the hope that you could try get more ground balls through the infield. they tried to they tried to reduce the number of pickoff attempts that were allowed in the hopes that you could get runners to steal more bases. they also increased size of bases in the hopes that you could increase more bases. and the biggest change baseball history is the inclusion of the clock, right? this all these things that were introduced in 2023 baseball traditionalists, purists said you're cutting the heart out of the game to which baseball guess how many minutes we shaved off the game when these rules were instituted baseball? cut the average game by a half an hour. that's a much more competitive product in terms of people's attention nowadays. nobody has the attention to watch it. three hour plus game. why is that?

baseball matters. let me leave you with some parting thoughts from of the greatest documentaries made of all time. ken burns, baseball. the idea, home plate has a little roof, blue roof. it has a roof. it's a little house. it brings us back to we're safe and where we care, where we are cared about, where we're loved. coming home on a baseball that happens pretty darn dramatic. you feel immense relief to have gotten out of all those hazards out there between first and third is hazardous territory. and then third home is joy you're out of trouble, you're coming back and you're running toward the home team dugout. you can see them and they're all grinning and they're glad to see

you and their arms out and you come across that thing. it's pretty big playing stuff. it's passed along from parents to children and my father was a football fan, but my mother a baseball fan. so i went ball games with my mother. she passed along her sense of the game. i'll pass it along to. my son, it is a family heirloom. it is america's heirloom because it goes back so far. but the thing that's most important about that is that we and people of other generations, baseball, perhaps more than we respect other generations and other fields in this country, we've been called a disposable society, but we don't dispose of babe ruth. we don't dispose of walter johnson. we treat as though they are equals and contemporary, as though they're dead. that's very special thing to him. on the children.

and baseball because of the sense of its continuity over the space of america and the time of america, this is a place where memory gathers, it's a place that we can return to and it's a place that we can even imagine existing in a future future. i think we have some hope that baseball might look like baseball 100 years from now. a final memory. you it was may of 2020. the world and the world around me had completely locked social isolation. social, social isolation. it felt as though i don't know if it felt like this for you guys. felt as though the world as we knew it was coming to an end and that we were all alone, separated from each. and i remember in or june of that summer taking a jog, because that was one of the few

things that we were allowed to do safely. and over near cleveland circle, where i live, i happened upon a field where some children were playing, had had we and started playing their little league season. my daughter was not even playing in this game. and i broke down and wept because in that i had some sense, despite the death and tragedy and the devastation that was all around us, something from our past was continuing onward in that moment, something was not being lost. and in that moment it gave me hope and that's why i love baseball. so. for next class, if you would, please take a look at that reading by gutman. very accessible me your thoughts on the canvas discussion board by 7 a.m. on tuesday. i hope you guys have a fantastic weekend. i'll catch you all. on the flip side.

yeah, iby way of previewing am's

largest inland city. we may with this panorama from the observation of the board of trade, chicago's tallest building less than 140 years ago. such view would have disclosed only a log fort and a few cabins at mouth of a muddy river. when seekers were rushing to california chicago, boasted a few business blocks and streets of bottomless. with nearly three and a half million residents, the city has become the second largest center of population in the western hemisphere. such growth reflects chicago's

location, midway between the agricultural and the industrial east. it is the consequence of industrial enterprises great mercantile institutions and the great markets for grain and livestock, which are all the inevitable consequences cargoes, geographical location. part of the city's need for rapid transit has been met for many years by the elevated railroad, which is soon to be replaced by a subway in the loop area. when chicagoans speak of the loop. they refer to the central business section of the city, which is enclosed on four sides by tracts of. the elevated railway within loop along state street is the richest, busiest retail trading area in the and the location of marshall fields and other famous department stores along lasalle in the loop is a great concentrate of banking and brokerage offices. here is a greeting for a celebrated.

we chicago board of trade has become the world's principal grain market. certain office buildings are devoted principally to special kinds of business. this one, for example houses. a great number of insurance agencies. while much of its street floor is devoted to the city ticket offices of several lines. although today is the world's greatest center, that fact does not diminish its importance as a fresh water port. the site chicago's founding was the shore of lake michigan and it's 29 miles of lakefront today present a magnificent vista of landscaped parks and impressive buildings. looking westward from lake, we see the city's towering skyline as it rises above the gleaming facade. michigan boulevard. among chicago hotel is our names associated with a long tradition of gracious hospitality. a number of the newer structures are located on the lakeshore, both the central part of the city and in the residential

