into philips county to begin shooting down blacks. >> and on american history the on c-span3, next sunday at 5:00 p.m. eastern, former student. >> it's as if they know what's going to happen but we don't know what's going to happen. we don't realize what's going to happen when we give those steps. but they seem to because the crowd is with us now. the momentum is behind us. and they are pushing us up the steps. >> these stories and others from c-span's local content vehicles in little rock. next weekend on c-span2 and 3. in the fall of 2011 american history tv visited old sturbridge village, massachusetts, a living history museum that me tickets 1790 to 1840. now on american artifacts we har from costumed historians who

present what it was like to live and work in 19th century new england. curator thomas serves as our guide. curator thomas kelleher serves as our guide. >> this is not some little town caught in a time warp. it is a recreation, kind of a sampling of rural life in new england at the time when society was really transforming from the old order to the modern world we live in today. we're showing you the deck made of the 1830s. american revolution was a couple generations ago, as far away as world war ii is away from us. there are also rumblings about slavery but they don't know what's going to happen in 20 or 30 years any more than you or i do. that's the time period to keep in mind. in 1838, push comes to shove, that's our default year. 26 states in the union, michigan being the most recent. population of the united states is probably around 17 million or so people. they do a census every ten years so we don't quite know yet but it is probably about that.

it was 13.5 million back in 1830. it's a time when the railroad is coming in. our county seat of worcester. they started making trans atlantic steamship service from atlanta to boston, 1938. it is not quite as old-fashioned as some people might think, but the telegraph was patented in 1837. just to give you a couple of things to hang your hat on. telegraph is patented in 1837. the industrial revolution is well under way. a lot of the cloth we're wearing is factory made. still sewn by ladies at home but made in the textile mills of new england. there's over 700 of those. but most people are still living on farms, following agriculture and the land, growing things like corn over here and living in fairly modest homes. the home behind me is on the smaller end. it's one of the few we actually built here.

that's about 600 square feet, which represents about a quarter or so of the housing stock of rural new england. america was not only a younger nation but a poorer nation than it is now. most of our buildings though are antiques that we've moved here from the six new england states. we've opened to the public in 1946, been open ever since as a private not-for-profit educational corporation. we're trying to show people bits and pieces of everyday life from the decade of the 1830s. new england was initially settled by english people after the native people who came here for religious reasons. they wanted to purify christianity and have a purer form in their minds of worshiping god. and when they settled in these upland towns away from the coast usually they settle on disbursed farm staetds in the 1700s. near the geographic center of the towns they tend to build a meeting house.

worship services are called meetings so the place they have it is a meeting house. this particular one like most of our buildings was moved here. this one was built in sturbridge. by the time you show it, it's built up and a new of new england town, most, in fact, end up twoing a common. usually when they lay out the towns they leave a little bit of land in the center of town for town business, for training the militia, unpaid, ununiformed predecessors of the national guard. that sort of central commonly owned area sort of becomes a park eventually in a lot of towns. some towns it just gets gobbled up. in a lot of towns it remains today when you go out to the new england countryside. with houses and craft shops and stores around it.

the tin shop we put here in 1985. this building actually had a family history of being used by a metalworker in the 19th century. they demonstrate the trade of pinning, which was one of the things that central new england, where we are, was known for in the 19th century. not every town had a tinner, but a lot of towns did. >> the small holes are made with this punch and the longer holes are made with this one. because we've done this before, we have nowhere to put them. actually, i have a pattern. i scratched guidelines on here to go by. a person of my age would have started as an apprentice. we would sign apresentis ship papers and one would reach their 21st birthday usually would become a journey man tinner and

start getting paid. thank you for stopping by. >> the tinners had long been making things for a distant markets, for people they're t not going to meet. they are making 16 lanterns in a day and things like spice graders. if he's making pint measures he might have to make 96 of them a day. he is relying on the peddlers and door to door salesmans 100 miles from his shop selling these things to people he doesn't know. your neighborhood blacksmith is by and large operating like a dry-cleaners in the 21st century. in other words, serving a neighborhood. people living within a couple of miles at most of the shop are stopping by to have their horses shod and wagons repair and to have an ax rebuilt to use it longer. that's the kind of thing that most blacksmiths are doing.

