frances fisher of husak, new york. seven companies totaling hundred and 65 officers, had been in the campaign in fisher's command. 24 hours being killed at the battle of. bennington the next day. burgoyne test captains. samuel mckay, formerly the 68th regiment, to take over corps. mckay led the of the men to safety in canada when burgoyne surrendered, where he was promptly removed from any more service and replaced major robert e lee for the remainder the war. i must just move aside for one second. mckay commanded before that. one of the three companies of canadians that part of burgoyne state last year. army for that campaign. for instance.

we covered canadians this morning. you have a little shout out to the canadians serving under the british during that campaign. so they got their love. now now, the smallest of royalist corps was the one commanded by captain samuel, a physician from arlington, charlotte county, new york. he joined the british at the end of 1776 with five of his sons serving under and another as an officer, ebenezer jessup, his company of at least 37 officers and men, was divided into rangers and in the latter under captain chaps, the holy. speaking of back to him in captain peter van holstein in, september 1777, what commanded company of 27f those people? the survivors in 1778. received permission to move to new yorwhere they continued in a similar service in.

and lastly, captain wilcox of, william sick, new york. what command a 24 man pioneer that did not survive the campaign. wilcox himself what survived 1777 but not the war being killed. serving as a captain of cavalry and the west chester militia attacked in that county in february 1780. so who were these people of the original members of the royalist units? we know the nativity of some 310 ofhem. not surprising, almost five of six were born in america. most loyalists were in america. that's a question people ask me so much. what loyalists go home to england at the end of the war. they've never there. they weren't from there. you can't go home to where

you've never been from. an examination of one's. and 63 to war claims shows where they resided when. they left to join the army again. not surprisingly, 141, the majority were from new york, while 14 were from vermont. three from connecticut. two from new hampshire. two from massachusetts. and one from new jersey. and the record that last one was not me. tax primarily to general simon advance guard. they suffered accordingly losing some 700 officers and men d killed in action to certain discharged taken prisoner or just disappeared. one of the biggest issues concerned who authorized corps

to be raised. right. when you were studying the british army, it's pretty easy. the king is the only person authorized to raise a new british regiment. but a lot of had the authority to a new regiment in america. so sir johnarleton was in charge of the northern army. but it was actually new york governor william tryon, the royal governor, of course, who ordered er jsup to raise his corps general. john burgoyne, commander. the expedition. authorize peter's corps. except two companies of them that in 1777, which were authorized previous year by brigadier general montfort brown at york city. brown was brigadier general provincials and governor in the bahamas. so why not raise armies for the northern armies, both fixtures

and score were authorized. sir william hill, commander of the army in america, not northern army and none of these officers gave anyone a commission. right. you're an officer. you're an officer. your everyone's officer. but no one gets a commission. with burgoyne a prisoner and returning to england. carleton no way of knowing that these units were anything but the small debris that appeared in canada after the campaign. nor did he care. he too returned england, being replaced by general frederick haldeman. haldeman saw, a large, good looking provincial units. the king's royal regiment of new york and the royal highland emigrants, and instantly liked them and their commanders. then he saw the royalists and instantly disliked them.

to hold him in a swiss with no knowledge of local loyalist personalities and. the simple was to merge all these as a second battalion to the king's royal regiment of new york and name sir john johnson, their commander in 1778. he attempted to do just that, gathering the wireless at sorrel, even though those who had been prisoner in canada under the articles convention had been freed from their confinement. as a result of the continental congress, not ratify the convention. hardly were present for the new unit when the commanders explained the hold them. they mostly didn't care to be under sir john. the matter was laid aside. a number of the captured or wayward one way or another found their way to the british in new york city.

