found just lying underneath the first set, an individual named monitor 2. on the barge working with us was a team from an organization that is now called the joint p.o.w. accountability -- m.i.a. accountability command. they're located in pearl harbor, hawaii. and these are the individuals who heroically work to return to their families members -- service members who are found in vietnam, korea, world war ii, from any war, found in the jungles of vietnam or the pacific, they bring them back. they work to -- with the navy to identify them and then return them. there's really two teams. there's jpac itself who do the for all practices purposes do the forensic science. and then there is an office called the naval casualty office who -- not to simplify their work, but they're the ones that flip through the phone books and they're the ones that try to get back, now that they've got information on who this individual was, and get them back to the families.

dr. eric emory was with us when these remains were found. and he participated with the excavation. but the removal of the human remains actually continued here on site at the mariners' museum and all the remains were sent back to hawaii to the jpac facility. this is one of their technicians. these are the two "monitor" sailors. jpac has produced a report which is in draft format. it cannot be distributed yet because it is considered an active case. but the work they have done has been extraordinary. but it also -- they also face some pretty extraordinary challenges, the least of which is 150 years separating living descendants, if they even exist, from these two men. what they've determined is that the first individual that was found, monitor 1, was a white individual, caucasian between the ages of 17 and 24. and he had a height estimated to

be about 5'7". the second individual was also caucasian, aged 30 to 40, and had a mean height of 5'6 1/2" with some variations. and the report's pretty extensive, indicating a broken nose on one individual, a change in leg length from one individual to another. but they were able to give us some basic parameters. and what noaa has done working with the navy is begun to do the genealogy work and trying to figure out how we go back and find these men. of the 16 men who were lost the night "the monitor" sank, three of them were african-americans. and we know that, again, as we said, that these two men were caucasian. four of them were officers. and these two men were found associated with enlisted clothing. but that does not mean that they necessarily were enlisted. it's entirely possible that they were wet, they were cold, they put on the only clothing they could to keep warm, and that may have been enlisted clothing.

we go under the assumption for now that they were enlisted but we cannot be certain of that. and we've tried very carefully -- and when i introduce my partner here, lisa stansbury, we can address certain things with certainty that are scientist based and others we can make assumptions. but when it comes to a dramatic event like the sinking of a ship, many times all bets are off. there's been much discussion about good order and discipline and who have been the last one off and who would have been the first one off. it's important to note that "monitor," the order to abandon ship had been given over an hour before the sinking. and it's kind of wide open as to who some of these guys may have been. but what we've done is, working with jpac, we had digital scans done of the two sets of skulls, and then working with actually dr. fran decoin who provided us assistance in working with a dental laboratory that could reproduce those skulls, we went -- and this is one of the casts.

we went and sent them to louisiana state university, an organization called the faces laboratory, which stands for forensic anthropology and computer enhanced systems. they work with crime labs around the country and have done some pretty amazing work. and we asked them to take these two casts and do facial reconstructions of the two individuals. this is the work. the work took about a month to do. the cast is made of resin with modeling clay. and it's very much like you've seen on "csi." there are certain parameters of tissue thickness that is consistent based on race and age from one person to another, different places of the skin. and the face. they were able to reconstruct both these men. the process started in late january and was finished up actually march 5th, the day before we went to washington to unveil the faces. and this is -- these are them.

by a show of hands, how many folks have not seen them up front? has everyone had a chance to look? okay. well, excellent. we're right at the front of the monitor center, when we're done, please go forward. i think you'll find it to be very moving. this is monitor 1, the younger man. he smoked a pipe, we believe. because he was missing some dental -- a tooth was missing. and what the laboratory did is they did the reconstruction out of clay and then they've also done a digital version, which allows us to do things like put mustaches on it, change the hair color, change the eye color. and this is a initial look at what the faces laboratory thinks this gentleman may have looked like. and again, the hairstyle's probably a little bit too contemporary. but we'll have the ability to change that as we go forward. this is the second individual, he's an older man between the ages of 30 and 40. and this is what we believe he may have looked like without any

facial hair. it's this man, and lisa will talk in more detail about this, that we believe may possibly be a gentleman named robert williams, who is this gentleman standing right here. and had we had more time, we would have put the mustache on him. but this is a photo taken in the summer of 1862 of the "monitor's" crew. and that's a known photo of robert williams. so as we go forward, the purpose of the facial reconstruction, of course, was to continue to maintain interest in the "monitor's" story. but there is a very practical purpose. and that is that 150 years has all but erased any first-person, emotional connection with these men. it's also probably erased the ability for somebody to look at a photograph and say that was my -- that certainly has erased the ability for them to say that's my grandfather. maybe great grandfather.

