morning, everyone. welcome. hi. we are looking at the church and colonial california today. so, as usual, i have our whole road map for the whole week. obviously, we won't get through it all. we're going to take a step back and talk about the costa system to start with, just to kind of get a sense of the hierarchies. and this particular system was becoming more popular in visual culture. at the same time that the missions and the sacred

expedition are beginning in alta, california. and then we'll get into the sacred expedition, which we didn't quite get to last time. and then we'll get into the missions themselves. we'll do a little discussion and we'll do some group work, normal things. okay. so, again, i wanted to start with the cost of system. we haven't talked about racial hierarchies yet in relationship to spanish exploration, spanish colonialism and the californians. so i thought this would be a good place to kind of get in the back of our heads. and what i want you thinking about is you kind of are hearing this and what to do with it is how this might have affected how the missions operated. and also california, how they interacted with the indigenous populations, how they thought about their role and objectives in the agenda. remember the effort of the missions, at least in the purview of the spanish empire, is to build colonialism, right? is to spread the spanish colony and to pacify the people who are occupying that space right. so also keep that in mind. so as colonialism is growing, we

see this happening, of course, not just in spain, but other western empires, europeans, including the spanish, seeking out ways to justify their claims, to justify why they should be in the spaces they are, why they should be the ones dictating how things go forward. also, this is in converse asian with growing and developing chattel slavery that's existing in north america as well as elsewhere and justifying who can be enslaved, who cannot be enslaved. that kind of background stuff. what we see happen in the spanish empire is the development, the refinement of the costa system. this should be think thought of as something as more of a loose directory, a loose kind of idea of hierarchy, not something that set in stone and that can never be changed. it can be at times very detailed, old and at times pretty rudimentary. but as you can see here, what it prioritizes first is spanish and european identity. the people at the top of the hierarchy and the costa systems, especially in nueva espana, new

spain, the present day in mexico, are people who were born in spain, on the iberian peninsula. they're the top of the hierarchy. the european was then in that first category, then indigenous people, then people of african descent. and one of the things they really started is like even though they had relied on it earlier in their colonial efforts, is thmixingcial couples. so, quote, unquote, pure individuals are prioritized. and then the various inter-racial mixing is then categorized under each of these. so that's kind of how they're differentiating this. and they had these huge charts and these came into popularity in the mid to late 18th century. so overlap with the chronology chronological period we're looking at today, which is why i wanted to start with it. at times these paintings to get really, really detailed. this is a nice basic ones that typical along with these 16 squares, but they could go up to somewhere like the seventies or the categories of individuals and groups of people. so a lot of time and attention being placed to it. one thing we might think about, about why they're coming into

popularity is how much they're trying to influence through visual hierarchy and reaffirm their rules. all right. so that's i just want you to have that in the back of your mind. obviously, we could spend a whole class just talking about that, but i wanted you think about this hierarchy in the back of our heads as we're moving through the missions. okay. so last time we left off, we were talking about moving back into all of california. we've seen various spanish explorers coming in and out of baja and all to california for a variety of reasons. now we're in the late 18th century and we're beginning what in a process i would call the sacred expedition. so this goes back to 1768. jose de galvez, he was a leader in the colonies, was looking to find a way to colonize all to california. remember, part of the reason why they want to do this is to secure their land holdings. at this point, they've had encroachment by the english. there's concerns about the russians. and of course, they're looking

to expand their avenues to access the philippines, because the philippines is being governed from mexico city. so they're looking for more quick access to that. you also remember that galvez we saw last week he had been the one to expel the jesuits. remember, the jesuits had established the missions in baja, california. they are now expelled. he's asked the franciscans under the leadership of junipero serra, to take over the missions. sara will hand over the missions in baja, california to the dominicans and the franciscan brotherhood will take over the leadership of the missions that will be established in alta, california. and as always, if you have any questions on all this stuff, because of a lot of details you can ask. so galvez, sara and this other gentlemen, here we are in the middle portola, who a captain began planning the settlement of all two california. and this expedition, they're going to go on to determine where they will set up part of their colony and what will be successful for them.

