. one level policy people the atomic energy commission are deciding how to stop other countries from getting nuclear bombs is a group of grassroots american citizens that we can visit stop going nuclear weapons and about at work. in 1945 to 1992, the united states detonated 1054 nuclear test. nevada, do you think people
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nevada cared that i'm getting radiation, get your atomic shaker on las vegas regency is knowing radio fallout, people were doing the atomic cocktails. the nuclear boogie-woogie. we were proud about a monopoly from 1945 to 1955 the only country with nuclear weapons, we read, usa. then russia gets a bomb in his back and forth. meanwhile we are testing in russia is testing in the planet suffers from it. out of the antinuclear group comes up honey leader william oh douglas waybright about it was fdr supreme court justice, 1937 douglas had rushed to sayay no g is hockey after he saw what it did hiroshima, justice would climb the himalayan's and become
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a buddhist. justice collecting heroes henry david. you know who else was against it after the first world drop joseph kennedy gets a lot of bad press, business guy he wanted to get the pope involved in bishops involved, henry involved any makes the second bomb dropped. but another one, john f. kennedy bread i'm glad the war is over, he immediately took to a writer named norman cousins head of the saturday review and norman cousins wrote the first book big major called this man obsolete. due to nuclear weapons, critical base it mild but nevertheless he said this is not something we should celebrate the big problem, kennedy loved it.
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i have his career in pt 109 was like joseph heller 22 slaughterhouse kind of guy, he saw an absurdity of war and absurdity of chain of command gthings could go and he was skeptical of the whole nuclear age yet he was an army called wire. another person was rachel carson or about nuclear testing. rachel carson was from pennsylvania, a girl growing up on the banks of the allegheny river that was the glue factory all around her, dirty air, dirty river but a beautiful river in western pennsylvania, he would collect pinecones and love about nature books. she had her first essay get published in saint nicholas magazine for kids and talked
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about the natural world and the atmosphere. her teacher recognition to get for science and nature in literature. so she goes to a school called chatham for women in pittsburgh cearea and decides she wants toe an ocean always just or ocean science person and had never seen an ocean even though she graduated from college she got a fellowship to massachusetts, walking distance from john f. kennedy's home in hyannis port. if you haven't heard about it it was the place if you wanted to study marine life. today in the way in the universitys. california san dieo other than texas we have university texas marine center, the gulf of mexico, university of miami is booming and marine science but this is where the intellectuals went,in the advand institute at princeton where brainiacs go to study, you would
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go there and you would study the natural sea world she started studying the migratory patterns of eels because a lot of people do birds but there was no woman in the field of eels. they have remarkable heels all the way from africa to the interior river of pennsylvania. she started writing columns for thed baltimore sun an advanced degree in zoology at johns hopkins, hired in world war ii for marine radio scripts for radio about our population and some pieces about see urgent or ocean observation for radio, mpr rekind of thing. she worked for fdr. by 1946 she is writing a series of conservation in action with 51 bird reservations at today's
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fish and wildlife refugees, you all here alone 550 national wildlife refugees. they're all around you here. this is government added best protecting species and oasis is and sometimes we don't realize it's a great gift with the wildlife refuges. their writing little booklets of how we went to visit sonny bono did she tell you what burden what's going on in the echoes system, great stuff. she got to close about world war ii of government, won this is the nuclear issue the second adt the other big transit with the manhattanth project another thig that won the war was a mom, ddt
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pesticides. if you are young john f. kennedy or richard nixon or lyndon johnson, anybody on the pacific and europe but it madee a difference in the pacific you would been doused and sprayed and hosed and i would've to i kills mice, mosquitoes, ticks. it's a miracle future environmentalist who is a genius war ii for our country invented the device that would spray it administered over vast islands of the pacific sword troops would be attacked by bemalaria the problem rachel carson particularly in maryland where wewn have the national you guys on a national wildlife research center with chemicals on waterways and heirs tots see how it affects wildlife meeting how it might affect as soon and