maybe folks alive who might remember somebody that was their great grandfather. but in ten years since the recovery of these men, no one has come forward. there have been a few, but no one has come forward and said i have dna i'd like to offer up as a match that has been a match. and, in fact, the trail has gone somewhat cold. so the purpose of the reconstruction was to shake family trees, to get people around the world -- and i say around the world because there's a very high likelihood, for instance, if it's robert williams' family, his family is from wales and not from the united states. to get people to go back to their family trees, come forward if they believe that they may be a descendant of one of these two men, if in fact there are descendants, provide jpac the information they need for a testing with the ultimate goal of returning these men back to their families. and if that is not possible, then we are working closely with the navy now to seek an appropriate way of honoring these men hopefully this year at an appropriate place. we've been quoted a number of times as talking about arlington

national cemetery or something like that. noaa has already put forward about $50,000 for a monument. there's a very specific process it's got to go through, a joint resolution of congress to have anything done at arlington. a lot of steps ahead of us, but we're working towards that and, hopefully maybe even this year, we'll have an announcement about that and rear admiral jay deloach here with naval history and heritage command has been a terrific partner in that effort. so i'm going quickly. and i know this is a very important subject matter. but i want to turn it over to lisa stansbury, who is a genealogist who we contracted to help us go backwards and find out who these men may have been. and i'll let her talk, and then we'll answer any questions you may have. thank you. [ applause ]

>> hi, i'm lisa stansbury. we have a limited amount of time. so i will be skipping past some of the slides. i do want to begin by telling you that my instructions at the beginning of this project were to find any families who were already well-researched and did not delve into those, focus on the people who we do not know anything about or have limited knowledge of. and so norman atwater, robin wollenhans, jacob nicholas and wells wince who worked under the alias john stocking, who is said to have cut the tow line and saved the members of the crew

who could be saved so that "the rhode island" could come back to rescue were all well-researched in their family. i was able to determine that as the internet rumor said, wells wince did indeed name his alias after a reverend who lived close to his family. and there will be more information on those families on the noaa website. william allen, william eagan and thomas joyce did not have satisfactory documentation at national archives. i also looked at library of congress and the daughters of the american revolutionary library which has a lot of genealogical findings. so, unfortunately, we weren't able to find much on them. there are several candidates for those people. george littlefield. there are several people named george littlefield who may or may not be him from sacco, maine. there's always the wild card of

the use of an alias. so that continues to -- in the process of trying to find these people. so here are a selection of gleanings from what i was able to determine. the widow of james fenwick was mary duffy fenwick. she was said to be pregnant in her pension application. she was living with her sister in 1865 with a child named james. james died in 1870. and mary fenwick, unfortunately, died from cholera in 1871. we see there the marriage record -- her name was mary duffy at the time. and here are some hospital records. she went on to become a domestic. she died at boston city hospital in 1871. she was indigent at the time.

you'll see there were four cholera victims the week she died. here's her sister -- her sister was katherine brown, at the end of her life. george fredrickson's family. george fredrickson was a boarder and where he met his wife, magdalena. and george and magdalena's children, george and katherine, did not live long lives. we see here, katherine fredrickson, the daughter, died of tetanus at age 22. i looked at her husband's census records and there was no child from the first marriage living with he and his second wife. george fredrickson was working as a postal carrier and died in an accident. from "the philadelphia inquirer"

we see a newspaper account of his death. i checked to see if there were any pensions at the time and, unfortunately, pensions were not issued to postal carriers killed in the line of duty at that point. we see his widow, anna, listed as his widow. magdalena fredrickson had a pension for the remainder of her life. she worked as a tailoress. samuel augee lewis's identity was a mystery. it was said that he was from baltimore. we had several problems with his line. first, it was said that he was from baltimore. his middle name augee was spelled incorrectly. and we also had the issue with the common name. i was able to find through a wonderful website called paroots.com that he actually was from westchester county,

