we like other states were wanting to see the war happen. i think for arkansas, again as a former confederate state, on the losing side of the civil war, i think for arkansans it gave us an opportunity to prove our loyalty again. the second regiment, i believe the statistic is that 94% of the men in this regiment were descendents of confederate soldiers, so for us it provided the opportunity to prove that we could be loyal americans again. i think for us that was important. as far as the actual fighting as i said, we didn't experience that fighting here. but the chance that it provided us to prove that we were supportive of america's interests and not just arkansas' interest, i think it was very cspan's local content

you're watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span 3. this is c-span 3 with politics and public affairs programming throughout the week and every weekend, 48 hours of people and events telling the american story on american history tv. get our schedules and see past programs at our websites, and you can join in the conversation on social media sites. coming up, a program on african-american work and life in washington, d.c. especially in the area around the white house known as president's park. we'll hear from alexandra lane. rights and reproduction coordinator for the historical association about the gadsby family. we'll also hear from elizabeth dowling taylor, paul jennings and the madisons. this hour-long event took place at st. john's church on the edge of presidents park.

thank you. we have just learned about -- thank you. we've just learned about an important space in the history of decatur house in the nation's capital in our last presentation. now we'll hear about one of the many owners of the house, john gadsby along with his business interest in washington and how he associated with the slave trade. as katherine mentioned this morning, we do know the names of those enslaved men, women and children living in the decatur house quarters. when the quarters played a role in the slave trade remains

illusive. the early results show an enterprise that predates gadsby's residency on the square. it raises questions that seek resolution as her work goes forward in the future. alexandra came to the white house historical association by way of a national trust internship that she served while concluding the graduate program in public history at american university. now on our staff, she has an opportunity to continue this exciting research. please welcome alexandra lane. [ applause ] good morning and thank you, john, for that wonderful introduction. i'd like to thank the white house historical association forgiving me the opportunity to present my research here to you today. thank you, everyone, for coming out. john gadsby is a controversial figure in decatur house's long history.

the main questions that arise are whether he was a slave trader or involved in the trade. while it is unlikely he sold people out of decatur house, his hotel business was deeply intertwined with human trafficking. he and his son, william gadsby fortunes. historian a.k. sandoval strauss tells us whatever hotel size, class, and drawing power, it played the essential urbanistic role of tieing its community into the expanding networks of commerce, politics, and association. gadsby's tavern, the indian queen and the national hotel function as a microcosm of the upper south society and culture. displaying the best the area had to offer, but also reveals one of its worst aspects, the slave trade. john gadsby's wealth debated on lively patronage, but also on the pain and suffering of

enslaved people he bought and sold. like other masters throughout the upper south, john gadsby excused human trafficking to make money. gadsby was by no means operating on the level of alexandria's franklin and arm felt who sold hundreds of people throughout the 1830s and '40s. he only sold a few people at a time. particularly where he could make a handsome profit. his son william also cast a shadow on his reputation. he followed his father into the hotel business. unlike his father, he was publicly named as a trader by traitor by abolitionists. williams' participation in human trafficking coupled with new evidence from newspapers and anti-slavery tracks helps illuminate gadsby's own involvement. john gadsby's illustrious career whereas william gadsby's story

are much america murk murkier. john gadsby was born in england around 1776, immigrated to america after the revolution and arrived in alexandria in 1785. he then leased a tavern from john wise around 1800 and demonstrated his aptitude for business turning into gadsby's tavern where he entertained george washington and other notables like jefferson and adams. he later put the tavern and farm up for lease and left for baltimore in 1808 where he became the proprietor of the plush hotel, the indian king which he later sells to david barnham in 1819. around 1822 he moved to washington, d.c. and opened the franklin hotel in 1823 and later at the pinnacle of his career builds the national hotel where he entertained presidents such as andrew jackson, hosted congressmen and welcomed various foreign dignitaries. the national was host to a flurry of balls, galas, and

meetings of the washington's elite. john gadsby moved into the upper echelons of society by announcing his retirement from the hotel business and acquiring decatur house in 1836. he then continued the entertaining he was well known for as a hotelier. he died in 1844 and bequeathed 17 enslaved people to his wife probe by. his son on the other hand leaves little in the historical record. williams gadsby was born in 1810 presumably in baltimore. it is possible he opened a cigar and fine goods shop when he was 19 in 1829 and later when his father retired in 1836. he took over the national hotel. in 1844 soon after his father's death he sells the national hotel and moves to a hotel named gadsby's, a smaller hotel a few blocks away. around 1856 he ends up selling this hotel due to problems with debt and becomes government clerk.

