enemies, they to for like you. okay? that's a little simplification but bob carrey had a great sense of humor. >> i would echo barney's comments saying it is a very comprehensive process. on the day after my action i received a silver star from general gigi o'connor who was the acting division commander of the 25th infantry division. then i went on to continue being part of the war in vietnam. i mean it was just another day, kept going. i left vietnam, i came back home, i never knew anything about the award process until -- and i received the award on 1 may 1968. so now we're a year-and-a-half later and somebody came to me and said president of the united states is going to present this award to you. i was astonished. i was flabbergasted because this had all happened so long ago. but it takes a long time to go through that process. i would add to the fact that since world war ii, the criteria for the award has never changed. it's always been given to an

individual who has achieved the gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty. for the medal of honor, there must be incontestable proof. they have to have eyewitness statements of individual statements who were right there and had seen precisely what happened. but it is a comprehensive process because that process has to be consistent all the way through. i would say based on what i know about it that an awful lot of people look at it to ensure that it is authentic and meets the criteria as stated in the regulations. >> thank you. one more question then i'm going to ask a question. we're getting close to the time where 're going to finish. yes, sir, go ahead. >> gentlemen, first, just thanks for being here. it is a great opportunity for us. i'm one of the instructors at

the basic school. i got some of my lieutenants with me. we were able to break free for the day. this is a great thrill for us. my question is, sir, you said in one of your responses, the marines, they look to you and they saw the shiny bar. they were what now lieutenant thing. and when you gave your order they of course went and executed. i would submit it is probably more than that. you all can answer this. it is more than just giving the order. there's something that you've all done that instilled some desire in them to push past some preconceived notion towards greatness to do these great things to accomplish the mission. and as a leader, different leadership styles an personality traits, sir, you brought up caring for the soldiers, caring for the marines and sometimes it's hard to do that and not come off as disingenuous. but along with caring, what can we do to really instill this desire to our marines to go

train harder, to fight harder and act as a unit? >> you know, there are two styles of leadership. persuasive. authoritative. my situation was follow me. i didn't ask anybody to do anything -- i led the first counterattack. i was out front. and they were following me. and for those lieutenants who are here, i taught at basic school and i've been there a number of times. that's where it all begins. and once you leave there, you've got the basics, the foundation and the main thing you have to continue to do is hone in on the things that you are -- you wish could you better at and work at those. but you be prepared.

every lieutenant wonders can i do it. well, once you get shot at the first time you find out real quick you can do it. you can do it. you pull that thing together. believe me. and that's the reason we train, we train, we train. when we get through, we train some more. but it is all about what bob said and that's caring. you got to show your troops that you care about them. you've got to be seen in front of your troops at all times. 4:00 in the morning. 8:00 at night. you cannot command behind a desk. you got to be out front. you got to be seen. and if you show that you have concern and care for your marines, they will do anything for you. but they can figure out a phony real quick. so don't try to be somebody you're not. don't try to be somebody you're not. be yourselves. because the troops will figure it out. but if you're in their presence, and show concern, there isn't anything they won't do when you

ask them. >> i would just add to that that, as i've mentioned before, i think one of the most important things that any leader can do is to ensure that those values are instilled in every single soldier, marine, every member of your organization on a continual basis. how you choose to do that, whether it is through instruction or it is through counseling, however you want to do that, but you've got to carve out time to do that, because i know you have all sorts of other priorities over there, but you've got to carve out time to ensure those values are instilled now. because it is too late when you get on the battlefield. i'm reminded of colonel joshua lawrence chamberlain when he arrived at gettysburg. his commander said you need to go to the left flank of the union line, little roundtop. as he arrived up there on the

other side, on confederate side was a fellow name long street, a corps commander who said i think we can achieve victory at gettysburg if we can turn the union left flank so they attacked once, twice, three, four times, and all of chamberlain's company commanders came to him and said, sir, we've got to move off the line. we've suffered heavy casualties, we're low on ammunition. and chamberlain immediately assessed it and gave this command -- refuse to lie and sidestep to the left which was a very intricate maneuver in an open field. they were on a rocky, sloping terrain. when he said that, the entire regiment, rose and moved to the left and prevented the left flank of the union line from being flanked. how is that -- why was that able to happen? i would argue that it was because he had injected this trust and cohesion in that organization well before they got to gettysburg and so when he said that, the entire line rose because every soldier knew if he