the most interesting must have been the four members of the ntzer family. bernard enlisted, september 1277 as a priva jessup cod at the convention became a teamster driving baggage wagons to boston with the convention army. three others christopher john and martin, all enlisted as on august 15th, 77. in peter's corps all being captured september 19, 1777 at the battle stillwater all made their way to new york city and all enlisted on july 5th, 1777, in the royal reformed means. i love that name. i just envision loyalist soldiers in orange jumpsuits on the side of a highway picking up garbage. when this corps was drafted in october 1778, they all entered into the third battalion of the

lances brigade, with whom they served until the of the war. despite not wishing to serve under his command. sir n was tasked by haldeman to more or less administer the different royalist corps, serving as a single point of contact fo things like and clothing. the relationship only lasted till the spring of 1779, when argued his leaving to take the field on expeditions precluded a baby sitting on the royalists. all the corps commanders wanted their units employed. ebenezer spoke for many when he wrote that after losing men, your memorial was returned canada and anxious to be of some service to the government. memorial list assisted the commanding engineer by general haldeman directions in many

places as much as he could do with the men of the corps who were not in keeping three frontier posts with two women. your mascum and attachments point about point offer and your memorial conduct was approved of by the commanding engineer. both crumpton and haldeman considered the remainder of the different unsuitable to serve on campaign as incomplete corps, but rather wishing to take those youngest and finish from all the units on an ad hoc basis. in august 1778, some 43 men were placed under the command of captain william frazier, a mikkelsen's corps, to act as ranger company. the men to their actual regiments. when the campaign was done. captain robert. we command twice as many of the following year for service on

campaign. under sir john johnson. it is unknown where exactly they came from, but the quartermaster general's stores in quebec was issued up contained in a blue regiment of coats faced white, which were issued to the royalists in 1778 and in smaller numbers to them and others for the next years. some the royalist had worn a red coat faced green in 1777, and they very much wished to return to that as quickly as possible, fearing friendly fire inside its. the officers had given some of the men blanket coats in december 1778 to simply avoid confusion. after about six months, sir john johnson ceded administration of the royalists to one of their dacalp.

mcalpin been an officer in the britishy nce 1737 and a captain in 60 of regiment since 1771. on may 79, mcalpin took over a post he would hold until his death. on july. 22nd 1780, after a long illness. after mcalpin correspondence. he really cared about these people. the best officer they had in charge of and his correspondence with the british command was almost daily looking after the welfare. his men as best he could. the royalist corps were prohibited from sending recruiting parties into america, almost guaranteeing their wig aw on the v this changedptemr 1780, when general haldeman, the restriction. the reasng h announcement of what was known

as the american establish guaranteed rank and half pay to all officers in provincial units, complete to their establishment of. around 550 men. this system. schmidt was created a full year earlier and it is not known why he delayed making the loyalist units in canada aware of the in the announcement caused a mad for recruits which now included rebel prisoners and. not all worked out well. the new establishmenttened no one more than samuel adams and an corps. even before the announcement, adams had requested his joined to major james rogers. king's rangers, a provincial unit which was rejected by haldeman.

if haldeman disliked anyone more than the royalists, it was the king's which he believed belonged to the army in america, not his northern army. what adams requested discharge of the men in september 1780 was denied. he lost all hope soon thereafter, unilaterally and without any authorization, and whatsoever disbanded his company. his son gideon, an officer and some of the men eventually joined jesup corps, while adams ceased serving any further in the conflict. but just to backtrack one second to talk about the king's american rangers known generally the king's rangers. this was the year raised by robert rogers, who had originally served the french and indian war and then raised the queen's rangers in america before getting booted from their sir henry clinton, gave him permission to raise a new corps. he said a bunch officers to canada with no word that they

were going and they just showed up at general haldeman stores and hi were here to recruit a regiment so you can understand he wasn't happy. a few of the royalist units staged cheer graphically intact during years in limbo. the british off parties as needed throughout the quebec area. this i an example of one unit the's loyal rangers for the muster. tan may 1st, 1781. quebec, a lieutenant c andat a lieutenant on duty at st john's, a captain. lunteers. the sergeant to corporals. a drummer. lieutevates engineers employ a two sergeants. three corporals. privates. a nouveau goose. one sergeant command. yamashita. 11 privates. two privates.d.