the common thread between the two is again they're both in the hotel business and as i show in my paper, they're both small time slave traders. while john gadsby's various hotels appear to be the site of slave trading, accusations against him do not arise until he moves into the famed decatur house. one of the most cited accusations comes from a private letter of a french diplomat to a friend. in 1840 he writes some days ago i went to an evening party at gadsby's, the proprietor of the hotel where i stayed on my arrival here. he's an old retch who made his fortune in the slave trade which does not provide washington society from rushing to his house. i should make my government unhappy if i refuse to associate with these kind of people. marie beale who bequeathed decatur house to the national trust for historic preservation in 1956 and also wrote a history of lafayette square, she states

that john gadsby's stay there was an unfortunate chapter in the house's long history. he turned the house into an auction block. you could hear the wales and cries of unfortunate people being sold down south as you walked past eighth street. however, this is regarded in part as hearsay. there has been much dispute among scholars about how much john gadsby could have been involved in the slave trade if at all. seraphin who worked as a research fellow did exhaustive work on john gadsby. she argued he was a victim of anti-americanism and snob by from people like marie beale who may have revealed him as a self made man as an intrusion upon the square. conversely, carla jones argues in his master's thee tis t hidden history of lafayette square, given the veiled but deeply intertwined nature of

slavery in the square, gadsby's association with the slave trade is a great possibility. determining if he participated in the slave trade is more difficult to pinpoint since it was likely he was involved in private sales. in an 1842 in the anti-slavery publication "the watchman" an article appeared. the author discusses the vial vial vile practice of slave kidnapping and the levels of slave trading within in the city. one category involved hotelier's and tavern owner's speculating on the right for selling enslaved people. they accused the unfortunate enslaved person of wrongdoing or to justify their sale and also to cover up their misdeeds. historian christopher phillips notes it was popular to sell men whose slave trade was valued greatly due to their ability to serve in a variety of roles from domestics to field hands. an example is the case of charles henry wood, a young man

who gadsby intended to sell in 1836 a few months before he moved to decatur house. gadsby purchased him april 1st, 1834. he attempted to sell charles to a man in richmond for 24 years rather than the 20 left in servitude. when the man realized the discrepancy, he returned charles wood to john gadsby. gadsby then tried to sell him again, but charles wood was able to sue him in court for attempting to add time to his servitude. in response to the complaint john gadsby had the right to sell him because charles was a thief and not fit to work in a public hotel. furthermore, the problem with the discrepancy was just a misunderstanding on the part of his auctioneer, charles dyer. when he realized his mistake he would sell charles for the appropriate 20-year period.

however, unfortunately for gadsby, charles -- the court ruled and good for charles woods, they ruled in his favor and decreed that john gadsby could not sell him. the case does demonstrate the callous disregard and even trickery. sales like these were not uncommon, adding a few years to charles's servitude would have made him more valuable. however, does this make him a slave trade or heavily involved in the slave trade? it's time to turn to his hotels in baltimore, washington, d.c. and alexandria which were all hubs for slave trading. from the 1790s to the 1810s, 40,000 to 50,000 enslaved people were sent from the upper to the lower south either through the slave trade or plan to migration. historians attribute approximately 30% to 50% of these movements were due to the domestic slave trade. during the years of 1820 to 1860

approximately 875,000 enslaved people were forced to migrate from the upper to the lower south. it is estimated the slave trade accounted for at least 60 to 70 of those movements. alexandria during john gadsby's time from the 1700s to the 1810s teamed be slave trading businesses because it was a port city and allowed for easy shipping. slave traders operated in taverns and hotels in places like king and duke street. african-americans had few protections whether they were free or enslaved, and free people were in danger of being sold if they denied free passes or not registered in accordance with the laws. however, there was a substantial population of african-americans allowing them to form a strong community. nonetheless, between restrictive codes and slave trading, life for free and enslaved black

alexandrians was a difficult one. how did john gadsby figured into the slave trade? legal records indicate he sold at least six people from 1797 to 1801. in 1800 he owned 11 enslaved people age 16 or above. john gadsby also advertised for ten people to purchase or hire along with four runaways. interesting most of the runaways and the people he wanted to purchase were men for specific jobs. for instance, he requests blacksmiths and men accustomed to plantation work. when selling one of his farms, he nodes he has valuable field hands for sale. it was common practice to buy and sell enslaved people in taverns and hotels. in an advertisement he states he's looking for families of enslaved people for a farm not to be sold or bartered for, but to be removed to a good situation.