areas to the north and south, virtually. in chicago's yard as the magnificent buckingham fountain. its 134 jets support its claim to be world's greatest fountain. centrally located on michigan boulevard is the art institute. with its magnificent statuary paintings and ceramics. the civic opera, just west of the loop, provides unsurpassed facilities for famous opera companies and concert artists. navy pier is the terminus for great lakes passenger liners and vast enclosed area houses, exhibitions of interest, sportsmen and yachtsmen, and other lovers of the outdoor summer evenings, buying thousands facing the bandshell in grant to enjoy popular free concerts. likewise within reach of the lake breezes is soldiers field, the tremendous arena which accommodates vast audiences for sporting events, military displays and such spectacular as fire and police shows.

institutions adjacent to the heart of the city include the famous planetarium with its astronomical displays. the field museum of natural history, which maintains unique exhibits of animal habitat groups, natural resources and, prehistoric specimens. here is the shed aquarium, which displays some 10,000 species of marine life, including brilliant tropical fish. the walking fish of africa and various strange creatures from the deep sea. then this replica of all dearborn, somewhat south of its original location here within a long stockade, may be seen the block houses. potter magazine, trading post and living quarters. character speak of the time of the city's founding. in 1803, but this a big city and we can't expect to see chicago in terms of the and the lakefront alone to cover a wider territory. we may make of the l or of the

networks of trolley and bus lines which supplemented a number of the bus services follow, the route northward along michigan boulevard and the lakeside parkway. what is called the near north side. does not however until we have crossed chicago river virtually at the point where fort dearborn was built and, the original trading post and settlement worst. this bridge, which may be opened to accommodate ships as a lower roadway for traffic not far north of the river stands the old water, a landmark and relic of the great fire of 1871. on the north bank of the river, almost at the site of the old wolfe point trading post. is the largest building in the world measured in terms of floor space. there are, of course, numerous bridges by this waterway, which the narrowest access to the headwaters of the mississippi. the perpetrators of long ago launched the traffic which destined to build a great city. today great ships come to

chicago from all the great lakes region and in time of peace, even from overseas on the river and on the lake beyond, chicagoans carry on their commerce. and in summer, numerous water sports as. well.

one need not own a yard however to enjoy the waters of lake michigan. and there is ample testimony to this fact in the thousands who make use of chicago's miles of lakefront and the numerous well-guarded bathing beaches here on warm days from to autumn. residents of the city, visitors alike seek the white sands and the blue waters. swimming areas are so extensive the crowds are seldom excessive unless the weather is abnormally warm. beautifully landscaped in every section of the city are the refreshment of broad lawns,

great trees and the quiet waters lagoons. here, visitors may picnics or dine somewhat more luxuriously in a nearby pavilion overlooking the water. and there are rowboats for those who consider not to adventurous. in lincoln park, one may find numerous specimens of native and that the chicago zoological gardens in suburban brookfield is one of the finest collection in the world to name the specimens which so many thousands of visitors to the zoo's withered little to their fascination. but it may be interesting to see how many of them we can't identify from our own or sheer guesswork guesswork.

from. here. attractive drive is a among these is the allure garfield park conservatory where magnificent floral displays running at appropriate seasons. the exhibits, of course, will

vary almost from week to week, but a splendid display of orchids affords an example of the way in botanical experts of the chicago park system have contrived to develop and beautiful tropical flowers under difficult conditions. a few are the restful still waters a lagoon which in winter becomes safe and popular resort for skaters. recreation buildings provide for other forest, which serve an ever increasing number equestrian jackson park. extensive and beautiful was scene a half century ago of world renowned columbian exposition, which commemorated the 400th anniversary of america's discovery and signaled chicago's from the devastating fire 20 years before the japanese gardens are a legacy to the city. from that inviting drives, which are part of chicago's famous of boulevards lead us through the park with its many beautiful scenic views. en route we pass the famous museum of science and industry.

