stories about they were not to set their beliefs aside and work f their personal life. be commit and let's get it done. roll up your sleeves, we will get it done. let me say on behalf of our board of directors, thank you to tom and the national archives experience for hosting and thank you to lisa kathleen and dr. kyle f tonight and sharing this wonderful information on the eve of women's equality day. thank you all.

they would wear garments made of home spun cloth. this cloth would be much more rough-textured and would be much less fine than the kinds of goods they could import from great britain. by wearing this home spun cloth, women were visibly and vividly and physically displaying their political sentiments. >> tonight at 9:00, george mason university professor rosemary za gary on the role of women in the revolutionary war. part of c-span 3. there is a new website for american history tv where you can find our schedules and preview upcoming programs. watch featured video from the weekly series as well as access

ahtv's history tweets, social media from facebook, twitter and fore square. follow american history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span 3 and online at c-span.org/history. in the fall of 2011, american history tv visited old stur bridge village, massachusetts. a living history that detickets from 1790 to 1840. now on american artifact, we hear from costumed historians who present what it was like to live and work in 19th century new england. the curator serves as our guide. >> the village is not some town caught in a time warp. what it is is a of kind of a sampling of rural live n new england at a time when society was transforming from the old order to the modern

world we live in. we are showing you the decade in the 1830s. the american revolution was a couple generations ago and as far away from them as world war ii is to us. the civil war is a generation in the future. there is also rumblings about slavery, but they don't know what's going to happen any railroad in 1835. start making regular steam ship service from england to boston. it's not quite as old fashioned as people might think. the telegraph is patented in

1837. just to give you a kind of thing to hang your hat on. the industrial revolution is under way. meat in the textile mills, there is over farms. growing things and living in modest homes. the homes are on the smaller end. one of the few we built here. that's 600 square feet that represents about a quarter or so of the housing stock of rural new england. america was not only a younger nation, but a poorer nation than now. most of the buildings are antiques we moved here from the six states. we opened to the public in 1946 and open ever since as a private not for profit educational propertyication. we are trying to show people bits and peas of everyday life.

new england as you may or may not be aware was initially settled by english people after the native people who came here for religious reasons. they wanted to purify christianity and have a purer form in their minds of worshipping god. when they settled in the upland towns away from the coast, they settle on disbursed farm steads in the 1700s. they tend to build a meeting house. the worships are meetings and the place is called a meeting house. this particular one like most of the buildings was moved here. this was built in stur bridge in 1832 and you have settlements near the center of town and a lot of towns most of them in fact end up developing a common. when they lay out the town, they

leave land in the center f town businessnd the predecessors of the national guard. that sort of central commonly owned area becomes a park eventually. some towns it gets gobbled up. some it remains today with houses and craft shops and stores around it. the tin shop we put here in 1985. this building actually had a family history of being used by a metal worker. they demonstrate the trade of pinning. that was one of the things that central new england where we are was known for in the 19th century. not every town had a tinner, but a lot of towns did. >> they are made with this punch

and the longer holes are made with this one. we have done this before. we have a pattern. i scratched guidelines on here to go by. a person of my age would have started as an apprentice. we signed papers and when we reached the 21st birthday usually would become a tinner. start getting paid. thank you for stopping by. >> the tinners have been making things for a distant market. they are making 16 land earns in a day and things like spice graders. if he is making pound measures,

66 of them in a day. he is relying on the peddlers and sometimes hundreds of miles from the shop selling these things. your neighborhood black smith is by and large operating like a dry cleaners. in other words, serving a neighborhood. people living within a couple of miles at most of the shop and stopping by to have their houses shod and wagons repair and to have an ax rebuilt to use it longer. that's the kind of thing that most are doing. >> when it's orange, it's soft. when it's yellow, it's softer.

now we need to make it over again. a little bit longer. they need to make it match this one. >> black smiths are certainly a common trade you will find in every community. most towns around here might have anywhere from a half dozen to over a dozen black smiths. every neighborhood needs one. what a black smith is doing is working the iron. the most common element in the earth, but the most common material for the farmers tools and the tradesman's tools. your need on black smith to keep you working. to rebuild your axes and increasingly by the 1800s they are fixing the axes in the 1600s and 1700s. by the 1800s, people are specializing with the industrial

revolution and they are making axes and plows and your neighborhood black smith is more the repairman that fixes the tools. >> they indicate it's a cleaner fire than the yellow. the refined form of that pit coal like the refined form of wood is charcoal. i can get my metal hot enough to be soft enough to hammer. hove to hit it hard when it's hot because it's softer. it's basically just a matter of dropping my hammer on to the metal.