it is unlikely known how many enslaved people were bought or sold based on the advertisement, given it asks for a number of prime negroes and welcomes whole families, it was likely quite a substantial number. he held an enslaved man named moses for a mr. marshall who possibly duped him. moses was sold to a man from new orleans. mr. marshal managed to enslave him from a man and traveled to new york to get his freedom and then left him in the care of john gadsby. any records in the involvement in slave trading in 1808 -- end around 1808 when hep leaves for baltimore. in baltimore, john gadsby continued to use enslaved labor at his indian queen hotel. for african-americans the climate of slavery and their conditions were somewhat better. the postwar depression inspired a switch to the less labor intensive wheat and corn as cash crops, limiting the need for enslaved people.

while many owners sold the people they enslaved, many more manmented people. so many that laws were passed to curb it. however, there were more missions leading to term slavery. another option was self purchase in which enslaved people grad rally earned the money to buy their freedom or freedom of family members. however, owning enslaved people still remained a status symbol in baltimore. free african-americans during this time were limited by their economic opportunities and further pinned in by racist attitudes. john gadsby himself didn't hire free african-americans at the indian queen which was regarded as one of the plushest hotels in baltimore. the club-like hotel had a reading room as well as baths for customers. it was unusual for the large number of enslaved people. however, given the sumptuous dinners and lavish setting he needed a large domestic force. the census records list him as having 45 enslaved people in 1810.

the advertisements tell the story again of any involvement of the slave trade. during the years 1810 to 1818 he asked for 32 to 36 people to work in his hotel. he notes he prefers to purchase rather than hire enslaved people. some of the advertisements specifically request people from the country as opposed to urban slaves which he considered spoiled and prone to running away. however, it could have been due to the fact that an enslaved person from the country may have had fewer connections and would have been easier to sell. the runaway ads also demonstrate gadsby bought and sold people. for instance, we know from a jail add, basically an ad that would say come get this person. they run away. he sold 20 or 21-year-old man named william to a slave trader from new orleans in 1812.

he had previously placed a runaway ad for william when he left when he was 18 in 1810. i guess he managed to get him back. another runaway advertisement for a bench man journey who was purchased from the countryside which disrupt it is theory, mostly urban slaves were prone to run away. there were nine runaways in total, mostly young men likely to be sold adds field hands. this was due to a particularly lucrative market in new orleans spurred by the growth of louisiana sugar plantations. the only woman john gadsby took out advertisements for was a mary, a young woman who ran away with her recently vaccinated 12-month-old son. in mary's case, it appears he purchased her in 1809 from a woman living four miles outside of baltimore. additionally he mentioned a man named joe downs who helped her escape and offered a substantial

reward for his capture. in the same vein john gadsby took out a runaway advertisement for john howe and his mother. john howe is about 25 years old. his free mother, sarah howe was about 40 to 50. john gadsby offered reward for both of their captures. again, the evidence slows to a crawl in about 1818 just before gadsby sells his indian queen hotel. in 1819 he announced his retirement from the public life and sells his lands, livestock, coaches from his passenger and mail line and states 20 or 30 enslaved people were to be hired out. it is highly likely he sold many of the people he had in 1810 and may have purchased while he had the hotel in baltimore. the census record for 1820 states he only had 15 people, about a third of the people he had in 1810. there are no records that he

freed anyone.aneven accounting and runaways it is very likely he sold at least 30 since he wouldn't have even had a place to house them. john gadsby stated he was retiring from the public life. it's clear that upon arriving in d.c. he did anything but. he purchased franklin house in 1823 and later in 1827 opened the national hotel, arguably the tour de force of his long career. the national hotel located on pennsylvania and third in what is now downtown washington bore a reputation for splendid accommodations and parties. it was a popular place for prominent people and politicians from the region. again, it was impossible for him to run the hotel without the labor of african-americans. they are mostly enslaved people he owned or hired out from

residents in the area. however, he did hire some free african-americans as well as whites to work at his hotel. many enslaved people were hired out or allowed to hire themselves out which permitted again self purchase. in many cases women worked typically as domestics or laundresses and men on the other hand did manual labor worked as personal valets, coach men or waiters. free and enslaved african-americans were closely bonded. free people taught enslaved people to read and write. in spite of the close knit community african-americans experienced a mercurial existence. living conditions varied greatly. access to the people depended on the people who owned or hired them. also both enslaved and free african-americans had fears of being sold at any time. while free african-americans had

some protections. these were not strongly enforced. if they didn't have their free passes on them, they could be labeled as runaways. even if someone did not come to claim them, they could be sold to cover the jail fees. they were charged a daily fee to be held in the jail. these conditions helped make the slave trade in d.c. lucrative with d.c. teetering between anti-slavery and pro slavery sensibilities. washington, d.c. functioned as large slave depot for nearly 50 years where enslaved people from maryland and alexandria were often held before being sold down south to georgia, the carolinas or new orleans. numerous advertisements called for 20 to 40, 50 to 80 or as many as 200 people at a time. small scale trading was rife among owners, particularly in taverns and hotels. most sales involved say five to