the building houses, exhibits the fields of physics, chemistry, textiles and forestry industries and transportation. so many of these are important in chicago's relation to the western country that we may well consider as something of their. from the groves and vineyards ranches and vast truck farms of california on the southwest fast trains bring an infinite variety produce through the mountains and across and prairie country to the markets of chicago and the east. transportation. regarded as both a science and industry itself, the links to other sciences and industries in practical utility to man. it carries to market all the products of the great southwest and makes western scenic wonders easily accessible for travelers must go to see what cannot be brought to market. coal is still the principal fuel of both transportation and manufacturing industries, and

coal mines must be accessible to railroads if their output is to be economically to the places where will be used. facilities for handling products of forced mining factory must be modern and efficient to coordinate with the efficiency of the modern railroad. a vital objective of that efficiency, of course, is maximum safety, best obtained by a completely dependable block signal system. now, all of this demonstration of practical railroad operation has taken place. in case you haven't already, it in the santa fe railroad display in miniature at the museum of science and industry, where industry and science may be seen in operation as they really are. nearby is the university of chicago. here in of the generosity of john dirac and the liberal gifts of wealthy chicago and together with wise leadership, one of america's foremost institutions, learning has grown up more than broad acres, more than impressive architecture in the traditional gothic.

the university of chicago is an aggregation of able teachers distinguished for their achievements in, fact as well as their explorations theory and imminently in stimulating mind. in winter as well as summer residents and visitors, chicagoland enjoy the beauties of. the cook county forest preserves aggregating more than 33,000 acres in 44 different tracts of woodland. these areas are kept as as possible in their natural state and they provide abundant opportunities for out-of-doors recreation. with warm summers and brisk winters, both temperate in a measure by the nearby lake chicago, enjoys all the advantages of the true temperate zone climate, the familiar snow, sports and children are supplemented by skiing in the hillier country to the north. wild ponds and lagoons in parks and forest preserves provide

excellent safe skating. now we have a look at some of the commercial activity upon which so much of chicago's lively new the union stockyards are the largest in the world and. the great amphitheater nearby is scene of the international livestock exposition, which has been such an influential factor in stimulating the breeding and scientific feeding of meat animals. the stocky, white based herds here may have come from a midwestern or from some western ranch. supply. the great chicago packing houses, transportation by modern freight trains on fast schedules is a factor of the greatest importance in this business. competition in the livestock shows accounts for the high quality of steers and pigs. chicago is also one of the world's greatest produce markets, drawing a very large merchandise. the irrigated lands of the southwest and from the pacific coast. here is now coming at last to claim their true in the worldwide scheme of things

produce wines equal to the famous vintages of europe and table grapes, anthropology shipped in refrigerated cars under carefully controlled. california grapes reach the chicago market in prime condition and find promptly yield awaiting buyers. this is still another example of the importance of the railroad in developing great market. grapes, however, account for only a tiny fraction. the total business transacted in the famous salt water market center of the wholesale produce business of chicago. here are hundreds of carloads of fruits and vegetables all received and every day by commission merchants who compete for the business of wholesalers, hotels, restaurant and grocers in. this area has concentrated the fundamental and necessary business of feeding city and its many outlying communities. fast transportation is vital to the greek mail order houses

whose growth and success have so paralleled the city's progress. well, their business has always been dependent upon their ability make prompt delivery of almost a buyer can want. now we go afield again to one of the tracks which participate in chicago's annual five month season of horse racing. each of the tracks is in operation one month, and all of them are readily accessible for those who enjoy following the races. unless plunged on a tip straight from the feed board, it won't matter. a great deal which wins. there will be other races to follow and they all add up to a pleasant afternoon at the track. golfers will delight at the great number of excellent golf courses available to the public throughout the chicago region. some are maintained in city parks, forest preserve areas, while a wide variety of others are open on a fee basis and attract enthusiastic. baseball fans who visit chicago

are assured abundant opportunity for lively enjoyment. well, this is the home of famous teams in both the national and american leagues. almost any day in the season, you will find things happening at the white sox or the cubs park. there is excellent fast transportation to both ballpark from downtown chicago and promise of top notch baseball when you get there. as the game well any fan tell this story for himself. and. at northwestern university evanston immediately north of chicago. the football season is certain to see a succession of brilliant

game. and game or of course without the necessity of having attended a game at all. the visitor may crave a sample of chicago's nightlife. one recognized center of what? a version of this kind is. rush street on the near north, just north of the chicago river, are numerous, well-known restaurants, nightclubs, while the principal theater and several mass hotels are situated within the loop. whether it's a nightclub, a theater or a motion picture, the truth. bet you are sure to find the entertainment you're looking for in chicago. apart from such familiar diversions as these, there are likely to be special events at

various arenas throughout the city a boxing tournament, perhaps indoor polo games, hockey or a spectacular ice show show. but also. things americans enjoy. most things to study and to to miss.

and the memory on.

and i am happy to introduce david rol, who is the author of, george marshall, the hopkins touch and ascent to power how truman emerged from roosevelt's shadow and remade the world. he's coauthor of lewis and the