these two secured leadership is part of the military, more kind of in line with royal colonial government. sara as our outlier, sara is an interesting figure in and of himself. i'll take a moment just to kind of give you a sense. he's not a noble. he's not on the hierarchy, on the class status. of course, his race would benefit him. he had been born to a farmer in 1713 in a small village. he joined the franciscan order at the age of 16 and was very zealous in his religious identity. he had academic promise. he had opportunities to stay in spain and do well there, but instead he decided in his thirties he wanted to transfer from his comfortable life to the missionary college in mexico city, which assigned him to some of the most difficult missions in the inhospitable regions of mexico. he prized like other franciscan simplicity. he was fervent, and he saw physical suffering as a part of his faith. and this, i think, is also important to think about as the leader of the missions. he sees physical suffering as a

demonstration of your willingness to suffer before god and your faith. so we think about the physical trials indigenous people go through as their converting that leadership may not see that as a negative, but rather as a demonstration of one's faith or what they're willing to go through for their faith. for example, he was noted for sleeping on a board bed. he scored himself. he lacerated himself with stones. and when he did this expedition and most of the time he was just in bare sandals as he walked through this treacherous landscape. and i know we did some of the readings from pablo, but this gives us a sense of kind of the pain he was willing to tolerate. this is describing pablo talking about sara after he had a wound. pablo says, but when i saw his wound and the swelling of his foot and leg, i could not hold back my tears. for i realize how much he was yet to suffer on those rough and painful trails that are known to extend to the frontier and the

others not yet discovered, which he must afterwards come upon. he had no doctor, a surgeon other than the divine one, and no more protection for his injured foot than a sandal from the many journeys they took in new spain, as well as in both of the california baha and alta. he never made use of shoes. and what he means by that is hard shoes other than sandals. stockings or boots, feeling indifference and offering the excuse that he was better off going about his leg and foot bare. so he was willing to suffer. he was willing to keep going. his peers would have understood if he said, i need to turn around someone else needs to go in my place. this is notable even to some of his most closest companions. gives us a sense of the kind of willingness he's supposed to go through. the other thing to take away from this is this is really reflecting kind of a medieval sentiment towards one religious identity. while we're moving into the enlightenment period and we've been in the enlightenment period for some of the secular leaderships. he's kind of got this older mentality. and again, the physicality is part of that. all right, so back to the

expedition. i wanted to have a sense of what there is doing. there is we have four separate parties, some of which they're going over land led by portola, some that are going via sea. and we also have sara going overland. so portola and sara going overland and then we have several ships going by ac up here and they kind of meet up in san diego and the plan is to continue on foot overland with two ships continuing north, oversee. the plan was to rendezvous at the shores of san diego bay. this was the harbor, you might recall that many had noted before. and they saw this as a good, strong harbor for spanish colonialism and then move forward. so they leave on january ninth, 1769 is a very difficult journey. one ship, the san jose, was lost with everyone aboard a second ship, the san antonio took 54 days to reach san diego from baja, california to the san carlos, took twice that amount of time with many of its crew dead and or dying upon arrival. so this was not an easy journey.

it reminds us that really, despite the fact they had navigated this a few times, they really didn't understand how to navigate these seas. they really struggled. they were not well prepared. and they finally consolidated excuse me, all the groups fully consolidated on july 1st, 1769, and san diego, with only half of their original members, the only half of the original members through the same until he decided to return back toot regather supplies and they lost another member solove people perished on this journey. on october 1, 1769 the portola family were in monterey and this was the harbor that was supposed to be so well guarded. how many of you have been to the monterey bay? when you are looking out from the middle of the day does it look like a harbor or does it look like the ocean? ocean?

harbor? it looks like the ocean. they say i don't see a protected area and wears a harbor that is the monterey bay and how it'ss protected. so they get up there some that we have had san diego disappointment in monterey although he looks at it with a different attitude. finally they moved north trying to find the bay of san francisco ended november they were at the bottom part of it to the financial coming down and they couldn't figure out how to get out so they were confused. there was a lot of confusion about the various waterways and every supposed to go in the struggle of san francisco bay. it's another example. by january 24, zip-tied 70 the party led by portola comes back through san diego and they end up having to wait for san antonio for the ships to return.