20 people at a time. even more common were brokers helping owners to sell off a few people to raise a little money as scholar mary beth corrigan notes. during the years circa 1822 to 1836, john gadsby advertised 81 to 93 people. his 1830 census record indicates he owned 39 people. again, john gadsby could take advantage of the flourishing slave trade. the national hotel was relatively close to other hotels in the city involved in the slave trade and a reasonable distance depends. one infamous hotel, the st. charles, advertised that you could come for the auction and house the people you bought in their basements. it was very convenient. one infamous hotel -- during the first decades or so, slave trading appeared to be concentrated in georgetown and later moves to what is now

downtown washington near the national mall and the capitol. there were several notorious in the area. in the late 1830s he advertised his jail was near the national hotel. it was located between 7th and 9th streets near independence avenue approximately where the federal aviation building is today. rather than a jail, however, john gadsby used his hotel as a facade and a continue can you tell for his dealings. carla jones argues slave traders or the national hotel functioned as urban plantations. he cites historian herman bernard who states these places were intended not as places of agricultural production but social organization. charles dickens during his tour of america in 1842 described the

yard or area demarcated for enslaved people at a hotel many historians believe is the national. the hotel in which we live is a long row of houses fronting on the house, opening at the back upon a common yard in which hangs a gray triangle. whenever a servant is wanted, someone beats on this triangle from one stroke up to seven according to the number of the house in which his presence in required. as all the servants are always being wanted and none of them ever come, this enlivening engine is in full performance the whole day through. clothes are drying in the same yard.

female slaves with cotton turn enslaved people into commodities to be bought and sold and traded across state lines. most were enslaved creating a strong association between servitude and african-americans. it's possible he increased their value through the work at the hotel because they're trained to work with so many guests and do a variety of tasks. enslaved people are described as armies, masses or given unpleasant characteristics such as laziness or being incompetent which demonstrates that perhaps this process of conscious or unconscious dehumanization worked. a traveler describes a spectacle militaristic atmosphere of the national hotel. gadsby conducted his hotel in a military style. this is observed at his long dinner table, the guests all being seated and an army of

colored servants standing by hind chairs. mr. gadsby a short, stout gentleman. standing at the hell of the head of the table. the silent with expectation, the word was given, remove covers. all the servants moved each at the same moment placing his hand upon the handle of the silver, lifting it, stepping back in line. at the sign of mr. gadsby all marching and keeping in regular step. edward abbidi, an englishman who stayed at the national hotel in his conversations with an enslaved man who was hired to work for john gadsby learned that there are approximately 70 to 80 people working there who barely knew each other. furthermore, the enslaved man was worried his wife was going to be sold to raise money, bringing us back to john gadsby. using charles wood as an example we see gadsby may have purchased him for advertisements he ran

for servants male and female from february 26 to april 13, 1884. since he bought charles april 1st, 1834, it's likely he purchased him as a result of these advertisements. in addition he tried to sell charles in may during the early part of the buying and selling season during the slave trade like most other enterprises, slave trading was a seasonal thing. he may have also sold charles to offset the cost of buying his retirement home, decatur house. in addition, we see in the census of 1840 that he, as cath lynn mentioned, that there were only is 1 people, a drastic drop from 39 and he more than likely sold -- he did free some people. more than likely a lot of the people he ended up selling again, like he did in baltimore. the advertisements, legal

records and census records tell part of the people about john gadsby. william gadsby's actions help fill in the gaps. like his father, william gadsby clearly engaged in small-time slave trading. an advertisement ran in which william lamar asked for servants to take to georgia with him. the most notable evidence again is from the previously mentioned article entitled "manhunters." william is actually publicly named as a trader in this article and he is considered part of a third class who engaged in speculation by jockeying for horses, stating they will watch their chance to buy at a bargain and when opportunity occurs to sell it in advance, it is easy to find fault with the slave to justify their consciousness in their pocket. a prime illustration of this is the kennedy williams case which took place march 23rd, 1838. william gadsby along with