>> when it's orange, it's soft. when it's yellow, it's softer. now we need to make it over again. a little bit longer. they need to make it match this one. >> blacksmiths are certainly a common trade you will find in every new england community. most towns around here might have anywhere from a half dozen have anywhere from a half dozen to over a dozen blacksmiths because every neighborhood needs one.

what a blacksmith is doing is working the iron. the most common element in the earth, but the most common material for the farmers tools and the tradesman's tools. your need on blacksmith to keep you working to rebuild your axes and increasingly by the 1800s they are fixing the axes in the 1600s and 1700s. by the 1800s, people are specializing with the industrial revolution. specializing in making things like axes and plows and other tools. and then your neighborhood blacksmith is more the repairman that keeps you in business by fixing those tools. >> the orange flames ends indicates it's a cleaner fire than the yellow flames. the refined form of that pit coal like the refined form of wood is charcoal. they make coke out of my coal.

i can get my metal hot enough to be soft enough to hammer. hove to hit it hard when it's hot because it's softer. it's basically just a matter of dropping my hammer on to the metal. >> the mills are the last mills to come along at the end of the 1700s. they're the first to disappear. in this area the catting mills started going out of business in 1820s. when people were buying factory made cloth, they don't need one step done for them. they don't even think about it. if you're raising sheep, making your own cloth, this this one very tedious step done for you is a time saver.

this is about as old to them as television is to you and me. in the 1730s, about 100 years before, the first efforts, by the 1770s, they perfected that design machine. some carting mill, specially in the late 1700s, early 1800s, were quite busy and ran almost year-round. by the 1820s around here, the demand for the very limited number of water power sites or manufacturing is forcing carting mills whose business is declining out of business. by 1850 they are pretty much gone from here. this one happened to survive in south waterford, maine, because it was in the middle of nowhere. the people lived across the street so it wasn't vandalized. the machines were fairly low impact. with maintenance, not too much maintenance, you can keep them going. the family that owned this mill

was running it commercially, part time, now and then, into the 1950s. at that point, most villages and other museums, entered into negotiations to procure the mill. we moved it here in 1963. when the founders of the museum were looking for a place to build their recreated new england village, they realized they could move barnes and black sheet shops and houses down to any piece of land. they learned all the communities had water-powered saw mills and brisk mills and fulling mills. for that you not only need water, but water that can be damed and dropped to generate energy. the family that found a museum lived in the next town. they knew that there had been mills here even though they are long gone in the 1930s when they bought this property. the river was still here and the dam was still here. they bought this property for this reason. they called it after the river

instead of the town. probably was, people kept showing up looking for this museum they heard was being built and they were looking for this. they kept showing up in a place in connecticut and go where is this museum they are building? it's in massachusetts. why don't they call it so? in 1946 we opened it to be named old sturbridge village. we changed the name around opened it up to the public and have been here ever since. >> this is called the tug wheel. basically a big imterrer. water drops about seven feet and picks up the speed. it hits the blade, just like blowing out a pinwheel. spinning a wooden tub around it keeps the wrater from the water

wheel warm. there's no body to the it. the enerbb it just goes down underneath and upstre upstream. this wheel is probably using 50 gallons of water. in fact, the sawmill uses over 300 gallons a second. that's over a ton of water. in the 19th century, people realized that the dams was stopping fish migration when the pilgrims showed up in plymouth, other fish were migrating upstream and the salmon was getting up into vermont from the long island sound. they knew once they started damming up rivers that the fish can't jump up the dams and they said, well, we are not getting the fish grandpa used to get. but they're saying we need the power. it's like you were driving an automobile.