>> the mills are the last mills to come along at the end of the 1700s. in this area they started going out of business in the 1820s. when people were buying factory made cloth, they don't need one step done for them. they don't even think about it. if you are making your own cloth, having this one seeduous step is a time save err. this is about as old as television is to you and me. in the 1730s, about 100 years before, the first efforts, by the 1770s, they perfected that design. some mills in the late 1700s and early 1800s were quite busy. by the 1820s around here, the

demand for the limited number of water power sites or manufacturing is forcing party mills whose business is declining out of business. by 1850 they are pretty much gone from here. this happened to survive in south waterford, maine because it was in the middle of nowhere. the people lived across the street so it wasn't vandalized. the machines were fairly low impact. with maintenance, not too much, you can keep them going. the family that owned this mill was runing it commercially. into the 1950s. the negotiations to procure the mill. we moved it here in 1963. when the founders of the museum were looking for a place to build their village, they realized they can move barns and black smith shops and houses down to any piece of land. they learned all the communities

had water powered saw mills and brisk mills and fulling mills. for that you not only need water, but water that can be dammed u the family that found a museum lived in the next town. there had been mills here even though they are long gone. the river was still here and the dam was still here. they called it after the river instead of the town. they kept showing up in a place in connecticut and go where is this museum they are building? it's in massachusetts. why don't they call it -- we changed the name and opened it to the public and have been here

ever since. >> this is called the tug wheel. a big proteller. water drops about seven feet and picks up the speechltd just like blowing on a pin wheel and spins the shaft around. keeps the water hitting the blades of the water peel more. there is no water so the goes down the stream. this is using 50 miles of water a second. it uses about 300 gallons a second. that's over a ton of water.

in the 19th century, people realized that the dam was stopping fish migration when the pilgrims showed up in plymouth, other fish were migrating and the salmon was getting up into vermont from the long island sound. they knew once they started damming up rivers that the fish can't jump up the dams and they said well, we are not getting the fish grandpa used to get. they need the power. it's like you were driving an automobile. we know you are polluting the planet and putting terrible things in the air and on the ground and using plastics, but it's like well, we all make compromises. . >> the first of the seve they dammed up the river at

first to run the saw mill. then in the 1800s, one of his successors, the third or fourth david white had a mill built where it sits. this was the white family farm. in the 1700s or 1800s. theou museum had turned into and century settlement. some of the buildings have come waterford, maine. some of them came here like the meeting house or the farmhouse up here. the freeman farm. the farmer lived in it from the 1820s. they were showing the me they put it back to his time.

>> it's interesting. this family and house came from stur bridge about a mile and a half from here. suffering who owned the house, for a form of tuberculosis. at times he didn't have other he and his wife. he had just two adult son and daughter living with him from time to time. the rest was all seven of them. we know through records from the town, he would take his meals there once in a while. for the most part, he had most of the meals at home. if you are going visiting, the time is after the work was done. dinner was the big meal of the day and we were cleaning up.

layered so ash and coal and beats on top. more ash around them. let them sit them. that's a great way to make them nice and sweet. we have bird's nest pudding which is apples that have been poured and a custard of milk, eggs and sugar and cinnamon poured over that. something we would eat right along with the meal. our meal t the apple pie that is next to dessert. our meal is breakfast or dinner at noon or tea in the evening. >> what's in the spider on the hearth? >> frick see of snips. a little bit of mace and nutmeg. it's a wonderful sauce.

. >> they are one of the few vegetables we keep frozen over the ut they won't be damaged over the spring and will start to grow again as they convert the starchiness into sugars and make it a sweet vegetable. not very many people these days get to experience that because mostly when you buy parsnips, they are harvested right away and they are starchy. these are a way to preserve them. when they are fully dry, we will throw them away. what i want to make an apple pie in a season when i don't apples summer, i can soak them in water overnight and they will dre.

you can stew them down to sauce if i wanted to. there flies. when we live on a farm like this, there is a lot of animals and the fly is like animals. they come in like warmth and good food. who doesn't? >> this other part is where the quill stays. they stay dry and even more importantly, the points are protected. pop up that part. then i'm going to close it at the top. it's going to be one piece, but sections. just take off that extra clay i pushed over to close it. i wanted to be a little thicker at the top.