this is the take-away from this of movement and a lot of disappointment. this is supposed to be the next big frontier and it feels like a lot. he sees it as a great opportunity. he's really excited. on july 16, 1779 and in san diego he dedicates thef first of nine missions in san diego. this is a very modest building. it eventually gives rise to the other 20 missions he established an oakland california. so this gets its entire mission. a little advertisement there. there were 21 missionssh established and in 1769 to 1823 in mexico gets its independence

in 1921 and will talk about why that shifts the mission. these are areas with the military and theree' were three specific pueblos meant for the community although we think of the missions themselves a small villages that had people living around them supported by the mission supporting the mission troops around these missions and outposts is larger support mechanisms for them. make sense? the agenda here the missionaries put forward this idea that they would go into the land and they testify the people who occupied it and remember they had religion it just wasn't recognized by the missionaries. conversion simply meant to change it once entire culture and once they wereth successfult that the transition over to secular.

that's the plan. it's also worth noting that the mission operates this way within controlled region and has never transition it to secular control much of the get to the military exercises. these are generally placed apart. they are located within walking distance and you may have heard the story that each mission is one day's walk apart that they are an average 40 miles apart from each other. these are difficult trails many of which have not been established andy you couldn't walk them today. that's a story that gets told later in california. they relocated because there were places where populations were willing to tolerate them. and most of them on the coast are also places where shipssh

could talk to go back and forth. that's what's going on here. it's not the idea of how far apart they are. their familiesl move around. monterey had to get moved because their population there is not -- we talked about the article last week and similar things are happening. they are moving around and changing the building. so we have -- who established it than to get a sense that was thinking h about this arriving n san diego. he said i arrived the day before yesterday the first day of the month in san diego.

truly beautiful and worthy of its name. the mission had not found it but as soon as they leave they dedicate that quickly built mission. there is one of the drawings that's later created. as i mentioned before this is reutimann tree. the rest of the population burned on the mission the following year in 1770 so depending on what you may have learned before indigenous populationsep didn't accept the fact that the missions are being built in their their backyard and they saw as an opportunity for traitor in negotiations and alliances but they also saw them as threats and they are constantly in dialogue with how they want to with that. sometimes lesser action. so they burned down the mission in the 1770s and they build temporary buildings here and there throughout the decades.

we don't know about the earthquake that destabilizes one. the next one that's established as in 1780 and by 1797 the missions of the largest population alter a california. 1400 new fights in the baptismal record. the language the missionaries use to decide thoseho recently converted living in the mission. tayer -- and their faith. this is a derogatory term and indigenous populations and the mission records constantly talk about them as such. an earthquake destroys this one established in the 1780s. again it's rebuilt again in 1813 and if you go there today the mission was built in 1813 and it's a basis of the one that still exist today.

now we will tour some highlights and talk about the people who live there as well. now we are moving up to monterey and portola arriving on june 3 in and 177 to establish the permanent settlement. they built an altar under a large oak tree and held a mass. this course isn't what it would have looke' like. this is a nice beautiful artistic and a way to celebrate the moment. these re are people who had gone through a hard journey and this is a later celebration of it. it's a rendering of it. the second mission in california however symington before doesn't say. the following year they moved to an new site in the carmel valley when they claim it's better soil and water but it seems there were many causes.

the population seemed unwelcome in the city built in monterey despited their claims they want to be in conversation with each other working together and distance themselves away from the military. public reason why one they don't want the military interfering and they don't want to feel like there's oversight that the soldier are notorious for their abuse of indigenous people. this was causing more friction between the population the mission people don't want to convert your faith if people of the same faith or abusing them. and that's also causing more problems so they distance themselves. this is a mission.0 he died at over 70 years old. he then had the san antonio missions established in san gabriel outside of los angeles.