you know you are polluting the planet and putting terrible things in the air and on the ground and using plastics, but it's like, well, we all make compromises. >> the first of the several david white settled this land in the 1770s. they dammed up the river at first to run the saw mill. then, in the 1800s, one of his successors, the third or fourth david white had a mill built where ours sits. this was the white family farm in the 1700s or 1800s. the founders of the museum had turned into and recreated 19th century settlement. some of the building, like the carting mill, have come from

hundreds of miles from south waterford, maine. some of them came here like the meeting house or the farmhouse up here. the freeman farm. we call it the plenty freeman house because the farmer plenty freeman lived in it from the 1820s into the 1840s. we're showing the time right in the middle of that. they put it back to his time. >> it's interesting. this family and house came from sturbridge about a mile and a half from here. plenty freeman, the farnl farmer who owned the house, his wife was very ill suffering from a form of tuberculosis. at times he didn't have other people living in the house with he and his wife. he had just two adult son and daughter living with him from time to time. the rest of his children were all grown up and moved out of the house, all seven of them. frame, frame, frim from time to

time, we know that records from the town, he would take his meals there once in a while. for the most part, he had most of the meals at home. if you are going visiting, the time is after the work was done. dinner was the big meal of the day and we were cleaning up. layered so ash and coal and beets on top. more hot coal and ash around them. let mem them sit for three hours. we have bird's nest pudding which is apples that have been poured and cored, and a custard of milk, eggs and sugar and cinnamon poured over that. something dish, but we would eat right along with the meal. part of our meal that includes the apple pie that is next to it.

apple pie is not generally a dessert. our meal is breakfast or dinner at noon or tea in the evening. >> what's in the spider on the hearth? >> we have some parsnips. a little bit of mace and nutmeg. it's a wonderful sauce to have over your lovely parsnips. it's probably to eat them in the spring. it's actually one of the few vegetables we keep frozen over the winter, but they won't be damaged over the spring and will start to grow again as they convert that starchiness into sugars and make it a sweet vegetable. not very many people these days get to experience that because mostly when you buy parsnips, they are harvested right away

during their growing season, so they're pretty starchy. >> what do you do with the fried apples? >> this is a way to me serve them. when they are fully dry, we will throw them away. what i want to make an apple pie in a season when i don't have fresh apples about spring and summer, i can soak them in water overnight and they will rehydrate. >> oh, really? >> yeah. >> i can also stew them down to sauce.ov on a frm like this, i like that animals when they come back. we like good food. ho doesn't? >> this other part is where the quill stays. they stay dry and even more

importantly, the points are protected. pop up that part. then i'm going to close it at the top. it's going to be one piece, but it's going to be hollow in both sections. just take off that extra clay i pushed over to close it. i wanted to be a little thicker at the top edge. we will turn it inside out at the top and roll it right over. >> i will punch holes in the other part where the quills can rest. what do you like to make it out of? do you use berries or do you use the soot from your chimney?

>> i don't use either of those. >> you don't use either of those? >> no. >> we built the kiln in 1979. back in the '80s we were firing it three, sfour times a year. later, we had been doing it once or fwis a year. judges and pots and america as much. every time you fire it, you destroy some so we make bricks to rebuild the kiln. if it heats up or cools down too quickly, you get cracking. once it is about 1,000 degrees, it sort of steams the kiln and the pots and give up whatever moisture is left. you can start stoking after about a day. >> on your mark, get set, go! >> we are using wooden pegs. this was a fairly new method in the early 1800s for shoe

construction. these pegs go through the layers of the leather. there was a pair that i just finished and these are the pegs that hold together the bottoms to the uppers, the tops of the shoes. one of the important last steps of constructing the shoe for us is to take a float, a special file. that is designed to reach into the shoe and if any of those pegs are sticking into the shoe, we will simply file them smooth and it's a very important last step. you would know it because otherwise the pegs would be sticking into your foot which you would not like very much. so we file the pegs smooth. this will get a pair of leather laces and that is a finished pair of shoes. so in this shop, you're make an everyday leather work shoe. nothing too fancy. in the 1830s, the work shoes were still made from what we call straight. that meant there was no left or right shoe.