pennsylvania. and volunteerism is the backbone of genealogy. several volunteers posted several things that enabled me to find information on this wonderful family. i learned that his brother, caleb, was working for the railroad as an executive and his brother was criticized for hiring practices in 1860. that criticism may have led him to not choose a nepotistic position in hiring his brother. and may be the reason that his brother joined the navy. his brother was in charge of union troop movements during the civil war and lincoln's funeral train. a volunteer from findagrave.com photographed samuel augee lewis' mother, hannah mendenhall's grave. so we have located it. if the navy should choose to

exhume, that could happen. of course, that's a legal process, and that would be their daniel moore was the son of henry and sarah moore. he was from prince william county, virginia. his siblings were taken to washington, d.c. and owned by mildred ewell. mildred ewell was able to sell them to the union government. the union did pay upon emancipation money for slaves determined at the value of their owners. this is the only time that the federal government bought out slaves from their owners. charity smith and evelyna moore were the sisters of daniel moore. they were witnesses on the pension for their mother, sarah moore. this is a picture of edgehill farm where daniel moore and his

family lived and served the ewell family. i particularly like this picture of the fireplace because that is a fire that they would have undoubtedly tended. this is an outbuilding on the farm. it no longer exists. this is general richard ewell. and he plays a major role in the history of robert cooke, another sailor aboard "the monitor." at the end of the war, he knew that gloucester county, virginia, was falling to the union and he ordered that the courthouse be burned. robert cooke of gloucester county's family would have undoubtedly been documented in court records with various slavery or freedom papers. but unfortunately, the courthouse burned and all those records were destroyed. the friedman's bureau records are being digitized, so it could

be that more information will be found on the african-american soldiers -- i'm sorry, sailors of the "uss monitor" at some future point. but i find it very poignant and sad that the ewell family had such control over the family of daniel moore and the legacy of robert cooke. i did have a finding on william eagan found at the medical journal of the washington navy yard. nothing too terribly exciting. but you have to look at the records with more banal information in order to find the records that can really lead you someplace. so we see that william eagan was treated for some sort of skin condition and given blackwash, which was a common topical solution that was given for fungal infections or whatever, have you. and there's also robert williamson treated with powders. we don't know -- there's no way to tell whether that is the

robert williamson, or it was simply misspelled. we see another slide here with william eagan being treated. these are boilermaker companies in new york where our robert williams may have worked. robert williams, a boilermaker, appears in the new york directory on 21st street for the years 1853 and 1854. he is not present in 1855. there is one who appears in 1856, but i don't believe he appears in 1857. so there's no way to prove that that's our robert williams. but it is some evidence. now, this is our robert williams enlistment. when he enlisted, as a comparison, all of the enlistment records rendezvous reports that i examined showed a

robert williams, born in wales, who was a boilermaker by trade who signed up in new york for three-year terms. this is the non-robert williams of the "uss monitor." he enlisted on february 15th, 1862, as a first-class fireman with seven years previous naval experience, born about 1832, hazel eyes, black hair, swarthy skin, 5'8 1/2". it's interesting to note that that's the upper possibility for the older man found in the turret. i'm not saying that it is him. but that is the upper range, the mean range being 5'6 1/2". so in 1855, we have a fireman who enlisted with no experience in the navy. he was born about 1829, had hazel eyes, dark brown hair and

dark skin. 5'8 1/4". on new year's eve of 1858, which the robert williams of the "uss monitor" would now have four years to live, there was a second-class fireman with three years of experience who was 27 years old, dark hair, dark skin who was 5'8 1/2". when you subtract 1855 from 1862, you get seven years. that would be literally three years -- i'm sorry, six years of naval experience. but if you simply subtract it, that's what you get. the deck log of the "san jacinto" shows that the original

enlistment papers were incorrect, that robert williams was indeed a fireman aboard the "san jacinto." there's also -- oh. there's also a william bryan who is aboard the ship, but we don't know that that's our william bryan. if that was william bryan, he was a very healthy man. he was taken to the assistant surgeon for a throat infection and for boils. other than that, he was well hale and hardy. we see on march 6th of 1856, in the medical journal, robert williams was treated for prostratia, which would be exhaustion or dehydration. we see he was treated again -- we have a robert williams who was 26 years old and born in wales and if you go to the previous slide, he was 27.