then we have missions and to clear the eighth mission founded on january 12 of 1777 names stay clear of the cc. the only california mission that's part of the university campus. as we know it was branded rebuilt multiple times. floods fires and earthquakes essentially abandoned winnipesaukee. in the 1840s and 18 50's. constantly being in dialogue with the local population. by 18 operators had an indigenous population of 1271. this is kind of the highlight obviously of santa clara. we continueon to see the mission being built as we go through the years we could go through a single mission but that would take a zoic celebs get the

similarities and the experiences they had to this period of time. we know the missions didn't just reduce religion. culture technology industry agriculture and military life. most missions came from a college of san fernando inci mexico city which is where he was from. they understood them as ordinary men dedicated to indigenous people of california and they didn't seem concerned that these people wanted to be converted. they see their faith is the right faith and even if someone is -- they never liked the relationship they had with the military that they relied upon each other in the missions were reliant upon the military for m protection and there's reason to need that protection. the military is completely reliant on the mission.

all their food all their clothing all of their material comes directly from the mission and produced by the indigenous population. they need each other. again the missions are established and people were less likely to resist with a more welcoming attitude. they technically have limited authority largely because the spanish believed they had too much power so they wanted to limit t it. all they were allowed to do was to perform their functions. marriages burials and prayers technically is all they were allowed to do. they were noted supposed to feed clothes from my -- provide medical care or help indigenous populations in any other way. sometimes they take it very seriously and most of them break the rules because they

recognized converting people in christian charities. they are constantly arguing with the governors the secular secular governors and military governors of california largely because of the abuse we saw of indigenous women as i referenced earlier. this is devastating and the spread of disease in denario diseases. both the spanish and indigenous people left records of violent encounters. most of these and that the military but we should recognize a lot of indigenous records suggest that they can be the perpetrators. the missionaries were not intellectually though they came from a college of san fernando. most was daily -- daily lives.

they demonstrate interest and empathy with otherd communities and cultures with the indigenous people and they establish a simple mission. many of you probably been to local missions in california that are ornate andat beautiful. missions and one is beautiful and the most operated are very rudimentary buildings that serve a basic purpose. it comes later when they are well-established and they master the indigenous labor they have access to their serving a larger population necessary and indigenous population. we think about that in the back of our minds. military missions are one-room chapel -- chapels with vertical poles very easy to catch on fire and many ofth them did and over the years they would be more built up.

lesson the missionaries themselves live difficult hard lives. morere often than not in practie oftentimes there was one missionary and when creatine they found themselves rendered by a population that did not speak their language and they had nothing in common with and we know several of them who had what we would now call today and nervous breakdown because they were isolated from their committees.vi let's go back to some of the ones i mentioned earlier too. sara is frustrated with the leadership and his council he argued with the military itself constantly reaching out for leadership in mexico city about the problems. one of the things he's concerned about his sexual abuse of the indigenous owned by soldiers and

missionaries. he felt it was hypocritical to their efforts and their mission and the threat of disease in a spot in the upper as to lots of leadership including the governor who you read the section about his life experience. t this is on pages 235 and the section called the child of a frontier woman she is his wife and i want you to think about how the complicating her position and gender roles in early california. turn to neighbors and talk about what you see happening here which is accusing her husband of doing and exactly what i just talkeded about and wants of the people shares in your conversations together, okay?

>> really we just kind of see the key issuesme for women today in spanish california. i think that's the main point of this. there's not a lot of social mobility even when it crimes dictated by the church is committed against a woman of relatively high social standing. she still can't get the a lot to do anything about it. >> yeah she's married to the most powerful man in california. she's also a mixed-race individuals so there's a whole complicated think about that too. she's one of the highest status women. sh' can even get that held accountable.