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she knew ddt was toxic to fish and birds she had read documents and piles and she decided she would kinda be a whistleblower and wanted to go public with the readers digest and they rejected her. they said no way, why, ddt was big business it was out of the department of agriculture, every form of the united states was being sprayed with pepper besides it was considered a miracle it was a powerful lobby the chemical industry was oil and gas lobby today, it was huge so she got published in rachel carson wrote 3c books if none of you had read hers. see trilogy three books about the sea of, my favorite to see around us, you can get them at a convenient library the american book. i highly recommend nobody writes about ocean conservation the world of the ocean with the grace notes of rachel carson as a literary person in my mind is
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henry david and rachel carson and when you get into how to write about a natural area or writing is to levels as a national geographic, it's really special and it was big for the kennedy family they later books do you know john f. kennedy's mother grew up in massachusetts swimming, picnicking involved in the pond the kennedy kids did not swim in the ocean they swim to the pond, john f. kennedy's mother made a mission to russia to investigate whether the collected works were in the library's in russia. you realize her favorite book by ian walden was called cape cod all about the outer cape that her son john f. kennedy would sign as the cape cod national seashore in 1961 when i say
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national seashore's when kennedy became president, hardwoods on coastal areas as in jimmy carter president they save as acres in alaska, to mountain rock. i'm not criticizing i'm saying the politics of it. a great reporter knows these politics kennedy got seashore real estate public parks like recape cod like padre island texas, playing raise california, marin now there's all these john f. kennedy seashores he read rachel carson in the book that they loved was under a book by
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henry david called cape cod that book help create the seashore into the mid-50s the government came up with a report called are vanished shorelines in the report is disappearing everybody's filming condos and apartments in hotels, dredging, were to have no open public seashore land for couples to enjoy. the movement kennedy sees is one bigg conservation. yet the seashore conservation going in the 50sxt early 60s in the anti-bomb stopped testing in nevada people are getting sick and ddt. out of the ddt group the big thing happens, woman named marjorie spock, how many of you have ever heard of doctor benjamin spock. the baby doctor anti-war
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protester. the baby doctor benjamin spock's sister marjorie spock was an organic farmer, she had a vast part of suffolk county new yorkt as an organic farm. today whole foods on every corner of every place you've got but she wanted to market only organic because she's all these chemicals putting in our food was not good. fair, far worse like it spring ddt over her property. so she claimed my wife as an organic farmer has been taken away from you, constitutional right, leaveni me alone it's mie land i want to grow organic produce. if any of you went to law school or had a grandkid in law school, it is a great idea, what do i own above me, how many feet will have to go when i'm not in
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control. interesting. so i don't think it's fair to listen when the supreme court the supreme court voted marjorie spock down, she lost. but douglas grabbed onto it and wrote the dissent and published in the reader digest everywhere the birth of environmental law he triggers the environmental movement with hisnt dissent and not only did he want to write a book about it but bill douglas was writing books called my wilderness he wrote two books called my wilderness where he trampled on the country and then in washington, d.c. bob europe. you got to the canal and you might reach a bus t to go to douglas he heights 186 miles down the whole casino because they we're going to build a road there, a highway is that the
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scenic, cultural and history auresearch. 186 miles because the washington post said build him a highway of the rocha post the second with me if you hike with me and want to go to highway you go with me to the post c editors credit didn't do the 186 miles but they went with the justice and they said they have to come up with something different we don't want to destroy the canal. he won douglas. he won his fight in today's part of the national park service the roads that saved. he was an environmental activist where i chuckle when i hear about thomas in a conflictas of interest which was accomplished of interest, his office in the supreme court was a
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clearinghouse for anything environmental in the country before there was an epa, there was nowhere to go you have an environmental problem in rancho mirage or palm springs you not to get any action in sacramento you might send a postcard too douglas. he responded that gives me every document every information that you can people with the green grass root they send their data about what's going on in local places and douglas would farm it out at the sierra club or the wilderness society and douglas hiked and hiked in kentucky to stop a dam and he want any hiked with bobby and ethel kennedy in the peninsula of washington state and one. he went to the buffalo river in arkansas, beautiful river with the protest and people were putting barb wire across the river so canoes or kayakers