said it, it must be the right thing to do. and chamberlain said it because he knew that his soldiers would do precisely that, because they had those values injected in them and at that point in time he didn't have to worry about it, they were going to go ahead and do it. that's why i think on a continual basis you got to keep doing that. i'd add only one more thing, advice i gave to my son when he went to afghanistan. i said, think about the number one danger on the battlefield and don't tell me it is the enemy. it's complacency. if you ever think at any time when you are going through any theater or combat that you're comfortable, that you're in a routine, that you don't have anything to worry about, raise a big red flag because complacency has set in and you can't allow that to happen. you've got to have those antennas up every single time, have tactics on everything you're doing, how you get there.

but complacency to me is the killer on the battlefield. >> many of you came here on your lunch hour so i'm going to culminate this with one final question and then we'll see those of you who would like to follow up with us later up on the upper level when they have the book signing. a question that always seems to come up, we could go on for a long time, as you well know. these are all very short sessions. it comes up, how does receiving the medal of honor, which is the -- our nation's highest award for valor, change your life? i would say that these men, since 40-plus years since they've received the many of honor have experienced many things and it's always very interesting to know how them or their families have been affected by that particular award. you saw how it was described in the video where to a man they will tell you that they wear it for others. they wear it for those who

can't. it's something that it represented the medal, not just the fact that they personally wear it. that's where i'd like to end up today, your reflections on how your life has changed or been affected by this award that you've received. bob? >> well, i think it's one of the adjustments is that we are coming to programs like this, which we find to be very good, because we're being able to provide our perspectives on things about the military so that others can educate, so that the gentleman that brought his soldiers -- i mean marines or platoon leaders or whoever with us, that to me has been something which regardless of the medal of honor, as a leader in the military i have always appreciated the mentoring that i have received over the years and i want to be able to give back. so i think that's an adjustment that you make because you want to get out to these kinds of programs.

it is important not just within the military but outside the military so the american people have a better understanding and appreciati of the perspectives of leaders and values that are associated with united states armed forces. the other thing i would say is we all get requests for autographs in the mail, get them on a weekly basis from all over the country. they come from school teachers, moms, dads, from school children. and what they're doing is collecting autographs of individuals in the military who have been leaders in the military and they just want to have that because their uncle, their father, their brother, somebody has served in the military and they want to know more about that and they respect it, and they want to take that information, that collection or whatever and they want to pass it on to the next generation,

which i think is absolutely terrific. i think that's one of the things that from the standpoint of our adjustment, i think that's a very important part of it. if you look at the preamble to the constitution, it talks about securing the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity. and that's so important to have that. i think it is one of the most important things i would pass onto anybody is to ensure that the contribution we make, we are passing it onto posterity. the only other thing i would add to that is that this adjustment to make to come to these programs with other things we do, i am director of army, to me it is providing financial assistance to soldiers and families. i make adjustments to do these things, i think they're important. the biggest adjustment that i see and have great sympathy for, adjustment for wounded warriors that may have had traumatic brain injury, lost a limb, an eye, whatever.

they're making terrific adjustments in their lives, and i think focus ought to be on them, as it properly is today, and as well on the families of our fallen soldiers, sailors and marines. there have been tremendous sacrifices made and it is good to see the kind of focus and emphasis and care and legislation and all kinds of things being done for them, because they are the true heroes in my view of this current conflict in iraq and afghanistan. >> first of all, the day i got decorated, general green said you have a good career ahead of you. you have a good career because of or in spite of that medal that you received today. and i hope that i used the latter. i never used this for personal gain, never used it for special orders. i would be naive to believe that it has not assisted me because

the way it assists you, you are not just a major or lieutenant colonel, lieutenant colonel barnham with a medal of honor. i have been introduced to people i would never have met, congressmen, senators, kings, queens, celebrities. the most important thing is now that i am retired, when i put this on and go visit bethesda and visit the wounded warriors, when i was assistant secretary of navy, went six times to iran and afghanistan, been there, done it, understand it, here to tell you i'm proud and i always felt this medal is the mettle of america, it is the mettle that those of us that have worn the cloth of our nation, served our country, stand for. so i've worn it with pride. i feel very honored to be able to wear it on behalf of the