we will turn it inside out at the top and roll it right over. . >> i will punch holes in the other part where the quills can rest. what do you like to make it out of. berries or soot from your chimney? >> i don't use either of those. >> we built the kiln in 1979. we were firing it three or four times a year. lately we have been doing it once or twice a year. >> jugs and pots and pans and mugs and such. every time you fire it, you destroy some so we make bricks to rebuild the kiln.

if it heats up or cools down too quickly, you get cracking. once it is about 1,000 degrees, it steams the kiln and the pots and give up whatever moisture is left. you can start stoking after about a day. >> on your mark, get set, go! >> we are using wooden pegs. this was a fairly new method in the early 1800s for shoe construction. these pegs go through the layers of the leather. there was a pair that i just finished and these are the pegs that hold together the bottoms of the uppers. the tops of the shoes. one of the important last steps of constructs for us is to take a float, a special file. that is designed to reach into the shoe and if any of those are sticking into the shoe, we will

simply file them smooth and it's a very important last step. you would know it because otherwise the pegs would be sticking into your foot which you would not like very much. this will get a pair of leather laces and that is a finished pair of shoes. you are making an everyday leather work shoe. nothing too fancy. in the 1830s, the work shoes were still made from what we call straight. that meant there was no left or right. they could go on either foot that. might seem unusual today, but that's how shoes were made for hundreds of years and makes my job easier. that's what is made in this shob. these are some i am just finishing up. in a shop like this, all we would have been doing is just attaching the bottoms of the shoe, the soles and the heels. we would be getting the uppers finished. they were sewn by ladies and

girls in their houses. they were doing that to sew the uppers. young men like myself were doing the rest. that was the system that disciplined here. actually a shop this size probably would have had up to maybe eight or nine people working here. this was a large shoe shop. most were much, much smaller. young men like myself. the bench and tools and we would be working bombing shoes. 15 million pairs a year just in this one state. that was more shoes than people in the country at the time. so most of the shoes made around here were going to the southern and western states and territories and even the caribbean. as a shoemaker, i would have no

idea who was going to make the shoes. as long as i get paid, i don't care. some small factory is the west way to think about it. this wasn't a place where you buy shoes, but where they are mass produced in standard sizes. some people ask how the village came to be. it was started in 1986 when a man named albert b wells with the american optical corporations and friends and families went to go golfing for the weekend. they couldn't go golfing. i suggest they go antiquing instead. mr. well who is said i don't want to waste my weekend in the shunk shops. he came to call it the primitiv primitives. mouse traps and rolling pins and spinning wheels and the everyday

early american life that most people rel vated to attics and barns. he bought two wagonloads and it was an all consuming mania for him. he ended up moving his family out because there wasn't a room for them. he had two large barns that he filled tote rafters and still didn't have enough room and started at that point to realize he was not going to live forever. when he died he would have his kids sell dad's junk. that would all be for naught. what he did was incorporated a not for profit organization and started a museum. he hired an architect to design a series of galleries to display the antiques and with pride and fan fair, he unveiled the plan that he was hot for as he said to family and friends.

they were under-wellmed. these are his words. dad, museums are dead institutions. only old people like you go to them. your collection is important, but if you want to get children today and the children yet to come to be interested in it, you need to put it in context in a living village with water power or running saw mills. the shops where people carry on the old trades that if we don't preserve them will die out. that's how it came to be. they bought the farm we are standing on within a week of that statement and despite the great depression and world war ii and the near fatal heart attack he suffered, they opened to the public the old village and was welcoming people ever

since. >> for more information, visit their website. you are watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span 3. throughout the weekend here on american history tv on c-span 3, watch personal interviews about historic events on oral histories. the history bookshelf features the best known writers and revisits key figures and battles and events.ooms across the country during lectures in history. go behind the scenes at museums and historic sites on american artifacts and the citizen lookinlooks at the schedule. c-span.org/history and sign up to have it e-mailed to you.

>> in a city whose public eye is dominated by states men and generals, this bronze rendition of the scientists stands out. even if it does stand 12 feet tall and weigh 12 tons. he and robert burkes was a distinctive style who had critics labeling him the bubble gum sculptor gives us a playful einstein. they hold a document listing significant theories. they contain quotes testifying to einstein's unwavering belief in human tolerance, equality before the law and the duty of a truth seeker to reveal his findings.