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woulder get entangled. thereth were shootings and bill douglas would come down with the buffalo. i didn't say he was a great supreme court justice. you tell me this is what his life was about he didn't like lawyers or law clerks he was mean to the supreme court, he was complicated he was a leader in a deep way and he won, get out there, protest and we can win, richard nixon saved the buffalo river from being damn and douglas' stats he did not have a theory on the things they had so much media attention to it. ginny backs rachel carson after stock loses he sends rachel
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carson here is all the legal information, douglas sensor every dirty document he can center chemical industries, he writes a friend in writing, i'm going to bend the law against a court relation in favor of the environment, will bendat the law against the corporation. that's all he is in a zone you think doctor king is only one protesting and on ddt the nuclear test, over and over again what good does it do to integrate the lunch counter in the greensboro lunch counter in north carolina good does it do. the fallout was going to cost america the hard rain and
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showing kids exposed to radiation in ' word, rachel carson grabs all of her legal stuff and then she has all the whistleblowers at the u.s. fish and wildlife lab getting the dtt info. about the comes out in 1962 is the one book revolution with douglas. on in that book rachel carson had cancer while she was writing going to radiation, no she was going to be dead soon, when he gets done in january 60, i get the kennedys on board, bill douglas was close to the kennedy family i can't tell you that close, hiking and severe you to
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see siberia they hiked all over siberia, robert f kennedy, robert f kennedy and bill douglas, bobby kennedy told me bobby got high fever, like 104 in the middle of the alpine cup siberia sweating sick, theyf couldn't find the penicillin or medicine and douglas being a man of darwin put on the snack pack and said this is where we part company and continued in bobby answered his own fate, after told her she would not talk to bill douglas for five years he was so pissed that he left her husband in that state. bobby kennedy loved it he came back, bill left me, macho thing. he never had it against him the point is he told rachel were to do this and be under attack but
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were gone back. her article got published in the new york of june of 62 and causes holy hell, the chemical industry is not just worried about ddt there saying this is a trick for federal regulation on the new chemical and what you jumping in rivers and where's your chemicale waste going this is the big takedown, they call every name in the book, garcia never married, i won't even say. it was intense and kennedy to his credit when asked by the press he said this carson we're going to get to ms. carson's book and we're going to find out i'm going to put a panel together, he put the top group atof panel mit, is a chemical, intracompany right, carson was right.
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in the ddt wars come with big chemical saying we can't lose this battle, rachel carson dies and 64, kennedy is dead and 63, the ddt battle does not end until 1972 and you know who is the one that finally abolished us using ddt in the u.s. richard nixon, he did not want to but is thirsty pa had wayne michael's house that stood out strong and told nixon you putting me ated s epa, i looked through all the stuff that we can't use anymore and nixon was really livid about it to be honest. i'm get a lose and politically on the side. he did it. after that the revolution kicks in and the big key, you know
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secretary of interior and with the years with a national park created in utah the big battle for the north cascade in washington state, california was ground zero in my book on a lot of the stuff. it depends on my mood sometimes. and i understand the complications of all of thatt anything nuclear. i'll tell you the pacific electric company, and california electric company wanted to build the atomic campus at the bodega in california. boneheaded they could've found so many other sites and they decided to build it right on the
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ocean. sierra club with everybody says no. were winning battles and i had a setback in the' supreme court bt then they win their tenacious coming from all walks of life before i do away with kennedy let me tell you one of the great ecological event in world history. , the nuclear test b entreaty, you know how we tested nevada, first off kennedy sent norman cousins, this writer he was in military uniform with the nuclear weapons are a problem he said secrets in the defensive back, norman cousins to meet the
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pope of where he's headed and then meet kirchoff, it's a third party diplomacy of extraordinary kinds, cousin brokersaf the dea, kennedy started at the great speech at american university but in the summer of 63 he signed a deal with russia and number atmospheric or underwater testing, today they cannot blow up nuclear weapons because of kennedy's treaty, i did allow underground testing, it'sbu another story. the point is kennedy did did something the foreign policy something that is meaningful and ted sorensen said it's the greatest and kennedy saw as his greatest achievement not the moon going to the moon, he thought kennedy was stopping the testing of nuclear weapons was his greatest achievement. lyndon johnson comes in and if