one secret service volunteer. two privates absent by lea hashish. three privates serving on as marines. seven privat seconders. one private. seco montreal. one private. total absent. a lieutenant colonel. ptai until attendance. three eer years. five sergeants. five porpoise. a drummer, 68tes. so how many men were left for duty with the regiment? a few officers and five privates. five to places of importance that were garrison or the blockhouse was that you may ask. and the loyal blockhouse on north hero island, lake champlain. captain justice sherwood of the queen's rangers commanded up the ladder from which post men were dispatched on secret service into new york and vermont

vermont. i like the slide because we actually have an illustration of someone who existed. the final note administrator of the combined wireless units was ng serving professional soldier john nairn now and was a scottish bor officer but served in the 78th ghnders in the french and indian. settling in quebec at the peace served as a major in the militia in quebec city during the siege as well as captain in the royal immigrants. despairing of no further advancement, it was on the verge of leaving the service when promoted to major in the 53rd regiment afoot foot in october 1780 a large john nairne collection of manuscripts exist in the library archives canon. it is a lovely collection and yes, as i alluded, that actually is john. we have no portraits of messrs.

jessup or peter or any of them, so we like their. one of the things you find when you study these is, everyone tries to claim everyone else's soldier again, these guys want to complete their regiments and it's hard. so if they enlist someone in another officer of another regiment takes their men they think illegally they're going to put up a fuss. this went on year after year after so. so in february 1781 at st john haem, appointed oics to a board of inquiry to finally settle the of what soldiers in dispute belonged to what corps a source of great friction. they interviewed 160 officers and men judged them to the

following corps for for. to the queen's loyal rangers. 18. to the king's loyal americans 16. to the late. the corps. 58. to leeks corps two. to the royal highland and 18 to rogers kings. american rangers, including one found to be a deserter from the has a out which i saw as this put an end at for the time being of squabbling over who belonged to which unit as long as regiments had to vie recruits from the same pool. the problem would never completely go away. one of the most famous and successful partizans currier and spy john waldon byers, deserves his own presentation in which i have to believe some of his probably delivered before now.

sily put, s om albany county, new york and joined the army as a private in jessup corps during. the burgoyne campaign said from camp to ne york. he serd a captain and not one but two regiments. the royal american is our friends again under lance's brigade in 1781, he raise an independent company serving out of kent about he would be the greatest partizan of the northern army. whether directly or through intermediaries. sir john johnson still coveted some of the royalties for his own, especially now that he was raisg a second battalion, two of his own, second battali. no sooner had 1777 campaign ended whene persuaded nine men of mcalpin corps to enlist in captain samuel anderson's company of new ykers. this practice would continue

throughout the war. the king's northern rangers. this was a 1780 plan by an unknown officer to combine all the royalist units into a two battalion regiment. he'd say they wand w many men they wanted by a thousand guys to be in this corps. well, since all the royalists combined or around hundred men, the british did not think that was really feasible and nothing ever became of. on november 12th, 1781. the process of the royalist corps took p when major league captain chris should wear a lieute jeremiah french led 109 other ranks into the new batta king's royal of new york, which had started raising the previous

year. the men came from all the royal us, but primarily from links. mcalpin jeremiad in french, was no doubt happy to be removed from his old unit, the queen's loyal rangers, happy with his brother lieutenant gershom, french face down, fifth team charges brought against him in 1781 by the commander john peters. there have been some strains there. n yosee up on the screen were part of these second battalion kings ll regiment of new york. and on the left there was seen thatt ishe second battalion of new yorkers on. their disbanding the second battalion actually existed six months longer than the first battalion. they disbanded june 24th, 1784. they and butler's rangers would be the last provincial soldiers

serving in the revolutionary war. on november 25th, 1781, the new ovincial corps loyal rangers was finally established after yearofimbo efforts to complete the royalist corps. the surviving officers gave in the inevitable and the consolidation took place, but command would not involve either. ebony's or jessop or john peters. both considered too frail to command. mr. jessop robust constitu and his personal activity merited an expert and experience having served less war or circumstances would render him fit person to command. in addition to jessop, john peters would officially be a captain commanding most of the older men of the corps in what was called the invalid company