>> adultery was considered to be against the catholic church at the time it was surprising how the catholic church was come they believed in what the catholic church said and they didn't do much of an investigation outside of and when you look at her petition i'm assuming someone else wrote it. it was funny that she was like i will carry the cross going about it in explaining all this information which had been prudent in the matter. still requests a divorce and the church is like we don't want a divorce. you should just forget your husband and deal with it. i found that interesting. >> there's a couple different layers. this is not a secular state. even though the church oftentimes is frustrated with the secular leadership they recognized theog importance of e status code keeping everything

normal without rocking the h bo. do you still have a? [inaudible] you'll get further seclusion and excommunication. those are pretty harsh punishments were going to speak out against it. so it shows and we talked about this earlier how intertwined the church and the government systems are interconnected. and it's generally so sexist. >> she probably knew there was a possibility at this, ride? >> when she said even though prudence should have -- this is

my crime and it goes on in order to even appeal to these men to make their case she admits to wrongdoing which goes to the second question about gender roles in california. i kind of think heard mission simantov. >> these are pretty for this historical moment in this historicale context and she taks the consequences and she's unwilling to recant. anything else you all talked about?bo the church has the bee careful in how they manage this particular case because they don't really want him here. they are not a big fan and not a big fan of his leadership but it's how he uses this to advance his concerns and causes and he

knows the leadership knows if they were to take her side to see what they are up against they would lose their power. there's always a possibility you could lose that chance. behind the scenes this allows for the expulsion this is probably too strong a word the replacement in california. he knows there some other and yet someone else take his place. they attempt to take his place and also recognize the importance of what he was doing and recognize they need to have more families coming in. wep. welcome back to this later but i want to give you a heads up under his leadership he would see a call for overland expedition of families coming to california the idea being soldiers have their families with them they'd be less likelys

to harm the indigenous population. this isn't the case you just saw. his wife was with him but but ts is your on the ground troops hoping to resolve some problems. we welcome back to this on wednesday but i wanted to acknowledge it here just so you know what's happening as well. i want to commend -- continue with what's going on with the mission. the missions are established and then they start tow. grow. let's start start with omissions and what they are doing. buildings began to replace with more permanent once in artisans came fromcu the colonies and training to convert indigenous populations is more people convert whether willingly or not available may provide the labor for the missions in the missions grow. you see the populations expand. for examples of high population of san diego we saw missions and

carlos about 900 so pretty significant numbers especially when you think about a lot of the populations were 25500. it's much larger than the communities they previously lived in terror. these were self-sufficient areas for some of the most grand missions had living quarters for the indigenous. warehouses were storing goods greenery and they had rooms to make soap carpenter shops wine pressers sellers large patios and corrals for social events recif rooms not specific to the ones i mentioned before and itself. these are grand beautiful buildings they gave the mission and the missionaries and the column is great pride. if course in reality it amassed a lot of difficulty and pain.

the missionaries saw themselves as i mentioned before to -- and they were willing to do so by way of necessary because they believe it was thes only path o build spanish colonialism and making sure people don't -- so build do whatever payne to go on earth side in theory for the afterlife.e. we know the indigenous populations have theirs own religions their own cultures their own society and they would find ways for less obvious opportunities. the franciscans saw them as children. they beat indigenous people when theyor quote unquote misbehavedr ran away to go back home. a fugitive you might think about with american society similar patterns were established with the mission.

as they transitioned or were inc. the spanish lifestyle of farmer's artisans many were still exposed to death and all going to this in more detail later. far more people died and were born in the mission and the numbers are extraordinary. emigrants brought diseases with them at once as smallpox andd typhoid. was common in scene often and caused irreparable harm. sometimes people ask why did they even go to the mission and why did they accept a mission text part of what's happening is these diseases are going past the mission. they are being decimated by disease and they find themselves desperate for food and supplies. they go to the missions looking because the mission had been established somewhere in the region.

we know the population of indigenous people on the coastal parts of california dropped by least half. this population was around 300,000 on the eve of european contact on the conservative side but could it been a million. the missions themselves are populated by diverse committees. it was not one community one village. there were often many. the missionary leadership move people around. they knew too many people spoke the same language and had the same culture in the same communities that could be a sense of stability if they come together to resolve and they got wind thatun communities creating bases in speaking to each other they would move people to par when missions.m it was like they would move them from missions and accrues domitian santa clara altuve that's happened. they have moved them from santa

crews to san francisco which was a much farther destination. they also try to get leadership from various communities to come and hoping that would help people come into their communities. the missions themselves were diverse from each other but some had francis farms and industrial centers and others had branches for their cattle. some focused onon agriculture emissions and the barber for example code fated week. they demonstrated what they were doing but will go back to this previous one per second. they would have these spread out throughout the communities to say look how well we have done and look at what we have established. they offered images like this one of indigenous people in a time of stress.