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you want to call him no new dealers or the radicals or whatever you want to call them, the environmentalist is used today but what they were worried about is lyndon johnson because they didn't had fought against the seashore battle in texas, lyndon johnson wanted to develop with condos so suspicious of london, on the other hand he loved fdr and theodore roosevelt and he was married to lady bird and from 63, lyndon johnson was a first grade conservation president, the problem with johnson he thought of conservation as america saving america the beautiful, they didn't johnson signs a scenic river act stopping beautiful rivers from being damned, today we own thesenc incredible scenic rivers, if you go to the
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appalachian trail system or the pacific trail of lyndon johnson, he did the wilderness act, the wilderness act if you look at and act ansi big parts of wilderness there are no roads about to be built it was boring 1935 in our first wilderness unit is part of king canyon national park in california, that is how ricky is doing in ansell adams. the big thing eleanor used to say to environmental people, if you show the beautiful landscape people say save it. no roads, nothing a good wilderness and that. thisus is early adams and a youg
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genius. the thing is i'll never be able to see it i'm in a wheelchair, i blocked it off no roads and no visitor centers, how i'm i going to see the sights. he said oh well and he signed it that started the wilderness movement. by 64 lyndon johnson signed the wilderness actac inputs 9.1 million acres, the roads have been under break electricity and incursions from civilization, you can never get man out of nature for something in the water that we did and something flying over our heads it is an idealism but we do it. we got wildflowers and beautification that came out here of ceremony and billboards in pacific coast highway.
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and down to the rio grande river in big bend and she went white water rafting in the snake river in idaho on and on, she is a caconservation beautification, e wanted to call and environmentalist and she said lyndon would not let me they wanted beautification and she said i hated it sound like a mortician putting on a corpse or something, she did not like it but she got stuck with the term beautification because of environmental was seen as a campus and replacing ecology. they did good work it's unfortunate the vietnam war has clouded we have celebrated london onds civil rights in headstart and mpr, he was a very good conservation and she was an amazing first lady. nixon had his nixon fitted he
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ran in 1968 president you all know that, california you got to know about the environment a little bit no matter what do you think it's everywhere there are people arguing it, do you realize how nixon after getting asked environment to questions he can't answer, do you realize nixon hires johnny goes to prison for watergate who was in the land water lawyer from seattle and dixon went up there and went boating with him once and came back and said he is making money on mindy not in my backyard h. he became the de facto environmentalist for nixon in the sierra club called him a covid green and on other issues he was in with the environmental crowd and to be fair to nixon i think it's eight days in the
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santa barbara oil spill happens. how in turn does this color then nightly news of 67 this is january 69 and nixon is not even in his office but practically the whole tv showing birds in the organization of santa barbara gets the oil out amperage trapped in oil in paradise in santa barbara, wealthy republican donors to nixon lived along the coast of california, nixon do something in nixon rolled out walter hickle whohi told him the exact right, he said don't minimize it. don't tell people how bad it is, do not minimize because it's bad yay just say it's bad and will
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blame johnson. so nixon did yenta came out. he was not sure how the environmentalism in the summer of 60 died when he's ready to celebrate neil armstrong on the moon nixon talking to the astronauts in "time" magazine putting the river on fire in ohio. that means you take a match. and this talks about rivers, no epa, no clean water act yet and the senator from wisconsin, the father and the conceptualized birthday 1970 the first birthday and then he comes up with earth day about theve environment. i met all these books and after i read earth
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day books, the first one of the whole country, offices everywhere hundred 70 november have no offices in somebody has offices in earth day. all of the money. where did the money come from. you won't believe where it all comes from, not some of it, a hunk or agreement, it's not bill douglas, he was always pretty poor it comes from walter off te united automobile workers, big labor and big environment were handed, days after earth day in the weird plane crash with his wife, he said blue-collar workers we cannot go to you somebody i want the local, detroit, michigan, ohio, their workers with fishing, hunting, beaches, local we want to clean. he was a real environmentalist you're starting to see.