in may 1782. the court expanded from its original seven companies to nine, forming one under captain thomas and joining captain john byers, independent company officially into the corps. the term invalid is period, but not exactly what it means today. they took most of the old or older men and those worn down and formed into one company under john peters with the rank of captain. this was a nod to peter's service, ensuring he would get permanent rank half pay at the end of the war. when the corps was disbanded disbanded. now the officers were actually going to be officers with the loyal rangers and, actual provincial regim t workers. the officers would have real isonsigd by hold them. such as the one shown here

belonging to alexander campbell, formerly on the government's corps. your commission as an officer is your legal document saying you are an officer. okay. if it says you're a lieutenant, you're a lieutenant. all right. your men have to obey you, and you have to obey everyone over the rank of, lieutenant. but that is your legal document that. you're not. you're not. you're. you're just not. no. there were a lot of e officers. all those units had lots of officers. and there woulbe a lot of officethe new corps. with a whopping four excess. gentlemen. those would serve as officers as wegentleman volunteers. they officially became known as pensioners, receiving daily pay to. either recruit a new or sit out rest of the war on the sideline. it was the end of the war.

guess what most of them did. after their formation. the loyal rangers would go on, recruit 109 men in 1782 and 77. more in 70, 83. before all recruwas ordered to stop on august 24th, 1783, one of the 1782 recruits came with former military experience. that was a guy named roland lennox. then, like roland lennox just stands out at you that when i transcribed the roles for the rangers as, a roland lennox. i know that name. he was court martialed for murder in new york city in 1781. was a soldier of the lance's brigade. i was involved in an alcohol related st patrick's day incident. obviously unprecedented. so he spent a good deal of time

in the new york city provost. an unpleasant place had been tried for murder. murder of a sailor and was acquitted. but apparently he did not enjoy his time in the provost and from the lance's brigade and made way up to get back and enlisted in the loyal rangers. so go figure. oh, one of the king's rangers, not a royalist, but fairly close the book on them was the end of fearful that he and his would be precluded from the benefits of ment having but three companies january three 1783 approached edward. edward jessop about ending his company's too. the loyal rangers hold and turned down the request. maintaining his belief that the king's rangers belonged to the army in america and recalled to

new york city it would cause a mess. no one, and i cannot stress this enough no one in new york city would have ever recalled james rogers union. but that's a lecture for another time. loyal rangers passed into history on christmas eve, 1783 at the river dushane. thankfully for halderman allowed everyone to still receive rations andemained under a roof in quarters throughout the winter. the would receive grants of land, but that would take time until serving and distributed. the discharge shown here is of daniel simmons of rhinebeck in dutchess county, new york. he was 17 years old and then only enlisted in the rangers four months previously. in august 1783. simmons was possibly the very

last man to enlist in his majesty's service in the provincial corps. and with that, thank. we have time for questions. we do up now that i'm all the way up to the front front. regarding justice sherwood. was it true that he here at ticonderoga in 1781 as a member of the british secret service? probably, yes. sherwood got sherwood was the principal one of all of all the royal officers the british trusted sherwood implicitly. he was extremely active. showed great merit. and. from the british post in quebec. there were at ticonderoga a

number of times actually. so in 1781, i can't tell you the exact date, but i'm sure. i'm sure the ground you're trotting on. he did as well. interesting presentation. thank you. i was curious, the one of the slides you showed where these loyalists came from that joined these various corps. what? and the vast majority were born america. so what was the motivation for, these guys to join if they coerced, perhaps coerced. was it you know fidelity to the king? was money. they got higher. pay them they could make as a civilian. or was it skepticism about whether the americans could succeed in revolution or what? probably all of the above. but what i. i like it's a question that often comes up. so thank you of one of the

questions that i will often the answer is, well, what made somebody be a loyal. i mean obviously the american revolution really popular and all the cool kids were doing. so what made somebody be a loyal oc? rich when you woke up this morning, did you get up, stretch and say, i'm going to obey all the laws of the united today. no. who would do that? that's insane. you just go about your business and you'll live your life in a simpler manner. you have to wake up one morning and say, i am going to violently overthrow government. people became rebel. people didn't become loyalists. loyalists was everyone left behind from all the cool kids who were just living their as they saw fit for what the many myriad reasons you that you mentioned it was just who they were. and i'm sure if you ask some of them, they might give you a spic