marines and corpsmen that i had an opportunity to lead on the field of battle. >> thank you very much, gentlemen. thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for coming today. taking the time to come here. i hope you leave richer than when you came. and particularly in spirit. this has been valuable to you, and again, it has been short, but i think very meaningful and we will continue to try to perpetuate what the men who wear this medal of honor represent. one last point i could make on that. how many women received the medal of honor? one, that's correct. you heard marvin pickard mention mary walker. there was a doctor in the civil

war, mary walker, that received the medal of honor, a surgeon on the battlefield. tended to troops at bull run, was captured, was a prisoner of war for a period of time, and tended to wounded and troops there on both sides, by the way, then was released. her medal was taken away during a review in 1918 i think it was because she was a contract surgeon, not a member of the military. it was reinstated by president jimmy carter a number of years later. so there is one woman, dr. mary walker, who received the medal of honor, and the story goes, she never took it off any time throughout her life, despite the demands to take it back. she kept it. and she received it more officially, was reinstated later on. thank you very much for your time. we'll be upstairs later on. [ applause ]

you're watching american history tv. 48 hours of people and events that helped document the american story. every weekend on c-span3. >> all weekend long, american history it tv is in shreveport, louisiana. next we visit the louisiana state exhibit museum which opened in 1939. and would you sas one of the mo expensive projects during the great depression. it's diss plplaying a collectio original signed documents from some of the earliest political figures. >> it has on loan a collection

and when she passed away, she wanted to be able to share this collection with the public. it is 54 autographs that are original autographs that center around the founding fathers of the united states. they have accompanying images that go along with them and there are two of them that are from the 20 the century that are kind of like the beginning and of it. the very first one that we have was the impetus for the collection. and this is a letter sent to mr. henry rabb in san antonio, texas in february of 1919. it is a thank you letter. and along with the letter was a check that says it's for binoculars and it's a check for $1. mr. rabb was the grandfather of

a collector of these artifacts. and he gave it to his grandson when he was 13 years old. and said don't ever cash this check and don't ever lose this letter because it's going to be more valuable than the dollar. so he kept it from the time he was 13 and it stimulated an interest in wanting to collect the autographs of major american patriots. the other 20th century autograph is one that has a picture, the autograph is actually on the picture, and it's john f. kennedy and his wife, jacqueline. and it's inscribed, this is probably around 1960, and the's inscribed to someone named brenda crane. and i did some research and discovered that there was a physician named dr. paul crane who was an interpreter and worked for president kennedy as well as president johnson doing

interpretation. this is it also fairly rare. you can see it's been folded, but a wonderful picture. another one of particular of interest to the collector is this on robert morris. robert morris is not a very well-known american figure because he wasn't a military hero, but he was a signer of the declaration of independence and also he was a financeer and he floated bonds to help finance the american revolution and that's why this was of particular interest to the collector because that's what he did, he was a financeer himself. two of the more valuable pieces in the collection is this one signed by george washington. it talks about issues on his

farm. he's writing to a friend of his who also served with him during the american revolution. and it's basically farm management essentially, but it is an enter letter and it is signed by him which is fairly rare. >> who were these pieces selected? >> he had a professional broker and he had a mission to collect autographs from -- had to do with american history. a lot of these have to do with the revolution araryor signers. since he passed away before he was able to complete the collection and not knowing, not having the opportunity to talk to him, i'm not exactly sure what his goals were. but we're very fortunate to be able to share the sheks collect he has it. my favorite, one of my

favorites, is this one that's signed by john hancock. and it's as the governor, it's a state paper essentially, a proclamation that he made, and it's for raising the regiment, i believe. everybody knows john hancock hangs to the insurance company. when i went to the national archives to see the declaration of independence where of course he signed quite large, and his reason for signing in such a large hand was so that there would be no doubt as to whose signature it was. you have to think that for the declaration of independence, if you signed your name there, you were essentially signing your death warrant because if the americans can't win and the british did win, that would be the first group that the british would have gone after were the signers of the declaration of