i didn't design this particular document. looking at this let's look at it and talk about it. what kind of impression do you get that the article tries to make about into jenice people and their experience of the missions have you seen contrasting the actual experiences they were having? anyone want to share what came up in your group? >> they were a little well fed. they looked a little bigger. they gave them the food that they needed. >> disassembler and a common

practice that using the same face that they may put on a woman.n those aregh people of iraq they are comfortable unlike and they are welcome here. >> the way they are dressed shows how they are assimilating to their ways in catholicism in a way and being a. in previous reading of the sense they are going to take in everything but in reality they aren't. it's not actually happening. >> under the leadership of the government they reported back that this is successful and we are moving in the right direction. it's documented and that may come to a massive shock to you. anything else?

this is really continuing to further the argument of the claims of how colonialism is going in at going the sentiments about the document from earlier periods of colonialism and the north american period and there doesn't seem to be that it's replicated. if you think about the indigenous populations in the early 19th century they were nothing like these individuals are the ones i'm showing you a little bit later being thought about is looking different. the reality there's no success to people living life like this. indigenous people tried hard to try to keep some of their

culture and their day-to-day life. they had difficulties in doing this because their lives were so regimented. they get up and go to work go to mass eat lunch got a and you see where this is going. they have little time and yet you see evidence in the mission document and indigenous documents they maintained their culture. if the evidence of dwellings and they use their own tools and they continue to harvest theiran local food and tried to keep their social networks intact raid when possible they had ceremonies that they use to practice before an hunting tools body painting. the gods of nature. they use their prayer polls and

went fast at certain times of the year. this had different levels of success but in places where indigenous life was -- they were less successful. that made it harder. in places like san diego county the populations there intended to retain their culture or have a dialogue about this. even the missionaries would acknowledge this is happening to try to water it down like this is has no read this -- religious component. these more robust communities had resisted they were trying to find how far can we control to maintain opportunity.

we see that's oceanside talks about watching the ceremonies. he wrote quote we make careful inquiries as to the purpose of a scare when he is and we would have been able to paint any other information other than they did this because their ancestors practices. it's not a big threat and it doesn't seem to be contrasting our catholicism. the other thing to recognize is it doesn't seem there's a lot of evidence to suggest there were indigenous people converted that understood what that really meant. oftentimes their names were signed with the x. you don't see evidence to suggest they speak latin which is what the was written in. they don't seem to demonstrate in the documents that there's any explanation of the catholic rituals arebo symbols. they didn't understand a lot of always being set there. it seems they were doing it for survival.

sure i will do it if it means i can have access to your food, access to your tools. they changed it by 1815 all the missions change in the dialogue to make it more clear in response to some of the records of people acknowledging thisis d saying this doesn't seem to be working back that they had a high number of runaways. sometimes they could be successful in getting people on board. especially allowing some element of indigenous life to persist. these are some of the writings of the -- he was born in mission. he was a young man had died when he was 16 years old if i recall correctly.e he had converted to catholicism and he was going to rome to

study. he recall some thes experiences he had on the mission. have two questions that go together in a quote we can think about. think about how he's changing his life and the people who retain their culture and yes this quoteit that he writes the indians did not show the spanish there lives of thinking about on the reverse since even always someone who is male -- to take 50 minutes to talk about some things here and anything you know they will chat about this one more time. let's start with the first question. what are some things they are describing ?