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i'm a college lecture guy, we go on two minutes. the key becomes without earth day nixon is seeing the root day iss growing, i don't want to be nixon was not the polluter, he does something really smart he makes a deal and says you are a greedy, you are in with these guys, i was fine when you produce the democrats and it's jackson's office that does it, as ed muskie has anything to do with it i'm off so this is the triumph of the seattle people and jackson's teams get together and they cobble together knee but national environmental
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policy act if you don't know about me for, this library would not of been built without deeper signed by nixon january 1 in san clemente's california at the white house it beats one of the football games that come on shocking following him he signed nepa which makes environmental impact statement for construction mandatory real estate commercial development. what does that do when you signed nepa. it guarantees environmental want to be a booming industry i asked my students, i'm not majoring in environment to go work for the sierra club, a lot of times are getting hired to be environmentalist making environmental impact statements. but it creates environmental law which is going to lead us to the waives of climate change. in my dwindling time i will tell
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you earth day nixon decides to split the difference and interior department staff to teach people about earth, he plants a tree on the white house with pat nixon a good photo up so he did something,es treeplanting, legit and hires the fbi to do deep surveillance on earth day headquarters in the protest, nixon said they are commies. i'm worried this is a socialist looked at, how people go and what are the funnier memos, he read other people's mail for a living and pete mccloskey in california a former republican moderate, environmental congressman, they are good friends and he says pete you won't believe what the fbi has come up with, there was nothing nefarious, girls not wearing bras, there was a little
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bit of smooching going on on the trees, there were dogs running, frisbees, he said it was the most benign surveillance report they've ever seen, he tells them i know you may find this funny but i gotta tell the boss this in nixon was after earth day in the summer of 1970 sees the environment and he made it the 1970 state of the union. i think it's a third of the speech on the environment by nixon in january 70 summer of 70 he creates environmental protection agency out of the white house with the help of scoop jackson and john dean on the democratic site they get together get the language and streamlined it all and opens the doors to 70, williams house becomes the first head of the epa and he is a bad sleep, i'm telling you, they named the epa the rocco housebuilding the
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honest public service i ever encountered i did is oral history for the university of elwashington washington state, t had the hard job, do you guys know brown versus topeka it isn't just about the legislation, they had to integrate the school what is the whole civil rights movement. it's about making p people comp, you go to little rock and 57, are you complying with the brown decision in the elementary school in new orleans to say are you complying. this is polluting companies extraction industry, chemical industries and the feds are busting you, you are not following epa standards or nepa or the clean-air act which nixon signs and soon to be the clean water act of 1972. by the time nixon leaves it was the end of the revolution that was bipartisan in spirit, and
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had republicans, rocco's house a guy name russell trainer the wildlife pond on the republican side, the republican congressman, frank church in gaylord nelson environmental saturdays at the supreme court justice, had anti-nuke people like baratta scott king, doctor king, bobby kennedy was supposed to work for wild and scenic rivers with a kiddie family to rsave our rivers and dams that were popular became unpopular. the big showdown was the grand canyon and the sierra club they would take out full paying jobs in the new york times that said would you flood the 16th chapel and that was another environmental victory, we were waiting for the fourth waive that has to be global and start by generations the in the baby boomers do not need to feel bad
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by infusing our colliculus, endangered species, we feel like were losing but we have educated the planet that we need planetary conservation action, i thought when al gore did truth he had about seven republican senators, we are not there yet but there will be new when california may be the leader of the fourth waive because of their rules on getting fossil fuels and no selling of fossil fuel cars by 2035. thank you all. >> be up-to-date on the latest publishing with book tv podcast about books with current nonfiction book releases. plus bestseller list as well as industry news and trends through insider interviews, you can find about books on c-span now, our free mobile app or wherever you get your podcast.
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♪ >> helping democracy doesn't look like this. it looks like this. period on c-span read unfiltered, unbiased, word for word, from the nation's capital to wherever you are. it's the opinion that matters the most, this is what democracy looks like, c-span powered by cable. >> this fall watch c-span's new series the book that shaped america join us as we embark on a captivating journey with the library of congress which created the book that shaped america to explore key literature from american history and the books featured the has
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