independence. so the one in the national archives is faded and rather difficult to see, whereas this is a nice bright signature and easily recognizable as john hanco hancock. there were men who participated in the american revolution who signed the declaration of independence. h they were very daring men. they had no money. they had to finance a war on their own signatures essentially. and i think he was interested in the mechanics and administrative details of how that was accomplished. most people i think when they read about the american revolution and the battles, they get involved in the military strategy and there's quite a lot of that. he does have quite a lot of information having to do with the war. but also the letters have to do for instance washington's letter has to do with administrative details on his farm later in life. and i think he was trying to show that the american founding

fathers were actually people who lived and died just like anyone else did. on the far left, we have a piece that is signed by benjamin franklin. and benjamin franklin, among his many occupations, diplomat and inventor, he was also a printer. and so this document is a receipt for printing that is signed by benjamin franklin and it's a little bit later than revolutionary, 1787, but the print is from a man named john dunlap. and john dunlap was the official printer of the declaration of independence. when it was issued on the 4th of july in 1776, they sent the approved declaration to john dunlap who would typeset it and he would print it and he printed 200 broad sides, which at that time was about the size of a regular newspaper sheet.

there are only 25 copies of the original declaration still in existence. another couple autographs that are interesting is alexander ham i will ton and aaron burr. and they fought a famous dual, so the collector framed both of these autographs together and in the middle of it is a picture of the two of them fighting the dual. one is a letter of routine legal matters and the one from alexander hamilton is also a legal paper from 1795. this autograph by john quincy adams where he signed as the secretary of state and it's routine departmental business from january 16th of 1818. john quincy adams is one of america's great secretaries of state, arranging with england

for the joint occupation of the oregon territory and obtaining from spain the cessation of the floridas which included eastern louisiana. he also formulated the doctrine with president monroe on the monroe doctrine. and then he was sectionth president of the united states in 1825. the oldest document in the collection is this full letter written by voltier. he's known as the father of the enlightenment. this letter was written in 1732 and the let ser thankiter is th author for his criticism or review of the book, the high schooler to of charles the 12th. the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution.12th. the enlightenment movement is

really sort of the basis of the american revolution.to of charl. the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution.of charles . the enlightenment movement is really sort of the basis of the american revolution. and i think that's why he includ included these documents. and also in the french connection, we have a letter from the marquee de la fayette is who was an early supporter of the french revolution. he raised money for the american cause. and you can see that this is a very fine steel point engraving. he's a very slight man i guess is the best way to describe him. but as the collector would accumulate autographs, he would look for pictures or images of the person whose autograph he was collecting and in some cases he could only find regular print media and not necessarily good portraits. but as he would come across better portraits, then he would replace the ones that he had

initially with better portraits. so he was constantly upgrading the collection. this document is a military appointment of samuel a. russell to secretary lieutenant dated august 6th, 1861. and this is signed by the president, abraham lincoln. initially lincoln would sign his documents with his full name, the way this one is, but as his presidency required more and more paperwork, he began to shorten his signature and just signed as a. lincoln. so this is a fairly rare document from his presidency because it does have a full signature. robert e. lee, a harbor certificate from st. louis, signed in 1838. at that time, robert e. lee started to work on two mississippi river projects. one was to work on the rapids at des moines, iowa and the other was to remove islands

threatening the navigation and jeopardizing the commerce of the newly founded town of st. louis, missouri. at that time, captain henry mill miller shreve had invented a snag boat. when water was low must have to permit, shreve and his assistants would go through the river scouring the river in search of snags so that they could clear it for navigation. so they were work together, for whom the city of shreveport is named, were working together at that time. he puts together a collection of different people's correspondence and information about them that together provide sort of a cohesive history of the united states. all weekend long, american

history tv is featuring shreveport, louisiana. learn more about shreveport and find out where c-span's local content vehicles are going next online at cspan.org/local content. you're watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend, on c-span3. this crazy world of ours, we have atom bombs. the question is not how to use them. the question is how do you restrain yourself from using them. that's particularly when you're commander in chief. any fool can get this country into trouble. it takes a wise man to get it out. >> as candidates campaign for president it this year, we look back at 14 men who ran for the office and lost. go to our website, cspan.org/the contenders, to see video of the contenders who had a lasting impact on american politics. >> shouldn't your president