does anyone notice? them if they didn't seem to have a lot of control over their lives. the garden butld they could work in the garden. >> that's a good point and we see this as common. they provided time of labor but they didn't reap the benefits of that. they'd get to enjoy so one of the reasons they did it was to access food and it wasn't getting data in return. this is the most that they are going to give us. anyone else? what they probably were used seeing large plantations. there were agricultural orchards and they describe the pomegranateste and stuff. lettuces radishes amidst parsley

and others. one thing i thought was interesting was the melons were the a becausefor they were easier to grow or something like that. no one had access to what was going on. he's reflecting back on his childhood. >> in terms of an incentive though to come to the mission that had to be a pretty big factor. >> yeah. anyone else? can anyone get a sense of how it's describing the indigenous lifestyles are ritualsls or behaviors? yeah there in the back. >> you talked about the dances at the dances are major part of

the riding so there's still some practicing of those types of traditions and they mentioned the clothing. they were three or four dances they talked about. tethe various colors. this is a traditional part of the community's culture. they felt very much in opposition for what they would have accepted the missionaries to tolerate and there is give and take happening here. it's interesting because he'd say the mornings we do this and wekf eat tortillas and we go to mass and then he talks about all these dances. in this particular instance there's evidence to suggest when

they canceled some of the traditional cultural -- and if you think about that the missionaries themselves were like you doesn't seem like it's which i interpret to say his parents recognize it as being transparent. they play it down like it's happiness.pp you didn't see it navigating. we can get more into resistance a little bit later next i'm probably that he talks aboutno this mercy that they didn't kill them. so there is frustration and anger in the missions oftent get told in one of two ways. the missions came in they were established and if you are in

california was the mission it was happy times. but they were and they were victimized and terrorize the population. both of these narratives come we don't see people resisting our navigating and i think that's what gets leftth out. they are in dialogue and conversation as well. that's something to keep in mind. we talked a little bit and acknowledged that. the schedule on how busy it was but i wanted to talk about thehe difficulty to get you up the idea of how they pushed back. we know the indigenous people had dangerous lives and they were facing difficulty in we know there were things that they were willing to tolerate and not

to tolerate. one of the things, certain things we know became catalysts for some kind of action. women were being sexually assaulted and they were reacting to that end violence and punishment. this is seen in every indigenous culture in california is. you'd never do that to someone else. it was seen as incredibly dehumanizing and it was very frustrating or putting them into -- and this public punishment really became to be something the indigenous population could not rap their heads around. at the same time they are -- massive numbers of people. i have all the numbers here on how difficult this isn't how many people are really dying. this is mission santa cruz.

every year we have people who are being baptized whether of their own accord or being forced to andth children being born to and we have a burial and they are really stark differences but in 179691 people died. 97 people that year and 97 people died. i wanted to highlight this ones. in 1806, 15 people were born of 105 people died. where people are dying big coming in to the mission. more people are dying than being born. this is a recipe to decimate the community. they take these numbers these really stark numbers and put them into conversation with the public punishment and violent sexual assaults this is where we see resistance happened and all

of these coming together is when we start to see resistance. earlier in san diego when the first documents are seen as a clear revolt in 1775. this is after the burning of the mission. it was supposedly more stable and they built relationships. they sold the missionary and the other missionary haunt him. he talks about on appear. as and he was disfigured from head to foot the night could see it. he stripped of all his clothing and even his undergarment transmittal and his chest and body were riddled. he showed bruises from the

stoning he suffered. that is personal and that is retribution for the violence they suffered as a people. if you think about this missionary. we see this happening time and time again and will get to questions and give another example in mission santa cruz and this will talk about next i'm mission santa cruz is a place we know about the violence that happened in 1812. we know that the missionary -- but they don't realize it's an assassination till later. at first they think he died in hisasas sleep. he whipped them with iron tips in public in front of all their peers. and another tack a couple ofof years earlier they shot flaming arrows of and a party of

soldiers traveling to california established a mission to the area. time andan time again it's -- we only have a minute to discuss it but their there are two different documents one is a defendantd and one the participate inuz the rebellion n santa cruz. the other is martin rizzo who talks about the women who helped plan this. that's right like us to start with on mondays havingrs a conversation about how we get that evidence and how we know what weho know. does anyone have any questions? if you do come and see me and thank you so much everyone.

with