they could go on either foot that. might seem unusual today, but that's how shoes were made for hundreds of years and makes my job easier. that's what is made in this shop. these are some i am just finishing up. in the 1830s in a shop like this, all we would have been doing is just attaching the bottoms of the shoe, the soles and the heels. at this time, we would be getting the uppers finished. the uppesr were sewn by ladies and girls in their houses. they were doing that to sew the uppers. young men like myself were doing the rest, doing the bottoming. that was the system that disciplined here. actually a shop this size probably would have had up to maybe eight or nine people working here. it would have been a very busy place. believe it or not, this was a large shoe shop. most were much, much smaller. young men like myself. the bench and tools and we would be working bottoming shoes. big, big business. one of the biggest industries in

england at time was shoe making. 15 million pairs a year just in that was more shoes than people in the entire country at the time. so most of the shoes made around here were going to the southern and western states and territories and even the caribbean. as a shoemaker, i would have no idea who was going to make the shoes. frankly, as long as i get paid, i really don't care. some small factory is the best way to think about it. this wasn't a place where you buy shoes, but where they are mass produced in standard sizes. some people ask how the village came to be. it was started in 1986 when a man named albert b. wells with the american optical corporations and friends and families went to go golfing for the weekend. problem was it poured rain, they wouldn't go golfing. someone suggested that go

antiquing, instead. mr. well who is said i don't want to waste my weekend in the junk shops. they went anyway. he fell in love what what he came to call his primitives, things like mouse traps and wooden bowls and rolling pins and spinning wheels, the kind of everyday early american life that most people just had relegated to attics and barns as great grandpa's stuff that nobody cared about. but that very first weekend mr. wells bought two wagon loads of antiques and it came an all-consuming mania for them after that. he ended up moving his family out of his mansion because there wasn't room for them and the antiques. he had two large barns that he filled them literally to the rafters with the antiques and still didn't have enough room and at that point started to realize that he wasn't going to live for r and at that point to realize the kids would probably

sell all dad's junk. that would all be for naught. what he did was incorporated a not for profit organization and started a museum, the wells historical museum. he hired an architect to design a series of galleries to display the antiques and with pride and fanfare, he unveiled the plan that he was hot for as he said to family and friends. they were underwhelmed. his only son george wells said, and these are his words, not mine, dad, museums are dead institutions. only old people like you go to them. your collection is important, but if you want to get children today and the children yet to come to be interested in it, you need to have a village, you need to put it in context in a living village with water power or running saw mills and the shops where people carry on the old trades that if we don't preserve them will die out. that's how old sturbridge village came to be. they bought the farm we are

that fateful statement and started moving. in 1946, despite the great depression and world war ii and the near fatal heart that mr. wills suffered, by 1946 we opened to the public as old sturbridge village and has been welcoming people ever since. >> for more information about old sturbridge village, visit their website at osv.org. you are watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span3. starting april 1st, see the winners in this year's c-span constitution and you, as middle and high school students from across the country show which

part of the constitution was important to them and why. we'll air the top 2 videos. mornings at 6:50 eastern on c-span and meet the students who .te for a preview of the winning videos check studentcam. to everyone who participated in this year's competition. in a city who is dominated by states man and generals on horseback, this bronze man of albert einstein stands out. perhapsca the monumental about washington monument. even if it does stand 12 feet dall and weigh approximately 4 tons. here robert burks, whose distinctive style went some critics to label him the bubble gum sculpture, gives us a playful einstein. they hold a document listing significant theories.

the same bench contains quotes justifying einstein's unwavering belief in human tolerance, equality before the law and the duty of any truth seeker to reveal his findings no matter where they lead. the circular floor features an astronomical map showing much of the universe as it appeared on the date of dedication in april 1979. it also coincided with tein 100. 30 years later, visitors of all ages are drawn to the iconic figure of the grounds of the national academy of science. children especially enjoy climbing into the lap of the scientific genius with the smile of a grandfather. >> there is a new website to find our schedules and preview upcoming programs. watch featured video from our

weekly series as well as access history tweets, history in the news, and social media from facebook, youtube, twitter, and foursquare follow american history tv all weekend every weekend is c-span and online at c-span.org/history. in march of 1979 c-span began televising the u.s. house of representatives to households nationwide. and today our content of politics and public affairs, nonfiction book, and american history, is available on tv, radio, and online. >> my personal appreciation that i owe a great debt to these re-enforces my view that a certain humility should characterize the judicial roll. judges and justices are servants of the law, not the other way around. judges are like umpires. umpires don't make the rules, they apply them. the role of an umpire and a