so his age bounces around considerably. in hong kong, he was treated for lymphocitis, soreness. on november 2nd of 1857, we see rheumatismis in the calf of the leg. we see in the medical report for the older man in the turret that he had arthritis. on march 30th, 1857, he is noted as being 36 years old. there was no other robert williams on this ship, much less a fireman born in wales. it's tempting to think that the man was in so much pain that he would have shouted out his true, correct age. it's a little too much speculation. interesting, though.

finally, after reports of flu, he had abscesses in the groin area. he was diagnosed as having syphilis. november 18th, he has flu-like symptoms. and then we move on to the records of the "uss brooklyn." the question is, is this the same robert williams? he had abscesses. notice in the earlier reports of the "san jacinto," the robert williams there had abscesses. on march 9th, 1860, robert williams was treated for chronic rheumatism.

if you notice, other firemen on the page here, they were also treated for chronic rheumatism. it was an occupational hazard. and, finally, in december 19th of 1860, he had paralysis of his wrist. it did resolve itself. there are many, many entries on this. and it was, you know, generally thought that he was much better by the end of that tour. george ritter of the "uss brooklyn" was murdered on november 7th, 1859. robert williams may have been a witness. there were 12 witnesses to this murder. some of them were actually chained in the brig to stop them from testifying. and it could be that because of this murder, the deck log of the "uss brooklyn" was held by the u.s. marshal's office.

it is not available at national archives. so the theory, it's the remains of the older man found in the turret matched the age and approximate measurements of robert williams. the remains were of a man with arthritis and asymmetrical legs. robert williams of the "uss brooklyn" had abscesses, which can be a sign of syphilis as seen in the "san jacinto" medical log. the age is consistent in the 1858 and 1862 enlistment but not in the 1855. if the 1855 enlistment was correct and this was the same man, he should have been about 33. but as we see in the medical records, the age jumps around. there was no pension or application found in connection with the three enlistments. the thing to note there is that the original pension applications went through the

state courts. there could have been a pension application that was kicked out through the state courts and never made it. that's possible. the other possibility is that pensions were given only on a need basis and any survivors of robert williams could have been in good financial state and not needed the money. of course, this is presented as a theory with evidence and is not meant to declare the identity of the man whose remains were found in the turret. and i and my project supervisors do not claim to be medical experts. and the last -- just so that we don't leave on a sad note here, clark rowe applied for a pension for his "uss monitor" service. he said that he enlisted on march of 1863 and was discharged in march of 1865.

now, if you're going to commit a federal crime, i will advise that you go to the library first. he failed. thank you. [ applause ] >> we are consistent with the day over on time. but if you have any questions, we'll take two or three real quick. we're back on schedule. hey, thank you all very much. [ applause ] friday, live remarks from former secretary of state condoleezza rice on u.s. foreign policy issues. she'll talk about different challenges the u.s. currently faces and why she feels america needs to take a strong leadership role in international affairs. the events hosted by the heritage foundation, and you can

see it live at 11:00 a.m. eastern on c-span. >> i walked out after the iowa caucus victory and said game on. i know a lot of folks are going to write, maybe even those at the white house, game over. but this game is a long, long, long way from over. we are going to continue to go out there to fight to make sure we defeat president obama, that we win the house back, and that we take the united states senate and we stand for the values that make us americans, that make us the greatest country in the world, that city on the shining hill to be a beacon for everybody for freedom around the world. >> with that announcement, rick santorum ended his 2012 presidential bid, a process the former pennsylvania senator began in 2009. follow the step he took along the road to the white house, online at the c-span video library with every c-span program since 1987.

we now continue our look at american history tv in prime time with another program from the mariners museum in newport news, virginia. last month a civil war navy conference was held to mark the 150th anniversary of the battle of hampton roads. we'll now hear from author and professor david mendel on the technology of the "uss monitor" and the experience of its crew aboard one of the first ironclads. this is about 50 minutes. >> i've got to say i was so excited when our next speaker contacted me and wanted to be a part of what we're doing today. and david mendel has been a friend of the "uss monitor" for quite some time. and i'm so pleased that his book has been reissued with a brand-new name, right up here. we have it in the gift shop. i've got to admit i was an english literature nerd. and so the fact tha